• How do public speakers affect

society? Give concrete examples.

• What are your thoughts and feelings

about public speaking?
 Types of speeches
• Informative Speeches

• Entertaining speech

• Demonstrative speech

• Persuasive speech

• Oratorical speech

• Debate speech

• Special occasion speech

 The Tools Needed in
Critical/Creative
Best Practices of Public Speaking
Reports
Introduction

What makes a speech electric? What makes a speech so effective it can

make the audience goosebumps or make them flush in rage or joy? Some

speeches can be so effective they trigger adrenaline, while other speeches,

just as effective, trigger a sense of peace and calm in the midst of chaos.

Great speakers have been called hypnotic, magnetic, and charismatic, and

this is not just because of the captivating manner they deliver these
 Performance

Speeches are performances, and they are

delivered best when they have the feel of
authenticity and earnestness.
 Plan the Speech

It is important to express oneself in an

expressive and articulate manner. It is best to
chose one’s word carefully, and to ensure that
one’s speech builds the foundation of logos,
pathos, and ethos.
 Eye Contact

One way of coming across as authentic

is the ability to make a good eye contact
with the audience, and to speak in a
manner that touches them.
 Speaking Style

Different people have different speaking styles, and one can

only find one’s personal style through constant practice. Some
people seem to be more effective when they come across calm,
trustworthy and reasonable and their hand gestures seem
more open and thoughtful. Others, on the other hand, can get
away with bursts and passion and bombast.
 Hand Gestures

Whatever kind of speaker one may be, it is

always, best to be more purposeful when it
comes to choosing hand gestures. Hand
gestures can create as much of an impact as
the content of the speech itself.
 Recording the Speech for Feedback

One of the best practices in public speaking is

to videotape speakers, and then have the
speakers watch themselves. It might surprise
them that they use hand gestures or
mannerisms that distract from or lessen the
impact of the speeches.
 Peer Evaluation

Feedback from people is very

important, and this will be a great tool in
improving one’s speech and one’s
speaking style in general
 Appearance

It is important to look credible and worthy of

respect. In the real world, this depends a lot on
one’s audience, as the way one’s dresses should
match the kind of audience one wants to
impress.
 Clothing

Traditional audiences often call for more formal clothing. For

men, this would mean donning suit tie at the most formal level, or
at the very least, the use of long-sleeved button-down shirts,
slacks, and leather shoes. In the Philippines the use of barong and
slacks is acceptable. For the women, a pantsuit or a formal coat and
skirt ensemble should suffice. In less formal instances, a dress or
blouse and skirt (or slacks) outfit should do as well.
 Good Grooming

As long as one looks neat and clean, that

should be enough to satisfy the audience
requirements.
 Visual Aids

Since we live in a world that is more dependent on

information technology, it has become de rigueur for
audiences to expect speeches to be accompanied with
visual aids, such as PowerPoint presentations, video or
audio clips, and infographics.
 PowerPoint Presentation

The best PowerPoint, are not text-heavy;

instead, they are visually oriented, which is
why the use of photographs, illustrations,
charts, and the like would better serve one’s
use of medium.
 Handouts

It would be best to have handouts ready for

one’s audience, so that members of the
audience will not have to scramble when
taking notes during the presentation.
 Feedback

It is always good to read the verbal and

non-verbal cues from the audience, such as
whether they agree with what you are saying
or weather they are resisting to certain ideas,
mirrored by their use of body language.
 Conclusion

In the end, public speaking is a dynamic

performances that is meant to disseminate
information, create gender awareness, and
evoke emotions in the audience.
Sample Speeches of Public Speaking
Bataan Has Fallen – Salvador P. Lopez
http://malacanang.gov.ph/1226-bataan-has-fallen/

The Filipino is Worth Dying For – Benigno “Ninoy”

Aquino Jr.
https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/manila-tim
es/20100822/281492157624029

