CHAPTER 1

WHAT IS HISTORY?

 A chronological record of significant events often including an explanation of their causes

 A study of the events of the past, how and why they happened, as well as what happened as a result
 A branch of knowledge that records and explains past events.
 A chronology story telling in its finest form; it sequentially weaves together many related historical
and contemporary events and ideas that are linked to a larger story.
 History is a narration of the events which have happened among mankind, including an account of the
rise and fall of the nations as well as of other great changes which have affected the political and
social condition of the human race.
 The past is not history. It would only have a historical significance if a person define it as a
meaningful event.

NATURE OF HISTORY
 History is interpretive; it invites students to debate multiple perspectives, offer their opinions and
educated interpretations, and challenge existing beliefs
 History is revisionist in scope; it is an on-going conversation and a constant process of re-examining
the past and deconstructing myths based upon new discoveries, evidences and perspectives.
 History is integrative of many disciplines; it especially incorporates geography, literature, art,
sociology, economics and political science.
 History is inclusive; it ensures that the experiences of all classes, regions and ethno-racial groups, as
well as both genders are included.
 History incorporates historiography; it includes many different interpretations of historical events
written by many different historians.
 History is relevant; it uses past experiences to explain what is important in our lives today.

DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF HISTORY

 IDEALISM – is the belief that history can be described in terms of ideas – what people thought and
the intent behind their actions.
 HISTORICISM - It is the act of producing a work that attempts to depict an accurate representation
of the real past
 RELATIVISM – is the belief that there is no absolute truth and that all views of history are valid.

THEORIES CONSTRUCTED BY HISTORIANS IN INVESTIGATING HISTORY

FACTUAL HISTORY
 Presents readers the plain and basic information, the events that took place (what), the time and date
with which the event happened (when), the place with which the event took place (where) and the
people that were involved (who)
 Factual history will be backed up by videos and proofs or documentaries and is universally accepted
to be true.

SPECULATIVE HISTORY
 It goes beyond facts because it is concerned about the reasons for which events happened (why) and
the way they happened (how)
 It is mainly involved with guesses about what would have happened. However, these speculations may
lead the historian into investigate terrain that provides new and unique perspectives on the past and
perhaps also on the present
WHY STUDY HISTORY?

TO OURSELVES
 IDENTITY – History enables people to discover their own place in the stories of their families,
communities and nation
 CRITICAL SKILLS – The practice of history teaches research, judgement of the accuracy and
reliability of sources, validation of facts, awareness of multiple perspectives and biases, and
analysis of conflicting evidence

TO OUR COMMUNITIES
 VITAL PLACES TO LIVE AND WORD – No place really becomes a community until it is wrapped
in human memory, family stories, tribal traditions and civic commemorations.
 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT – History is a catalyst for economic growth. People are drawn to
communities that have preserved a strong sense of historical identity and character.

TO OUR FUTURE
 ENGAGED CITIZENS – History helps people craft better solutions. At the heart of democracy is the
practice of individuals coming together to express views and take action.
 LEADERSHIP – History inspires local and global leaders. History provides leaders with inspiration
and role models for meeting the complex challenges that face our communities, nation, and the world.
 LEGACY – History, saved and preserved, is the foundation for future generations. History is crucial
to preserving democracy for the future by explaining our shared past.

HISTORY DIFFERENTIATED
PAST
 The past involves everything that ever happened since the dawn of time – every thought and action
of man or woman on earth.

PREHISTORY
 Prehistory is the period of human activity prior to the invention of writing systems

HISTORICITY
 Historicity is the authentication of characters in history, as opposed to legend or myth

HISTORIOGRAPHY
 Historiography is the writing of history and the understanding of how the interpretations of historian
change over time.
 Practice of historical writing

HERSTORY
 Herstory is history written from a feminist perspective, emphasizing the role of women, or told from a
woman’s point of view.
 History considered or presented from a feminist viewpoint or when special attention to experience of
women

DEFINING HISTORICAL RESEARCH

HISTORICAL RESEARCH
 It is a type of qualitative research which involves examining past events to draw conclusions and
make predictions about the future
 It comprises the techniques and guidelines by which historians use primary sources and other evidence
to research and then to write histories in the form of accounts of the past.
PURPOSE
 The main purpose of it is to describe and examine events of the past to understand the present and
anticipate potential future effects.
 It is to reach insights or conclusions about past persons or occurrences.
 The most frequently cited is to help people learn from past failures and successes.

