BOILER

1. Heat generated by the fuel, (𝐐𝐠 )

❖ The heat supplied by the fuel is the heat generated by the fuel.

𝐐𝐠 = 𝐐𝐡 𝐦𝐟

where:
𝐐𝐡 = higher heating value of the fuel
𝐦𝐟 = mass of the fuel

2. Boiler Heating Surface, (HS)

❖ The boiler heating surface is the total area in m2 through which the heated water and
hot gases exchange heat.
Horizontal Return Tubular Boiler (HRTB) – Fire Tube Boiler

𝟏 𝟐
HS = 𝐀𝟏 + 𝐀𝟐 + ( 𝐀𝟑 – 𝐀𝟒 )
𝟐 𝟑

where:

𝐀𝟏 = area of shell = 𝜋𝐃𝐒 𝐋𝐓

𝐀𝟐 = inside area of all tubes = 𝜋𝐝𝐢 𝐋𝐓 𝐧𝐓
𝛑𝐃𝐒 𝟐
𝐀𝟑 = area of rear head =
𝟒
𝛑𝐝𝐨 𝟐 𝐧𝐓
𝐀𝟒 = cross-sectional area of the tube section =
𝟒

𝐃𝐒 = diameter of shell
𝐝𝐢 = inside diameter of the tube
𝐝𝐨 = outside diameter of the tube
t = wall thickness of tube
𝐋𝐓 = length of the tubes
𝐧𝐓 = no. of tubes

3. Rated Boiler Horsepower

❖ The Rated Boiler Horsepower is the Manufacturer’s Rating based on heating surface
area.

𝐇𝐒
Rated Boiler Horsepower =
𝐤
where:

for Fire Tube Boilers for Water Tube Boilers,

k = 12 ft2/Rated Bo. Hp k = 10 ft2/Rated Bo. Hp

k = 1.1 m2/Rated Bo. Hp k = 0.91 m2/Rated Bo. Hp

Engr. JL Menor 1
 BOILER

4. Developed Boiler Horsepower

❖ The amount of heat needed to produce 15.65 kg/hr (34.5 lb/hr) of steam which is dry
and saturated from and at 100°C (212°F), and at atmospheric pressure of 101.325 kPa
(14.7psia).

𝐦𝐬 (𝐡𝐬 − 𝐡𝐟 )
Developed Boiler Horsepower = (English unit)
𝟑𝟑,𝟒𝟕𝟓.𝟑𝟓
𝐦𝐬 (𝐡𝐬 − 𝐡𝐟 )
Developed Boiler Horsepower = (SI unit)
𝟑𝟓,𝟑𝟐𝟐

where:

𝐦𝐬 = mass of the steam generated

𝐡𝐬 = enthalpy of the steam
𝐡𝐟 = enthalpy of the feed water

Btu kJ
1 Bo. Hp = 33,475.35 = 35,322
hr hr

5. Percent Rating
❖ Percentage Rating is the ratio of the developed boiler horsepower to the rated boiler
horsepower.

𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐝 𝐁𝐨𝐢𝐥𝐞𝐫 𝐇𝐨𝐫𝐬𝐞𝐩𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫

Percent Rating = x 100%
𝐑𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐁𝐨𝐢𝐥𝐞𝐫 𝐇𝐨𝐫𝐬𝐞𝐩𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫

where:

if percent rating is not given, usual value: 140% -150%

6. ASME Evaporation Units

❖ ASME Evaporation Units is the heat output of the boiler or the rate at which heat is
transmitted.

ASME evaporation units = 𝐦𝐬 (𝐡𝐬 - 𝐡𝐟 )

7. Factor of Evaporation, (FE)

❖ It is the actual heat absorption per kg of steam generated divided by (hfg at 100°C or
212°F).

𝐡𝐬 − 𝐡𝐟
FE = 𝐁𝐭𝐮
𝟗𝟕𝟎.𝟑 𝐥𝐛

𝐡𝐬 − 𝐡𝐟
FE = 𝐤𝐉
𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟕 𝐤𝐠
Engr. JL Menor 2
 BOILER

8. Equivalent Evaporation
❖ Equivalent Evaporation is the product of the rate of evaporation of steam and factor
of evaporation

Equivalent Evaporation = 𝐦𝐬 (FE)

9. Actual Specific Evaporation or Boiler Economy

❖ The Actual Specific Evaporation or Boiler Economy is the ration of the mass of steam
to the mass of fuel.

𝐦𝐬
A.S.E. =
𝐦𝐟

10. Equivalent Specific Evaporation

❖ The Equivalent Specific Evaporation is the product of the Actual Specific Evaporation
and the Factor of Evaporation.

𝐦𝐬
Equivalent Specific Evaporation = (FE)
𝐦𝐟

11. Boiler Efficiency or Overall Thermal Efficiency

❖ Boiler Efficiency is the measure of the ability of a boiler or steam generator to transfer
the heat given by the furnace to the water and steam.

𝐦𝐬 (𝐡𝐬 − 𝐡𝐟 )
𝐞𝐛𝐨 =
𝐐𝐟 𝐦𝐟

12. Net Boiler Efficiency

❖ The Net Boiler Efficiency is the boiler efficiency less the energy consumed by
accessories.

𝐦𝐬 (𝐡𝐬 − 𝐡𝐟 ) − 𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐮𝐦𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝐚𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬

𝐞𝐛𝐨.𝐧𝐞𝐭 =
𝐐𝐟 𝐦𝐟

Engr. JL Menor 3