^maVr¶ ZXràUmcr

^maVr¶ ZXràUmcr Mo dJuH$aU

nmUcmoQ> úmoÌmMm AmH$ma ZX¶m§Mr CJ‘ñWmZo nyd© dm{hZr d npíM‘ dm{hZr

- {h‘mc¶mV CJ‘ nmdUmè¶m ZÚm
- nR>mamdê$Z CJ‘ nmdUmè¶m
1) nmUcmoQ> úmoÌmMm AmH$ma (Size of the catchment Area)
1977 gmcr Ho$.Ec.amd ¶m§Zr ^maVr¶ ZXràUmcrMr nmUcmoQ> úmoÌmÀ¶m AmH$mamZwgma VrZ JQ>m§V dJ©dmar
Ho$cocr Amho.
A) à‘wI ZX¶m§Mr Imoar (Major River Basin)
Á¶m ZXràUmcrMo nmUcmoQ> úmoÌ 20,000 Mm¡.{H$.‘r. noúmm OmñV AgVo. ¶mcm à‘wI ZX¶m§Mr Imoar Ago
åhUVmV.
^maVm‘Yrc 85% ZXràUmcrMo úmoÌ à‘wI ZX¶m§À¶m Imoè¶mV g‘m{dï> Amho. ^maVm‘ܶo Aem àH$maÀ¶m
ZX¶m§À¶m Imoè¶m§Mr g§»¶m 14 Amho.
H$H©$d¥ÎmmÀ¶m CÎmaoH$S>o VrZ ZXràUmcr, H$H©$d¥Îm Am{U 200 Aúmd¥Îm Xaå¶mZ gmV ZXràUmcr Am{U ^maVr¶
ÛrnH$ën nR>mamda Mma ZXràUmcr AmhoV.

* ^maVm‘Yrc à‘wI ZX¶m§Mr Imoar

1) J§Jm 6) cwZr 11) ‘hr
2) qgYy 7) ‘hmZXr 12) gm~a‘Vr
3) ~«åhnwÌm 8) Z‘©Xm 13) ~amH$ ZXr
4) JmoXmdar 9) H$mdoar 14) gwdU©aoIm.
5) H¥$îUm 10) Vmnr

~) ‘ܶ‘ ZX¶m§Mr Imoar (Medium River Basin)

Á¶m ZX¶m§Mo nmUcmoQ> úmoÌ 2000 Mm¡.{H$.‘r. Am{U 20,000 Mm¡.{H$.‘r. Xaå¶mZ AgVo. ^maVm‘ܶo ‘ܶ‘
ZX¶mÀ¶m Imoè¶mZr 7% àXoe ì¶mncocm Amho. ^maVm‘ܶo ‘ܶ‘ ZX¶m§Mr 44 Imoar AmhoV. ¶m§nH¡ $s npíM‘dm{hZr 19,
nyd©dm{hZr 21 ZX¶m Am{U Xþgè¶m Xoem‘ܶo dmhUmè¶m 4 ZX¶m AmhoV.

H$) cKw ZX¶m§Mr Imoar (Minor River Basin)

Á¶m ZX¶m§Mo nmUcmoQ> úmoÌ 2000 Mm¡.{H$.‘r. noúmm H$‘r Amho. ^maVm‘ܶo cKw ZX¶m§À¶m Imoè¶m§Zr 8% àXoe
1
 ì¶mncocm Amho. ^maVm‘ܶo ¶mMr g§»¶m 55 Amho. Aem ZX¶m§Mr Imoar ewîH$ àXoemV qH$dm {H$ZmanÅ>rÀ¶m
cJVÀ¶m úmoÌmV AmhoV.

2) ZX¶mÀ¶m CJ‘ñWmZmZwgma
A) {h‘mc¶mV CJ‘ nmdUmè¶m ZX¶m : ¶m‘ܶo qgYy, J§Jm Am{U ~«åhnwÌm ¶m ZX¶m Am{U ˶m§À¶m CnZX¶m§Mm g‘mdoe
hmoVmo.
~) nR>mamdê$Z CJ‘ nmdUmè¶m ZX¶m : ¶m‘ܶo Z‘©Xm, Vmnr, JmoXmdar, H¥$îUm, H$mdoar, ‘hmZXr ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVmo.

3) g‘wÐmcm {‘iUmè¶m

A) nyd© dm{hZr / ~§JmcÀ¶m CngmJamcm {‘iUmè¶m ZX¶m :

^maVmÀ¶m EHy$U ZXràUmcr úmoÌmn¡H$s 77% ZXràUmcr úmoÌm‘YyZ dmhUmè¶m ZX¶m ~§JmcÀ¶m CngmJamg
{‘iVmV. ¶m§‘ܶo J§Jm, ~«åhnwÌm, JmoXmdar, H¥$îUm, H$mdoar, ‘hmZXr, noÝZma, d¡JmB© ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVmo.

2
~) npíM‘ dm{hZr / Aa~r g‘wÐmcm {‘iUmè¶m ZX¶m :
XoemÀ¶m EHy$U ZXràUmcr úmoÌmn¡H$s 23% ZXràUmcr úmoÌm§‘YyZ dmhUmè¶m ZX¶m Aa~r g‘wÐmcm {‘iVmV.
¶m‘ܶo àm‘w»¶mZo qgYy, Vmnr, Z‘©Xm, gm~a‘Vr, ‘hr npíM‘ KmQ>mVyZ npíM‘oH$S>o dmhUmè¶m ZX¶m§Mm g‘mdoe
hmoVmo.

* ^maVr¶ ZXràUmcrMm à‘wI Oc{d^mOH$

^maVmMr à‘wI Oc{d^mOH$mMr cm§~r 2736 {H$‘r. Amho. ¶mMr gwê$dmV H$ݶmHw$‘marnmgyZ hmoV,o nwT>o npíM‘
KmQ>/ AO§R>m, ‘¡H$c, qdܶ am§J, Aadcr nmgyZ h[aÛmamÀ¶m {edm{cH$ Q>oH$S>çm§n¶ªV Amho.

* {h‘mc¶rZ ZXràUmcr (The Himalayan River system)

{h‘mc¶m‘Yrc qgYy, J§Jm Am{U ~«åhnwÌm ¶m à‘wI ZXràUmcr AgyZ ˶m Am§Vaamï´>r¶ ZX¶m AmhoV. qgYy
Am{U {VÀ¶m CnZX¶m {V~oQ>, ^maV Am{U nm{H$ñVmZ‘YyZ dmhVmV, Va J§Jm Am{U ~«åhnwÌm VgoM {VÀ¶m
CnZX¶m {V~oQ>, ^maV, Zonmc>, ~§½cmXoe ‘YyZ dmhVmV.
{h‘mc¶rZ am§Jm§Mo CËWmZ (upheaval) hmoʶm AmYrnmgyZ AZoH$ {h‘mc¶rZ ZX¶m dmhV AmhoV. {h‘mc¶m
nd©VmÀ¶m gd© AdñWm§‘ܶo XoIrc ¶m ZX¶m gVV dmhV hmo˶m. ZX¶m§Mo H$mR> C§MmdV hmoVo Va ZX¶m§Mr nmÌo Imoc
OmV hmoVr.
{h‘mc¶rZ ZX¶m Am{U CnZX¶m ~ma‘mhr dmhVmV. ˶m§Zm {h‘ Am{U nO©Ý¶m‘wio nmUr CncãY hmoVo.

1) qgYy ZXr
OJm‘Yrc gdm©V àmMrZ g§ñH¥$Vr‘ܶo qgYy g§ñH¥$VrMm CëcoI Ho$cm OmVmo.
CJ‘ : ‘mZgamodamOdi H¡$cmg nd©VmV - {V~oQ> ‘ܶo hmoVmo.
- ZXr H$mamH$moa‘, cS>mI, PmñH$a, {h‘mc¶ nd©VamJmÀ¶m CVmamdê$Z dmhV Imcr ¶oV.o ZXr ^maV - nm{H$ñVmZ
¶m XmoZ Xoem‘YyZ dmhV OmVo d eodQ>r qgYy ZXr Aa~r g‘wÐmcm {‘iVo.
- qgYy ZXrMr EHy$U cm§~r (CJ‘mnmgyZ ‘wImn¶©V ) 2880 {H$‘r. Amho. ¶m§n¡H$s ^maVm‘ܶo ’$³V 709 {H$.‘r.
cm§~rMm àdmh Amho.
- qgYy ZXrÀ¶m CnZX¶m : qgYy ZXrcm AZoH$ CnZX¶m ¶oD$Z {‘iVmV, PmñH$a ZXr, gwê$, Ðmg, í¶moH$, Zw~«m,
{eJma, {Jc{JQ>, h§þPm, H$m~yc, Hw$a©‘, VmoM, Pm°~Jmo‘c qgYycm S>mì¶m ~mOyZo à‘wI CnZX¶m åhUOo Poc‘,
{MZm~, amdr, {~¶mg Am{U gVcO ¶m nmM ZX¶m ¶oD$Z {‘iVmV.
3
- qgYy ZXr AQ>H$ ¶oWo ‘¡XmZr àXoemV àdoe H$aVo.

- qgYy ZXrMo EHy$U ZXràUmcrMo úmoÌ 1,78,440 Mm¡.{H$.‘r. Amho. qgYy ZXràUmcrMo úmoÌ ^maV, nm{H$ñVmZ,
{MZ, A’$Jm{UñVmZ ¶m Mma XoemV Amho. ^maVmÀ¶m dmQ>çmg ’$³V 3,21,290 Mm¡.{H$.‘r. ZXràUmcr úmoÌ
Amho.
* qgYyÀ¶m ‘hÎdmÀ¶m CnZX¶m
1) Poc‘ (g§ñH¥$V Zmd - {dVñVm, Aco³Pm§S>a - hm¶S>mñnrP H$pí‘ar Zmd - doW)
CJ‘ : H$mí‘ra Imoè¶mV nran§Omc nd©VmV doarZmJ ¶oWo CJ‘. ZXr dm¶ì¶og dwca gamoda n¶ªV H$í‘ra Imoè¶mVyZ
dmhVo.
EHy$U cm§~r :- 724 {H$‘r AgyZ, ^maVmVrc àdmh 400 {H$‘r. cm§~rMm Amho.
- CnZX¶m {cS>ma, qgY, nmohê$, {H$eZJ§Jm, ny§N>.
- ‘m§Jcm ¶oWo {edm{cH$ am§J ^oQy>Z Vr ‘¡XmZr àXoemV CVaVo.
- ZXr nm{H$ñVmZmV nmoQ>dma nR>mamdê$Z ‘ranyacm ¶oVo.
- ""{Ìå‘y'' (nm{H$ñVmZ) ¶oWo Poc‘ ZXr {MZm~cm {‘iVo.
- {MZm~ ZXr qgYycm {‘R>mZH$moQ> ¶oWo {‘iVo.
- Vwc~wc àH$ën Poc‘ ZXrda Amho.