SCIENTIFIC PROCESS FOR HISTORIANS

1. Ask a question
2. Do background research
3. Form hypothesis
4. Test hypothesis
5. Confirm results for other scientists to review
6. Publish results for other scientists to review
7. Either validated by peers of disproven
8. If tested and proven multiple times, becomes an established theory
 CHAPTER 2
SOURCES OF HISTORY
SOURCES – An object from the past or testimony concerning the past on which historians depend in order to
create their own depiction of that past

HOW DO WE KNOW WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT HISTORY WHEN WE WERE NOT THERE?
1. WRITTEN RECORD
 Letters, diaries, newspapers, books
2. ORAL RECORD
 Stories, music, speeches
 It is an information from the past gathered from interviews with people
3. VISUAL RECORD
 Photographs, artwork, TV
4. ARTIFACTS
 Things left behind (buildings, clothing, pottery)
 An object made by humans, especially one of historical interest

4 BASIC CATEGORIES OF HISTORICAL SOURCE MATERIALS

1. DOCUMENTS – are written or printed materials that have been produced in one form or another
sometime in the past
2. NUMERICAL RECORDS – include any type of numerical data in printed or handwritten form.
3. ORAL STATEMENTS – include any form of statement made orally by someone
4. RELICS – are any objects whose physical or visual characteristics can provide some information about
the past.

CATEGORIES OF HISTORICAL DATA

PRIMARY SOURCES
 A primary source is an original item such as an image, document, map artefact, or recording that
provides evidence about the past.
 Is a document or physical object which was written or created during the time under study.
 These sources were present during an experience or time period and offer an inside view of a particular
event.
 Is prepared by an individual who was a participant in, or a direct witness to, the event that is being
described.
 It includes first-hand information, such as eyewitness reposts and original documents.

ADVANTAGES OF PRIMARY SOURCES

 Primary sources directly address your topic and often provide information that is unavailable
elsewhere.
 Provides unfiltered access to the record of artistic, social, scientific and political thought and
achievement during the specific period under study.

DISADVANTAGES OF PRIMARY SOURCES

 Are often incomplete and have little context.
 Students must use prior knowledge and work with multiple primary sources to find patterns.

TYPES OF PRIMARY SOURCES

 ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS – Diaries, speeches, manuscripts, letters, interviews, news film footage,
autobiographies, official records
 CREATIVE WORKS – Poetry, drama, novels, music, art
  RELICS OR ARTIFACTS – Pottery, furniture, clothing, buildings

1. AUTOBIOGRAPHY – Is an account of a person’s life written by that person. These are the intimate
writings made during life that were not necessarily intended for publication (letters, diaries, journals, memoirs
and reminiscences)
 Memoir – is a history or record composed from personal observation and experience.

2. DIARIES, PERSONAL LETTERS AND CORRESPONDENCE

 Diary – a form of autobiographical writing, is a regularly kept record of the diarist’s activities and
reflections.
 Personal Letter – Is a type of letter that usually concerns personal matters and is sent from one
individual to another.
 Correspondence – Is a body of letters or communications.

3. INTERVIEWS, SURVEYS AND FIELDWORK

 Interview – Is a conversational where questions are asked and answers are given.
 Survey – Is a list of questions aimed at extracting specific data from a particular group of people.
 Field Research or Fieldwork – Is the collection of information outside a laboratory.

4. PHOTOGRAPHS AND POSTERS

 Photographs and posters are often considered as primary sources because photographs and posters can
illustrate past events as they happened and people as they were at a particular time.

