WORKED SOLUTIONS

The long journey of

3 mathematics
π x 2 − 11x = 0
Answers g
x (πx − 11) = 0
Skills check x = 0 or 11
S
1 a x 2 + 2x − 3 = 0 h ex –2
3 =0
(x + 3)(x − 1) = 0 3
x2 =
x = −3 or 1 e

b x 2 − 11x + 10 = 0 3
x=±
e
(x − 10)(x − 1) = 0
2 a 2x 2 + 5x + 2 = 0
x = 1 or 10
2
c 2x 2 + x − 3 = 0 5 r 5  4(2)(2)
x
4
(2x + 3) (x − 1) = 0
3 5 r 9
x = – 2 or 1 x
4
2 a f (x) + g (x) = 2x 3 − 3 5 r 3
4
b 2h(x) − 4g (x) + 5 f (x) = 6x 4 − 4x 2 − 10 − 8x 3
+ 4x 2 − 12x + 16 + 5x 2 x = −2 or − 1
2
− 15x + 5 2
b 3x − 10x + 3 = 0
= 6x − 8x 3 + 5x 2 − 27x + 11
4
10 r 100  36
1 x
c h( x )  2 g ( x ) 3 4
x  x2  5  4 x3  2 x2  6 x 8 6
2 5 2 2 5 5 5 5
10 r 64
3 4 4 3 3 2 6 9
= x − x − x − x− 6
2 5 5 5 10
10 r 8
6
Exercise 3A x 3 or 1
2 3
1 a 2x − 3x = 0
c 5x 2 + 3x − 2 = 0
x (2x − 3) = 0
3 3 r 9  40
x = 0 or x
2 10

b 3x 2 − 75 = 0 3 r 49
x
10
x 2 = 25 3 r 7
x
x=±5 10

c 5x 2 − 4x = 0 x 1 or 2
5
x (5x − 4) = 0 d 21x 2 + 5x − 6 = 0
4
x = 0 or 5 r 25  504
5 x
42
d 7 + 28x 2 = 0 5 r 529
x
no real roots 42
5 r 23
e 242x 2 + 2x = 0 x
42
2x (121x + 1) = 0 x  or 3
2
1 3 7
x = 0 or –
121
e 9x 2 − 6x + 35 = 0
2
f 2x  8 0 6 r 36  1260
2 x
x =2 18

x=± 2 no real roots

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 3 1
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

f 122x = 143x 2 + 24 b kx 2 + (k + 2)x − 2 = 0

143x 2 − 122x + 24 = 0 (kx + 2) (x + 1) = 0
2
x
122 r 14884  13728 x or  1
k
286
122 r 1156 c 2ax 2 + 6 = ax + 12x
286 2ax 2 − ax − 12x + 6 = 0
122 r 34
(ax − 6) (2x − 1) = 0
286
6 1
x 4
or 6 x or
a 2
13 11

3 a x 2 + 4x + 2 = 0 d x 2 − 2a2 = b2 − ax − 3ab
4 r 168 x 2 + ax + (3ab − 2a2 −b2) = 0
x
2
 a r a 2  12 ab  8a 2  4 b 2
4 r 2 2 x
x 2
2
 a r 9 a 2  12 ab  4 b 2
x 2 r 2 x
2
b 5x 2 − 6x − 1 = 0  a r (3a  2b )
x
2
6 r 36  20
x x = −2a + b or a − b
10

6 r 56
10 Exercise 3B
6 r 2 14 1 a x 2 − 2x − 3 = 0
10 Δ = 4 − 4(1) (−3)
3 r 14 Δ = 16 > 0
x
5
∴ 2 real roots
c 3x 2 − x − 3 = 0
b x 2 + 10x + 25 = 0
1 r 1  36
x Δ = 100 − 4(1) (25)
6

x 1 r 37 Δ= 0
6
∴ one real root
2
d 2x + 11x + 13 = 0 c 4x 2 − 3x + 2 = 0
11 r 121  104 Δ = 9 − 4(4) (2)
x
4
Δ = − 23 < 0
11 r 17
x ∴ no real roots
4

e 11x 2 = 23x − 7 d 5x 2 − 11x + 6 = 0

11x 2 − 23x + 7 = 0 Δ = 121 − 4(5) (6)
23 r 529  308
Δ=1>0
x
22 ∴ 2 real roots
23 r 221 3
22
e x2  4 x  2 0
5 7 3
29x = 5x 2 − 41
f
2
15x − 29x − 41 = 0
' 16
49
4   
3
5
2
3

29 r 841  820 '  312  0

x 245
10
∴ no real roots
x = 29 ± 1661
10 f 2 x 2  2 26 x  13 0
4 a x 2 + px − 2p2 = 0 Δ = 104 − 4(2)(13)
(x + 2p) (x − p) = 0 Δ=0
x = −2p or p ∴ one real root

