(iii) Boiling point:

– Is the constant temperature at which a substance changes from

liquid to a gas.
– The temperature remains constant during the whole process and
the temperature is specific to each pure substance.
For example;
– Boiling point of water is 100℃
– Boiling point of ethanol is 78℃
Reason:
– The forces of attraction between the water particles are stronger
than those of ethanol.
(iii) Condensation:
- Is the change of state from gas or vapour to liquid.
- Is a change due to decrease in temperature.
─ When the temperature of gas is decreased, the particles lose kinetic
energy to the surroundings to move slowly.
The attractive forces become stronger, and so the gas changes to a
liquid.
Note:
The temperature at which condensation occurs is the same as the
boiling point.

(iv) Freezing or solidification

– Is the change of state from liquid to solid due to cooling.
–When the temperature of a liquid is reduced, the particles lose
energy. This goes on until the particles do not have enough
energy to pull away from their neighbours.
Note:
- The freezing point is the same as the melting point.
(v)Sublimation.
– Is the process whereby a solid does not melt when heated, but

changes directly to the gaseous state.

Example:
- Iodine solid changes to purple vapour when heated to 70oC.
- Dry ice (solid CO2), used to cool ice cream, evaporates without
leaving a liquid.
Note:
- The reverse of sublimation, whereby a gas changes directly to
solid is called deposition.
1. Summary on changes of state.
(a) Name the changes of states of matter represented by:

(i) A: …………………………....

(ii) B: ……………………………

(iii) C: ………………………........

(iv) D: …………………………...

(v) E: ……………………….......

(vi) F: ……………………….......
(b) Name three substances which can undergo the change of state
represented by F
………………, ……………, …………………………

(c) Name a substance which will undergo changes from solid to

liquid to gas between 0˚c and 100˚c

…………………………………………………………………

(d) Which of the changes A, B, C, D, E and F is/are achieved?

(i) When iodine is heated:
………………………………………………………………
(ii) By an input of heat energy:
……………………………………………………………….
(iii) By decrease in temperature:
…………………………………………………………
(iv) When pressure is increased:
…………………………………………………………
State one condition other than temperature that can bring about the change of
state represented by D
……………………………………………………………………………
(f) What happens to the temperature when solid is changing to liquid along
process A
…………………………………………………………………………..
2. State whether the following statements are true or false.
(a) The particles of a liquid are attracted to one another, but
cannot move past each other.
(b) The atoms of a solid are very far apart and vibrate in a fix
positions.
(c) Heating a gas completely stops all of its particles from
motion.

(d) Air has mass

3. The figure below shows a metal ball and a ring specially
made so that at room temperature the ball just fits through the
ring. However, when the ball is heated it gets stuck and
cannot fit through anymore. It gets a little bigger
Explain the motion and attraction of the atoms in the metal ball that
causes it to get slightly larger when heated.