Prehispanic Source Materials for the

Study of Philippine

History

daniella o. andes
kyla marie b. cabiles
William Henry Scott
July 10, 1921 – October 4, 1993
archeologist
Dutch-Lutheran descent
Cranbrook School in Michigan,

United States
"Scotty"
William Henry Scott
Scott's first well known academic
work is The Discovery of the
Igorots
Scott's dissertation was published
by the University of Santo Tomas
Press as Prehispanic Source
Materials for the Study of
Philippine History.
William Henry Scott
During MARTIAL LAW (1972), he was arrested as

a subversive and placed in military detention

He was accused of being a communist
Scott died unexpectedly on 4th day of October

1993, at the age of 72 in St Luke's Hospital,

Quezon City
Ateneo de Manila University posthumously gave

Scott the Tanglaw ng Lahi Award for a lifetime,

1994
Claimed Source
MATERIALS
Maragtas Code of Povedano
Kalantiaw Manuscript
 Pavon
Manuscript
Maragtas
The word "Maragtas" in tagalog means
"Kasaysayan" or in English "History"
Written by Pedro Monteclaro
Based from written and oral sources
Hiligaynon and Kinaray-a
History of Panay (Island of Visayas)
From first inhabitants and the Bornean
immigrants (the Datus or Chiefs)
Maragtas
SIX CHAPTERS AND AN EPILOGUE

First Chapter:
Describes the customs, way of cloting, dialet,

hereditary and organization of the Aetas of

Panay.
Maragtas
SIX CHAPTERS AND AN EPILOGUE

Second Chapter:
Narration of the flight of 10 Datu of Borneo
from the Panay Island and also the cruelty of

Rajah Makatunaw.
Maragtas
SIX CHAPTERS AND AN EPILOGUE

Third Chapter:
Love story of Sumakwel, Kapinangan and

her lover Gurung - gurung.

Fourth Chapter:
Tale of 10 Datus, telling of their political
arrangements and their journey to the Island.
Maragtas
SIX CHAPTERS AND AN EPILOGUE

Fifth Chapter:
Language, commerce, clothing, customs,

marriages, funerals, morning habits,

cockfighting, timekeeping techniques,

calendars, and personal characteristics.

Maragtas
SIX CHAPTERS AND AN EPILOGUE

Final Chapter:
The list of Spanish officials between 1637 and

1808

Epilogue
18th century dates from Miag - ao.
Maragtas code
Written by Datu Sumakwel
Contains general cultural information
it also has 4 stringent sanctions

1. Those too lazy to work were 3. Unredeemed adultery was

bonded over the wealthy, if they punished by death or
fail they are casted out of society. disinheritance.
2. Polygamy was practiced until
population control was necessary, 4. fingers of thieves were cut
the children of the poor were off.
dronwed.
the verdict
on maragtas
Maragtas and the Confederation of

Madya-as were not actual ancient

documents from long ago but only

legends that were collected and, in

some cases, possibly concocted by

William Henry Scott
Pedro Monteclaro and published in

1907 in his book entitled Maragtas.

Code of

kalantiaw
Named after Datu Kalantiaw (chief on

the Island of Negros)

purported pre-Spanish Philippine

penal code claimed to have been

written in 1433 and discovered on the

island of Panay in 1614. Later research

cast doubt on the code’s “discoverer,”

José E. Marco, as a peddler of historical

frauds.
Code of
kalamtiaw
The most extensive and severe law that
prescribes harsh punishment.
This code contains 18 articles only but
enough to maintain peace and
harmony.
Code of kalantiaw

Jose E. Marco Jose Maria Pavon

Author and source of Mexican Catholic
Code of Kalantiaw priest

He wrote the Code of Kalantiaw in 1913 in his According to him Kalantiaws name first appeared
historical fiction named, “Las Antiguas in print in July of 1913 in an article entitled
Leyendes de la Isla de Negros” (The Ancient "Civilización prehispana" published in
Legends of the Island of Negros ) Renacimiento Filipino.
 Laws of the
Kalantiaw Code
Article I Article IV
Ye shall not kill, neither shall ye steal nor shall ye hurt the aged,
Observe and obey ye: Let not the peace of the graves be disturbed;

lest ye incur the danger of death. All those who this order shall
due respect must be accorded them on passing by caves and trees

infringe shall be tied to a stone and drowned in a river or in

where they are. He who observes not shall die by bites of ants or

boiling water. shall be flogged with spines till death.

Article II Article V
Ye shall punctually meet your debt with your headman. He who
Obey ye: Exchange in food must be carried out faithfully. He who

fulfills not, for the first time shall be lashed a hundredfold, and If
complies not shall be lashed for an hour. He who repeats the act

the obligation is great, his hand shall be dipped threefold in boiling

shall, for a day be exposed to the ants.
water. On conviction, he shall be flogged to death.