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 3 2
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

2 a x 2 − 2x − k = 0 b 3x 2 − 5x + 1 = 0
5 1
Δ = 4 + 4k x1  x 2 x1 x 2
3 3
4 + 4k = 0 3x 12 + 3x22 = 3 [(x1 + x2)2 − 2x1x2]
k = −1
3 ª 25  2 º
b kx 2 + 3x − 2 = 0 ¬« 9 3 ¼»
19
Δ = 9 + 8k
3
9 + 8k > 0 1 3
c 5x 2 + x + 3 = 0 x1 + x2 = x1x2 =
9 5
k>− 2
5
8
1

1
2
x 2  x1
2
x 1
x
2   2 x1 x 2
2
c 3x + 5x + 2k − 1 = 0 2 2 2 2 2
x1 x2 x1 x 2
x x 
1 2
Δ = 25 − 12 (2k − 1) 1 6

= 37 − 24k 25 5 = − 29
9 9
37 − 24k < 0
25
37 < 24k d x 2 − 2x + 4 = 0 x1 + x2 = 2 x1x2 = 4
37
k> 2
(x1− x2) = (x1 + x2) − 4x1x2 2
24
= 4 − 16 = −12
d x 2 − (3k + 2)x + k2 = 0 3
e 2x 2 − 4x + 3 = 0 x1 + x2 = 2 x1x2 =
Δ = (3k + 2)2 − 4k2 2
x 31 + x 32 = (x1 + x2)3 − 3x1x2 (x1 + x2)
= 5k2 + 12k + 4
5k2 + 12k + 4 = 0 = 8 − 9 (2) = − 1
2
(5k + 2)(k + 2) = 0 f 2
x + 3x + 1 = 0 x1 + x2 = −3 x1x2 = 1
2
k = − or − 2
4 4
1 1 x2 + x1
5 4
 4 = 4 4
x1 x2 x1 x 2
e kx 2 + 2kx + k − 2 = 0
(x1 + x2)4 = x14 + 4x13 x2 + 6x12 x22 + 4x1x23 + x24
2
Δ = 4k − 4k (k − 2) = 8k
x14 + x24 = (x1 + x2)4 − 6x12 x22 − 4x1x2 (x12 + x 22)
8k > 0
= (x1 + x2)4 – 6x12 x22 − 4x1x2 [(x1 + x2)2 − 2x1x2]
k>0
= 81 − 6 − 4 (9 − 2)
f 2kx 2 + (4k + 3)x + k − 3= 0
= 47
Δ = (4k + 3)2 − 8k (k − 3) 1 1 47
2 2
? 4
 4 4
47
= 16k + 24k + 9 − 8k + 24k x1 x2 1

= 8k2 + 48k + 9 g 4x 2 − 7x + 1 = 0 x1 + x2 7
x1x2 1
4 4
8k2 + 48k + 9 < 0 x13 x 22 + x12 x 23 = x12 x 22 ( x1 + x 2 )
2
if 8k + 48k + 9 = 0, then
k
48 r 2304  288
1
16 4 
7

16 7
64
48 r 12 14
4 5
16 h 7x 2 + 4x − 5 = 0 x1 + x2 x1x2
7 7
12 r 3 14
4
(x1 − x2)4 = x14  4 x13 x 2  6 x12 x 22  4 x1 x 23  x 24
−12 − 3 14 −12 + 3 14 (x1 + x2)4 = x14 + 4 x13 x 2 + 6 x12 x 22 + 4 x1 x 23 + x 24
<k<
4 4
∴ (x1 − x2)4 = (x1 + x2)4 − 8 x13 x 2  8 x1 x 23
Exercise 3C = (x1 + x2)4 − 8x1x2 ( x12  x 22 )
1 a x 2 − 3x + 2 = 0 = (x1 + x2)4 − 8x1x2 [(x1 + x2)2 − 2x1x2]
x1 + x2 = 3 4

x1 x2 = 2
§ 4 ·  40
¨ 7¸
© ¹ 7  16
49
 10
7 
2 ( x 2 + x1 )
2
x1
+
2
x2
=
x1 x 2
=3 256
2401
 40 86
7 49   24336
2401

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 3 3
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