5. WORKS OF ART AND LITERATURE

 Paintings – a form of visual art where paint or ink is used on a canvas or more often in the past,
wooden panels or plaster walls.
 Drawing – a form of visual art in which a person uses various drawing instruments to mark paper or
another two-dimensional medium.
 Literature – a body of written works.

6. SPEECHES AND ORAL HISTORIES

 Speech – is a form of communication in spoken language, made by a speaker before an audience for a
given purpose.

SECONDARY SOURCES
 It is created after the event; sometimes a long time after something happened.
 A secondary source interprets and analyzes primary sources in which these are one or more steps
removed from the event.
 A document prepared by an individual who was not a direct witness to an event, but who obtained his
or her description of the event from someone else.
 It is filtered through someone else’s perspective and may be biased

ADVANTAGES OF SECONDARY SOURCES

 It provides a variety of expert perspectives and insights.
 Researching secondary sources is more efficient than planning, conducting and analyzing certain
primary sources
 Best for uncovering background or historical information about a topic and broadening your
understanding by exposing you to other perspectives, interpretations and conclusions.

DISADVANTAGES OF SECONDARY SOURCES

 Secondary sources are not necessarily focused on your specific topic; therefore, you have to dig to find
applicable information and it might be filtered by the writer’s own bias or faulty approach.
 They do not represent first-hand knowledge or an event.
 Their reliability and validity are open to question and often they do not provide exact information.

TYPES OF SECONDARY SOURCES

 PUBLICATIONS – Textbooks, magazine articles, histories, criticisms, commentaries, encyclopedias.

1. BIBLIOGRAPHIES – Is an organized list of sources, each of which is followed by a brief note or

annotations.
2. BIOGRAPHICAL WORKS – It is a description of a real person’s life, including factual details as well as
stories from the person’s life.

3. PERIODICALS – Are newspapers, magazines and scholarly journals – all of which are published
“periodically”
 Newspaper – is a periodical publication containing written information about current events.
 Magazine and Journal – Magazines and journals may be published weekly, monthly, quarterly or
annually.

REPOSITORIES OF PRIMARY SOURCES

1. LIBRARY – Is a collection of sources of information and similar resources, made accessible to a defined
community for reference or borrowing.
2. ARCHIVE – Is an accumulation of historical records or the physical place they are located. It contains
primary source documents that have accumulated over the course of an individual or organization’s lifetime
and are kept to show the function of that person or organization.
3. MUSEUM – Is an institution that cares for (conserves) a collection of artifacts and other objects of
artistic, cultural, historical or scientific importance.
4. HISTORICAL SOCIETY – Is an organization dedicated to preserving, collecting, researching, and
interpreting historical information or items.
5. SPECIAL COLLECTIONS – Are libraries or library units that house materials requiring specialized
security and user services.

WRITTEN SOURCES OF HISTORY

 DIPLOMATIC SOURCES – It is these kinds of sources that professional historians once treated as
purest “best” source.
o A Legal Document – is usually sealed or authenticated to provide evidence that a legal
transaction has been completed.
 SOCIAL DOCUMENTS – Pertains to economic, social, political, or judicial significance. Examples
are government reports, municipal accounts and etc.
o It is pertaining to all government reports, municipal accounts, property registers and
records cencus

HISTORICAL CRITICISM
 In order for a source to be used as evidence in history, basic matters about its form and content must be
settled.

EXTERNAL CRITICISM
 Refers to the genuineness of the documents a researcher uses in a historical study.
 The problem of authenticity.
 To spot fabricated, forged, faked documents
 To distinguish a hoax of misrepresentation

TEST OF AUTHENTICITY
1. Determine the date of the document
2. Determine the author
Ex. Handwriting, signature, seal
3. Anachronistic style
Ex. Idiom, orthography, punctuation
4. Anachronistic reference to events
Ex. Too early, too late, too remote
5. Provenance or custody
Ex. Determine its genuineness
6. Semantics – determining the meaning of a text or word
7. Hermeneutics – principles of interpretation of ambiguous words
INTERNAL CRITICISM
 The problem of credibility
 Refers to the accuracy of the contents of a document.
 Verisimilar – as close as what really happened from a critical examination of best available sources.