2) {MZm~ (A{g³Zr, MoZm~)

- {MZm~ ZXrMm CJ‘ {h‘mMc àXoemV, Pm§ñH$a am§JVo ~mamcmMm qIS>rOdi Amho, ¶m qIS>rOdi CJ‘ nmdUmè¶m
M§Ðm Am{U ^mJm ¶m XmoZ àdmhm§Mm Vm§S>r ¶oWo g§J‘ hmoD$Z, ¶m EH${ÌV àdmhmcm M§Ð^mJm åhUVmV. M§Ð^mJm
àdmhmcm, ‘amdy àdmh hm ~m§XoaH$moQ> ¶oWo {‘iVmo, ¶m EH${ÌV àdmhmcm {MZm~ åhUyZ AmoiIco OmVo.
- EHy$U cm§~r - 980 {H$‘r.
- CnZX¶m : C{Z¶mZ, ewXr, ^wVZm, {cS>maH$moc, AmÝg, JmocZcma.
- {MZm~ ZXr gVcO ZXrcm Uch-sharif nm{H$ñVmZ ¶oWo {‘iVo.
- {MZm~ ZXr AIZya ¶oWo ‘¡XmZr àXoemV ¶oVo.
- XþchñVr Am{U gcmc hr àH$ën {MZm~ ZXrda Amho.

4
3) amdr ZXr (BamdVr, nê$ÊUr, ho‘mdVr, {J«H$ - {hS´>mAmoag)
- {h‘mMc àXoemVrc amohVm§J qIS>Odi Hw$cy Q>oH$S>çmV amdr ZXrMm CJ‘.
- EHy$U cm§~r - 725 {H$‘r.
- CnZX¶
CnZX¶m : XrJ
- amdr ZXr ehmnya nmgyZ ‘¡XmZr àXoemV àdoe H$aVo.
- nm{H$ñVmZ ‘ܶo a§Jnya ¶oWo amdr ZXr {MZm~ ZXrcm {‘iVo Jwê$Xmgnya, A‘¥Vga ho {Oëho amdr ZXr H$mR>r Amho.

4) {~¶mg ZXr ({dnmgm, AaJr{H$¶m)

- {h‘mMc àXoem‘Y¶o amohVm§J qIS>rOdi, {~¶mg ZXrMm CJ‘.
- EHy$U cm§~r - 460 {H$‘r. Amho, {~¶mg ZXràUmcrMo úmoÌ g§nwU©nUo ^maVm‘ܶo Amho.
- CnZX¶m : nd©Vr, Sw>acm, VraWmZ, gm¡O, JO, gwHo$cr.
- nm|J Odi {~¶mg ZXr ‘¡XmZr àXoemV àdoe H$aVo.
- {~¶mg ZXr h[aHo$Odi (n§Om~) gVcO ZXrcm {‘iVo.
- {~¶mg ZXrZo Y¡mcmYma nd©Vam§JoV {Z‘m©U Ho$coë¶m ImocXè¶m àoúmUr¶ AmhoV.

5) gVcO ZXr (gVmÐÿ, gVwÐr)

- ZXrMm CJ‘ ‘mZgamoda Odi Y‘m© qIS>rOdiÀ¶m amH$g gamodamVyZ hmoVmo. qgYy ZXrÀ¶m CJ‘mnmgyZ ho {R>H$mU
80 {H$‘r. A§Vamda Amho.
- qgYy ZXrÀ¶m Imoè¶mV gdm©V OmñV {h‘mÀN>m{XV úmoÌ gVcO ZXrMo Amho.
- gVOc ZXrMo {V~oQ>‘ܶo Zmar ImoagmZ àm§VmV d¡{eï>nU
y © {ZXar (canyon) V¶ma Ho$cr Amho. ¶mMr VwcZm g§¶³w V
g§ñWmZm‘Yrc Grand canyon er Ho$cr OmVo.
- EHy$U cm§~r -1450, ^maVmV {VMr cm§~r 1050 {H$‘r.
- CnZX¶m : pñnQ>r
- gVcO ZXr ê$nZJa ¶oWo ‘¡XmZr àXoemV àdoe H$aVo.
- gVcO ZXr {’$amoOnya Vo ’${OcH$m Xaå¶mZ ^maV-nm{H$ñVmZMr 120 {H$‘r. cm§~rMr gahX² {Z‘m©U H$aVo.
- gVcO ZXrdarc ^mH«$m Zm§ZJc, h[aHo$ d gaqhX àH$ënm Ûmam OcqgMZ d Oc{dX¶wV {Z{‘©Vr Ho$cr OmVo.
^mH«$mZmZJc Ocme¶mcm JmoqdXgmJa åhUVmV.

5
2) J§Jm ZXr :
CJ_ : J§JoMm CJ_ CÎmamI§S>À`m, CÎma H$mer {OëømVrc J§JmoÌr `m {h_ZXrVyZ CJ_ hmoUmè`m ^m{JaWr Am{U
~ÐrZmW `oWyZ CJ_nmdUmè`m AcH$Z§Xm `m§À`m EH${ÌV àdmhmVyZ hmoVo. AcH$Z§Xm Am{U ^m{JaWr Mo g§J_
Xodà`mJ `oWo hmoVmo. AcH$Z§XoMo ^m{JaWr À`m AmJmoXa Mma ZXrer g§J_ hmoVo Vo åhUOo.
1) AcH$Z§Xm + Ym¡crJ§Jm - {dîUyà`mJ
2) AcH$Z§Xm + Z§Xm{H$Zr - Z§Xà`mJ
3) AcH$Z§Xm + qnS>a - H$U© à`mJ
4) AcH$Z§Xm + _§Xm{H$Zr - ê$Ðà`mJ
- J§Jm ZXr àUmcr CÎmaoH$S>o {h_mc` Am{U X{úmUoH$S>o ^maVr` ÛrnH$ën nR>ma `m§À`m Xaå`mZ Amho. J§Jm
ZXràUmcrMo ^maVmV EHy$U 8,61,404 Mm¡.{H$._r. úmoÌ Amho. XoemÀ`m EHy$U ^m¡Jmo{cH$ úmoÌ\$imn¡H$s
26.3% úmoÌ J§Jm ZXr àUmcrZo ì`mncocm Amho.
- J§Jm ZXrMo cm§~r - 2525 {H$_r. Amho. CJ_mnmgyZ Vo hþJirn`ªV amÁ`mZwgma cm§~r nwT>cà_mUo.
CÎmamI§S> - 310 {H$_r.
CÎma àXoe - 1140 {H$_r.
{~hma - 445 {H$_r.
n§píM_ ~§Jmc - 520 {H$_r.
CÎma àXoe Am{U {~hma amÁ`m§À`m {g_odê$Z J§Jm ZXr 110 {H$_r A§Va OmVo.
- J§Jm ZXrMo Imoao 10 amÁ`mV ngacoco Amho.
1) CÎmamI§S> 2) CÎmaàXoe 3) _Ü`àXoe 4) N>ÎmrgJS> 5) {~hma 6) PmaI§S>
7) amOñWmZ 8) h[a`mUm 9) {h_mMc àXoe 10) {Xëcr

* J§JoÀ`m CnZX`m : J§Jm ZXrcm COì`m ~mOyZo `_wZm, emoU d Xm_moXa ZX`m, Va S>mì`m ~OyZo am_J§Jm, Jmo_Vr,
J§S>H$ KmKam, H$mogr ZX`m {_iVmV.
npíM_ ~§Jmc _Ü`go _w{e©Xm~mX {OëømV Yw{cAmZ Odi J§JoMo ^JraWr - hþJir d nX²_m -_oKZm Ago \$mQ>o
hmoVmV `m \$mQ>çm§Zm {dV[aH$m åhUVmV. ^JraWr - hþJir cm npíM_ ~§Jmc_Ü`o ~ÝgcmoB,© H$mQ>Zm, AO`, Xm_moXa,
ê$nZmam`U, BË`mXr chmZ ZX`m {_iVmV. hþJir ZXrÀ`m H$mR>r H$mocH$Îmm d Ë`mÀ`m OdiMm Am¡Úmo{JH$ {d^mJ
dgcocm Amho. hmoJcm ZmdmÀ`m JdVmdê$Z OdiÀ`m ZXrcm AmoJmo{c_ Zmd {_imco, Ë`mMo nwT>o AmoJcr d {~«{Q>em§À`m
H$mimV hþJir Pmco. hþJir _wImOdi gmJa ~oQ> Amho.

1) `_wZm ZXr (H$mqcXr, O_wZm, {XAmZmoZm)

J§JoMr gdm©V _moR>r Am{U _hËdmMr CnZXr.
- CJ_ : CÎmamI§S> amÁ`mÀ`m CÎma H$mer {OëømV OåZmoÌr `m {h_ZXrVyZ. ~§Yany§Y nd©V{eIa hm J§Jm-`_wZm
ZX`m§Mm à_wI Oc{d^mOH$ Amho.
- `_wZm ZXrMr cm§~r - 1376 {H$_r. `_wZm ZXr H$mcogma - VmOodmcm `oWo _¡XmZr àXoemV àdoe H$aV.
6
- `_wZm ZXr Acmhm~mX Odi J§Jocm {_iVo.
- `_wZoÀ`m H$mR>mdarc {R>H$mUo - AmJ«m, {Xëcr, _Wwam.
- `_wZmÀ`m CnZX`m : `_wZmcm S>mì`m ~mOyZo F${fJ§Jm, A§Vm, hZw_mZJ§Jm, VmoÝg, {Jar, H$m~m©Z, g|Ja ZX`m
Va COì`m ~mOyZo ~mUJ§Jm, M§~i, qgX, ~oQ>dm, Ho$Z `m ZX`m {_iVmV.
* VmoÝg ZXr : CJ_ ~§Xany§N> {eIamOdi, `_wZoMr {h_mc`mVrc gdm©V _moR>r CnZXr Amho. VmoÝg ZXr H$cer
`oWo `_wZocm {_iVo.
* M§~i ZXr (M_©ZdVr) : CJ_ _Ü`àXoem_Ü`o qdÜ` nd©V am§JmV OmZnmo Q>oH$S>çmV hmoVo. CÎma àXoemÀ`m BQ>mdm
{OëømV `_wZocm M§~i ZXr {_iVo. M§~i ZXrMo d¡{eîQ>ç åhUOo {VZo _moR>çm à_mUmV AnúmaU Ho$co Amho.
AZoH$ Imoc {~hS> (Ravines) V`ma Pmcoco Amho.
M§~iMr EHw$U cm§~r - 1050 {H$_r.
- ~Zmg hr M§~i ZXrMr CnZXr Amho. gdmB© _mYdnya Odi M§~i ZXr ~Zmg ZXrg {_iVo.
* qgX : _Ü` àXoemÀ`m {d{Xem nR>mamda CJ_. {hMr EHy$U cm§~r 415 {H$_r, BQ>mdm {OëømV qgX ZXr `_wZc o m
{_iVo.
* ~oQ>dm : _Ü` àXoemV ^monmi {OëømV CJ_, EHy$U cm§~r 590 {H$_r, h_ranyaOdi ~oQ>dm ZXr `_wZm ZXrcm
{_iVo.
* Ho$Z : (H$dZ, H$Um©dVr) : _Ü` àXoemÀ`m ~maZoa am§JoVyZ CJ_. ZXrMr cm§~r 360 {H$_r. {Mcm (CÎma àXoe)
`oWo `_wZocm {_iVo. {h ZXr nÝZm amï´>r` CX`mZm _YyZ dmhVo. Ho$Z ZXrda Raneh Y~Y~m Amho.
2) emoU ZXr : CJ_ A_aH§$Q>H$ nR>mam_Yrc Pè`m_YyZ hmoVmo. EHy$U cm§~r - 784 {H$_r, nmQ>Um Odi _Zoa
({~hma) `oWo J§Jm ZXrcm {_iVo.
- emoU ZXrÀ`m CnZX`m : gd© CnZX`m COì`m ~mOyZo {_iVmV.
Omohrcm, JmonV, [ahm§X, H$Zhma, CÎma H$mo`c.
3 ) Xm_moXa ZXr : N>moQ>m ZmJnya nR>mamda ~mcw_Wm Odi XmoZ àdmh EH$Ì hmoD$Z Xm_moXa ZXr V`ma hmoVo. Xm_moXa
ZXrMr cm§~r 541 {H$Vr, H$mocH$Îmm _Ü`o \$mcQ>m `oWo Xm_moXa ZXr hþJir ZXrg {_iVo.
- Xm_moXaÀ`m CnZX`m : JaQy>g, H$moZma, ~aH$ma
Xm_moXa ZXrÀ`m nyam_wio {~hma_Ü`o _moR>çm à_mUmV ZwH$gmZ hmoV.o åhUyZ Xm_moXa cm {~hmaMr Xþ:Imlw åhUVmV.
4) am_J§Jm : CÎmamI§S>_Ü`o JT>dmc {OëømV, Z¡{ZVmcOdi {h_mÀN>m{XV àXoemV CJ_. nyd© am_J§Jm Am{U
npíM_ am_J§Jm {_iyZ am_J§Jm ZXrMm àdmh V`ma hmoVmo. H$ZmoO (CÎma àXoe) `oWo am_J§Jm ZXr J§Jocm {_iVo.
- am_J§Jm CnZX`m : Imoh, J§JZ, A[acH$mogr, XoAmohm.
5) Jmo_Vr ZXr : CJ_ {n{c{^VÀ`m nyd©og ZXrMm CJ_. Jmo_Vr ZXrMr cm§~r - 940 {H$_r, Jm{P`mnya {OëømV
g¡Xnya (CÎma àXoe) `oWo J§Jocm {_iVo.
CnZÚm : JmoMmB©, Omo_H$s, gB©, ~a‘m, Mwhm
6) KmKam ZXr : CJ_ {V~oQ>_Ü`o _mZgamodaÀ`m X{úmUog Jwacm _Ú§Vm {eIamOdi CJ_ hmoVmo. hr ZXr {V~oQ>,
Zonmi `m XoemVyZ dmhV `oD$Z ^maVmV `oVo. Zonmi _Ü`o {hcm ""H$Zm©cr'' Ago åhUVmV. KmKam ZXrMr EHy$U