Exercise 3D Exercise 3F
1 a z = 3i Re (z) = 0 Im(z) = 3 2i  1
1 z1 = 1 + 4i, z2 = 2 − i, z 3 = 1 − 5 i z 4
2 2 3
b z = −7 Re (z) = −7 Im(z) = 0
−2
18  12i a
z1
= 12+−4ii × 22 ++ ii 2  i  8i  4 = +
9
i
c z Re ( z ) = 18 = 9
Im ( z )  12 3 z2 4 1 5 5
8 8 4 8 2
z 1*
d z= 11
+i 7
Re ( z ) = 11
Im ( z ) = 7 b = 1 − 4i × 1 − 4i 1  4 i  4 i  16
= −15
−
−8
i
z2 1 + 4i 1 − 4i 1  16 17 17
4 5 4 5
(2i  1)
4i  2 −2 4 (2  i )
e z 2
Re ( z ) = 2
Im ( z ) = 2 c
z 2 .z 4 3 2 (4 i  2  2  i )
3S 3p 3p z3 1 5 3 1  5i
 i
2 2
2 a 12 + 5i = 144 + 25 = 169 = 13
= 2×
3
5i
× 1 + 5i
(1 − 5i ) 1 + 5i 
2 5i  25
3 1  25  50  10i
78
b −24 − 7i = 576 + 49 = 625 = 25
25 5
 i
39 39
c 2 2 +i 5 = 8+5 = 13 3 z1  2 z 3 3  12i  1  5i 2  17i
d = = u1i
z2  3z4 2  i  2i  1 1i 1i
−21 + 20i 441 400
d = + =1 2  2i  17i  17
29 841 841
11
19 15
3  4 i 9 16 5  i
e  2 2
S S2 S2 S 2
z 2
(1  4 i ) 1  8i  16 15  8i
u 3  4i
1
e 2

Exercise 3E
  z*
2
(2  i )
2 4  4i  1 3  4i 3  4i

45  60i  24 i  32
3 3  4i
1 z1 = 2 + 3i, z2 = − 4i, z3 = 1 − 5i, z4 9  16
2 5 13 84
 i
a z1 + z3 = 3 − 2i 25 25

b z1 − 2z3 = 2 + 3i − 2  4i  = −1 + 11i
3
2
 2 a (2 + i) (a + ib) = 11− 2i
11  2i 2i
c z2  z4 21 16
 i a + ib u
10 5 2i 2i
22  11i  4 i  2
d 5z4 − 2z2 5    2
3  4i
5
3
2
 4i  12i
=4
4 1
− 3i a = 4, b = −3
e 3z1 + 4z2 − z3 − 5z4 a  ib
b = −3 + 2i
= 6 + 9i + 6 − 16i − 1 + 5i − 3 − 4i 2  5i

=8 − 6i a + ib = (−3 + 2i) (2 − 5i)

f z1·z2 − z3·z4 (2  3i )  3
5 
 4i  (1  5i )  3  4i
5
= −6 + 15i + 4i + 10
= 4 + 19i
9 2 1 2
3  8i  i  12i  (3  4i  15i  20i ) a = 4, b = 19
2 5

15  7
i  23
 11 i c (3i − 2) (a + ib) = 3 + 28i
2 5 5
3 + 28i
52 a + ib = × −2 − 3i 6  9i  56i  84
 13 i −2 + 3i −2 − 3i 49
5 10

)( ) ( 3 + 4i
= 6 − 5i
g z 32 − 2 ( z 2 ⋅ z 4 ) = (1 − 5i )2 − 2 3
− 4i
3 3 2 5 a = 6, b = −5

1  10i  25i    6i  12i  16i 

2 2
15 2
9 2 d  1 3
 i
2 4
 (a + ib) = −3 + 2i
12  8i 2  3i 24  36i  16i  24
24  10i    6i  2 41 a + ib = 2  3i
u
2  3i 49
15 2
= 4i
 401  46i a = 0, b = 4
15 5

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 3 4
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

38 − 2i 28 + 5
3 a
3  2i
Re ( z ) = 3
Im ( z ) = − 1 d =
4 4 2 2+i 10 + 15i

5i − 2 (3z − 2i)(10 + 15i) = (2z + 5)(2 + i)

× −3i
5 2
b
15  6i
Re ( z ) = Im ( z ) =
3i −3i 9 3 3 30z + 45zi − 20i + 30 = 4z + 2zi + 10 + 5i
1  i  6i 1  7i
c
1
 2
u 3  3i 26z + 43zi = −20 + 25i
3i 1i 3i (1  i ) 3  3i 3  3i 520  860i  650i  1075
20  25i
z u 26  43i 2 2
−3 − 3i − 21i + 21 4 26  43i 26  43i
= =1− i 26  43
9+9 3 111
555  1510i
= + 302 i
4 2525 505 505
Re( z ) 1 Im ( z ) i
3 z
6 ∈ . Let z = a + bi
2  3i 2  3i
2
(2  3i )  (2  3i )
2 2 − 7i
d 
a + bi
2  3i 2  3i 49
× 2 + 7i 2 a  7 ai  2bi  7b
4  12i  9  4  12i  9 24i 2 − 7i 2 + 7i 4  49

