ANPH: Muscular System (Laboratory

LECTURE 2 #: (PPT & DOCX BASED)

________________________________________________________________________________________________
MA’AM ROSEMARIE C. SANTOS
1st SEMESTER | A.Y. 2022 – 2023

MUSCULAR SYSTEM Skeletal Muscle Structure and

 Specialized tissue that enable the body and its
parts to move.
Connective Tissue Coverings
 Epimysium:  surrounds a skeletal muscle.
 Perimysium:  extends inward from the
epimysium and separates fascicles (bundles of
muscle fibers also called muscle cells).
 Endomysium: separates muscle cells within
a fascicle.
 Each muscle cell contains many myofibrils.

Figure 9.2

 It allows movement and locomotion. The

muscular system produce body movements,
body heat, maintains posture support the body.

QUALITIES OF MUSCLE CELLS

1. Contractility – ability to shorten and thicken to
generate to do work
2. Elasticity – ability to return to its original form and
shaped after contraction
3. Extensibility – ability to be stretched without damaging Skeletal Muscle Fibers (Fig. 9.2)
the tissue  A muscle fiber  a multinucleated muscle cell
4. Irritability/Excitability – ability to respond to certain  Sarcolemma  muscle cell membrane.
stimuli  Sarcoplasm  cytoplasm containing nuclei,
5. Extensibility – ability to be stretched without damaging mitochondria, and myofibrils.
the tissue  Myofibrils  protein filaments, predominantly
myosin and actin.
FUNCTIONS OF THE MUSCLES
 Movement Protein Filaments
 Maintenance of posture and muscle tone  Myosin: Thick filament of twisted protein
 Heat production strands with globular ends called cross-bridges.
 Protects the bones and internal organs  Actin: Thin filament protein which can be
found in a complex with two other muscle
Classification of stimulus proteins, tropomyosin and troponin.
1. Minimal/liminal (threshold) – a stimulus which  The close association of these proteins makes
possesses just sufficient strength to produce a response muscle contraction possible.
2. Sub 2 minimal/subliminal (sub-threshold) – any  Organization of these protein filaments leads to
stimulus of lesser strength light and dark striations seen in skeletal muscle
under the light microscope which denote each
Muscle tonus – a persistent or continues state of slight sarcomere.
muscle contraction.
Oxygen Debt
 During strenuous exercise there may not be
MUSCLE CLASSIFICATIONS enough oxygen to maintain aerobic
Functionally metabolism.
 Voluntarily – can be moved at will  Anaerobic metabolism maintains ATP levels
 Involuntarily – can’t be moved intentionally while lactic acid=lactate levels increase.
 This causes muscle cramps.
Structurally  Fig. 9.14 - Liver cells convert lactic acid to
 Striated – have stripes across the fiber glucose using ATP energy.
 Smooth – no striations  Definition oxygen debt:  the amount of
oxygen needed for the liver to convert the
accumulated lactic acid into glucose.

