GEC06 Literary arts- presented in the written mode and

Art Appreciation intended to be read.

INTRODUCTION FACTORS AFFECTING ART STYLES

Objectives 1. Geographical Factors
1. Functions of Art 2. Historical Factors
2. Genres of Art 3. Social Factors
3. Factors Affecting Art Style 4. Ideational Factors
4. Elements of Visual Arts 5. Psychological Factors
6. Technical Factors
Functions of Art
1. Personal/ Individual Function 1. Geographical Factors- place where an
2. Social Function artist stays influences his works.
3. Economic Function 2. Historical Factors- Historical events
4. Political Function exert a great influence on artists,
5. Historical Function particularly the writers.
6. Religious Function 3. Social Factors- Not only personal
7. Physical Function relationships but social issues affect the
8. Aesthetic Function artists.
4. Ideational Factors- ideas coming from
1. Personal/ Individual Function- various people also influence artists.
personal reasons for indulging in art. 5. Psychological Factors- artists are
Key word is passion affected by their psychological make-up
2. Social Function- Art is used to or frame of mind.
associate with others. 6. Technical Factors- artists are affected
3. Economic Function- Art as source of by their current set of skills. Using
income. different techniques
4. Political Function- art to promote
political programs. ELEMENT OF VISUAL ARTS
5. Historical Function- Arts as a medium 1. Line
to record historical figures and events. 2. Color
6. Religious Function- Art to profess faith 3. Texture
or to worship God. 4. Shape
7. Physical Function- Art used for 5. Space and Perspective
architectural designs. In addition, the 6. Volume/ Value
view of art can cause an exhilarating 7. Form
experience. 1. Line- series of connected dots or a
8. Aesthetic Function- Artworks serve to prolongation of a point to show the shape or
beautify. form
-Foundation of drawing
3 GENRES OF ART
1. Visual Arts ➢ Expressive Lines – found in nature and
2. Audio-Visual Arts very organic
3. Literary Arts ➢ Constructive lines – lines that are very
Visual Arts measured, geometric, directional and
forms perceived by the eyes. These include angular. Appear to be man-made
painting, sculpture, and architecture. because of their precision
Graphic arts -arts that have length and width; 2. Color- most important and noticeable element
thus, they are also called two dimensional arts.
Plastic Arts- arts that have length, width, and 3. Texture- Sense of touch, Smooth or rough,
volume; thus, they are also called fine or coarse, glossy or dull, regular or irregular
three-dimensional arts. 4. Shape- external appearance of clearly
Audio-Visual Arts- forms perceived by both defined area. Contributes to the final form of the
ears (audio) and eyes (video). They are called artwork.
performing arts inasmuch as the artists render ➢ shallow or deep and two-dimensional or
a performance in front of an audience. three-dimensional
5. Space and Perspective
Space-area or surface occupied by the artwork.
Perspective- point of view, angle of vision, or
frame of reference.
6. Volume and Value- In order to have a
successful drawing, you will need to show a full
value range, which means that there are very
light areas, middle tones, and very dark areas.
This is a way of giving a work of art Contrast. In
drawing value can be added several ways:
7. Form- overall composition of the artwork:
color, shape, juxtaposition, contrast and
dimension – also refer to as a three-
dimensional object
ART APPRE PAINTING 1
Objectives
➜ Four Divisions of Art
➜ Methods of Presenting the Subject
➜ What is Painting?
I.FOUR DIVISIONS OF ART
1. Aesthetic or art appreciation
Aesthetics- science of beauty, students
learn to admire the artists, value highly
different works of art, and appreciate the
role of art in society.
2. Art history- student acquires
knowledge of the artists, backgrounds,
masterpieces, and their significant
contributions in various fields of art.
3. Art production- Students learn to use
their creativity and apply artistic
knowledge and skills in producing his
own works of art.
4. Art criticism- student learns to use his
judgment in evaluating different artworks
based on the criteria set.
II.METHODS OF PRESENTING THE SUBJECT
Methods of Presenting the Subject