7
 cm§~r 1080 {H$_r. Amho. {~hma_Ü`o N>màm `oWo J§Jocm KmKam ZXr {_iVo.
- CnZX`m : emaXm, amnr, ea`y
KmKam ZXr _¡XmZr àXoemV àdoe Ho$ë`mda ZXrMo AZoH$ \$mQ>o hmoVmV. `m§n¡H$s H$mo[a`mZ Am{U Jmadm åhÎdmMr
AmhoV.
7) H$mcr ZXr : (emaXm ZXr /_hmH$mcr) : CJ_ H$mcmnmZr (CÎmamI§S>) `oWo `m ZXrMo ^maV d Zonmc Xaå`mZ
npíM_ {g_m V`ma Ho$cr Amho. hr ZXr CÎmaàXoe _Ü`o KmKam ZXr {_iVo.
8) J§S>H$ ZXr : CJ_ _Ü` {h_mc`mV X{úmU {V~oQ> _Ü`o, Zonmi _Ü`o {hcm Zmam`Ur, em{cJ«m_r, {ÌewcrJ§Jm Ago
åhUVmV. J§S>H$ ZXrMr EHy$U cm§~r 675 {H$_r Amho. hmOrnya -nmQ>Um Odi ({~hma) `oWo J§S>H$ ZXr J§Jocm
{_iVo.
CnZX`m : ~S>r J§S>H$, N>moQ>r J§S>H$
9) H$mogr ZXr : H$mogr ZXr ZonmiÀ`m {h_mc` àXoemV CJ_ nmdVo. {VMm _w»` àdmh gyZ H$mogr Amho. C§M
nd©Vmdê$Z `oUmè`m gmV àdmhm§Zr Vr ~Zcocr Agë`m_wio {Vcm gá H$mogr åhUVmV. (gmVH$mogr, V§~m H$mogr,
Vcadm, XÿY H$mogr, ~mo{V`m H$mogr, Aê$U, Vm§~a H$mogr) H$mogrMr ^maVmVrc cm§~r 730 {H$_r Amho. hZw_mZ
ZJa Odi hr ZXr ^maVmV àdoemZo. ny{U©`m {OëømV ({~hma) H$mogr ZXr J§Jc o m {_iVo. H$mogrMo àdmh nyam _yio
COdrH$S>o åhUOo npíM_oH$S>o gaH$V Amho. H$mogrcm {~hmaMr Xþ:ImlwMr ZXr åhUVmV.
* J§JoÀ`m _wImOdi OJm§_Yrc {dñVrU© {Ì^yO àXoe Amho.
* J§JoÀ`m H$mR>m§darc {R>H$mUo - h[aÛma, H$mZnya, Acmhm~mX, dmamUgr, nmQ>Um, H$mocH$Îmm.
* n§{S>V Odmhacmc Zohê§$Mr J§Jm g§~§Yr ^mdZm.
n§.Zohê$ `m§Zr Amnë`m {S>ñH$ìhar Am°\$ B§{S>`m `m J«§WmV åhQ>co Amho H$s, ^maVmMo öX`M {OZo ~§{XdmZ H$ê$Z
R>odco Amho Am{U B{VhmgmÀ`m Cf:H$mcmnmgyZ H$moQ>r H$moQ>r ^maVr`m§Zm {OZo Amnë`mH$S>o AmoTy>Z KoVco Amho, Vr
^maVmMr EH$_od gd©lðo > ZXr J§Jm -----CJ_mnmgyZ gmJamn`ªVMr Am{U àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ AYw{ZH$ H$mimn`ªVMr
J§JoMr H$Wm åhUOo ^maVmMr gä`Vm d g§ñH¥$Vr, gm_«mÁ`m§Mm CX` Am{U AñV -----^maVr` {dMmad§Vm§Zm ì`§J«
H$ê$Z Q>mH$Umam _ZmMm emoY, Or{dVmMr n[anyVu -----Ë`mVrc AñdrH$ma Am{U Ë`mJ ... OrdZ Am{U _¥Ë`w `m§Mr
H$Wm Amho. (g§X^© - _amR>r {díd H$moe I§S> -4)

3) ~«åhnwÌm ZXr : (Ëgm§Jnmo, {Xhm§J, O_wZm, ~wcw_ ~wWwa)

CJ_ : {h_mc`mÀ`m H¡$cmg nd©VloUrV Mo_m `w§JSw>§J {h_ZXrVyZ ~«åhnwÌm CJ_ nmdVo. ZXrMo CJ_ _mZgamoda
OdiM Amho. CJ_mOdi {V~oQ>_Ü`o {VMo Zmd Ëgm§Jnmo Amho. Z§Va Ooìhm Vr Aê$UmMc àXoemV àdoemZo Voìhm
{VWo {Vcm {Xhm§J åhUVmV. Amgm__Ü`o gm{X`mOdi {Vcm {X~m§J d cmo{hV `m CnZX`m {_imë`mda nwT>o Vr
~«åhnwÌm ZmdmZo AmoiIcr OmVo. Z§Va Jmamo Q>oH${S>cm digm KmcyZ X{úmUoH$S>o diyZ eodQ>r ~§½cmXoemV O_wZm
ZmdmZo Vr J§Jocm ½dmc§Xmo Odi {_iVo. nwT>o _oKZm ZmdmZo ~§JmcÀ`m CngmJamcm {_iVo.
- ~«åhnwÌmMr cm§~r : 2960 {H$_r, {VMm ^maVmV àdmhmMr cm§~r 885 {H$_r Amho.

8
- ~«åhnwÌ ZXrÀ¶m Imoè¶mZo XoemÀ¶m EHy$U úmoÌ’$imMo 5.9% úmoÌ ì¶mnco Amho.
- ~«åhnwÌmÀ`m nmÌm_Ü`o ^maVm_Yrc gdm©V _moR>m Z{X` ~oQ> _mOwcr ho ~oQ> Amho. Amgm__Ü`o ~«åhnwÌM o m EH$ \$mQ>m
IoaHw${Q> `m ZmdmZo ~«åhnwÌonmgyZ doJim Pmcocm Amho. hm \$mQ>m nwT>o gw~Z{gar ~amo~a ~«åhnwÌocm {_iVmo. _yi
àdmh d ImaHw${Q>`m `m Xaå`mZ _mOwcr hm ~oQ> {Z_m©U Pmcocm Amho.
- ~«åhnwÌmÀ`m CnZX`m : COì`m ~mOyZo (CÎmaoH$Sy>Z) - gw~Z{gar, H$m_|J, O`^moaocr, _mZg, {VñVm, M§nmdVr,
nJcm{X¶m, g§H$moe Am{U S>mì`m ~mOyZo (X{úmUoH$Sy>Z) YZ{gar, ~wê$hr, H$monmocr, ~S>r{Xhm§J, {Xgm§J `m ZX`m
`oD$Z {_iVmV.
1) gw~Z{gar ZXr : _moR>r CnZXr, CJ_ {V~oQ>_Ü`o {h_mc`m_YyZ ZXrMr cm§~r 442 {H$_r, H$Mcm hr gw~Z{gar
Mr CnZXr.
2) YZ{gar ZXr : CJ_ ZmJm Q>oH$S>çm_Ü`o, cm§~r 354 {H$_r, CnZX`m {X\y$, Zm§~a, H$ë`mU.
3) _mZg ZXr : CJ_ {V~oQ>_Ü`o, cm§~r 376 {H$_r.
4) H$mo{ncr ZXr : CJ_ {_{H$a Q>oH$S>çm, cm§~r - 254 {H$_r, CnZX`m - O_wZm, ~moanZr, C_w_
5) ~amH$ ZXr : CJ_ ZmJmc±S>_Ü`o OmnZmo Q>oH$S>çmV, ~amH$ ZXrMr cm§~r - 902 {H$_r, ~amH$ Imoè`mV Moamnw§Or
Am{U _mogrZam_ hr OJm_Yrc gdm©V OmñV nmdgmMr Zm|X hmoUmar {R>H$mUo Amho. ~§½cmXoe _Ü`o ~amH$ ZXrcm
gwa_m ZXr åhUVmV. gwa_m Am{U nX²_m `m§À`m EH$ÌrV àdmhmg _oKZm ZXr Ago åhUVmV.
CnZX`m : Moar, H$mQ>Ioar, {Mar, cm|JmB©, VnmB©‘wI Oc{dÚwV àH$ën ~amH$ ZXrda Amho.
6) {VñVm : CJ_ H$m§MZJ§Jm _YyZ - {gŠH$s_.
1787 À`m _hmnyamÀ`m AmYrÀ`m H$mimV {VñVm hr J§JoMr CnZXr hmoVr, nU _hmnyamZo nmÌ ~Xcë`m_wio Vr
~«åhnwÌmcm `oD$Z {_imcr.
cm§~r : 109 {H$_r.
CnZX`m : aOZr, aUOrV, {ce, {Je, Koc.
[ÛnH$ënr` nR>mamdarc ZXràUmcr
The Peninsular River System

* {ÛnH$ënr` ZXràUmcrMo d¡{eîQ>ço.