Re(z) = 0 Im ( z ) =
13
−24
13
Im ( )=0
2 − 7i
z
∴ 7a + 2b = 0
13
∴ 7Re(z) + 2 Im(z) = 0
4 z1 = 1 + 3i z2 = 3 − i
7 Let z = a + bi, z * = a − bi
a z1 · z2 + z1 · z2* = z1 (z2 + z2*) 3 − 5i 3  5i
z*
u a  bi 3a  3bi  5ai  5b
= (1 + 3i )(3 − i + 3 + i ) a  bi a  bi a2  b2
= 6 + 18i ⎛ ⎞
Re ⎜ 3 − 5i ⎟ = 0 ∴ 3a + 2b = 0
b z1 · z2 − z1 · z2 = (z1 − z1 ) · z2
* * ⎝ z *
⎠
= (1 + 3i −(1 − 3i )) (3 − i ) ∴ 3Re(z) + 5 Im(z) = 0
= 6i (3 − i ) 8 a | z | − z = 4 + 3i. Let z = a + ib
= 6 + 18i a 2  b 2 = 4 + 3i + a + ib
c z1 · z2 + (z1 · z2)* = (1 + 3i )(3 − i ) + = (4 + a) + i (3 + b)
[(1 + 3i )(3 − i )]* equating real and imaginary parts,
= (6 + 8i ) + (6 − 8i ) a2  b 2 = 4 + a
= 12 3 + b = 0 ∴ b = −3
5 a (z + 1)i = (z + 2i )(3 + 2i ) a2 + 9 = (4 + a)2
zi + i = 3z + 2zi + 6i − 4 a2 + 9 = 16 + 8a + a2
i − 6i + 4 = 3z + zi 8a = −7
z 4  5i
u3i 12  4 i  15i  5 a 7 ∴ z = − 7 − 3i
3i 3i 9 1 8 8
7  19 i b | z | + iz = 2 − i Let z = a + ib
10 10
a  b = 2 − i − i (a + ib)
2 2

b (2z − 1)(1 + i ) = (z − 1)(2 + 3i )

= 2 − i − ia + b
2z + 2zi − 1 − i = 2z + 3zi − 2 − 3i
= (2 + b) − (1 + a)i
∴ 1 + 2i = zi
1  2i a2  b 2 = 2 + b 1+a=0
z u i
i i a = −1
z=2−i 1 + b 2 = (2 + b )2
z − 3i + 2 z −1
c = 1 + b 2 = 4 + 4b + b 2 4b = −3
4 + 3i 1+i
3
b ∴ z = −1 − 3 i
(z − 3i + 2)(1 + i) = (z − 1)(4 + 3i) 4 4
z + zi − 3i + 3 + 2 + 2i = 4z + 3zi − 4 − 3i c 2
z − z = 0. Let z = a + ib
*

z + zi − i + 5 = 4z + 3zi − 4 − 3i (a + ib)2 − (a − ib) = 0

9 + 2i = 3z + 2zi a2 + 2abi − b2 − a + ib = 0
9  2i 27  18i  6i  4
z u 3  2i a2 − b2 − a = 0 2ab + b = 0
3  2i 3  2i 94
b (2a + 1) = 0
31
z= − 12 i
13 13 b = 0 or a = − 1
2

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 3 5
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

If b = 0, a2 − a = 0, a (a − 1) = 0, a = 0 or 1 10 Let z = a + bi, z1 = a1 + b1i, z2 = a2 + b2i

3
If a = − 1 , 1
− b2 + 1
= 0, b2 = 3 , b = ± a z * = a − bi (z *) * = a + bi = z
2 4 2 4 2
∴ (z *) * = z
−1 3 −1 3
z = 0, z = 1, z = + i, z = − i
2 2 2 2 b z1 + z2 = (a1 + a2) + i (b1 + b2)
9 Let z1 = a1 + ib1, z2 = a2 + ib2 (z1 + z2)* = (a1 + a2) − i (b1 + b2)
a z 1 · z2 = (a1a2 − b1b2) + i (a1b2 + a2b1) = (a1 − ib1) + (a2 − ib2) = z1* + z2*
|z1 · z2| = ∴ (z1 + z2) * = z1 * + z2 *