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 ANPH: Muscular System (Laboratory
LECTURE 2 #: (PPT & DOCX BASED)
________________________________________________________________________________________________
MA’AM ROSEMARIE C. SANTOS
1st SEMESTER | A.Y. 2022 – 2023
Muscle Fatigue
 Fatigue occurs when a muscle is exercised for a
prolonged period and loses its ability to contract.
 It is often due to lactic acid accumulation that
lowers pH and prevents muscle fibers from
responding.
 It can also be caused by decreased blood flow,
ion imbalances, and psychological causes.
 Cramps can occur with fatigue: decreased
electrolyte concentrations trigger
uncontrolled stimulation.
 Physically fit people make less lactic acid due to
better circulation and increased oxygen carrying
capacity.
 Some muscle fibers are more likely to become
fatigued.
Types of muscle tissue
 Skeletal
 Cardiac
 Smooth (Visceral)
Skeletal muscle tissue
 Associated with & attached to the skeleton
 Under our conscious (voluntary) control
 Microscopically the tissue appears striated
 Cells are long, cylindrical & multinucleate
Cardiac muscle tissue
 Makes up myocardium of heart
 Unconsciously (involuntarily) controlled
 Microscopically appears striated
 Cells are short, branching & have a single
nucleus
 Cells connect to each other at intercalated discs
Smooth (visceral) muscle tissue
 Makes up walls of organs & blood vessels
 Tissue is non-striated & involuntary
 Cells are short, spindle-shaped & have a single
nucleus
 Tissue is extremely extensible, while still
retaining
Parts of the Muscle
Origin
Muscle attachment that remains
fixed
Insertion
Muscle attachment that moves
Action
What joint movement a muscle
produces?
i.e. flexion, extension, abduction, etc.
Movement of Muscles
 Origin: the attachment of the muscles to the
bone that remains stationary and proximal in
position
 Insertion: the attachment of the muscle to the
bone that moves and distal in position
Heads – muscles that may have more than 1
pt of origin
Slips – muscles that may have more than 1 pt
of insertion
 Belly: the thickest and fleshy part of the muscle
between the tendons of origin and/or insertion
Skeletal Muscle Position and Function
Positioning of skeletal muscles between bones:
(Skeletal Muscle Attachments)
 Origin: immovable end of a joint
 Insertion: movable end of a joint
(Movement 0f Muscles in Groups)
Skeletal muscles work in groups:
 Prime mover or Agonist: major muscle
 involved in action
 Synergists: assist the prime mover
 Antagonists: resist the prime mover
Types of muscle contractions
1. Isometric (equal distance) contractions – the
amount of tension increases during the contraction
process, but the length of the muscle does not change.
- Responsible for the constant length of the
postural muscles of the body,
Ex. Muscles of the back.
2. Isotonic (equal tension) – the amount of tension
produced by the muscle is constant during contraction,
but the length of muscle decreases.
- ex. movements of the arms and fingers
a. concentric contraction – isotonic contraction in
which muscle tension increases as the muscle shortens
b. eccentric contraction – isotonic contraction in which
tension is maintained as the muscle lengthens.
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 ANPH: Muscular System (Laboratory
LECTURE 2 #: (PPT & DOCX BASED)
________________________________________________________________________________________________
MA’AM ROSEMARIE C. SANTOS
1st SEMESTER | A.Y. 2022 – 2023

Categories of Skeletal muscle actions Muscles of the Head and Neck

Categories Actions
Increases the angle at a
Extensor
joint
Decreases the angle at a
Flexor
joint
Moves limb away from
Abductor
midline of body
Moves limb toward
Adductor
midline of body
Levator Moves insertion upward
Moves insertion
Depressor
downward
Rotates a bone along its
Rotator
axis SKELETAL MUSCLE GROUP
Sphincter Constricts an opening
MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK
1. Obicularis oculi- closes the eyes
2. Levator palpebrae superioris open eyes and
located in the orbital cavity above the superior
rectus
3. Orbicularis oris around the lips and closes
the lips
4. Buccinator fleshy part of cheek,compresses
check against teeth and used in whistling and
blowing wind instruments/ sucking

BASES OF NOMENCLATURE OF MUSCLES

1. SHAPE deltoid, trapezius, gracilis,
rhomboidus
2. Size maximus,minimus,major,minor,medius
3. Location above, below, infront
4. Position superior,lateral
5. Point of attachment

Naming Skeletal Muscles

MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK
 Location of the muscle 5. Zygomaticus major angle of lips and cheek
 Shape of the muscle Function: moves angle of lips upward as in
 Relative size of the muscle laughing and smiling beautifully.
 Direction/Orientation of the muscle fibers/cells 6. Temporalis  above ear, elevates lower jaw
 Number of Origins 7. Masseter near angle of mandible elevates
 Location of the Attachments lower jaw
 Actions of the muscle 8. Recti and oblique muscles of the eyes located
at orbital cavity and moves the eyes in different
direction
Examples: Superior rectus, inferior rectus