1) ^maVr` ÛrnH$ën nR>ma hm EH$ àmMrZ ^yIS§ > Amho, `mM à_mUo nR>mamdê$Z dmhUmè`m ZX`m XoIrc nwamVZH$mcrZ
AmhoV.
2) ÛrnH$ënr` ZX`m§Mo AÜd© (C^o) AnúmaUmnoúmm nmíd©dVu (AmS>d)o AnúmaU _moR>çm à_mUmV Pmë`mZo nR>mamda
ê§$X Am{U CWi Xè`m {Z_m©U Pmcoë`m AmhoV. ZX`m§À`m nmÌm§Zm g§W àdmh àmá Pmcocm Amho.
3) ZXrMm _§X àdmh, `m_wio ZXr_Yrc Jmi dmhÿZ ZoÊ`mMr úm_Vm H$_r Amho. ZXrÀ`m _wImOdi {Ì^wO àXoe
{Z_m©U Pmco Amho.
4) nR>mamda H$mhr {R>H$mUr AÜ`mamo{nV Am{U nyZê$‚mr{dV ZXràUmcr (Superimposed and Rejuvenated
Drainage) AmT>iVo, Ë`mMo à{V{Z{YËd Y~Yã`m§Zr Pmcoco Amho.

9
 CXm.- eamdVr ZXrMm OmoJ Y~Y~m (289 _r.), _hm~ioída `oWrc doÊUm Y~Y~m (183 _r), KQ>à^odarc
JmoH$mH$ (55_r) Z‘©Xm ZXr darc H${ncYmam (23 ‘r.) Am{U Ywdm°Yma (15 ‘r) {ÛnH$ën nR>mamdarc à_wI
Y~Y~o AmhoV.
* ^maVr` nR>mamdarc ZXràUmcrMr {d^mJUr.
1) npíM_oH$Sy>Z nyd}H$S>o dmhUmè`m ZX`m (nyd}dm{hZr ZX`m)
2) npíM_oH$S>o dmhUmè`m ZX`m. (npíM_dm{hZr ZX`m)

A)nyd}dm{hZr ZX`m
1)JmoXmdar ZXr :
- nR>mamdarc gdm©V cm§~ ZXr Amho.
- `m ZXrcm X{úmU J§Jm åhUVmV.
- CJ_ : Zm{eH$ {OëømV Í`§~Ho$ída `oWo, gømÐrV ~«åh{Jar S>m|Jamda CJ_, CJ_ ñWmZ Aa~r g_wÐmnmgyZ 80
{H$_r A§Vamda Amho.
- JmoXmdarMr EHy$U cm§~r : 1465 {H$_r.
- JmoXmdarÀ`m Imoè`mMo EHy$U úmoÌ\$i - 3,12,812 Mm¡.{H$._r. Amho `mn¡H$s,
1) _hmamï´>mV - (48.6%), 2) Am§Y«àXoe-Voc§JUm - (23.8%)
3) _Ü` àXoe - (20.7%) 4) Amo[agm - (5.4%)
5) H$Zm©Q>H$m - (1.4%)

- JmoXmdarÀ`m CnZX`m : JmoXmdarcm S>mì`m ~mOyZo - H$mS>dm, {edZm, XþYZm, nyUm©, àmU{hVm, B§ÐmdVr,
e~ar Am{U JmoXmdarcm COì`m ~mOyZo- àdam, _wim, qgX\$Um, _m§Oam, _mZoa, {H$ÝZagmZr `m ZX`m
{_iVmV.
- JmoXmdarMo {VÀ`m _wImcJV _moR>o {Ì^yO àXoe V`ma Ho$co Amho. JmoXmdar amO_h|Ðr (Am§Y« àXoe) `oWo XmoZ
àdmhmV {d^mJcr OmVo, nydH} $S>rc Jm¡V_r JmoXmdar Am{U npíM_oH$S>rc emIm d d{eð>r JmoXmdar, AmUIr EH$
àdmh d¡ZVo`. àdmhmÀ`m Xaå`mZ {Ì^yO àXoe {Z_m©U Pmcocm Amho. eodQ>r ho àdmh ~§JmcÀ`m CngmJamg
{_iVmV.
JmoXmdarÀ`m {Ì^yO àXoemV H$mo[a§Jm (Coringa) A^`maÊ` Amho. ho ^maVmVco Xþgao _moR>o Ima\w$Q>r Mo O§Jc Amho.
* JmoXmdar ZXrdarc àH$ën
1) Ydcoída_ ~§Ymam - `mcm A°{ZH$Q> Agohr åhUVmV.
2) lram_ gmJa àH$ën - nmoM_nmS>
3) Om`H$dmS>r àH$ën
4) J§Jmnya YaU
5) {dîUwnwar Cngm qgMZ àH$ën - Am{e`mVrc gdm©V _moR>o Cngm qgMZ àH$ën, Zm§XoS> {OëømV Amho.
- JmoXmdarÀ`m nmÌmV Am§Y«àXoemV H$mhr {R>H$mUr JmimZo chmZ ~oQ>o {Z_m©U Pmcocr Amho, Ë`mg c§H$m Ago
10
 åhUVmV.
- ZXrMm 300 {H$_r Mm àdmh OcdmhVw{H$gmR>r Cn`moJr Amho.
* H¥$îUm ZXr :
H¥$îUm ZXr nR>mamdarc Xþgè`m H«$_§mH$mMr _moR>r ZXr Amho.
- CJ_ : _hm~ioída `oWo, Aa~r g_wÐm nmgyZ 64 {H$_r A§Vamda.
- H¥$îUmMr EHy$U cm§~r - 1400 {H$_r.
- H¥$îUm Imoè`mMo EHy$U úmoÌ\$i - 2, 48,948 Mm¡.{H$._r. Amho. `mn¡H$s -
1) H$Zm©Q>H$mV - 43.8% 2) Am§Y«àXoemV - 29.4% 3) _hmamï´>mV - 26.8% úmoÌ Amho.
- H¥$îUm ZXrÀ`m CnZX`m : H$mo`Zm, ^r_m, dmaUm, `oaim, n§MJ§Jm, KQ>à^m, ‘cà^m, Vw§J^Ðm, qXS>r, _wgr,
_wZoê$, nmcoê$.
* Vw§J^Ðm : _Ü` gømÐrV J§Jm_wim `oWo Vw§J Am{U ^Ðm ho XmoZ àdmh EH${ÌV hmoD$Z Vw§J^Ðm ZXr V`ma hmoVo.
- cm§~r - 531 {H$_r Amho.
- Vw§J^Ðm ZXr g§J_oída_ (Am§Y«àXoe) `oWo H¥$îUocm {_iVo.
- _wgr hr Vw§J^ÐoMr EH$ CnemIm Amho. _wgr ZXrÀ`m H$mR>r h¡Xam~mX eha dgcoco Amho.
* KQ>à^m ZXr : CJ_ gmd§VdmS>r VmcwŠ`mV Am§~mocr Odi, am_KmQ>.
CnZX`m : {haÊ`Ho$er, _maH§$S>çm, EHy$U cm§~r - 283 {H$_r. KQ>à^mZXr H¥$îUocm Ac_mQ>r (H$Zm©Q>H$) `oWo
{_iVo.
* _cà^m ZXr : CJ_ gømÐrV, ~ocJm±d {OëømV. EHy$U cm§~r - 304 {H$_r
CnZX`m : ~o{Zhmcm, Vwnmarhmcm. _cà^m ZXr H¥$îUocm ^mJcH$moQ> `oWo Hw$S>mig§J_ (H$Zm©Q>H$) `oWo {_iVo.
* _wZoê$ : CJ_ - dma§Jc - Voc§JUm amÁ`mV, _wZoê$ ZXr H¥$îUocm BVwê$ JmdmOdi (Am§Y«àXoemV) {_iVo.
- H¥$îUoÀ`m _wImcJV _moR>o {Ì^yO àXoe {Z_m©U Pmco Amho. H¥$îUm {OëømV nw{cJS²>S>m `oWo H¥$îUm ZXrMo XmoZ àdmh
~ZVo. _ÀN>crnQ>Z_ eha {Ì^yO àXoemda dgco Amho.
- H¥$îUm ZXrdarc àH$ënZ : 1) Ac_mQ>r YaU
2) ZmJm AOw©Z gmJa 3) H$mo`Zm YaU 4) lre¡c_ YaU
5) Zmam`Unya YaU 6) Ymo_ YaU - _hmamï´>

3)H$mdoar ZXr :
- CJ_ : H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ`mÀ`m H$S>mJw {OëømV ~«åh{Jar S>m|JamV.
- H$mdoar ZXrMr cm§~r - 800 {H$_r.
- H$mdoar Imoè`mMo EHy$U úmoÌ\$i - 87,900 Mm¡.{H$._r. `mn¡H$s
1) V{_iZmSy> - 55.5% 2) H$Zm©Q>H$ - 41.2% 3) Ho$ai - 3.3%
- H$mdoarÀ`m CnZX`m : gwdU©dVr, ho_mdVr, hoa§Jr, {eågm, H$Um©dcr, H$ã~Zr, cmoH$nmdZr, ^dmZr, Zmo{`c `c,
A_amdVr, cú_U{VW©, AH©$dVr.
- lra§JnQ>Q²>U_ (V{_iZmSy>) `oWo H$mdoar Mo XmoZ \$mQ>o (àdmh hmoVmV. EH$ \$mQ>m H$m°coê$Z ZmdmZo ~§JmcÀ`m
11
 CngmJamcm {_iVmo, Va Xþgam \$mQ>m V§Omda dê$Z OmD$Z ZmJmnQ²>Q>U_ Odi g_wÐmg {_iVmo. V§Omda àXoe
X{úmU ^maVmVrc ~JrMm åhUyZ AmoiIcm OmVmo. hm ^mJ H$mdoarMm AË`§V gw{nH$ d g_¥ÜX ^mJ Amho.
- {Vê${Mamnëcr `oWyZ H$mdoar Mo {Ì^wO àXoe gwê$ hmoVmo.
- H$mdoar Z{XÀ`m H$mR>r lra§JnQ²>Q>U, V§Omda, {Vê$d¡æ¶a, H$mdoarnQ>Q²> Z_ Hw§$^H$moU_² hr VrW©úmoÌo Amho. åhUyZ
H$mdoarcm X{úmU J§Jm åhUVmV.
- H$mdoar ZXrdarc Y~Y~o - {edg‘wБ Am{U hmoJoZ³H$mc.
- The River is unique in the sense that its upper catchment area receives rainfall during summer by south
west monsoon and lower catchment receives rainfall during winters by north East monsoon. It is There-
fore Perennial River and very useful for irrigation and hydroelectric power production.