Speech to the Troops of Tilbury – Queen Elizabeth I

https://www.rmg.co.uk/discover/explore/queen-eliza
beth-i-speech-troops-tilbury

Second Inaugural Address – Abraham Lincoln

https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false
&doc=38&page=transcript
TED (technology, entertainment, design)
Talks and Critical/Creative Thinking in
Today’s Society
We will see how reports can be done in today’s
modern World. People from all over the world share
their knowledge on various media platforms, whether
they are amateurs from YouTube or Experts on TED
talks.
 TED Talks: Walking the Talk
Sometimes, people with good public speaking skills and mediocre ideas get
more attention than people with great ideas but average public speaking
skills. That’s actually a problem. According to John Bates, “I think the world
needs people with great ideas to have communication skills to match,
because the we need those ideas more than ever”. When people have good
ideas, they should be able to share it with others.
It is important to know that content is king. Whatever one chooses to talk
about, it should come from a place of passion. One’s enthusiasm for the topic
should shine, and it should be something worth sharing to the world. All the
research in the world not matter is one does not feel strongly about the
topic. After all, the slogan of TED talks is “Ideas Worth Sharing,” and not, “A
Few O.K. Ideas.”
Do you have any correct
predictions about what
makes a good life? Why
or Why not?
What can we learn from
the speaker?
The titles that follow are TED talks in different topics. You are to analyze

each TED talk. Links are already provided for your access
“What Reality Are You Creating for Yourself?” (Isaac Lidsky)
http://www.ted.com/talks/Isaac_lidsky_what_reality_are_you_creating_for_yourself#t-692833
(retrieved April 11, 2017)

2. “All takes is 10 Mindful Minutes” (Andy Puddicombe)

http://www.ted.com/talks/andy_puddicombe_all_takes_is_10_mindful_minutes_#545342
(retrieved April 11, 2017)

3. “Confessions of a Bad Feminist” (Roxane Gay)

http://www.ted.com/talks/roxane_gay_cofessions_of_a_bad_feminist#t-237630 (retrieved April
11, 2017)

4. “Life, Learning and Filipino Martial Arts” (Felipe Jocano Jr.)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YWzT_dleglw (retrieved April 11, 2017)

5. “What makes a Good Life?” (Robert Waldinger)

http://www.ted.com/talks/Robert_waldinger_what_makes_a_good_life_lessons_from_the_longe
st_study_on_happiness (retrieved April 11, 2017)
TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT
 LESSON OBJECTIVE

At the end of the lesson, you will be able to identify the

various types of speech context and distinguish them from
one another.
 MOTIVE QUESTIONS

• What do you think about or reflect on when you are

alone?

• How is “communicating” with yourself different from

communicating with your friend or peers or an audience?
 INTRODUCTION OF THE LESSON

• You, as a social being, will engage in various speaking

activities throughout your life. You will have classes or
meetings to attend, presentations to make, discussions
and arguments to participate in, and groups to work with.
In each of these activities, you will need to equip yourself
with a set of skills that will help you communicate with
others in different contexts. Speech context refers to the
situation or environment and the circumstances in which
communication occurs.
 Types of Speech Context

Situation:

St. John High School will be hosting a youth conference.

They invited Ms. Mae Reyes, the president of Youth West
Organization, to give a brief talk about their organization
and her meaningful experiences in her involvement in the
organization. What should Mae do to deliver an excellent
talk?
 Intrapersonal Speech Context

• This type of speech context involves one participant only;

that is, the individual is both the sender and the receiver
of the message in the communication process.
Intrapersonal communication is simply communicating
within oneself. It takes place when the “self” is engaging
in inner talk or internal discourse such as mumbling,
thinking aloud, reflecting, remembering, analyzing, and
evaluating. Doodling, reading aloud, brainstorming, and
daydreaming also indicate intrapersonal communication
• Intrapersonal communication is essential to understanding
yourself and others. You need to keep in touch with yourself to
be able to make appropriate responses and sound decisions.
Moreover, how you see yourself affects how you communicate
with others. For example, if you have low self-esteem, you may
stutter or find it difficult to express yourself when speaking to
other people.

• The situation requires Mae to engage in intrapersonal

communication. She has to think about what to include in her
talk and reflect on her experiences as the president of the
organization. Without self-dialogue, she cannot deliver an
excellent talk.
 Interpersonal Speech Context
• Unlike in an intrapersonal communication that involves one
participant only, an interpersonal communication is an interaction
between two or more participants. In this type of speech context,
there is an interdependent relationship between or among the
participants, meaning the action of one participant more often than
not directly affects the response or reaction of the other
participant(s). Interpersonal communication can be direct
(face-to-face encounter) or indirect (done through the use of a tool
or technology like talking to someone over the telephone or
Internet, communicating by e-mail, and teleconferencing in
distance-learning class)
• There are two kinds of interpersonal communication: dyadic
and small group. A dyad is composed of two participants who
take turns as the sender (or speaker) and the receiver (or
listener) in the interaction. A dyadic communication, also
referred to as “one-to-one communication,” varies from formal
situations (purposive interviews) to informal situations
(dialogues or casual conversations). Examples of one-to-one
encounters are discussing a project with a partner, interviewing
an applicant, and talking about your day with your mom or dad.
• On the other hand, small group communication is composed of
three or more participants, or a group of participants, who
engage in a discussion to achieve a common goal (e.g., solve a
problem, perform an action or task, decide on something). The
participants in the group contribute information and opinion, or
exchange thoughts about a topic. Examples of small group
interactions are roundtable discussions, panel discussions,
group brainstorming sessions, and study groups.