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 ANPH: Muscular System (Laboratory
LECTURE 2 #: (PPT & DOCX BASED)
________________________________________________________________________________________________
MA’AM ROSEMARIE C. SANTOS
1st SEMESTER | A.Y. 2022 – 2023

Sternocleidomastoid: pulls head to one side, flexes the

Muscles of the Anterior Neck
neck
Muscles of the trunk
1. Intercostalis (External and Internal)
 located between ribs
- (Extenal – compress thorax) (Internal- expand)
 used during respiration, elevates ribs to enlarge
thoracic cavity
2. Diaphragm
Location – between thoracic and abdominal cavities
Action – Important muscle for inspiration
- Enlarge thoracic cavity from above downwards
- Chief muscle of respiration

Oblique and Rectus Muscles and the Diaphragm

9. Tongue muscles located in our tongue and

moves the tongue in different directions.
EX: Styloglussus muscle  retract
a. Hyoglossus  depress
Genioglossus  protrudes the tongue in
different direction.
10. Sternocleido mastoid lateral neck flex
head,rotate head.
11. Laryngeal muscles  attach to larynx for
speech extrinsic muscles like sternothyroid,
thyrohyoid
12. Pharyngeal muscles pharynx (back of nose,
mouth, larynx) for swallowing
13. Muscle in the middle ear attach to icicles in
middle ear  controls the vibration of loud
sound

MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE HYOID BONE

Suprahyoid extend above the hyoid and attach to the
skull 3. Antero-lateral abdominal muscles
A. digastric B. mylohyoid A. Rectus abdominis – compress abdomen,
Infrahyoid strap like extend the hyoid to skeletal compress abdominal cavity during defecation,
structures below, urination, forced expiration and chief birth
 movement of the hyoid bone during swallowing B. External oblique – compresses abdomen, Bends,
when hyoid bone moves upward downward and rotates vertebral column laterally
backward to its original position. C. Transversus abdominis – compresses abdomen
A. sternohyoid B. omohyoid 4. Pelvic floor muscles
A. Levator ani – floor of pelvic cavity
Muscles That Move the Head - Supports pelvic organs like uterus and rectum
5. Muscles that move the shoulder
A. Rhomboids – rectract scapula
B. Seratus anterior – armpit onside of chest, moves
scapula forward, raising arms
C. Pectoralis major – anterior chest flexes,
adducts, medially rotates arms

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 ANPH: Muscular System (Laboratory
LECTURE 2 #: (PPT & DOCX BASED)
________________________________________________________________________________________________
MA’AM ROSEMARIE C. SANTOS
1st SEMESTER | A.Y. 2022 – 2023

Upper Extremities Muscles

1. Biceps Branchii –Infront of arm, flexes and supinates
arms
2. Triceps Branchii – back of arm, extends forearms
3. Brachialis – Flexes forearm
4. Pronator teres – pronate forearms
5. Supinator – supinates forearms
6. Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
7. Flexor carpi radialis – flexes, abducts wrist
8. Flexor Digitorum – Flex Fingers
A. Externsor carpi ulnaris
B. Extunsor carpi radialis – External, abducts wrist
C. Extensor digitorum – extend fingers