* H$mdoar ZXrdarc àH$ën

H¥$îUamO gmJa YaU
_oÎmya YaU (H$Zm©Q>H$)
J«±S> A°{ZH$Q> H$mcdm.

4) _hmZXr :
CJ_ : N>ÎmrgJT> amÁ`mV am`nya {OëømV X§S>H$maÊ`m_Ü`o grhmdm Odi. _hmZXrMr EHy$U cm§~r - 857
{H$_r. _hmZXrMo Imoao ~erÀ`m AmH$mamMo Amho, `mcm N>ÎmrgJS> Imoao åhUVmV. `m Imoè`mÀ`m gd© ~mOycm
AZoH$ Q>oH$S>çm Amho. `m Q>oH$S>çm dê$Z AZoH$ ZX`m CJ_ nmdVmV.
- CnZX`m : S>mì`m ~mOyZo - B~, _§S>, hgXmo, eodZmW, COì`m ~mOyZo - Am|J, Om|H$, Voc
- _hmZXr nydK© mQ> Amocm§S>VmZm {Q>ŠH$manam am§JO
o di Aê§$X KH$B©_YyZ OmVo Am{U eodQ>r H$Q>H$À`m npíM_ ^mJmV
{Ì^yO àXoe {Z_m©U H$aVo Am{U ~§JmcÀ`m CngmJamcm {_iVo.
5) gwdU©aoIm ZXr :
- CJ_ : PmaI§S>_Ü`o am§Mr nR>mamda.
- EHy$U cm§~r - 395 {H$_r.
- CnZX`m : H$m§Mr, H$a\$ar
- {h ZXr ImcÀ`m Q>ßß`mV Amo[agm Am{U npíM_ ~§Jmc Xaå`mZ {g_m V`ma H$aVo.
- J§Jm Am{U _hmZXr ZX`mÀ`m {Ì^yO àXoem Xaå`mZ gwdU©aoIm ZXr ImS>rZo ~§JmcÀ`m CngmJamcm {_iVo.
6) ~«måhUr ZXr :
CJ_ : PmaI§S> amÁ`mV am§Mr nR>mamdarc H$mo`c Am{U g§I ZX`m§Mo N>moQ>o àdmh ê$aHo$cm ¶oWo EH${ÌV hmoD$Z
~«måhUr ZXrMm àdmh V`ma hmoVmo.
- EHy$U cm§~r - 800 {H$_r.
- CnZX`m - gm§IS>, Hw$e, ~¡VaUr, {VH$am.
- ZXr PmaI§S> Am{U Amo[agm amÁ`mVyZ dmhVo, Am{U eodQ>r ~§JmcÀ`m CngmJacm {_iVo.
12
7) noÝZê$ : Known as uttara Pinakini
- CJ_ : H$Zm©Q>H$mV Z§Xr XÿJ© {eIamda H$mocma {OëømV, EHw$U cm§~r - 597 {H$_r.
- CnZX`m : O`_ZJcr, Hw§$S>oê$, gmB©{Jcoê$, {MÌmdVr, nmnmJZr, N>oa`oê$
- ZXr H$Zm©Q>H$, Am{U Am§Y«àXoe amÁ`mVyZ dmhVo Am[U ImS>rZo ~§JmcÀ`m CngmJamcm {_iVo.

~) npíM_ dm{hZr ZX`m

{ÛnH$ën nR>mamdê$Z Aa~r g_wÐmcm {_iUmè`m gd© ZX`m ImS>çmÀ`m ê$nmV {_iVmV {VWo {Ì^yO àXoe {Z_m©U
hmoV Zmhr. `mMo à_wI H$maU Ë`m§Mr cm§~r H$_r AgVo d àdmh_Ü`o JmimMo à_mUhr H$_r AgVo. Ë`m_wio ZXrÀ`m
_wImOdi JmimMo g§M`Z Z hmoVm EH$m _wImZo åhUOo ImS>rZo g_wÐmg {_iVo.
{h_mc`mÀ`m CËWmZmÀ`m H$mimV ÛrnH$ënmÀ`m CÎma ^mJmV dmH$ Am{U Pmoc _wio ^«§e (IMXar) Mr {Z{_©Vr
Pmcr. Vmnr Am{U Z_©Xm ZXr `m IMX[aVyZ dmhVmV Vo ñdV: Ë`mMm _mJm©Mm Adc§~ H$aV Zmhr.
1) Z_©Xm (aodm, A_aOm, _¡H$cH$Ý`m)
- CJ_ : _Ü` àXoemV _¡H$c am§JmÀ`m A_aH§$Q>H$ nR>mamda (emXmoc {Oëhm) ZXr CÎmaoH$S>o {dÜ``Z am§Jm Am{U
X{úmUoH$S>o gmVnyS>m am§Jm `m§À`m Xaå`mZ Agcoë`m IMXar_YyZ dmhVo.
- Z_©XmMr EHy$U cm§~r : 1310 {H$_r. ZXrÀ`m Imoè`mMo úmoÌ\$i 98,796 Mm¡.{H$._r. Amho. Imoao cm§~Q> d
Aê§$X Amho.
- CnZX`m : Z_©XmÀ`m S>mì`m ~mOyZo ~§Oma, eoa, eŠH$a, Vdm, Hw$§ S>r, J§Omc, ~wèhZoa Am{U COì`m ~mOyZo {haU,
daZm, H$mocma, Amoga§J `m ZX`m {_iVmV.
- Z_©XmÀ`m _mJm©V AZoH$ Y~Y~o d ÐÿVàdmh (YmdË`m) AmhoV Ë`m_wio Z_©Xmcm CS>çm _marV OmUmar ZXr (aodm)
åhUVmV.
àdmh _mJm©Vrc Y~Y~o : 1) H${ncYmam Y~Y~m 2) Yydm°Yma Y~Y~m
3) ghgYmam Y~Y~m 4) _m~©c \$m°c
- Z_©Xm ZXr _Ü`àXoe, _hmamï´>, JwOamV amÁ`mVyZ dmhVo. eodQ>r ^S>mM
o Odi I§~m`VÀ`m AmImVmg (Aa~r g_wÐ)
{_iVo. Z_©XmÀ`m _wImcJV JmimÀ`m g§M`Zm_wio AZoH$ ~oQ>o V`ma Pmcr Amho. CXm - Am{c`m ~oQ>.
- Z_©Xm H$mR>r Agcocr {R>H$mUo : hm¡am§Jm~mX, O~cnya, Amo_H$maoída, Xodmg, _hoída, _m§S>cm, ^ê$M, amO{nnmcm
Am{U Y_©nwar.
- Z_©Xm ZXr darc àH$ën : gaXma gamoda YaU (JwOamV) B§{Xam gmJa YaU (_Ü`àXoe) Z_©Xm gmJa YaU.

2) Vmnr (Vmár), gy`m© nwÌr

- CJ_ : _Ü` àXoemVrc ~oVyc {OëømÀ`m nR>mar ^mJmV _ycVmB© `oWyZ CJ_.
- ZXr CÎmaocm gmVnwS>m Am{U X{úmUocm gmV_mim AqOR>m amJm Xaå`mZ IMXarVyZ dmhVo.
- EHy$U cm§~r : 730 {H$_r, Imoè`mMo úmoÌ 65, 145 Mm¡.{H$._r. Imoè`mV JmimMo OmS> Wa Amho.
- CnZX`m : Vmnrcm COì`m ~mOyZo - nyUm©, ~oVwc, J§Omc, AZoa, Aê$UmdVr, nVH$s, Jmo_mB©, H§$H$s, Jwcr,
dmcoa XWa§O, ~moH$mX, gwH$s Am{U S>mì`m ~mOyZo- H$nam, {eàm JaOm, {JaUm, A_amdVr, nm§Pam, dmKya,
13
 CVmdir, ImoH$ar, ~moar, Iwgu, A§^moam, Im§Sy> `m ZX`m {_iVmV.
- Vmnr ZXr _Ü`àXoe, _hmamï´>, JwOamV amÁ`mVyZ dmhVo. eodQ>r gwaV Odi I§~m`VÀ`m AImVmg {_iVo.
- Vmnr ZXr H$mR>r Agcocr {R>H$mUo : ~oVyc, ~èhmZnya, ^ygmdi, gwaV, Z§Xþa~ma.
- Vmnrdarc àH$ën : 1) CH$mB© YaU (dëc^gmJa) - JwOamV 2) hVZya YaU - _hmamï´>
3) gm~a_Vr ZXr :
CJ_ : amOñWmZ_Ü`o Aadcr amJm§À`m _odmS> Q>oH$S>çmV ~odma gamodamVyZ `oUmè`m gm~a Am{U hmW_Vr `m§À`m
EH${ÌV àdmhmcm gm~a_Vr åhUVmV.
- EHy$U cm§~r : 320 {H$_r.
- CnZX`m : dmHw$c, g§Xhr, _oídm, haZd, dVaH$
- hr X{úmUdm{hZr ZXr Amho.
- ZXr amOñWmZ, JwOamV amÁ`mV dmhVo, eodQ>r I§~m`VÀ`m AImVmg {_iVo.
- Ah_Xm~mX, Jm§YrZJa eha gm~a_Vr H$mR>r dgcoco Amho.
4) _hr ZXr :
CJ_ : CJ_ qdÜ` nd©Vm_Ü`o
- EHy$U cm§~r : 533 {H$_r.
- CnZX`m : gmo_, AZmg, nZm_
- ZXr I§~m`VÀ`m AmImVmg {_iVo.
5) cwZr ZXr : (cmoUmar, cdUmar ZXr)
CJ_ : amOñWmZmV Aadcr _Ü`o AO_oa `oWrc nwîH$a XarVyZ.
- ZXrÀ`m daÀ`m àdmhmcm gmJa_Vr åhUVmV. JmoqdXZJa `oWo gagwVr hr ZXr {_iVo, Ë`mZ§Va `m§À`m EH${ÌV
àdmhmcm cwZr åhUVmV.
- EHw$U cm§~r - 482 {H$_r.
- cwZr ZXr H$ÀN>À`m aUmV {d{cZ hmoVo.
* gømÐr_YyZ npíM_oH$S>o dmhUmè`m ZX`m.
- gw_mao 600 N>mQo >çm ZX`m npíM_ KmQ>mV CJ_ nmdVmV Am{U npíM_oH$S>o dmhÿZ Aa~r g_wÐmV {_iVmV. `mn¡H$s
_hËdmÀ`m ZÚm.
- Jmodm amÁ`mVrc : 1) _§S>dr (Mandovi) 2) OwAmar (Zuari) 3) aMmoc (Rachol)
- H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ`mVrc : 1) H$mcr (Kali nadi) 2) J§Jmdcr (Gangavalli) 3) ~oS>Vr (Bedti)
4) eamdVr (Sharvati) 5) VmXar (Todri) 6) ZoÌmdVr (Netravali)
- Ho$ai amÁ`mVrc : 1) ~o`mnmoa (Beypore) 2) nÝZm_ (Pannam) 3) ^maVnwP§ m (Bharatapuzha)
4) no[a`ma (Periyar) 5) nm§~m (Pamba).
- `m ZX`m cm§~rZo AmIyS> Amho.
- ^maVm_Yrc gdm©V C§MrMm Y~Y~m OmoJ qH$dm {Jagmßnm Y~Y~m (289 _r) eamdVr ZXrda Amho.
****
14
 Oc{ZñgmaU àUmcr (Drainage System)

- EImX`m àXoem_YyZ dmhUmar ZXr, {VÀ`m CnZX`m Am{U {Vcm `oD$Z {_iUmè`m gmhmæ`H$ ZX`m `m§Mm
dmhÊ`mMm EH$ {d{eï> H«$_ AgVmo, `mg Oc{ZñgmaU àUmcr qH$dm ZXràUmcr Ago åhUVmV.
EImX`m àXoem_Yrc Oc{ZñgmaU àUmcrMr CËnËVr à_wI XmoZ KQ>H$m§Zr {ZYm©[aV Am{U {Z`§{ÌV Ho$cr OmVo.
1) àXoemMo CVmamMo ñdê$n (Nature of slope)
2) ^yemór` aMZm (IS>H$ Mo àH$ma, IS>H$m§À`m dù`m, ^«e
§ , àñVa^§J, OmoS>, ZmVr B.) (Types of rocks, folds,
fault, fissure, founts, Dips, strikes etc.)

