A.

1. Dumpy level – Used to determine the relative height and distance among different
locations of a surveying land and to determine relative distance among different
locations of a surveying land.
Advantage: (1) Simple construction with fewer movable parts. (2) Fewer
adjustments to be made. (3) Due to the rigidity of dumpy levels, it retains its two
adjustment for a long time.
(4) High optical power.
Disadvantage: (1) Civil Engineers may find it difficult in making accurate
measurements.
(2) Difficulty in using.
Parts: (1) Telescope (2) Eye-Piece (3) Ray Shade (4) Objective End (5)
Longitudinal Bubble (6) Focusing Screws (7) Foot Screws (8) Upper parallel
Plate (9) Diaphragm Adjusting Screws (10) Bubble Tube Adjusting Screws (11)
Transverse Bubble Tube (12) Foot Plate
2. Tilting Level - Its function is to determine the distance between the point where
the line of collimation (line-of-sight) of the level intersects the staff and the next
lower staff graduation, and thus eliminates the need for estimation.
Advantage: (1) The advantage of tilting level over other types of levelling
instruments is that as the instrument is to be only approximately levelled by
using the foot screws, much time is saved, which would be otherwise lost in
bringing the bubble exactly to the center of its tube by using the foot screws. (2)
grades or lines with a particular gradient can be laid by means of the micrometer
screw (3) precise levelling work.
Disadvantage: (1) before each reading is made, the tubular bubble must be set
correctly. This is due to the absence of a compensator.
Parts: (1) Telescope (2) tilting screw (3) level tube (4) leveling head (5) tripod
3. Automatic level - used to establish or verify points on the same horizontal plane,
and it has an internal mechanism that eliminates variation and inaccuracy from
measurements.
Advantage: (1) The bubble can be adjusted from any side and any angle with
any 3 screws available. (2) The auto level has an internal compensator
mechanism which automatically adjusts the line of sight. (3) The measurement
accuracy of the auto level is higher. (4) Auto level results are very reliable.
Disadvantage: (1) Vertical angles cannot be measured. (2) Horizontal angle is
measured in the auto level is not very accurate.
Parts: (1) Automatic level. (2) Levelling head with three-foot screws. (3) A
telescope that provides a line of sight to bisect the distant object. (4) To make the
line of sight horizontal, Bubble tubes are used. (5) Tripod for supporting the
instrument.
 4. Laser level - utilizes a beam of light which is used to help make horizontal and
vertical lines. It’s commonly used in surveying, construction, architecture, and
some engineering disciplines.
Advantage: (1) Laser levels can span long distances, helping workers check the
elevation or slope of a large area. (2) They can ensure that foundation and
foundation footings, flooring and other flat surfaces are level.
Disadvantage: (1) They are typically more expensive than analog measuring
devices simply because of the technology involved. (2) They can be delicate
because very precise calibration must be maintained for them to work properly

Parts: (1) laser (2) leveling base (3) bubble vial or pendulum (4) magnet (5)
electronic sensor (6) enclosure
5. Digital level - A digital level is a standard tool used in land surveying projects.
Land surveyors use them to perform advanced and automatic height calculations
on the job site. Measure the height difference between two points, measure an
angle or slope, keep your structure level and plumb, and determine the height of
a structure.
Advantage: (1) Measurement of consistent precision and reliability due to
automation.
(2) Automatic data storage eliminates booking and its associated errors.
(3) it can operate in low light conditions.
(4) Fast, economic surveys resulting in saving in time (up to 50% less effort has
been claimed by manufacturers). (5) Earth curvature correction: The
measurements made are automatically free of the influence of the earth’s
curvature. (6) Minimize human error: Fatigue-free observation as visual staff
reading by the observer is not required.
Disadvantage: (1) Takes too much time to set-up
Parts: (1) magnifying lens (2) telescope (3) tripod base (4) telescope objective
(5) focus encoder (6) Compensator control (7) Detector (8) eyepiece (9) Beam
splitter (10) Compensator system (11) Focusing lens
6. Water level - The water level is often used to determine the level spot on 2 items
that are at a distance from each other, such as posts or stakes in the ground.
Advantage: (1) more accurate when it comes to measuring long distances. (2)
Minimal maintenance (3) new control minimize fouling and deterioration
Disadvantage: (1) No LED indicator lights (2) More difficult installation (3)
Electronics are usually built separately
Parts: (1) Control Panel (2) Cable (3) Pressure Transducer (4) Max liquid height

B.

1. Engineer’s rod – Engineer's rods have graduations that are measured in feet, as
well as tenths and hundredths of a foot. Used to determine differences in
elevation.
 Advantage: (1) The rod is marked very clearly in high contrast; allowing for easy
reading. (2) Since the engineer's rods have a decimal system, it is much easier to
use for calculations.
Disadvantage: (1) numbers are not continued, thus you must add the reading to
the extension.
2. Builder’s rod - Used to determine differences in elevation but in inches and
fraction.
Advantage: (1) Easy reading by parts because it is in fraction.
Disadvantage: (1) It is not convient when adding and subtracting
measurements because it is in fraction. (2) error due to adding or subtracting
measurements.
3. Direct Elevation Rod – It is also used to determine differences in elevation but
this rod has numbers that is read down the rod.
Advantage: (1) allows to set the actual benchmark elevation, above or below the
bench into the rod.(2) eliminates errors caused by adding or subtracting of
measurements (3) much faster since no math is involved.
Disadvantage: (1) It is expensive (2) It is heavy

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