➜ Every artist has his individual style of doing
his artwork. This style is almost always
governed by his choice of the method of
presenting his subject.
➜ Methods:
1. Realism
2. Abstractionism
3. Surrealism
4. Symbolism
5. Fauvism
6. Dadaism
7. Expressionism
8. Impressionism
9. Futurism
Subject- main focus object in the work of art,
whereas the content is the overall meaning of
the piece.
1. Realism - termed naturalism, presenting
subjects as they appear in real life.
2. Abstractionism- "drawing away from
realism”. The word abstractionism was
derived from the verb abstract meaning
to draw away.
• Art that does not attempt to represent an
accurate depiction of a visual reality
• Nonrepresentational art
Types of Abstractionism:
DISTORTION Mangling Elongation Cubism
Abstract Expressionism
-Distortion is presenting the subject in a
misshaped form.
Mangling -subject with parts which are cut,
lacerated, mutilated, or hacked with
repeated blows
Elongation -subject in an elongated form. It is
done by stretching the object, for example, the
human body,
Vertically.
ex. El Greco's "The
Resurrection of Christ.
Cubism –use of cubes and other geometric
figures (triangles, squares,
rectangles, pentagons, hexagons, heptagons,
etc.).
Abstract Expressionism - Having its origin in
New York
City,
-use of strong color, uneven brush strokes, and
rough texture and with the deliberate lack of
refinement in the application of the paint.
3. Surrealism-"beyond realism”. Subject as if
the subject does not form part of the real world,
but belongs to the world of dreams and fantasy.
Influenced by Sigmund Freud, the Father of
Psychoanalysis.
4. Symbolism- subject symbolically, that is, the
artist shows his subject as it appears in real life,
but he intends to let it represent something
5. Fauvism- optimistic realism. Presenting the
real-life subject with the use of bright colors 7 PIGMENTS
suggesting comfort, joy, and pleasure. • Oil
The colors bright red, yellow, orange, purple, • Tempera
and the like are used instead of blue, black, • Plaster
gray, green, and brown. • Watercolor
• Pastel
6. Dadaism- shocking realism. Presenting the • Fresco
real-life subject with the intention to shock the • Acrylic
audience through the exposition of the evils in
Society. 1. OIL PAINTING
Derived from the French word dada meaning • Pigments are mixed in oil
hobby horse, Dadaism Started as a protest art • Oil + Pigment Oil Canvas
movement composed of painters and writers
whose desire was to revolutionize the outworn • Pigments come from many sources:
art traditions. minerals, vegetable matter coal tars and other
chemical combinations
7. Expressionism- is emotional realism.
Presenting the real-life subject with the intention 2 TWO METHODS OF OIL PAINTING
to express emotions, pathos, chaos. fear, • Direct Method
Violence, defeat, morbidity, and tragedy. • Indirect Method
Introduced in Germany (Central Europe)
2. TEMPERA PAINTING
8. Impressionism- realism based on the artist’s • technique of painting with pigments bound in a
impression. Presenting the real-life subject with water-soluble emulsion,
emphasis on the impression left in the artist's Water + egg yolk or an oil-in-water emulsion
mind or perception. such as Oil + whole egg
Focuses on how light could define a moment in
time, with color providing definition instead of ADVANTAGE OF TEMPERA
black lines. • RAPID DRYING
• COLORS ARE CLEAR AND BEAUTIFUL
9. Futurism is realism in the future. It is
presenting a subject that relates not to the 3. WATER COLOR
present, but to the future. • Pigments mixed with water and applied to fine
white paper
PAINTING • Water + Pigment
Painting- art of applying pigments to a surface • Require a high degree of technical dexterity
to present a picture of the subject. • Papers most commonly used for ground
TOOLS:
1. Paint 4. PASTEL
2. Palette • Bound Dry Pigment
3. Palette Knife/Spatula • form a crayon applied directly to the surface,
4. Easel usually paper
• As support for pastel painting paper, paste
MEDIUMS board or canvas is used
Mediums of the Visual Arts • The chalk tends to rub and the picture loses its
• Refers to the materials used by the Artist brilliance
• Means by which the artist communicates Ex of Pastel
his/her ideas
• Mediums are essential to Arts