TEST OF AUTHENTICITY
1. Identification of the author
2. Determination of the approximate date
3. Ability to tell the truth

DATA
 It is an information in raw or unorganized form (such as alphabets, numbers or symbols) that refer to, or
represent, conditions, ideas or objects

POINT OF VIEW
 It is a particular attitude toward or way of regarding something
CHAPTER 3

CONTENT AND CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS

CONTENT ANALYSIS
 It is a research tool or technique that help to analyze the actual content and it is features of any kind,
whether it was a word, picture, themes, text, formats, audio or video and try to present the content in
objective and quantitative manner.
 Is a term sometimes used to describe both quantitative and qualitative approaches to analyzing
content.
o How many times that a certain word is repeated in a text. Aside from knowing how many times
it is repeated, you must know the precedent of the text and why did it exist in the text.
o Precedent – an earlier event or action that has happened before and this can be regarded as an
argument for doing it again.
 Ex. Pag may kausap kang tao through chat and napansin mo na nag-iba yung way ng pagtatype nila and
natunugan na hindi sila yung kausap mo, naperform mo na ang content analysis.

CONTENT
 Pinakalaman at kung ano ang nakikita ng mga mata.
 Through observation such as observing the color of the clothes in the painting, what does the clothes
represent in the picture, what kind of clothes.

TEXT
 Can be defined broadly as books, book chapters, essays, interviews, discussions, historical documents
etc. or really any occurrence of communicative language.
 It is a book or other written or printed word, regarded in terms of its content rather than its physical
form
 Lahat ng bagay na ginagamitan ng salita ay kinoconsider na text. Whether it be formal or informal.

HOW TO CONDUCT A CONTENT ANALYSIS

 The text is coded or broken down into manageable categories and then examined using one of
content analysis’ basic methods.
 Icacategorize muna then gagawin na ang coding method/system.
o Ex. Electronic Age: Icacategorize muna yung gadgets such as iccompile tablets, phones, etc. then
coding method like kung anong year nimanifacture.
 At some point, may mababanggit na pagkakapare-pareho, pwedeng word by word, phrases or sentences.
 Nagkakaroon na ng inferences about the messages within the text, the writers, the audience and even the
culture and time of which these are a part.

THE PROCESS OF A CONTENT ANALYSIS

 Which data are analyzed?
o Analyzed the electronic devicecs
 How are the data defined?
o Ano ang ibig sabihin nong mga data na nakapresent
 From what population are data drawn?
o Alamin kung kailan nag exist or nimanifacture ang mga bagay bagay
 What is the context relative to which the data are analyzed?
o Nag exist sa certain era and malalaman mo yung correlation din don sa mga taong nabuhay at
malalaman mo rin yung meaning nong bagay na yon ng mga taong gumamit noon.
 What are the boundaries of the analysis?
o Dapat may boundaries since as long as gusto mo iresearch at lahat ng tanong ay maliligaw ka.
Nibbreak down ang info para makacome up sa significant result at hindi ibroaden.
 What is to be measured?
THE FOLLOWING GOALS SUMMARIZES THE REASONS FOR USING
CONTENT ANALYSIS.
 To reduce large amounts of unstructured content
 To describe characteristics of the content
 To identify important aspects of the content
 To present important aspects of the content clearly and effectively
 To support of some argument

BASIC METHODS OF CONTENT ANALYSIS

CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS
 Can be thought of as establishing the existence and frequency of concepts “most often represented by
words or phrases in a text”
 How many words have been mentioned or repeated.
 Groupings that you’ll get in the text.
 Just focus on the SOP (Statement of the Problem) or research questions

RELATIONAL ANALYSIS
 Builds on conceptual analysis by examining the relationships among concepts
 Relational analysis seeks to go beyond presence by exploring the relationships between the concepts
identified. It has also been termed semantic analysis.
 The focus of relational analysis is to look for semantic, or meaningful relationships.
 May now have inferences about the messages.