* `m XmoÝhr KQ>H$m§Mm {dMma Ho$ë`mg ZXràUmcrMm {dH$mg Imcrc AdñWm§_YyZ hmoVm§Zm AmT>iVmo.
1) H$moUË`mhr àXoemV ZXrMr gwê$dmV àW_ chmZ AmohmoimÀ`m ñdê$nmV hmoV.o gwê$dmV AdñWm (Initiation stage)
2) Ë`m AmohmoimMo hiyhiy chmZ ZXrV ê$nm§Va hmoD$Z Ë`m ZXrcm ~mOyÀ`m àXoemVyZ CnZX`m `oD$Z {_iVmV -
cm§~rV dmT> AdñWm (Elongation stage)
3) CnZX`m§Zm gmhmæ`H$ ZX`m `oD$Z {_iVmV - emImd¥ÜXr AdñWm (Elaboration Stage)
4) _w»` ZXr d {VÀ`m CnZX`m§Mm, Ë`m§À`m CJ_mH$S>o {dñVma hmoD$ cmJVmo - {dñVma dmT> AdñWm (Extension
stage)
5) ZX`m, CnZX`m d gmhmæ`H$ ZX`m `m gdm©_wio OcàdmhmMo EH$ Omio V`ma hmoVo. gm_rcrH$aU AdñWm
(Integration Stage)
àXoem_Yrc nmD$gmMo à_mU Am{U ^yaMZoMo ñdê$n `mda Oc{ZñgmaU àUmcrMm {dH$mg Adc§~yZ AgVmo.
Oc{ZñgmaU / ZXràUmcr Mo àH$ma (Types of Drainame System)
XmoZ àH$ma
1) AZwH$« _r Oc{ZñgmaU àUmcr (Sequent Drainage System)
2) AZZwH$« _r Oc{ZñgmaU àUmcr (Insequent Drainage System)
1) AZwH«$_r Oc{ZñgmaU àUmcr.
àXoemÀ`m CVmamZwgma dmhUmè`m Am{U ^yemór` aMZoer g_m`moOZ H$aUmè`m Ocàdmhm§Zm AZwH$« _r Oc{ZñgmaU
àUmcr åhUVmV. nm°doc Ûmam d{J©V AZwd§{eH$ d{J©H$aUmÀ`m AmYmamda S>o{dgZo CVmamcm AZwgê$Z XarÀ`m
àH$mamMo d{J©H$aU Ho$co. Streams Which follows the regional slopes and are well adjusted to geological
structures are called sequent drainage system.
`mMo CnàH$ma nwT>rc à_mUo Amho.
A) AZwdVu /g_dm{hZr (consequent streams)
~) CnAZwdVu/ CnAZwJm_r (Subsequent streams)
H$) àË`mZwdVu / à{VJm_r Ocàdmh (obsequent streams)
S>) ZdmZwdVu Ocàdmh (resequent streams)
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16
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A) AZwdVu / g_dm{hZr
{d{eï> àXoemV ^y^mJmÀ`m àma§^rÀ`m CVmamZwgma {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m gdm©V n{hë`m àdmhmcm AZwdVu Ocàdmh
Ago åhUVmV.
The frist stream to be originated in a particular region is called consequent drainage system.
AZwdVu OcàdmhmÀ`m {Z{_©Vr, {dH$mgmgmR>r Kw_Q>mH$ma àXoe Am{U Ádmcm_wIr e§Hy$ hr AmXe© úmoÌo AmhoV.
~) CnAZwdVu / CnAZwJm_r
àYmZ AZwdVu OcàdmhmÀ`m CËnËVrZ§Va A{^ZVr qH$dm H$Q>H$mÀ`m AúmmZwgma dmhV OmD$Z AZwdVu Ocàdmhmg
{_iUmè`m àdmhmg CnAZwdVu åhUVmV.
"The streams originated after the master consequent stream and following the axis of the anticlines or
ridges and strikes of beds are called subsequent stream".
AZwdVu àdmhm§À`m CnZX`m§Mr n{hcr {nT>r CnAZwdVu àdmhm§Mr AgVo. `mMm AW© AZwdVu àdmhmÀ`m _mJmhÿZ
CnAZwdVu àdmh àñWm{nV hmoVmV. gd© gmYmaUnUo àYmZ AZwdVu àdmhmcm CnAZwdVu àdmh AmS>ì`m dmhV
AgVmV.
CXm.- H¥$îUm ZXr H$mo`Zm hr CnAZwdVu àdmhmMr CXmhaU Amho.
H$) AZZwH«$_r Oc{ZñgmaU àUmcr.
Ocàdmh àmXo{eH$ CVmamZwgma Am{U ^yemór` aMZoZwgma dmhV Zmhr, `mcm AZZwH«$_r Oc{ZñgmaU àUmcr
åhUVmV.
The streams which do not follow the regional slope and drain across the geological structure are called
insequent as inconsequent streams.
`mMo CnàH$ma nwT>rc à_mUo Amho.
A) nydd© Vu / nydJ© m_r (Antecedent drainage system)
~) AÜ`mamo{nV / nydm©amo{nV (Superimposed drainage system)

A) nyd©dVu / nyd©Jm_r Oc{ZñgmaU àUmcr.

C§MdQ>çmÀ`m àXoemMo qH$dm nd©VmMo CËWmZ hmoV AgVmZm ZXràdmh Amncm gÜ`mMm _mJ© Ë`m§À`m Xè`m§Zm
AY:N>mQ> H$ê$Z H$m`_ amIVo `mcm nyd©dVr© Oc{ZñgmaU àUmcr åhUVmV.
Antecedent streams antedate the upliftment of an upland or mountain across which they have maintained
their present courses through continuous down cutting of their valleys.
nydd© Vu Oc{ZñgmaU àUmcrÀ`m {dH$mgmV ^yàXoemÀ`m CËWmZmMo ñdê$n Am{U Ë`mMm doJ ho _hËdmMo n[a_mU
AgVo, H$maU ZXr Amncm nyduMm àdmh CËWmZmÀ`m gd© àH$mamV amIocM Ago Zmhr.
^y-àXoemMm CËWmZmMm doJ Am{U ZXràdmhmZo XarÀ`m AY:N>Q>mMm doJ Ë`m à_mUmV R>do ë`mg ZXr àdmh Ë`mM
_mJm©Zo dmhV OmVmo.
{h_mc`m_Yrc AZoH$ ZX`m nyd©dVu àdmhmMr CXmhaUo AmhoV. qgYy, gVcO, J§Jm, J§S>H$, H$mogr, ~«åhnwÌm
BË`mXr.
17
H$) àË`mZwdVu Ocàdmh
àYmZ AZwdVu OcàdmhmÀ`m {dê$ÜX {XeoZo dmhUmè`m àdmhmg àË`mZwdVu Ocàdmh åhUVmV.
The streams flowing in opposite direction to the master consequent are called obsequent streams.
dmñVdmV àË`mZwdVu Ocàdmh ho Xo{Ic AZwdVu àdmh AmhoV, Vo amJm§À`m CVmamZwgma dmhVmV.
CXm.- coga {h_mc`m_Yrc _hm^maV am§Jodê$Z CÎma CVmamdê$Z AZoH$ àdmh dmhVmV. Ago AZoH$ àdmh
npíM_ nyd© {XeoZo dmhUmè`m CnAZwdVu àdmhmcm àË`mZwdVu Ocàdmh åhUyZ {_iVmV. H$maU J§Jm Am{U
`_wZm gma»`m àYmZ AZwdVu ZX`m§À`m {XeoÀ`m {dê$ÜX ho àdmh dmhVmV.
S>) ZdmZwdVu Ocàdmh
àYmZ AZdwVu OcàdmhmÀ`m {XeoZo dmhUmè`m CnZX`m àdmhmg ZdmZwdVu Ocàdmh Ago åhUVmV.
"The tributary streams flowing in the direction of the master consequent are called Resequent - stream"
àYmZ AZwdVuÀ`m VwcZoZo `m CnZX`m ~è`mM C{eam CËn{ÞV hmoVmV, Ë`m§Mr CËnÎmr AcrH$S>Mr Agë`mZo
Ë`m§Zm ZdmZwdVu Ocàdmh åhUVmV.

* AÜ`mamonrV Ob{ZñgmaU àUmbr (Superimposed Drainage system)

Ooìhm AZwdVu àdmhmÀ`m {Xem Am{U Xè`m§Mo ñdén d d¡{eîQ>`o D$Üd© ^yemñÌr` e¡bg_yh Am{U ga§MZm
nyU©nUo doJir d¡{eîQço AgUmè`m ^yemñÌr` e¡bg_yh Am{U g§aMZoda AÜ`mamon Ho$bo OmVo.
Superimposed/ rpigenetic it is formed when a stream with a course originally established on a cover
of rock now removed by erosion, so that the stream or drainage system is independent of the newly
exposed. rocks and structures.
Eg. : - The Damodar, The Subarnarekha, The chambal, Banas
Ago àdmh ñWm{ZH$ ^yemñÌr` g§aMZm Am{U CVmamer AZwénr AgV Zmhr.

* Oc{ZñgmaU / ZXràUmcr àê$n (Drainage patterns)

Oc{ZñgmaU àUmcrMo ê$n Am{U A{^úmoÌr¶ ì¶dñWoÀ¶m (Form and Spatial arrangement) AZwfJ§ mZo EImX¶m
úmoÌm‘Yrc {d{dY IS>H$mMo àH$ma, ^yemór¶ aMZm, hdm‘mZmMr n[apñWVr Am{U AZmÀN>mXZmMm (Denudation)
B{Vhmg ¶m§À¶m gmhmæ¶mZo {Z‘m©U hmoUmè¶m ^y{‘Vr¶ AmH$mamg Oc{ZñgmaU àê$n åhUVmV. ^yn¥ð>aMZm, IS>H$m§Mo
ñdê$n, ^yn¥ð> CVma ¶mZwgma ‘w»¶ ZXr d {VÀ¶m CnZX¶m {‘iyZ V¶ma Pmcocm AmH¥$Vr ~§Y.