Article III Article VI

they be more than what he can take care of, nor spend much

Obey ye: no one shall have wives that are too young, nor shall
Ye shall revere respectable places, trees of known value, and

other sites. He shall pay a month's work, in gold or money,

luxury. He who fulfils not, obeys not, shall be condemned to

whoever fails to do this; and if twice committed, he shall be

swim three hours and, for the second time, shall be scourged
declared a slave.
with spines to death.
 Laws of the
Kalantiaw Code
Article VII Article X
They shall die who kill trees of venerable aspect; who at night
It shall be the obligation of every mother to show her daughter

shoot with arrows the aged men and the women; he who enters
secretly the things that are lascivious, and prepare them for

the house of the headman without permission; he who kills a fish

womanhood; men shall not be cruel to their wives, nor should they

or shark or striped crocodile. punish them when they catch them in the act of adultery. He who

disobeys shall be torn to pieces and thrown to the caymans.

Article VIII Article XI

They shall be slaves for a given time who steal away the women of
They shall be burned, who by force or cunning have mocked at and

the headmen; he who possesses dogs that bite the headmen; he

eluded punishment, or who have killed two young boys, or shall try

who burns another man's sown field. to steal the women of the old men (agurangs).

Article IX Article XII

They shall be slaves for a given time, who sing in their night
They shall be drowned, all slaves who assault their superiors or

errands, kill manual birds, tear documents belonging to the

their lords and masters; all those who abuse their luxury; those

headmen; who are evil-minded liars; who play with the dead. who kill their anitos by breaking them or throwing them away.
 Laws of the
Kalantiaw Code
Article XIII Article XVI
They shall be exposed to the ants for half a day, who kill a black
Their fingers shall be cut off, who break wooden or clay idols in

cat during the new moon or steal things belonging to the

their olangangs and places of oblation; he who breaks Tagalan's

headmen. daggers for hog killing, or breaks drinking vases.

Article XIV Article XVII

They shall be slaves for life, who having beautiful daughters shall
They shall be killed, who profane places where sacred objects of

deny them to the sons of the headman, or shall hide them in bad
their diwatas or headmen are buried. He who gives way to the call

faith. of nature at such places shall be burned.

Article XV Article XVIII

Concerning their beliefs and superstitions: they shall be
Those who do not cause these rules to be observed, if they are

scourged, who eat bad meat of respected insects or herbs that

headmen, shall be stoned and crushed to death, and if they are

are supposed to be good; who hurt or kill the young manual bird
old men, shall be placed in rivers to be eaten by sharks and

and the white monkey. crocodiles.

Code of
kalantiaw
5 manuscripts (1914)
Historia de la Isla de Negros
Map of Negros
Las antiguas leyendas de la Isla de Negros
Brujeras, y los cuentos de fantasmas
Los cuentos de los indios de esta isla de Negros
Code of kalantiaw
Discovering the authenticity
Scott focused his investigation by tracing the original

source of every single reference to the pre-Hispanic

history of the Philippines in the four standard college

text books in use at that time.

He examined the original documents and searched

archives and museums the world over for supporting

documents and artifacts.

He questioned the top historians of the day about their

sources of information.
He interviewed the friends and colleagues of Jose E.

Marco and he examined their correspondence with him.

Code of
kalantiaw
“appear to be deliberate fabrications

with no historical validity."

"a disputed document."

Povedano
manuscript
Translation was published in 1572
It was included in a parchment manuscript dated 1572
La Isla de Negros y las Costumbres de los Visayos y
Negritos or "The Island of Negros and the Customs of
the Visayans and Negritos"
Diego Lope Povedano
Island of Negros
Povedano
manuscript of 1572
La Isla de Negros (The Island of Negros) ethnography
17 pages legends about the origin of the world and local
places names
14 pages about marriage customs, religions, and
calendars
10 pages description of the Visayan Language and
alphabet
 Povedano Povedano
manuscript, 1572 manuscript, 1578
The Map of negros
Combines the features of
geographical map
Gothic, Roman style, and Italian
describes the voyage of Diego
Reneissance Calligraphy
Lope Povedano of Buglas
Islas and shore for his
confuses f and s
majesty the king of Spain
no similarity to other povedano
was discovered in a lead box
manuscripts
Povedano
Manuscript 1577-1579

contains anachronisms that neither

has seriously been considered as
authentic
 Pavon
manuscript
devoted to ethnographic matter
the old legends of the island of
negros
summarizes anthropological data
contains legends and myths,
superstitious current in Pavon's day
Different information on dates
between 1830-1840
 6 documents
Presents examination of Jose Monteclaro to the contribution
of the Ph historiogtaphy
1137, accounts of old forts
1239, narrative of king Maranhig
1372, description of burial customs
1372, list of extinct animals
inappropriate titled 1433, code of Kalintiaw
15 other documents are suspicious 1489, the making of talismans and charms
alphabet contains error
forms of character are most likely of povedano's manuscript
Conclusion
Based on the claim of Scott that the:
Maragtas, Povedano, and Pavon
Manuscripts, all of which were hoax
documents in Philippine history
would be attributed to the main
central idea of authenticity of William Henry Scott
historical documents.
Thank You