Pigment application
• Wet/ Dry Plaster
• Canvas
• Wood
• Paper
5. FRESCO- popular type of painting during the
15th – 16th Century
❖ Fresco means “Fresh”
❖ Earth pigment + Water → Wet Plaster
❖ Colors are mixed with water and applied to
fresh plaster which absorbs the color
❖ Since the pigments has been incorporated
with the plaster, it lasts until the wall is
destroyed
❖ Pigment is added with water and lime, the
mixture is then applied to a wet plaster, The
lime binds the pigment to the wall making the
painting part of the wall
6. ACRYLIC
❖ Widely used by painters today
❖ Synthetic paints using acrylic emulsions as
binder
❖ Synthetic Paint + Acrylic Emulsions → Variety
of Surface
❖ Combine transparency and quick drying
qualities of water color and are as flexible as oil
❖ They are insoluble when dry and can be used
almost on any surface
❖ They do not tend to crack and turn yellow as
they age
7. ENCAUSTIC
❖ use of hot wax as a vehicle to bind pigments
to a wooden panel or a wall.
❖ Earth Pigments + Hot wax → Wooden panel/
Wall
❖ Although it has the advantage of durability
with its colors remaining vibrant and its surface
maintaining a hard luster, encaustic is not a
popular medium among painters because it is
difficult to manipulate.
SUBJECTS “Star of your piece”
Subject
➜ There are so many subjects that can be
presented in
painting. The prehistoric men painted animals
and other things of nature on walls of caves. The
early Egyptians painted fragments of life stories
of the pharaohs. The ancient Greeks and
Romans were so fond of their male and female
deities. The Renaissance painters did portraits
of Mary and Jesus and depicted biblical stories.
Others had fun doing landscapes, seascapes,
cityscapes, and the like.
1. PORTRAITURE
❖ Portraits are pictures of men and women
singly or collectively.
2. ANIMALS AND PLANTS
❖ Drawings of animals and plants
3. STILL LIFE
❖ inanimate objects or non-living things placed
on a table or another setting.
4. COUNTRY LIFE
❖ Painters living in the countryside have access
to scenes happening daily in their Community
5. LANDSCAPE- landforms can be the
subject of a landscape painting.
6. SEASCAPE- water forms can be the
subject of a seascape painting.
7. CITYSCAPE -aerial view of a city or a
portion of it
8. RELIGIOUS ITEMS are among the
favorite subjects of painters
9. RELIGIOUS ITEMS- religious Items,
persons or objects.
HISTORY
Periods of Painting
1. Prehistoric Period
❖ The history of painting spans all cultures and
dates back to the time of the prehistoric men
who produced their own artifacts.
❖ The oldest paintings believed to be about
32,000 years old are
found at the Grotte-Chauvet in France
2. Greek Period
❖ Ancient Greece had great painters who were
then regarded as manual laborers.
Found in pottery and ceramics give a glimpse of
the way of life of
ancient Greeks.
❖ Zeuxis, Parrhasius, and Apelles
3. Roman Period
❖ Influenced by ancientGreek painting
❖ Roman painting survives in the form of murals
and panel portraits, executed in a realistic style.
❖ Campania, Southern Italy
4. Medieval Period
❖ rise of Christianity
❖ Generally characterized from the naturalism
of the Classical tradition towards the more
abstract and universal
❖ 2D Representations
5. Renaissance Period
❖ golden age of painting, the Renaissance
spanned from the 14th through the mid-17th
century.
6. Baroque Period
❖ Beginning around 1600 until the last years of
the 17th century
-paintings with dramatic light and shade, violent
composition, and exaggerated emotion.
7. Rococo period
❖ The period covering the 18th century
following the baroque period.
-Painting during this period is characterized as
lighter than that of the Baroque, often frivolous,
and erotic.
8. Romantic period
❖ The fall of the Rococo style gave rise to a
new movement which shifted its
attention toward landscape and nature, as well
as the human figure and the supremacy of
natural order above mankind's will.
❖ In the early 20th century, avante-garde artists
experimented on new styles of
formalist painting and such experimentation led
to the birth of Cubism, Futurism,
De Stijl, and Suprematism.
3 LOCAL ARTIST
Notable Local Artists in the Philippines
1.Fernando amorsolo
❖ portraitist and painter of rural Philippine
landscapes. One of the most important artists in
the history of painting in the Philippines “the
father of Philippine Realism”
2.Edades, Victorio C
❖ pioneered modernism in the Philippine art
scene, the Father of Modern Philippine Painting.
His paintings portrayed the hardships of the
working class
3.Juan luna
❖ Best known work was the "Spoliarium”
SCULPTURE
Sculpture -art of carving or forming a three
dimensional work of art.
Sculpture “sculpere” = carve