(a1a2 )2  2a1a2b1b2  (b1b2 )2  (a1b2 )2  2a1b2 a2b1  (a2b1 )2 c z1 . z2 = (a1a2 − b1b2) + i (a1b2 + a2b1)
(z1 . z2) * = (a1a2 − b1b2) − i (a1b2 + a2b1)
= a12 a22  b12b22  a12b22  a22b12
z1 * . z2 * = (a1 − ib1)(a2 − ib2)
|z1| · |z2| a12  b12 a22  b22 = (a1a2 − b1b2) − i (a1b2 + a2b1)
∴ (z1 . z2) * = z1 * . z2 *
(a12  b12 )(a22  b22 )
d z . z * = (a + ib)(a − ib) = a2 + b2 = |z|2
a12 a22  a12b22  b12 a22  b12b22 ∴ z . z * = |z|2
∴ |z1 . z2| = |z1| . |z2| e |z *| = |a − ib| a 2  ( b )2 a 2  b 2 = |z|
a1 + ib1 a2 − ib2 ( a1 a2 + b1b2 ) + i ( a2 b1 − a1b2 )
b
z1
= × = ∴ |z *| = |z|
z2 a2 + ib2 a2 − ib2 2 2
a2 + b2

z1 ( a1 a2 + b1b2 )
2
( a2 b1 − a1b2 )
2 Exercise 3G
= +
z2 2
( a2 + b2 )
2 2 2
( a2 + b2 )
2 2
1 a i5 + i8 + i14 + i19 = i + 1 − 1 − i = 0
2 2
a1 a2 + 2 a1 a2 b1b2 + b1 b2 + a2 b1 − 2 a1 a2 b1b2 + a1 b2
2 2 2 2 2 2 b i123 + i172 + i256 + i375 = −i + 1 + 1 − i = 2 − 2i
= 2
a2 + b2
2
c (2 − i53) (3 + 2i89) = (2 − 1)(3 + 2i)
2 2 2 2
a1 a2 + b1 b2 + a2 b1 + a1 b2
2 2 2 2 = 6 + 4i − 3i + 2
= 2
a2 + b2
2 =8+i
2010 2011
4i  3i 4  3i
(a 1
2
+ b1
2
)( a 2
2
+ b2
2
) =
2
a1 + b1
2
z1
d
2i
2012
 5i
2013 2  5i
= 2 2 z2 4  3i
a2 + b2 u 2  i 8  i  6i  15
2 2
a2 + b2
2  5i 2  5i 4  25
z1 z1
? 7 26i
z2 z2 = +
29 29
c Let p(n) be |z n| = |z|n 2011
i (1 − i )
Step 1: When n = 1, |z n| = |z| = |z|1 so i i
2 3
 i    i
2011
1−i
p(1) is true. e 2 3 2011
= (1 + 2 + 3 +....+ 2011)
i . i . i  i i
Step 2: Assume p(n) is true when n = k, i.e.
i (1  i ) i (1  i )
|z k| = |z|k. 2011 2023066
(2012)
(1  i ) i
Step 3: Prove p(n) is true when n = k + 1. (1  i ) i 2

Proof : |z k + 1|= |zk · z| −1 + i

i (1  i )
= =1
= |zk||z| (1  i ) (1) −1 + i
= |z|k |z| 2 4 6 2010
i i i    i 1  1  1  1 ......  1
= |z|k + 1 f 2 4 6 2010 (2  4  6  ....  2010)
i . i . i  i i
Since p (1) is true and if p (k) is true then p (k + 1)
1 −1
is true, by mathematical induction p (n) is true. 1
= =1
1005
(2012) 1011030 −1
i 2 i
d Let z1 = a + bi and z2 = c + di.
Then z1 + z2 = (a + c) + (b + d)i. 2 a (2 + 3i)2 + (1 − 4i)2 = 4 + 12i − 9 + 1 − 8i −16
From the properties of a triangle, |z1 + z2| = −20 + 4i
≤ a2  b 2  c 2  d 2 b (3 + 2i)2 + (3 − 2i)2 = 9 + 12i − 4 + 9 − 12i − 4
∴|z1 + z2| ≤ |z1| + |z2|. = 10

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 3 6
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

c (3 + 2i)3 = 33 + 3(3)2 (2i) + 3(3)(2i)2 + (2i)3 x2  1 55

2 144
= 27 + 54i − 36 − 8i 36x
= −9 + 46i 36 x  55 x 2  1 0
4
∴ 144x 4 − 55x 2 − 4 = 0
4
(3 − 2i)3 = 33 + 3(3)2 (−2i) + 3(3)(−2i)2 + (−2i)3
= 27 − 54i − 36 + 8i (9x 2 − 4)(16x 2 + 1) = 0
= −9 − 46i x r2
3
∴ (3 + 2i)3 + (3 − 2i)3 = −18 2 1 −2 1
x , y x= , y
d 4
(1 + i) = (1 + i) (1 + i) = (1 + 2i − 1) 2 2 3 4 3 4

(1 + 2i − 1) = −4 55 1
 i
2
 1 i or 2 1
 i
4 2 2
(1 − i) = (1 − i) (1 − i) = (1 − 2i − 1) 144 3 3 4 3 4

