Subject: Calculus with Analytic Geometry II

Chapter 3: Transcendental Functions

Lesson 1: Exponential and Logarithmic Functions (PART 1)
Learning Objectives:
1. Specify for which values of the exponential function ( ) may be defined
2. Recognize the domain and range of an exponential and logarithmic function
3. Determine the relationship between the natural exponential and natural logarithmic
function.
4. Identify the properties of exponential and logarithmic functions.
5. Solve the derivative and antiderivative/integral of exponential and logarithmic functions.

Lecture Discussion:
Exponential Function are of the form ( ) , where and . is called the
base and is called the exponent.
In contrast to the functions , where is the base and raised to the exponent .
Note that exponential functions can be increasing (exponential growth), decreasing
(exponential decay) or take on variety of shapes with both increasing and decreasing sections.

Logarithmic Functions are the inverse function of the exponential function. Thus,
then .
That is, the log value gives you the power on the base , that produces .
Note:

Example:
1.

2.

LECTURE NOTES IN CALCULUS WITH ANALYTIC GEOMETRY II

Chapter 3: The Transcendental Functions (Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Prepared by: MARIA DIVINA B. TAPIRU
Two of the most used bases for logarithms are base and base .
Common Logarithms

A common logarithm is any logarithm with base . Note that log with no base indicates
base .
Natural Logarithms
The natural logarithm of a number is its logarithm to the base of the constant , where is
an irrational and transcendental number approximately equal to . the
natural logarithm of is generally written as or .

Example:
1. Change the following to exponential form

2. Change the logarithmic form

or

Properties:
1. since
The log of its own base is always .
2. since
The log of is always .
3. since
since .
This means that the functions “undo” each other.

LECTURE NOTES IN CALCULUS WITH ANALYTIC GEOMETRY II

Chapter 3: The Transcendental Functions (Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Prepared by: MARIA DIVINA B. TAPIRU
Sometimes you can evaluate a logarithm just by changing it to exponential form:
Examples:
1.

2. Evaluate

( )

( ) ( )

( )
( )

( ) ( )

3. Evaluate

LECTURE NOTES IN CALCULUS WITH ANALYTIC GEOMETRY II

Chapter 3: The Transcendental Functions (Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Prepared by: MARIA DIVINA B. TAPIRU
More Properties:
1. Product Rule:

2. Quotient Rule:

3. Power Rule:

Note: If two numbers are the same, then the logs are the same or vice versa.

√
Expand: ⁄

⁄
√
⁄
[ √ ] [ ]
⁄ ⁄
[ ] [ ]

* + * +

Combine: √ ( )

√ ( )

( )
√

( )
√

LECTURE NOTES IN CALCULUS WITH ANALYTIC GEOMETRY II

Chapter 3: The Transcendental Functions (Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Prepared by: MARIA DIVINA B. TAPIRU
CHANGE OF BASE
Since calculators usually have only two logarithm keys, that is, log and ln, to evaluate a
logarithm using a base different than either or , we use the following formula:

Note: You can use either the common log or the natural log, the answer will still be the same.

Example:

1.

2. Evaluate without using calculator:

( )( )( )

Note: Change of base can be used to change from any base to any other base:

LECTURE NOTES IN CALCULUS WITH ANALYTIC GEOMETRY II

Chapter 3: The Transcendental Functions (Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Prepared by: MARIA DIVINA B. TAPIRU
NATURAL LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS:
Derivative of Natural Logarithmic Function:

( )

If ( ),

( )

Examples:
1. ( )

( )

2. [( )( )]
Method 1:

[( )( )]
( )( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )

( )( ) ( )( )
( )( )

Method 2:
( )

( )

3. ( )
LECTURE NOTES IN CALCULUS WITH ANALYTIC GEOMETRY II
Chapter 3: The Transcendental Functions (Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Prepared by: MARIA DIVINA B. TAPIRU
 Method 1:

( ) ( )

( ) ( )
( )

( )

( )

Method 2:

( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )

( )

( )

Anti-Derivative / Integral of Natural Logarithmic Function:

Recall that,

If :

∫ ∫ ,

since,

( ) .

LECTURE NOTES IN CALCULUS WITH ANALYTIC GEOMETRY II

Chapter 3: The Transcendental Functions (Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Prepared by: MARIA DIVINA B. TAPIRU
In general,

∫ {
| |

Example:

1. ∫ ∫ | |

Let

( )
2. ∫ ∫

Let

INTEGRALS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS:

∫ ∫ ∫ | | |( ) | | |

Let Thus, ∫ | |

∫ | |

∫ ∫ ∫ | |

Let Thus, ∫ | |

LECTURE NOTES IN CALCULUS WITH ANALYTIC GEOMETRY II

Chapter 3: The Transcendental Functions (Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Prepared by: MARIA DIVINA B. TAPIRU
∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ | |

Let Thus, ∫ | |

( )

∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ | |

Let Thus, ∫ | |

( )

SUMMARY:

