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Tlill: Phys., Vol. 25, 1954, Pp. 137-144
Tlill: Phys., Vol. 25, 1954, Pp. 137-144
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08 \ 1 == j : :pb::::::::
Nomenclature \ : 111
K = attenuation or extinction coefficient 0-6
— ;.: 1 1 I! U.
of gas, m _ 1 ; '! !
B = cube or square side, m
SjSj = direct exchange area between sur-
• 1
1WIP
\.
faces i and j , m 2 0-3
W: • • ! •
• • ; ! '
:..":!-"."•
IwMM
:j
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gjSj = direct exchange area between gas ;'
and surface j , m 2 i-i: ..j. ::::;..: 4 iSI 1'IWrrt
I:: H JiMian}
Pbjjjljjjfe
and gas j , m 2 :..
A surface area, m 2 MB"1'
V = volume, m 3
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2 4 6 10 12 14 16 18
2 4
\
6
\ V 10 12 14 16
KB KB
Fig. 2 Direct exchange areas between zones in close proximity (Nos
on curves are X/B, Y/B, ZIB where S = cube or square side)
A « a 0 + aj*KB a^B)''
^ \ ^ ^ L
1
B^
3 3 3 .0073 3.976
n + i-a*^ 1i n l i A n r*e>*c •-•+ T a r t - r i /->-f-i
compatible with the multiple grey gas representation of a real change areas for the surface-surface configurations in a
furnace atmosphere. nonabsorbing atmosphere [6].
The direct exchange areas between pairs of differential sur-
face and/or volume elements / andy are given by the following Results
expressions [1] where r is the separating distance between
elements and 6 their relative angle of orientation (measured The results of the numerical integrations are presented
relative to the normal to a surface element) graphically in Figs. 1 and 2 for zones in close proximity to
each other and as exponential correlations in Tables 1-4 for all
Surface-surface exchange configurations evaluated. Exchange areas are provided for
2 squares in mutually parallel and perpendicular planes, as well
sjsj=dAj cos OjdAj cos 0,exp(- Kr) /-wr (1) as for cubes and squares and for pairs of cubes in a rec-
Volume-surface exchange tangular framework. These are all normalized asjn the charts
of Hottel and Cohen [2]. The "escape factor" (gs)b is the ex-
gjSj=K dVjdAj cos djexp(-Kr)/irr2 (2) change area between a cube of edge B and its six bounding sur-
faces and is presented graphically and as a correlation in Fig.
Volume-volume exchange
1. (gs)b is itself normalized to the unit emittance 4KV in 4 T
3
g^gj =K2dVidVjexp(-Kr)/Trr2 (3) steradians from a cube of volume V ( = B ). The plots in Fig.
2 for element pairs in very close proximity to each other are
Numerical Evaluation of Direct Exchange Areas substantially "nonlinear." This is not evident in the Hottel
The integration of equations (1), (2), and (3) above must and Cohen charts [2].
therefore be carried out to derive the exchange areas between By comparison of the normalized surface-surface exchange
finite square surfaces and/or cubic volume zones. Analytical areas for zero attenuation coefficient (factor C in Tables 1 and
solutions can only be derived when the gas is optically thin and 2) with analytically derived data, the numerical technique was
therefore non-self-absorbing (i.e., when the exp(-Kr) term is verified to be accurate to within ± 0 . 5 percent. The exponen-
unity, representing total transmittance). Where an absorbing tial correlations are themselves best-fit expressions derived by
gas is involved, numerical integration must be adopted. In- the method of least-squares and these are accurate to within
deed, for all evaluations carried out, including the surface- three decimal places.
surface exchange in a nonabsorbing atmosphere, a simple The above results relate to squares and/or cubes in close
numerical integration technique has been applied. Analytically proximity to each other. Exchange areas between zones
derived formulae have been used, however, to verify the ac- separated by larger distances can be approximated closely by
curacy of the numerical technique, by providing exact ex- assuming that the view and path length for absorption are the
Acknowledgments
2-tSS^L This paper is published by permission of the British Gas
Corporation. The author wishes to acknowledge John
X/B Y/B Z/B c Truelove (formerly HTFS) for his helpful advice and col-
2 1 1 .0337 .4563 -.311E-01 .824E-03 laboration at the start of this work.
3 1 1 .0048 1.457
References
2 2 1 .0137 .8332 .469E-01 .103E-02
1 Hottel, H. C , and Sarofim, A. F., Radiative Transfer, McGraw-Hill, New
3 2 1 .0034 1.674 York, 1967.
2 Hottel, H. C , and Cohen, E. S., "Radiant Heat Exchange in a Gas-Filled
3 3 1 .0017 2.251 Enclosure," AIChE, Mar. 1958, Vol. 4, p. 3.
3 Smith, T. F., Shen, Z. F . , and Friedman, J. N., "Evaluation of Coeffi-
cients for the Weighted Sum of Grey Gases Model," ASME JOURNAL OF HEAT
.0313 1.062
TRANSFER, Vol. 104, Nov. 1982, pp. 602-608.
.0200 1.292 4 Taylor, P. B., and Foster, P. J., "The Total Emissivities of Luminous and
Non-luminous Flames," Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 17, 1974, pp.
.0078 1.933 1591-1605.
5 Becker, H. B., " A Mathematical Solution for Gas-to-Surface Radiative Ex-
.0135 1.514 change Area for a Rectangular Parallelepiped Enclosure Containing a Gray
Medium," ASME JOURNAL OF HEAT TRANSFER, Vol. 99, May 1977.
.0062 2.089
6 Siegel, R., and Howell, J., Thermal Radiation Meat Transfer, McGraw-
.0037 2.602 Hill, New York, 1972, Chap. 7.
.0120 2.033
.0098 2.210
.0060 2.666
.0083 2.366
Effective Absorptivity and Emissivity of Particulate
Media With Application to a Fluidized Bed
.0053 2.806
.0037 3.201
M. Q. Brewster1
m i
power
/„ = particle volume fraction
q = heat flux, W/m 2 or W/m 2 'tim
T = particle temperature, K
B[ ah TK = gas temperature, K
U = superficial velocity (gas)
X/B Y/B Z/B C aO al a2 a3
x = semi-infinite slab normal
coordinate
2 1 1 .0949 .3784 -.331E-01 .174E-02 -.360E-04 a = absorptivity
3 1 1 .0203 1.430 6 = nonisothermal layer thickness
e = emissivity or particle emissivity
2 2 1 .0445 .8190 -.599E-01 .235E-02 -.347E-04
V = T0/Tb
3 2 1 .0161 1.657 X = wavelength, jim
3 3 1 .0099 2.263 £ = constant defined in equation
(9)
2 2 2 .0283 1.147 -.620E-01 .132E-02 .OOOE+00
a = two-flux scattering coefficient
3 2 2 .0132 1.866 <t> = single scatter polar angle
3 3 2 .0090 2.458