(1 − 2i − 1) = −4 e i = x + iy
∴ (1 + i) + (1 − i) = −8
4 4
i = x 2 − y2 + 2ixy
3 a 3  4i = x + iy x 2 = y2 2xy = 1
1
3 + 4i = x 2 − y2 + 2ixy y
2x
x 2 − y2 = 3 2xy = 4 1 1 1 1 1
x2 = , x4 = x r y r =±

4
y= 2
x
4x
2 4 2
 
2
2
2

x − 2
x2
= 3 ∴ x − 3x − 4 = 0
4 2
i= 1
+
1
i or − 1
− 1
i
2 2 2 2
2 2
(x − 4)(x + 1) = 0
∴x = ± 2 f i = x + iy
3  4i = 2 + i or −2 − i −i = x 2 − y2 + 2ixy
x 2 = y2 2xy = −1
b 12i  5 = x + iy
−1
12i − 5 = x 2 − y2 + 2ixy y=
2x
x 2 − y2 = −5 2xy = 12 As in e, x = ± 1 , i 1

1
i or  1
 1
i
6 2 2 2 2 2
y= x
4 a (1 + i )2n = [(1 + i )2]n = [1 + 2i − 1]n
36
x2 − 2
= −5 ∴ x 4 + 5x 2 − 36 = 0 ∴ (1 + i )2n = (2i )n
x
(x 2 + 9)(x 2 − 4) = 0 b (1 + i )2n + 1 = (1 + i )(1 + i)2n = (1 + i ) (2i )n
x = ±2 from a ∴ (1 + i )2n + 1 = (1 + i )(2i )n
12i  5 = 2 + 3i or −2 − 3i

c
5
 3i = x + iy Exercise 3H
4
1 f (x) = 2x 2 + 3x + 1 g(x) = 3x 2 − 2x − 5
5 2 2
+ 3i = x − y + 2ixy a λ ⋅ f (x) + μ ⋅ g(x) = 2λx 2 + 3λx + λ + 3μx 2
4
5
2
x −y = 2
4
, 2xy = 3 − 2μx − 5μ
3 = (2λ + 3μ)x 2 + (3λ − 2μ)x + (λ − 5μ)
∴y= 2x
2λ + 3μ = 0
9 5
x2  2 3λ − 2μ = 13
4x 4

4x 4 − 5x 2 − 9 = 0 λ − 5μ = 13
(4x 2 − 9)(x 2 + 1) = 0 λ = 3, μ = −2
3
x=± b 2λ + 3μ = 26
2
5
+ 3i = 3
+ i or − − i
3 3λ − 2μ = 26
4 2 2
λ − 5μ = 0
55
d  1i x  iy λ = 10, μ = 2
144 3
55 2 a
 1i x 2  y 2  2 ixy x3 −2x
144 3
2
55 1 x x 5 −2x 3
x 2  y2 2xy
144 3 2 2x 3 −4x
1
y f (x) ⋅ g (x) = x 5 − 4x
6x

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 3 7
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

b 27x 3 −36x 2 48x −64 = y4 + 4y3 + 6y2 + 4y + 1 − 4(y3 + 3y2 + 3y + 1)

3x 2 81x 5 −108x 4 144x 3 −192x 2 + 3(y2 + 2y + 1)
7x 189x 4 −252x 3 336x 2 −448x f (y) = y4 − 3y2 − 2y
4 108x 3
−144x 2
192x −256 ∴ f (x) = x 4 − 3x 2 − 2x
f (x) ⋅ g (x) = 81x + 81x − 256x − 256
5 4 8 f (0) = 4 ⇒ e = 4