∫ | | | |

∫ | |

∫ | |

∫ | |

EXERCISES:

1. ∫ ( ) ∫ | ( )| or | ( )|

Let

2. ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ | |

Let

LECTURE NOTES IN CALCULUS WITH ANALYTIC GEOMETRY II

Chapter 3: The Transcendental Functions (Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Prepared by: MARIA DIVINA B. TAPIRU
3. ∫ ( ) ∫ ∫

Let ( | |) ( | |) |

[( | |) ( | |)] |

,*( | ( ) ( )|) ( | ( )|)+ *( | ( )

( )|) ( | ( )|)+-

,*( | ( ) ( )|) ( | ( )|)+ *( | ( )

( )|) ( | ( )|)+-

√
Note: ( ) ( )

( )

√
20( | |) . | |/1 [( | |) ( | |)]3
√ √

√
20( | |) . | |/1 [( | |) ( | |)]3
√

√
*( | |) ( | |)+
√

| |
√
√
| |
( )

( | |)
√ √

LECTURE NOTES IN CALCULUS WITH ANALYTIC GEOMETRY II

Chapter 3: The Transcendental Functions (Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Prepared by: MARIA DIVINA B. TAPIRU
 ⁄
( | |) ( ) √

EXERCISES:

A. Find the derivative of the following:

1. | |

2. | |

3. | |

4. | |

5. | |

6. | |

7. | |

8. ( | |)

B. Find the anti-derivative/integral of the following:

1. ∫

2. ∫

3. ∫

4. ∫( )

5. ∫

6. ∫

( )
7. ∫

LECTURE NOTES IN CALCULUS WITH ANALYTIC GEOMETRY II

Chapter 3: The Transcendental Functions (Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Prepared by: MARIA DIVINA B. TAPIRU
NATURAL EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

In this lesson, we will begin our work with the number .

Note: is an irrational number, approximately named after the 18th century
Swiss mathematician, Leonhard Euler.
When the base, , of the exponential function , is replaced with , we have the
natural exponential function.
The natural exponential function may be expressed as or as ( ).
In the functional notation: ( ) or ( ) ( ).
Note:
or .

Theorems:
1.
Since

2.
Since

3.
Since

4.

LECTURE NOTES IN CALCULUS WITH ANALYTIC GEOMETRY II

Chapter 3: The Transcendental Functions (Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Prepared by: MARIA DIVINA B. TAPIRU
5. If
(i)

(ii)

(iii) ( )

Derivative of Natural Exponential Function:

( )

Examples:

1.

( )

( )

( )

2.
Method 1:
( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )
Method 2:
LECTURE NOTES IN CALCULUS WITH ANALYTIC GEOMETRY II
Chapter 3: The Transcendental Functions (Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Prepared by: MARIA DIVINA B. TAPIRU
 ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )

( )

EXERCISES:
A. Find the derivative of the following:

1.
2.
3.
4.

5.

6. √

7.

8.

9.

10.
11. ( )
12.
13.

B. Find the implicit differentiation of the following:

1.
LECTURE NOTES IN CALCULUS WITH ANALYTIC GEOMETRY II
Chapter 3: The Transcendental Functions (Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Prepared by: MARIA DIVINA B. TAPIRU
2.
3. ( )
4.

Anti-derivative/Integral of Natural Exponential Function:

Examples:
Find the integral of the following:
√
1. ∫ √
∫
√

Let √

2. ∫ ∫

Let

LECTURE NOTES IN CALCULUS WITH ANALYTIC GEOMETRY II

Chapter 3: The Transcendental Functions (Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Prepared by: MARIA DIVINA B. TAPIRU
3. ∫ ∫

Let

4. ∫ ∫ ( ) ∫( ) ∫ ∫

Let

5. ∫ ( )
∫ ∫ ( )

Let
( )

6. ∫ ∫

Let

LECTURE NOTES IN CALCULUS WITH ANALYTIC GEOMETRY II

Chapter 3: The Transcendental Functions (Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Prepared by: MARIA DIVINA B. TAPIRU
7. ∫ ∫( ) ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫

)̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ | |
| |

Let

Evaluate the following definite integral:

1. ∫ ∫ | ( ) ( )

2. ∫ | ( ) ( ) ( )

3. ∫ | ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )
4. ∫ ∫ | |

Let

5. ∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) ∫ ∫

Let ∫ ∫

( )|

[( ) ( )]

*( ) ( )+

( )

LECTURE NOTES IN CALCULUS WITH ANALYTIC GEOMETRY II

Chapter 3: The Transcendental Functions (Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Prepared by: MARIA DIVINA B. TAPIRU
6. ∫ ( )
∫ ∫ | |

Let

( )

( ) ( )
7. ∫ ∫ |

Let

( )

( )

8. ∫ ∫ ( )| ( ) ( )

( )
Let
( )

LECTURE NOTES IN CALCULUS WITH ANALYTIC GEOMETRY II

Chapter 3: The Transcendental Functions (Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Prepared by: MARIA DIVINA B. TAPIRU