College of Nursing

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

LABORATORY

ACTIVITY # 05
TISSUE, GLANDS AND MEMBRANES

I. OBJECTIVES:

1. To observe characteristics common to all epithelial, connective, nervous and muscle tissues
2. To differentiate types f epithelial tissue according to their cellular components
3. To differentiate the types of connective tissue according to their components
4. To cite major differences between connective tissue and epithelial tissue
5. To know different types of glands and membranes.
6. To identify the types of muscles, their morphological characteristics and structural components
7. To identify nervous tissue, their cellular components and structure

II. MATERIALS

1. Compound microscope
2. Prepared slides of X-S of blood vessels, small intestines, kidney, trachea, human skin, urinary
bladder, urethra
3. Prepared slides of dense fibrous connective tissue (tendon), loose fibrous or areola, elastic
reticular and adipose tissue.
4. Slides of skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles and smooth muscles
5. Cross section of myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fiber

III. PROCEDURES

1. Epithelial tissue. Focus each slide under LPO.

Locate the epithelial tissue except for the human skin where the epithelium is on its surface. All
other specimens have the epithelial tissue as their innermost lining. Locate the basement
memories. Shift to MPO or HPO for more detailed study. Observe closely the cellular membrane
arrangement, cell forms, number of cellular layers and the amount of matrix between and among
the cells.
2. Connective tissue. Focus each slide under LPO to get a general view of each specimen. Observe
the:
a. Distribution, abundance, forms and types of cells
b. Amount of intercellular substance of matrix
c. Presence arrangement and types of fibers

Shift to MPO of HPO for detailed study

3. Muscle tissue.
Obtain the slides of a smooth muscle. Study this under MPO and HPO. Study how long spindle
cells are arranged.
Examine a slide containing a section of the heart under LPO. Notice the shape of the cells, how
they are arranged with one another. Take note of the shape of their nucleus and how the nuclei are
distributed. Shift to MPO or HPO “transverse line “maybe seen crossing the cells giving the
muscle fibers a strapped appearance. These are striations. There may also be thicker known as
“intercalated discs”.
Mount slide of the skeletal muscle and observe under LPO. Observe how the fibers are compactly
arranged paralleled to one another. Shift to MPO/HPO and look for the myofibrils, nucleus of the
body (anteriorly and posteriorly)

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 4. Nervous tissue. Focus the slide showing the cross section of the myelinated and unmyelinated
nerve fiber under LPO. Look for all the structures of a neuron.

IV. DRAWINGS

Draw the specimen as seen under two observed objectives (LPO, MPO/HPO). Below each,
indicate types of tissue and total magnification.

V. QUESTIONS FOR RESEARCH

EPITHELIAL

1. Enumerate the characteristics common to all epithelial tissues studied in forms of:
a. Arrangement of cells

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b. Amount of intercellular substance of matrix

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c. Locate the epithelial tissue

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d. Structure that separates epithelial tissue from other types of tissues

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2. How would you distinguish a non-stratified from stratified epithelial tissues?

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3. Classify the specimens used into non-stratified

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4. Based on the location and arrangement of the cells of epithelial tissue, give four possible
functions of said tissue. Explain each and cite a specific organ where such is exhibited.

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CONNECTIVE

1. Enumerate characteristics of connective tissues common to the majority of specimens studied.

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2. Identify the pipes of connective tissue fibers in the specimen studied. Describe each as to their
forms or shapes, arrangement location and abundance.

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3. List down the types of connective tissues and give a brief description of each as two.
a. Types of cell present of their abundance.

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b. Types of fibers present, if any, their arrangement and abundance.

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c. Amount of intercellular fluid present

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4. Compare the connective tissues with the epithelial tissues. Cite at least four differences.

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MUSCLE

1. What cellular structures were visibly common to all types and muscle cell?

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2. In tabulated form, differentiate the skeletal, smooth or cardiac muscles in terms of:
a. Location
b. Functions
c. Types of control
d. Structural features (cell width, cell form, number of nuclei, position of nuclei, presence of
intercalated disc, t-tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum)
e. Contraction style

NERVOUS

1. Describe the structure of a neuron.

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2. What are the differences observed between the myelinated and non-myelinated nerve fibers?

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GLANDS AND MEMBRANES

a. Enumerate and give the function of the different types of glands (tabulate)

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b. Complete the following table relating to body membranes.

MEMBRANE TISSUE TYPE COMMON FUNCTIONS

LOCATIONS

SEROUS

MUCOUS

CUTANEOUS

SYNOVIAL

c. Why do injuries in adults heal more slowly?

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d. Why would heparin be important to the body?

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Total score: ______________

Student’s Name Yr & Sec Date Clinical Instructor

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