3 f (x) ⋅ g (x) = (ax 2 − 3x + 5) (7x 2 + bx − 3) f (10) = 32584 ⇒ 10000a + 1000b + 100c + 10d + 4
= 32584
= 7ax 4 + abx 3 − 3ax 2 − 21x 3 − 3bx 2 + 9x
Since a, b, c, d, ∈ + and are less than 10,
+ 35x 2 + 5bx − 15
a = 3, b = 2, c = 5, d = 8
= 7ax 4 + (ab − 21)x 3 + (−3a − 3b + 35)x 2
⇒ f (x) = 3x4 + 2x3 + 5x2 + 8x + 4
+ (9 + 5b)x − 15
7a = 14 Exercise 3I
ab − 21 = −17 x 3  3x 2  2 x  1
−3a − 3b + 35 = 23 1 a x  2 x 4  5x 3  8x 2  3x  2
9 + 5b = 19 a=2 b=2 x 4 + 2x 3
4 f (x) ⋅ g (x) = (x 3 + ax 2 − x + 2)(2x 2 + bx + c) 3x 3 + 8x 2
5 4 3 4 3
= 2x + bx + cx + 2ax + abx 3x 3 + 6x 2
2 3 2 2
+ acx − 2x − bx − cx + 4x + 2bx + 2c 2x 2 + 3x
2a + b = −5 2x 2 + 4x
c + ab − 2 = 3 −x − 2
ac − b + 4 = 5 −x − 2
−c + 2b = −8
q (x) = x 3 + 3x 2 + 2x − 1
a = −1 b = −3 c=2
x 3  3x 2  2 x  1
5 (x + px + q) = (x + px + q)(x 2 + px + q)
2 2 2
b x 2  0 x  1 x 5  3x 4  x 3  4 x 2  2 x  1
= x 4 + px 3 + qx 2 + px 3 + p2x 2 + pqx + qx 2
+ pxq + q2 x 5 + 0x 4 − x 3
= x 4 + 2px 3 + (2q + p2) x 2 + 2pqx + q2 3x 4 + 2x 3 − 4x 2
2p = 6 p=3 3x 4 + 0x 3 − 3x 2
2q + p2 = a q = ±2 2x 3 − x 2 − 2x
2pq = b If q = 2, a = 13, b = 12 2x 3 + 0x 2 − 2x
q2 = 4 If q = −2, a = 5, b = −12 −x 2 + 0x + 1
a = 13, b = 12, f (x) = (x 2 + 3x + 2)2 −x 2 + 0x + 1
or a = 5, b = −12, f (x) = (x 2 + 3x − 2)2 q (x) = x 3 + 3x 2 + 2x − 1
6 f (x) = x 3 + 12x 2 + 6x + 3 2 x 3  5x 2  4 x  1
g (x) = f (x − 2) c x 2  x  1 2 x 5  3 x 4  x 3  2 x 2  3x  1
3 2
= (x − 2) + 12(x − 2) + 6(x − 2) + 3
2x 5 + 2x 4 + 2x 3
3 2 2 3
= x + 3x (−2) + 3x(−2) + (−2) +
−5x 4 − x 3 − 2x 2
12(x 2 − 4x + 4) + 6x − 12 + 3
−5x 4 − 5x 3 − 5x 2
=x 3 − 6x 2 + 12x − 8 + 12x 2 − 48x + 48 + 6x − 9
−4x 3 + 3x 2 + 3x
g (x) = x 3 + 6x 2 − 30x + 31
4x 3 + 4x 2 + 4x
7 f (2x − 1) = 16x 4 − 32x 3 + 12x 2
y 1 −x 2 − x − 1
Let y = 2x −1, x
2 −x 2 − x − 1
4 3 2
f ( y) 16 ( y  1)  32 ( y  1)  12 ( y  1) q (x) = 2x 3 − 5x 2 + 4x − 1
16 8 4

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 3 8
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

2 x 3  3x 2  x  3 2 f (2) = 4 × 16 – 27 × 4 + 25 × 2 – 6 = 0
2 a x  1 2 x 4  5x 3  4 x 2  4 x  3 ∴ (x – 2) is a factor.
2x 4 + 2x 3 f (–3) = 4 × 81 – 27 × 9 – 25 × 3 – 6 = 0
3x 3 + 4x 2 ∴ (x + 3) is a factor.
3x 3 + 3x 2
x 2 + 4x
Exercise 3K
x2 + x 1 a q (x) = x 4 − x 3 + x 2 + 2x + 1 r (x) = –2
3x + 3 b q (x) = x 3 + x 2 + x − 1 r (x) = 7
3x + 3 2 f (x) = (x 2 + 2x − 1)(3x − 4) + x + 2
= 3x 3 − 4x 2 + 6x 2 − 8x − 3x + 4 + x + 2
q (x) = 2x 3 + 3x 2 + x + 3 r (x) = 0
f (x) = 3x 3 + 2x 2 − 10x + 6
2
3x  2 x  1 3 f (x) = x 5 − 4x 4 + 3x 3 + 2x 2 − 3x + a
b x  2 x  3 3x 4  4 x 3  6 x 2  2 x  6
2
f (3) = 0 243 − 324 + 81 + 18 − 9 + a = 0
4 3 2
3x + 6x + 9x a = −9
3 2
−2x − 3x − 2x 4 f (x) = x 5 − 2x 4 + 2x 3 + bx − 1
−2x 3 − 4x 2 − 6x f (1) = 0 1−2+2+b−1=0
2
x + 4x + 6 ∴b=0
2
x + 2x + 3 5 f (x) = 4x 3 + 5x 2 + ax + b
2x + 3 f (−2) = 0 f (1) = 6
q (x) = 3x 2 − 2x + 1 r (x) = 2x + 3 −32 + 20 − 2a + b = 0 4+5+a+b=6
−2a + b = 12 a + b = −3
x4  x3  x 1 a = −5, b = 2
c x 2  x  1 x 6  0x 5  0x 4  0x 3  0x 2  x  1
6 f (x) = (x 2 − 2x − 3) q (x) + ax + b
x6 + x5 + x4 f (x) = (x − 3)(x + 1) q (x) + ax + b
5
−x − x + 0x 4 3 f (3) = 2 ∴ 2 = 3a + b
−x 5 − x 4 − x 3 f (−1) = − 4 ∴ −4 = −a + b
x 3 + 0x 2 + x ∴ a = 1.5 b = −2.5
x3 + x2 + x ∴ remainder = 3 x − 5
2 2
−x 2 + 0x − 1
−x 2 − x − 1 7 f (x) = x 2011 + x 2010 + … + x + 1 = 0
x remainder = f (−1) = −1 + 1 −1 + … − 1 + 1 = 0
∴ remainder = 0
q (x) = x 4 − x 3 + x − 1 r (x) = x
8 f (x) = (x + 1)2n + (x + 2)n − 1
f (−1) = 02n + (1)n − 1 = 0 + 1 − 1 = 0
Exercise 3J ∴ f (x) is divisible by (x + 1)
1 a x3 − x2 − 4x − 5 = (x2 + 2x + 2)(x − 3) + 1, f (−2) = (−1)2n + 0n − 1 = 1 + 0 − 1 = 0
2
q (x) = x + 2x + 2 r (x) = 1 ∴ f (x) is divisible by (x + 2)
b 2x3 + 5x2 + 4x + 3 = (2x2 + 3x + 1)(x + 1) + 2, (x + 1)(x + 2) = x 2 + 3x + 2
2
q (x) = 2x + 3x + 1 r (x) = 2 ∴ f (x) is divisible by x 2 + 3x + 2
5 3 4 3 2
c x − 3x − 2x + 1 = (x – 2x + x – 2x + 2) 9 f (x) = (ax − b) q (x) + r (x)
(x + 2) – 3,
q (x) = x 4 – 2x3 + 2x2 – 2x + 2, r (x) = –3 f  
b
a
ab
a   + remainder
b q b
a

