MS.

BIANCA NUESTRO

GE002
(READINGS IN
PHILIPPINE HISTORY)
 “
“The more you know about the past,
the better prepared you are for the
future.”

-Roosevelt

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INTRODUCTION
TO HISTORY
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DEFINITION OF HISTORY

■ Derived from the Greek word “historia” which

means “knowledge acquired through inquiry or
investigation”
■ Also known as the study of the past
■ Is the account of the past of a person or a group of
people through written documents and historical
evidences
■ History also focused on writing about wars,
revolutions, and other important breakthroughs
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NO DOCUMENT, NO HISTORY

■ It means that unless a written

document can prove a certain
historical event, then it cannot
be considered as a historical
fact.
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SOME VALID HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS

■ Government Records
■ Chronicle’s Accounts

■ Personal Letters

■ Receipts, etc.

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DISCRIMINATION IN THE VALIDITY OF HISTORY

■ Restricting historical evidence as

exclusively written is a discrimination
against other social classes who were
not recorded in paper.
■ Others got their historical documents
burned or destroyed in the events of
war or colonization.
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QUESTIONS AND
ISSUES IN HISTORY
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QUESTIONS ON HISTORY

■ What is history?
■ Why study history?

■ And history for whom?

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HISTORIOGRAPHY

■ Is the history of history

■ It covers how historians have
studied and developed history
including its sources, techniques,
and theoretical approaches

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HISTORIOGRAPHY

■ It should not be confused with History

because history is the study of the past,
the events that happened in the past.
■ It focuses on how a certain historical text
was written, who wrote it, what was the
context of its publication, what historical
method was employed, what sources were
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HISTORY AND THE HISTORIAN
■ Facts cannot speak for themselves. It is
the historian’s job not just to seek
historical evidences and facts but also to
interpret them. It is their job to give
meaning to these facts and organize them
into timeline, establish causes, and write
history.
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HISTORICAL METHODOLOGY
■ It comprises certain techniques and rules
that historians follow in order to properly
utilize sources and historical evidences in
writing history.

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HISTORICAL SOURCES
1. Primary Sources-
those sources
produced at the same
time as the event,
period, or subject being
studied.
Ex: minutes, newspaper
clippings, records,
photographs , eyewitness(es)
2. Secondary Sources-
those sources produced
by an author who used
primary sources to
produce the material.
Ex: Phil. Revolution 1935,
Teodoro Agoncillo’s Revolt of
the Masses 1956
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HISTORICAL SOURCES

■ When examining a source, the historian

must conduct:

✓ (a). External Criticism

✓ (b). Internal Criticism

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EXTERNAL CRITICISM
■ the practice of verifying the authenticity of
evidence by examining the physical
characteristics; consistency with the
historical characteristic of the time when it
was produced, and the materials used for
the evidence

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INTERNAL CRITICISM
■ Is the examination of the truthfulness and
factuality of the evidence. It looks at the
content of the source and examines the
circumstance of its production. It could be
done by looking at the author, its context,
agenda, the purpose behind its creation

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POSITIVISM
■ Is the school of thought that emerged
between the 18th and 19th century. It entails
an objective means of arriving at a
conclusion.
■ Historians were required to show written
primary documents in order to write a
particular historical narrative
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Validating historical sources is important
because the use of unverified, falsified,
and untruthful historical sources can lead
to equally false conclusions.
HOAX CODE OF KALANTIAW
■ The code was a set of rules contained in an epic Maragtas
which was allegedly written by Datu Kalantiaw. The
document was sold to National Library and was regarded
as an important pre-colonial document HOAX CODE OF
KALANTIAW - In 1968, an American historian William
Henry Scott debunked the authenticity of the code due to
lack of evidence to prove that the code existed in pre-
colonial Philippine society.

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