• In the given situation, Mae can discuss her speech with a

comember. She can also call a meeting with the members of
the Youth West Organization for input or feedback about her
speech. Both options involve interpersonal communication.
 Public Speech Context
• This type of speech context involves a single speaker and a sizable
number of persons or an audience. The speaker is tasked to deliver
a message or a speech of general interest to the audience.

• Public communication requires more planning and preparation on

the part of the speaker since it lacks the intimacy that are typical of
one-to-one and small group interactions. There are limited or no
opportunities for feedback because the speaker has a definite or
prescribed time limit, and both the speaker and the audience
maintain their roles throughout the speech event (the audience may,
however, convey nonverbal messages). Thus, the speaker needs to
use and sustain appropriate verbal and nonverbal cues to convey his
or her message to the audience
• Some examples of situations that involve public communication
are a professor giving a lecture at a conference, a president
delivering an inaugural address, a candidate delivering a
campaign speech, and a student delivering a valedictory
speech.

• Going back to the given situation, Mae will engage in public

communication as she delivers her speech during the youth
conference. As the speaker, she needs to have a clear purpose
of her speech, speak in a way that is both confident and
natural, and use appropriate verbal and nonverbal cues.
 MASS COMMUNICATION
• is any .of the human verbal interactions carried out with the aid of
mass media technology. Mass media used to mean only radio and
television, which reached more people with the use of their
techincal systems. With the advent of the Internet and the
worldwide web, Mass Communication now inlcudes social media,
which allow for the use of technology by everyone, not just
journalists, broadcasters and technical crew. Social media cover
videos that go viral on the internet as well as webcasts/podcasts
which reach millions, more than radio and TV ever could. In fact,
radio and TV have joined Social media by putting up their own
websites to communicate to a larger audience.
 ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION

• refers to the interaction of members along the links

in an organizational structure. There are two
variations of Organizational Communication.
Formal Organizational Communication uses proper
channels graphically illustrated by an organizational
chart. Informal Organizational bypasses the links,
skips forward or even goes sideways just to
achieve the same goal.
TYPES OF SPEECH
STYLE
LESSON OBJECTIVE
❑ At the end of the lesson, you will be able to differentiate
speech styles, identify social situations in which each
speech style is appropriate to use, and observe the
appropriate language forms in using a particular speech
style.
 Speech Style for Informal Communication

❑ When a person interacts with others, he or she uses a particular style of

speaking or speech style. The type of speech style to use depends on
the social context, that is, the situation and the social relationship
involved between or among the participants.

❑ You choose your words carefully according to whom you are talking to.
Language choice reveals information about the social relationship
between or among people.
 Intimate Speech Style
❑ An intimate speech style, according to Martin Joos, is characterized by a

complete absence of social inhibitions. This style is used by participants who

share a very close relationship such as between very close friends, siblings,

husband and wife, parents and children, and boyfriend and girlfriend. In this style,

the participants share a completely private vocabulary, making it difficult for

others who are outside of the group to understand. Since the participants have an

intimate relationship and they often know each other’s intention, there is no need

for a clear articulation of words.

 The following are some other features of an

intimate speech style:

▪ Conversations are usually done in private.

▪ Participants usually use short, incomplete utterances.

▪ Grammar and proper word choice are not given importance.

▪ Nonverbal messages are often used.

▪ Participants share inside jokes.

▪ Words that signal intimacy like terms of endearment (e.g., “darling,” “honey,”

“babe”) are used

 Read the dialogue below between husband and wife
Kim: Papsy?

Edgar: Yes?

Kim: Do you love me?

Edgar: (after a split second) Of course!

Kim: Aha! Why did it take you too long to respond? I can’t believe you don’t love me anymore.

Edgar: No, Mamsy. I didn’t say that. You know I’ll always be your wedding singer, right?

Kim: Yeah . . . I love you too, Papsy dapski.