ISSUES IN RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY

 Reliability refers to its stability, or the tendency for coders to consistently re-code the same data in the
same way over a period of time
o Nagkakaissue sa reliability, kung yung ginagawa pang coding method/content analysis ay
tumatama pa dahil paulit-ulit nalang yung ginagawa.
 Validity can be drawn from substantive amounts of quantative
o Nawawala pagiging logical.

ADVANTAGES OF CONTENT ANALYSIS

 Nagkakaron na ng mas magandang ugnayan yung bawat evidence na nakapresent dahil gumagaling na
sa pagcocoding.

DISADVANTAGES OF CONTENT ANALYSIS

 Can be extremely time consuming
 Subject to increased error
 Often devoid of theoretical base

CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS
 An analysis of a text that helps us to assess that text within the context.
 Words that have the same spelling but have different meaning.
 Analyze the text within a text
o What are the characteristics of the words and why are they used
 Ex. The penmanship of our grandparents is cursive. What era of life when most people’s penmanship is
cursive? The penmanship can define the period of time on when it existed.

CONTEXT
 Is what gives meaning to the details.
 Context is the environment in which that action and outcome occur.
 Need to get the details or the meaning of what had happen to the environment
SUBTEXT
 Refers to its secondary and implied meanings.
 What is between the lines?

HOW TO USE CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS

1. What does the text reveal about itself as a text?
 The text have distinct characteristics
2. What does the text tell us about its apparent intended audiences?
 Textbooks, love letters, poems, editorial, para kanino yung sinulat
3. What seems to have been the author’s intention?
 Ex. love letter – confess your feelings
4. What is the occasion for this text?
5. Is the text intended as some of call to-or-for-action?
 Para gumalaw (?)
6. Is the text intended rather as some sort of call to-or-for-reflection or consideration rather than direct action?
7. Can we identify any non-textual circumstances that affected the creation and reception of the text?

IMPORTANCE OF CONTEXT IN ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

 Without historical context, memories, stories and characters will have less meaning.
 Historical context deals with the details that surround an occurrence

IDENTIFICATION OF THE HISTORICAL IMPORTANCE OF THE TEXT

“Let us study things that are no more. It is necessary to understand them, if only to avoid them” – Victor Hugo

HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE
 It is the process used to evaluate what was significant about selected events, people, and developments
in the past.
 If there is a thing in the past that has a historical significance ay yung mga binigyan mo ng meaning.
Kasi kapag wala siyang meaning or di mo nidefine as meaningful event, it is just a part of the past.

CRITERIA ON ASSESSING THE HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE

RELEVANCE
 Serves as a catalyst for demonstrating, discovering and promulgating the value of history for individual,
communities, and the nation.
 Is it important/relevant to people living at the time?
 Is something still relevant to our present lives even if it had only a passing importance?

RESONANCE
 Who were/have been affected by the event? Why was it important to them?
 Do people like to make analogies with it?
 Is it possible to connect with experiences, beliefs or attitudes across time and place?

REMARKABLE
 Was the event remarked on by people at the time or since?

REMEMBERED
 Was the event/development important at some stage within the collective memory of a group or groups?

REVEALING
 Does it reveal some other aspects of the past?
RESULTING CHANGE
 Does it have consequences for the future?

DURABILITY
 For how long have people’s lives been affected? A day, a week, a year or all their lives?

QUANTITY
 How many people were affected? Did the event affect many, everyone, or just a few? A whole barrio, a
town, a province, a country or the entire race?

PROFUNDITY
 Was the event superficial or deeply affecting?
 How deeply people’s lives were affected? How were people’s lives affected?