9. Realist and Naturalist Period 2 KINDS OF SCULPTURE

❖ In the late 1800s, group of artists actively 1.ROUND SCULPTURE- free-standing
painted in varying personal styles and sculpture.
were linked mainly by their rejection of a round sculpture/sculpture in the round stands
Impressionism. Known as the Post on its own and is capable of being viewed at all
Impressionists, they were divided into three sides (front, rear, left, and right sides).
groups: the expressionists,
represented by Vincent van Gogh and Paul 2.RELIEF SCULPTURE
Gauguin, who were most interested in Contrary to round sculpture, it stands on its own
personal expression; the formalists, led by Paul because it is attached. It is either a high relief or
Cezanne, who were most a low relief.
concerned with composition and structure; and • They are static or mobile
the realists and naturalists,
headed by Gustave Courbet, who used light,
shade, color, and perspective to PROCESS AND MEDIUMS OF
reproduce as closely as possible the SCULPTURE
appearance of objects in nature 2 Process of Sculpting
➢ Additive or Subtractive
10. Impressionist Period 1.ADDITIVE
❖ In the last half of the 19th century, a group of Adding materials to other materials
painters developed a painting style that tried to
capture the quality of light as it plays across 2.SUBTRACTIVE
landscapes and figures. Removing materials from a material
11. Modern Period
2 MEDIUMS OF SCULPTING 8. MODERN PERIOD- Modern sculptors
experimented not only in style but also in
➢ Hard Medium or Soft Medium mediums.
1.HARD MEDIUM-Hard Materials such as
wood, rock, ivory etc.
2.SOFT MEDIUM-Soft Materials such as clay, ARCHITECTURE
molten metal, wet plaster etc. What is architecture?