* Oc{ZñgmaU àê$nm§Mo àH$ma (Types of Drainage pattern)

1) d¥úmmH$ma / nmXnmZwén Oc{ZñgmaU àê$n (Dendritic Drainage )
g‘mZ KZVoÀ¶m aMZoÀ¶m àXoemVyZ dmhUmè¶m ZX¶m§Mm {dH$mg hmoD$Z d¥úmmH$ma àê$n {Z‘m©U hmoV.o Aem àXoemVyZ
dmhUmè¶m ZX¶m gd© {Xem§H$S>o gma»¶m dmhV OmVmV. ‘w»¶ ZX¶m d CnZX¶m ¶m§À¶m Imoè¶m§Mm gma»¶m à‘mUmV
{dH$mg hmoD$Z ZXrÀ¶m àdmhàUmcrMo ñdê$n EImX¶m d¥úmmgmaIo hmoVo. gwê$dmVrg d¥úmmH$ma àê$n Iwcm AgVmo,
H$maU àdmhm§Mr g§»¶m ‘¶m©{XV AgVo Am{U ˶m§À¶m‘Yrc A§Va OmñV AgVo. na§Vw H$mc§VamZo XmoZ àdmhm§Mo A§Va
H$‘r H$‘r hmoV OmVmo Am{U ~§{XñV àê$nm‘ܶo (Close) ê$nm§Va hmoVo.
18
 gnmQ> ^y^mJ, gmYmaU CVma, ApÀN>Ð IS>H$ AgVrc Va d¥úmmH$ma àê$nmMo Omio A{YH$ {dñVm[aV hmoVo.
2) OmirXma / Mm¡H$S>r Oc{ZñgmaU àê$n (Trellised drainage)
EImX¶m ^yàXoemV EH$mZ§Va EH$ Ago [^ÝZ {^ÝZ KZVoMo IS>H$ AgVmV. Aem àXoemV Omirg Ñí¶ àê$n
{Z‘m©U hmoVo. ‘¥Xÿ IS>H$mdê$Z dmhUmè¶m ‘w»¶ ZX¶m Amnë¶m Xè¶m§Mm OmñVrV OmñV {dH$mg H$aVmV. na§Vw ˶m§Zm
¶oD$Z {‘iUmè¶m CnZX¶m§Mm nmíd©dVu {dH$mg H$R>rU IS>H$m§À¶m Wam§‘wio Iw§Q>Vmo. ZX¶m H$R>rU IS>H$m§Mo Wa
Q>miʶmgmR>r Amnë¶m àdmhmMr {Xem ~XcyZ Amnë¶m Xè¶m§Mm {dH$mg H$aʶmMm à¶ËZ H$aVmV. Aem arVrZo ¶m
àXoemV ZX¶m d CnZX¶m ¶m§À¶m Xè¶m§Mm {dH$mg hmoD$Z V¶ma hmoUmar OcàUmcr OmirgmaIr {XgVo. gm‘mݶnUo
KS>rÀ¶m IS>H$mÀ¶m àXoemV ho àê$n AmT>iVo qH$dm ¹o$ñQ>m ñWcê$n AgUmè¶m àXoemV AmT>iVo.
OmirXma àê$n Am{U Am¶mVmH¥$Vr àê$nm ‘ܶo H$mhr gmaIonUm Amho. OmirXma àê$nm‘ܶo àdmhm‘Yrc A§Va
H$‘r AgVo Va Am¶VmH¥$Vr àê$nm‘ܶo àdmhm‘Yrc A§Va OmñV AgVo.

3) Am¶VmH¥$Vr / H$mQ>H$moZr Oc{ZñgmaU àê$n (Rectangular Drainage Pattern)

- IS>H$m§Mo OmoS> qH$dm g§Yr AgUmè¶m àXoemV ‘w»¶ ZXrg CnZX¶m H$mQ>H$moZmV {‘iVmV. ¶mcm Am¶VmH¥$Vr
àê$n åhUVmV. J«°S> H°${Z¶Z àXoemV (CÎma A‘o[aH$m) ¶m àH$maMo àê$no AmT>iVmV.

4) H|$Ð˶mJr / Aar¶ àê$n (Radial Drainage Pattern)

- Kw‘Q>mH$ma nd©V, Ádmcm‘wIr ~oQ>o, ~oQ>mMo ‘ܶdVu nd©Vr¶ ^mJ ¶m ©^mJmVrc àdmhàUmcr ¶m àH$maMr AgVo.
Aer ^yaMZm Agcoë¶m àXoemVyZ dmhUmè¶m ZX¶m H|$Ð^mJmVyZ CJ‘ nmdyZ g^modVmcr Mmohmo~mOy§H$S>o dmhV
OmVmV. ¶m àH$maÀ¶m àê$nmV ZX¶m ^yàXoemÀ¶m CVmamcm AZwgê$Z dmhVmV, åhUyZ AZwdVu àdmh AgVmV.

5) H|$ÐJm‘r / A§VamoÝ‘wI àê$nZ (Centripetal Drainage Pattern)

- ‘ܶ^mJ Imoc d g^modVmcMm ^mJ C§M Aer ^yaMZm Agcoë¶m àXoemVrc ZX¶m g^modVmcÀ¶m C§M àXoemV
CJ‘ nmdyZ ‘ܶ^mJmVrc gIc àXoemV ¶oD$Z {‘iVmV Aem àXoemV dmhUmè¶m ZX¶m‘wio H|$Ðm{^Jm‘r àê$n
{Z‘m©U hmoVo. H$maU ¶m ^mJmVrc gd© ZX¶m H|$Ð^mJmH$S>o dmhV AgVmV.
H|$Ð˶mJr àê$nmÀ¶m Zo‘Ho$ CcQ> H|$Ðm{^Jm‘r àê$n Amho.
CXm.- Zonmi‘Yrc H$mR>‘m§Sy> Xar Amho. ¶m àXoemV ~mJ‘VrÀ¶m CnZX¶m§Mo àdmh H|$Ð{^‘yI dmhVmV.
6) H§$H$UmH¥$Vr/ dc¶mH¥$Vr / dVw©imH$ma Oc{ZñgmaU àê$n
(Annular or circular drainage pattern)
- Kw‘Q>mH$ma nd©Vm‘ܶo AmcQy>Z - nmcQy>Z H${R>U Am{U ‘¥Xÿ IS>H$mMr dVw©imH$ma aMZm Agc¶mda àYmZ
AZwdVu àdmhmÀ¶m CnZX¶m dVw©imH$ma {dH${gV hmoVmV.

7) H$mQ>oar / AmH$S>çmH¥$Vr Oc{ZñgmaU àê$n (Barbed Drainage System)

- àYmZ OcàdmhmÀ¶m {dê$ÜX {XeoZo dmhUmè¶m CnZX¶m‘wio {Z‘m©U hmoUmè¶m Omù¶mg H$mQ>oar àê$n åhUVmV.
CnZÚm àYmZ Ocàdmhmg AmH$S>çmgmaIo dmHy$Z {‘iVmV. Aem àH$maMo àê$n ZXrMm¡¶©‘wio {dH${gV hmoVo.
19
8) {ngmH¥$Vr àê$n (Pinnate drainage system)
g‘m§Va H$Q>H$mÀ¶m Vrd« ~mOyZ§ r CnZX¶m§Mm CJ‘ nmdyZ Xar‘Yrc àYmZ AZwdVu àdmhmg cKwH$moZmV {‘iVmV.
(Acute angle) Aê§$X Xar‘ܶo ho àê$n nhmd¶mg {‘iVo.
CXm.- emoU ZXr, Z‘©Xm ZXr Mo àê$n.

9) ho[a¨JH$mQ>r / ~aJS>r Ñí¶ Oc{ZñgmaU àê$n (Herringbone / Rib drainage system)

- nd©Vr¶ àXoemV ê§$X Xè¶mMm {dH$mg hmoVmo Am{U g‘m§Va H$Q>H$mÀ¶m ~mOycm Agcoë¶m Q>oH$S>çm§À¶m Vrd«
CVmamdê$Z CnZX¶m dmhVmV.
CXm.- Poc‘ ZXr Mo àê$n.

10) g‘m§Va Oc{ZñgmaU àê$n (Parallel drainage pattern)

- àmXo{eH$ CVmamcm AZwgê$Z AZoH$ ZX¶m EH$‘oH$m§g g‘m§Va dmhVmV, ¶mcm g‘m§Va Oc{ZñgmaU àê$n
åhUVmV.
- ^maVmÀ¶m npíM‘ {H$ZmanÅ>rÀ¶m ‘¡XmZr àXoemV øm àmê$nmMr CXmhaUo Amho.
nyd© {H$ZmanÅ>rÀ¶m ‘¡XmZr àXoemV øm àê$nmMm {dH$mg Pmcocm Amho.

11) {dúmonmË‘H$ Oc{ZñgmaU àê$n (Intermittent drainage system)

- H$mhr àXoemV ZX¶m dmhV AgVmZm ‘mJm©‘ܶo aoVr qH$dm dmiyMo à‘mU OmñV Agë¶mg ZX¶m ¶m àXoemV
^yn¥ð>mImcr Jwá hmoD$Z dmhÿ cmJVmV. H$mhr A§Vamda Ocàdmhmg ¶mo½¶ ^y^mJ Amë¶mg nwwÝhm ^yn¥ð>mdê$Z dmhÿ
cmJVmV. ¶m‘wio {d{^ÝZ àH$maMo àê$n {Z‘m©U hmoVo.
CXm.- {h‘mc¶m‘Yrc ^m~a àXoe.