 Casual Speech Style
❑ A casual speech style is used in relaxed or informal conversations between or

among friends, peers, colleagues, or family who share a common knowledge or

interest. Thus, the participants may use group language, so only members of the

group can understand it. Other characteristics of this speech style include the

following:

❑ Slang (or nonstandard words or expressions), colloquial words, elliptical

sentences (some words are omitted), and informal contractions (e.g., “ain’t,”

“dunno,” “gonna”) are used.

 Read the casual conversation below among three friends
Allan: Dude! Are you guys free on Friday night?

Jay: What d’ya have in mind?

Allan: How about goin’ to the mall to see Star Wars?

Ryan: Yeah! That’d be awesome! I’m in!

Jay: I’d want to . . . but my parents . . .

Allan: Dude, c’mon! You’re what, 18 now?! Just tell them you’re with me.

Ryan: And me!

Jay: OK. I’ll try . . . But no promises, OK?

Allan: Fine, bro. Just lemme know. Gotta go!

 Consultative Speech Style
❑ This style is considered to be the most operational style among
the other styles. It is used in a semiformal situation where a
speaker needs to provide background information because the
listener (or addressee) may not be able to understand without it.
In turn, the listener participates continuously by giving feedback.
Thus, both the speaker and the listener are active participants.
The following are other characteristics of the consultative style:

❑ It is used in ordinary conversations or routine transactions that lead to an

outcome or result.

❑ Interruptions are allowed. The listener gives short responses like I see, Uh-huh,

and Ah to signal that he or she is paying attention to the speaker, or has

understood what was said.

❑ More formal than intimate and casual styles, this style requires a speaker to

choose words with some care.

❑ Talks between strangers, acquaintances, or colleagues of unequal ranks where

something is achieved in the end often use a consultative style. Doctor-patient,

 Read the following conversation between a doctor and his

longtime patient
Linda: Good morning, Dr. Gomez.

Dr. Gomez: Good morning, Linda. What seems to be the problem?

Linda: I’ve been getting severe headaches.

Doctor: How long have you had these headaches?

Linda: Uhm . . . about two weeks or so.

Dr. Gomez: Are these headaches constant, or do they come and go?

Linda: Constant.
Linda: Oh, I sometimes get dizzy, and I experience this ringing in my ears.

Dr. Gomez: I see. Have you been feeling nauseated and uncontrollable eye movements, too?

Linda: Hmm . . . Yes, I have actually.

Dr. Gomez: And have you been taking any medications?

Linda: No.

Dr. Gomez: Well, I think you have vertigo. But, I still need to perform some tests. Please wait

here.

Linda: Okay. Thank you, doctor.

 Formal Speech Style
❑ What distinguishes this style from the consultative style is the lack of listener

participation. Unlike in interactions that use the consultative style, the listener

does not participate, in most cases, in an interaction that requires the formal

style. A formal style is often used in formal situations, such as in a graduation

ceremony, an official meeting, a television newscast, and a conference, where

there is only one-way communication. Since there is little or no feedback from

the listeners or audience, the speaker needs to plan ahead his or her

utterances, or what he or she is going to say.

The following are other characteristics of the formal style:

❑ Interruptions are not allowed. Only the speaker is the source of

information.
❑ Pronunciation is very clear.
❑ Words are carefully chosen, and grammar rules are followed.
❑ Ellipsis (omission of one or more words) is not allowed.
❑ Sentence structures are more complex and varied.
❑ Extensive and technical vocabulary is required.
❑ Ideas are cohesive and organized.
The formal style may also be used for speaking to a single hearer, such as in

introductions between strangers where full names, ranks, or honorific titles are

used as forms of address. Here is an example of this style:

Caroline: President Echavez, may I present to you the Honorable

Roman Suarez, the Ambassador of the Philippines to the United
States.
Ambassador: It is a great honor to meet you, Your Excellency.
President: The honor is all mine.
 Frozen Speech Style
❑ A frozen speech style, also called the oratorical style, is the most
formal style and is reserved for very formal situations such as in
religious services, state affairs, and court proceedings. This style is
used to address or given before an audience of absolute strangers.
It uses prescribed and highly formal language, such as in official or
historical documents and literary texts.
 Here are other characteristics of this style
❑ It uses “frozen” language, where statements are learned by rote.
Examples are the Lord’s Prayer, the Pledge of Allegiance, and the
National Anthem.
❑ It has a symbolic or historical nature.
❑ It is typically prescribed by law, custom, or ritual.
❑ It involves certain fixed or stock expressions that are rarely or never
altered or changed. Examples include the following:
❑ “I now pronounce you husband and wife” in wedding ceremonies
❑ “I solemnly swear to . . .” in oath-taking ceremonies