Muscles That Move the Forearm and Wrist

C. Pectoralis minor – depresses scapula

6. Trapezius – diamond shape, back of the neck and
upper back
Actions: shrugs shoulder, extend head and neck
7. Teres major – extends shoulder, adduct
8. Teres minor – Adducts, rotates arms
9. Supra spinatus – Abducts arms
10. Infra spinatus – extends, rotates shoulder
11. Deltoid – abducts arm, flexes, extend shoulder Lower Extremity Muscles
12. Latissimus Dorsi – middle and lower back broadest 1. Iliopsoas – Chief flexor the hip
muscle of back 2. Tensor fasciae latae – flexes hip, abduct thigh
Actions: Extend, adduct, medially rotates arms 3. Gluteus maximus – chief extensor of hip, extend
thigh
4. Gluteus Medius – Abducts thigh
5. Anterior thigh muscle
6. Quadriceps femoris muscles
Extends Legs/Knee
A. Vatus Lateralis
B. Vastus Medialis
C. Vastus Intermedius
D. Rectus femoris
6. Gracilis – abduct the thigh
7. Sartonrius – Longest muscle of body, flexes thigh
and leg
Muscles That Move the Thigh

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 ANPH: Muscular System (Laboratory
LECTURE 2 #: (PPT & DOCX BASED)
________________________________________________________________________________________________
MA’AM ROSEMARIE C. SANTOS
1st SEMESTER | A.Y. 2022 – 2023

Muscles That Move the Thigh

Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes

Muscles That Move the Leg

Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes

8. Tibialis Anterior – extend, dorsiflexes ankle, invert

foot
9. Extensor hallucis longus – extend big toe
10. Peronicous longus,
Peroneous brevis – Everts foot, plantar flex
11. Extensor digitorum longus - dorsi flex foot, extend
4 lesser toes

Posterior Thigh Muscles

1. Hanstring muscles
A. Biceps femonis
B. Semimembranosus
C. Semitendinosus
D. Aductor magnus
Actions: Flexes leg, extend thigh

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 ANPH: Muscular System (Laboratory
LECTURE 2 #: (PPT & DOCX BASED)
________________________________________________________________________________________________
MA’AM ROSEMARIE C. SANTOS
1st SEMESTER | A.Y. 2022 – 2023

Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes Nomenclature (naming) of skeletal muscles
1. according to direction of muscle fibers – direction
relative to the midline of the body
a. rectus ex. Rectus abdominis
b. transverses ex. Transverses abdominis
c. oblique ex. Externa/internal oblique

2. according to location – structure near which a

muscle is found
a. frontalis
b. tibialis anterior
c. tibialis posterior

3. according to size
a. maximus – largest ex. Gluteus maximus
b. minimus – smallest ex. Gluteus minimus
c. longus – longest ex. Adductor longus
d. brevis – short ex. Peroneus brevis
e. major – large ex. Pectoralis major
f. minor – small ex. Pectoralis minor

4. according to shape
a. deltoid – triangular in shape ex. Deltoid
b. trapezius – trapezoid ex. Trapezius
c. serratus – serrated ex. Serratus anterior
d. rhomboideus – diamond shaped ex. Rhomboideus
major/minor
5. according to number of origins
a. biceps – 2 origins ex. Biceps brachii
b. triceps – 3 origins ex. Triceps brachii
Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes c. quadriceps – 4 origins ex. Quadriceps femoris

6. according to origin and insertion

ex. Sternocleidomastoid

7. according to action (principal action of the

muscle)
a. flexor – decreases the angle of a joint
b. extensor – increases the angle of a joint
c. abductor – moves a bone away from the body’s
midline
d. adductor – moves a bone closer to body’s midline
e. levator – upward movement
f. depressor – downward movement
g. supinator – turns the palm upward or anteriorly
h. pronator – turns the palm downward or posteriorly
i. rotator – moves the bone around its longitudinal axis
j. tensor – makes a body part more rigid

Group action/s of the muscle

1. Prime movers (agonists) – group of muscle that

performs a desired action, ex. Biceps and brachialis
2. Antagonists – the action is opposite to the prime
movers, ex. Triceps brachii to biceps brachii.
3. Synergists – muscle that helps the prime movers to
function efficiently which serve a steady movement thus
preventing unnecessary movements. Ex. Extensor
muscles of the wrist as synergist; flexor muscles of the
fingers as prime movers
4. Fixators – stabilizes the origin of prime movers, to act
efficiently.