* ^maVm‘Yrc ZXràUmcr
ZXràUmcr CXmhaUo
1) nydd© Vu Oc{Zñgma -qgYy, gVcO, J§Jm, gaOy (H$mcr), AéU (H$mogrMr CnZXr), {VñVm, ~«åhnwÌm.
2) AZwdVu ZÚm -^maVr¶ ÛrnH$ënmdarc ~hþVm§er ZÚm, CXmhaUmW©, JmoXmdar, H¥$îUm Am{U H$mdoar.
3) nadVu ZÚm -^maVm‘Yrc à‘wI ZX¶m§Zm {‘iUmè¶m CnZÚm. CXm.- JmoXmdar ZXrÀ¶m CnZÚm
àdam, qgX’$Um, nyUm©, ‘m§Oam, n¡ZJ§Jm, dYm©, d¡ZJ§Jm, àmU{hVm, B§ÐmdVr, ‘mZoa,
{H$ÝZagmZr, e~ar B˶mXr.
4) Aܶmoamo{nV Oc{Zñgma-nR>mamdê$Z dmhUmè¶m ZÚm Xm‘moXa, gwdU©aoIm, M§~c, ~Zmg, aodm.
5) d¥úmmH¥$Vr Oc{Zñgma -J§Jm ZXràUmcr, JmoXmdar, H¥$îUm, H$mdoar ZXràUmcrÀ¶m ZÚm, CnZÚm Am{U gmhmæ¶H$
ZÚm.
6) Mm¡H$S>r Oc{Zñgma -N>moQ>m ZmJnya nR>mamdarc qgJ^y‘Mm OwZm KS>rMm nd©Vr¶ ^mJ.
7) H$mQ>oar Oc{Zñgma -Zonmi‘Yrc H$mogrMr CnZXr AéU.
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8) H$mQ>H$moZr Oc{Zñgma -^maVm‘Yrc qdܶ¶Z nd©Vmdarc ZÚm.
9) Aar¶ Oc{Zñgma -A‘aH§$Q>H$ nd©Vmdê$Z dmhUmè¶m Z‘©Xm, emoU Am{U ‘hmZXr; H$mR>odmS> -{JaZma
nd©V (JwOamV); {‘{H$a Q>H$S>çm (Amgm‘).
10) dc¶r àê$n -{nR>moaJS> (CÎmamI§S>), {Zc{Jar Q>oH$S>çm (V{‘iZmSy> Am{U Ho$ai).
11) g‘m§Va Oc{Zñgma -npíM‘ KmQ>m‘YyZ Aa~r g‘wÐmcm {‘iUmè¶m chmZ Am{U doJmZo dmhUmè¶m ZÚm.
12) An{dݶñV àê$n -H$mamH$moa‘ nd©Vam§Jm§‘Yrc {h‘mÀN>m{XV ....
13) ho[a¨JH$mQ>r - Poc‘
14) {ngmH¥$Vr - Z‘©Xm, emoU, Vmnr

ZXrMm¡¶© qH$dm ZXrMo AnhaU

[River capture, River piracy, stream Abstraction]

gd© ZX¶m Amnë¶m Imoè¶mÀ¶m OmñVrV OmñV {dH$mg H$aʶmMr àd¥Îmr AgVo. ¶m Ñï>rZo ZX¶m gX¡d Amnë¶m
CJ‘mH$S>o AnúmaUH$m¶© H$aʶmÀ¶m à¶ËZmV AgVmV. Aem arVrZo ZX¶m§À¶m Xè¶m§Mm d àdmh‘mJm©Mm {dH$mg hmoV
AgVmZm EImX¶m àXoemVrc ‘w»¶ ZXrÀ¶m CnZX¶m ˶mM àXoemVyZ dmhUmè¶m Xþgè¶m ‘w»¶ CnZX¶mÀ¶m àdmhmn¶©V
Amnë¶m àdmhmMm {dH$mg H$ê$Z eodQ>r ˶m ZX¶m§Zm {‘iVmV d ˶m§Mo àdmh AmË‘gmV H$aVmV ¶mcm ZXrMm¡¶©
åhUVmV. ¶m àH$mao AmË‘gmV Pmcoë¶m ZXrVrc nmUr AnhaU H$aUmè¶m ZXrV dmhÿZ ¶oV d AmË‘gmV Pmcoë¶m
ZXrMm ^mJ H$moaS>m nS>Vmo.
B.g.1886 ‘ܶo {’$crngZ ¶m O‘©Z ^yJmoc emókmZo ZXrMm¡¶© Mm emoY cmdcm.
ZX¶m§À¶m ¶wdmdñWoV qH$dm àm¡T>mdñWoV hr {H«$¶m KS>Vo. ¶m{edm¶ nya‘¡XmZmV ZmJ‘moS>r diUo àmá hmoVmV. ˶m
^mJmVhr ZXrMm¡¶m©À¶m {H«$¶m KS>VmV.
¶m {H«$¶oV Á¶m ZX¶m§Mo àdmh AmË‘gmV hmoVmV ˶m ZX¶m§Zm Beheaded streams qH$dm Misfit River Ago
åhUVmV. AnhaU Pmcoë¶m ZX¶m§Mo àdmh H$moaS>o nS>VmV. ¶m H$moaS>çm ^mJmcm dmVqIS> (Wind Gap) åhUVmV.
AnhaUmMr {H«$¶m H$aUmè¶m ZX¶m§Zm (Pirate rivers) Ago åhUVmV.
- eg. - The Krishna river may capture the savitri river in near future.

****

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* ^maVmVrc Am§VaamÁ` nmUr {ddmX
H$mdoar - V{_iZmSy>, Ho$ai, H$Zm©Q>H$, nwXþMoar
H¥$îUm ZXr - _hmamï´>, H$Zm©Q>H$, Am§Y«àXoe, Voc§JUm
JmoXmdar - Am§Y«àXoe, _Ü`àXoe, H$Zm©Q>H$, Amo{S>gm
Z_©Xm - JwOamV, amOñWmZ, _hmamï´>, _Ü`àXoe
_hr - JwOamV, amOñWmZ, _Ü`àXoe
`_wZm - CÎmaàXoe, h[a`mUm, amOñWmZ, {Xëcr, Oå_y H$í_ra, {h_mMc àXoe.
~amH$ - Amgm_, _{Unya
VwJ§ ^Ðm - Am§Y«àXoe, H$Zm©Q>H$
gVcO `_wZm OmoS> H$mcdm - n§Om~, h[a`mUm
_hmXB© - Jmodm, H$Zm©Q>H$, _hmamï´>
am{d-{~`mg - n§Om~, h[a`mUm, amOñWmZ
dg§Yam - Amo{S>gm, Am§Yà« Xoe

* úmoÌmZwgma ZXr Imoè`m§Mm H«$_ - ì`mncoco EHw$U úmoÌ

1) J§Jm ZXrImoao - 861452 Mm¡.{H$._r.
2) JmoXmdar Imoao - 312812 Mm¡.{H$._r. (ÛrH$ënr` nR>mamdarc àW_ H«$_m§H$mMo Imoao.)
(^maVmVrc Xþgè`m H«$_m§H$mMo _moR>o Imoao.)
3) H¥$îUm Imoao - 258948 Mm¡.{H$._r.
4) _hmZXr Imoao - 141589 Mm¡.{H$._r.
5) Z_©Xm Imoao - 98796 Mm¡.{H$._r.
6) H$mdoar Imoao - 81155 Mm¡.{H$._r.

* ^maV : à_wI ZX`m d Á`m-Á`m amÁ`m§_YyZ dmhVmV Ë`m§Mr g§»`m

ZXr H$moUË`m amÁ`m§_YyZ dm Xoem§_YyZ dmhVo
J§Jm CÎma àXoe, CÎmamI§S>, {~hma, PmaI§S>, npíM_ ~§Jmc, hr ^maVmVrc 5 amÁ`o d ~m§Jcm
(Am§Vaamï´>r` ZXr) XoemVyZ dmhVo.
~«åhnyÌm {V~oQ>, AéUmMc àXoe, Amgm_ hr ^maVmVrc 2 amÁ`o d ~m§Jcm XoemVyZ.
(Am§Vaamï´>r` ZXr)
qgYw ^maVmVrc H$mí_ra `m EH$_od amÁ`mVyZ d nm{H$ñVmZmVyZ dmhVo.
(Am§Vaamï´>r` ZXr)
Z_©Xm _Ü` àXoe, _hmamï´> d JwOamV (3 amÁ`o)
(_hmamï´>mV Z§Xÿa~maÀ`m CÎma gr_odê$Z Ho$di 54 {H$_r.)
Vmnr _Ü` àXoe, _hmamï´>, JwOamV (3 amÁ`o)
JmoXmdar _hmamï´>,Am§Y«àXoe, Voc§JUm (3 amÁ`o)
_hr amOñWmZ, _Ü`àXoe, JwOamV (3 amÁ`o)
gm~a_Vr amOñWmZ, JwOamV, (2 amÁ`o)
H¥$îUm _hmamï´>, H$Zm©Q>H$, Am§Y«àXoe, Voc§JUm (4 amÁ`)
H$mdoar H$Zm©Q>H$, Ho$ai, V{_iZmSy> (3 amÁ`o)
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* ^maVr` ZXràUmcr~Ôc
ZXr
qgYy (Am§Vaamï´>r` ZXr)
J§Jm (Am§Vaamï´>r` ZXr)
~«åhnwÌm (Am§Vaamï´>r` ZXr)
gm~a_Vr, _hr, cyZr
WmoS>Š`mV _m{hVr
dmhÊ`mMr {Xem CJ_ñWmZ
npíM_oH$S>o (nm{H$ñVmZmV dmhVo) _mZggamoda ({h_mc`-{V~oQ>)
nyd}H$S>o J§JmoÌr (n.{h_mc`)
nyd}H$S>o _mZggamoda ({V~oQ>)
X{úmUoH$S>o gm~a_Vr, cyZr (Aadcr dV©VmV)

te
_hr (qdÜ` nd©VmV)
M§~i, emoU, ~oQ>dm, Ho$Z CÎmaoH$S>o --
Z_©Xm npíM_oH$S>o A_aH§$Q>H$ (_.à.)
Vmnr npíM_oH$S>o ~¡Vyc (_Ü` àXoe)
JmoXmdar nyd}H$S>o ~«åh{Jar (Zm{eH$)
H¥$îUm nyd}H$S>o _hm~ioída ({O.gmVmam)
_hmZXr nyd}H$S>o {ghmdm (N>ÎmrgJS>)
H$mdoar nyd}H$S>o (~«åh{Jar - Hy$J©) H$Zm©Q>H$
↓
cm§~r à_wI CnZÚm H$moUË`m gmJamg {_iVmV.
2900 {H$._r. Poc_, gVcO, amdr, Aa~r g_wÐmg (H$amMr Odi)
(^maVmV 700 {H$._r. {MZm~, {~`mg
2510 {H$._r. `_wZm, emoU, Xm_moXa, KmKam (ea`y),~§JmcÀ`m CngmJamg (M§{XnyaOdi)
Jmo_Vr, am_J§Jm, H$mogr, J§S>H$,
M§~i ~oQ>dm, Ho$Z
2900 {H$._r gw^mZ{ear, YmZm{ear, O`^moac o r ~m§Jcm XoemV J§Jgo {_iVo d Z§Va ~§JmcÀ`m
_mZg, {VñVm, ^war, {XqhJ, {Xgm§J CngmJamg.
gm~a_Vr : 400 {H$._r. -- Aa~r g_wÐmg
M§~i : 960 {H$._r. -- ~§JmcÀ`m CngmJamg {_iVmV.
1290 {H$._r. XÿYr, eŠH$a, Vdm, ~§Oma Aa~r g_wÐmg (^S>mM o Odi)
720 {H$._r. nyUm©, {JaUm, nm§Pam, dmKya, ~moar Aa~r g_wÐmg (gwaVOdi)
1450 {H$._r. B§ÐmdVr, àmU{hVm, _m§Oam, n¡ZJ§Jm ~§JmcÀ`m CngmJamg (amO_h|Ðr, Am§Y«
dYm©, d¡ZJ§Jm àXoemV)
1290 {H$._r. ^r_m, H$mo`Zm,doÊUm, dmaUm, ~§JmcÀ`m CngmJamg
doaim, n§MJ§Jm, Vw§J^Ðm,KQ>à^m
890 {H$._r. {hamHy$S>, _m§X, Voc ~§JmcÀ`m CngmJamg (H$Q>H$, Amo[agm `oW)o
760 {H$._r. ho_dVr, {gagm, cmoH$nmdZr ~§JmcÀ`m CngmJamg (V{_iZmSy> _Ü`o)
AH$m©dVr, gwdUm©dVr, A_amdVr
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