4 SUBJECTS OF SCULPTING
Architecture- art and science of designing and
Subject of Sculpture constructing buildings, bridges, and other
1.ANIMALS AND PLANTS- Animals and Plants structures to satisfy individual and communal
2.PLACES - Places needs
3.EVENTS -Historical, biblical, and other events • It is a complex art
are also subjects of sculptural works. • Not only the exterior, but also the?
4.RELIGIOUS ITEMS -images of martyrs and
saints, sculptures of a religious nature abound. KINDS OF ARCHITECTURAL
CONSTRUCTION
HISTORY OF SCULPTURE 1. POST AND LINTEL- consist of a
horizontal beam called lintel and two
1.PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD- history of sculpture vertical posts to support it. Found in
dates back to the time of the stone Age men doors and entrances.
who sculpted objects from ivory, horn, bone, EX: Stonehenge
and stone 2. CANTILEVER• has two vertical posts
2. GREEK PERIOD-Two outstanding sculptors for support and a horizontal beam with
of the Hellenistic Period were Praxiteles (known one end more extended than the other
for his "Hermes and the Infant Dionysus'') and Oftentimes, steel is used for this type of
Lysippos (famous for his "Apoxyomenos"). architectural construction because of its
3. ROMAN PERIOD-The sack of Syracuse in tensile strength
212 B.C. during the second Punic war with 3. ARCH• consists of several wedge
Carthage marked the start of classical Roman shaped blocks of stone called
sculpture. The Romans admired the Hellenistic voussoirs held together by a key stone
style and imitated the works of the Greeks. • It serves to support other structures such as
However, they reduced the human body to mere roofs and to be a symbolic gateway
head part and thus produced busts
4. MEDIEVAL PERIOD-sculptures during the Types of arch –
early Middle Ages were produced by Barbaric 1. Pointed arch
civilizations. Made of wood, gold, and ivory, they 2. Horseshoe arch
were small and light and done in the tradition of 3. Flat arch
nomadic and semi nomadic populations. 4. Segmental arch
5.RENAISSANCE PERIOD- Renaissance, 5. Semi-circular arch
meaning rebirth, period of renewed interest in 6. Venetian arch
secular, classical art and literature. The first 7. Semi-elliptical arch
appearance of the free standing, erotic, young
male nude (e.g, Buonarroti's "David") links this 4. DOME- large hemispherical roof or ceiling
period to the ancient Greeks and Romans that looks like an inverted cup. It is an extension
6. BAROQUE PERIOD-"Baroque as a restless, of the principle of the arch capable of enclosing
dynamic style with its diagonals and floating a wide area
curved lines, its striking chiaroscuro, and its 5. VAULT- arched structure of masonry usually
sensuous textural effects set its indelible stamp forming a roof or ceiling. Similar to the dome, it
on sculpture and architecture. is an extension of the principle of the arch
7. CLASSIC PERIOD-This academy established capable of enclosing a vast expanse of space
classicism as the official style of the court. Types of vault
Venerating antiquity and its formal discipline, 1. Cross vault
artists who worked in this style gained the favor 2. Barrel vault
of the court officials 3. Cloister vault
 4. Groin vault
6. TRUSS•- consists of a braced framework of
beams or bars forming one or more triangles. An
assemblage of beams forming a rigid
framework, it is usually used to support the?
EX: Palazzo Medici in Florence, Italy Dome of
the Florence
6. BAROQUE PERIOD
EX: Church of San Carlo alle Quatro Fontane

2 MEDIUMS USED IN 7. MODERN PERIOD- International Style of

ARCHITECTURE
1. LIGHT MATERIALS - include paper,
nipa, bamboo, and other light wood. All,
except paper, form part of nipa huts and
similar dwellings in tropical countries.
The advantage of these materials is that
they allow for good ventilation.
2. HEAVY MATERIALS -trend now is
toward the use of heavy materials, not
only fire-resistant but also durable and
able to withstand natural forces such as
earthquakes, landslides, storms, and
floods.
EX: hardwood, stone, concrete
(combination of cement, gravel, and
sand), brick, steel, and cast iron.
architecture and design, which gradually spread
throughout the industrial world.
EX: The Bosjes Chapel by Steyn Studio:
Floating at the foot of Waaihoek Mountain &
Walt Disney Concert Hall
LOCAL ARCHITECTS
1. Leandro Locsin -
-Philippine International Convention Center
-Cultural Center of the Philippines
2. Juan Nakpil
- Quezon Hall – UP Diliman
3. Francisco Manosa
-San Miguel Corporation Building
4. Carlos Santos-Viola

8 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE!
OTHER ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNS
1. PREHISTORIC PERIOD
• Egyptians were among the ancient civilizations IN THE WORLD
who came up with enormous architectural ● TAJ MAHAL KREMLIN & RED SQUARE
works.
● NOTRE-DAME CATHEDRAL
2. GREEK PERIOD ● EIFFEL TOWER
• The Parthenon typifies the architecture of this ● KINKAKU JI TEMPLE
period. Adorned with relief sculpture by Phidias ● LEANING TOWER OF PISA
and his assistants, it exemplifies the ● SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE
post-and-lintel system of architecture ● BURJ KHALIFA

3. ROMAN PERIOD
• Colosseum or Coliseum, also known as the
Flavian Amphitheater

4. MEDIEVAL PERIOD
• Architecture during Middle Ages is divided into
four artistic styles:
Early Christian, Byzantine, Romanesque, and
Gothic.
EX: Old Basilica of St. Peter & Hagia Sophia

5.RENAISSANCE PERIOD- involved the

construction of aristocratic residences called
palazzos