= (0) q   + remainder
d 3x6 − 2x4 + 5x2 – 2 = (3x5 + 3x4 + x3 + x2 + b
6x + 6)(x – 1) + 4, a

q (x) = 3x 5 + 3x4 + x3 + x2 + 6x + 6, r (x) = 4 ? remainder f   b

a

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 3 9
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

Exercise 3L b (x −(1 − 2i ))(x − (1 + 2i )) = x 2 − 2x + 5

1 a f (x) = 2x 4 + 3x 3 − 10x 2 − 12x + 8 f (x) = x 3 − 6x 2 + 13x − 20
= (x + 2)2 g (x) = (x 2 − 2x +5)(x − 4)
= (x 2 + 4x + 4)(2x 2 − 5x + 2) remaining zeros are 1 + 2i and 4

b
= (x + 2)(x + 2)(2x − 1)(x − 2)
f (x) = 12x 3 − 32x 2 + 23x − 5
c ¨
© 
§ x   3  3 i ·§ x   3 
2 2
¸¨
¹© 2   2
3
i ·¸¹ = x + 3x + 3
2

3 2
f (x) = 5x + 17x + 21x + 6
= (2x − 1)2 g (x)
= (x 2 + 3x + 3)(5x + 2)
= (4x 2 − 4x + 1)(3x − 5)
3
= (2x − 1)2(3x − 5) remaining zeros are − 3 − i and − 2
2 2 5
2
2 a f (x) = x (x − 1)(x − 3)(x − 5) d (x − i )(x + i ) = x + 1
2
= (x − 1)(x − 8x + 15) f (x) = x 4 − 6x 3 + 5x 2 − 4x + 4
= x 3 − 9x 2 + 23x − 15 = (x 2 + 1)(x 2 − 4x + 4)
= (x + i )(x − i )(x − 2)2
b f (x) = x (x + 2)(x + 1)(x − 1)
remaining zeros are i, 2 and 2
= x (x + 2)(x 2 − 1)
e (x −(−1 − 3i ))(x −(−1 + 3i )) = x 2 + 2x + 10
= x (x 3 + 2x 2 − x − 2)
f (x) = 2x 4 + 3x 3 + 17x 2 − 12x − 10
= x 4 + 2x 3 − x 2 − 2x
= (x 2 + 2x + 10)(2x 2 − x − 1)
c f (x) = (3x + 2)(x − 1)(x − 2)(x − 3)
= (x −(−1 −3i ))(x −(−1 + 3i ))(2x + 1)(x − 1)
= (3x 2 − x − 2)(x 2 − 5x + 6)
remaining zeros are − 1 + 3i, − 1 , 1
= 3x 4 − 16x 3 + 21x 2 + 4x − 12 2
2
f (x −(−2 + i ))(x −(−2 −i)) = x + 4x + 5
3 a f (x) = (x 2 − 2)(x 2 − 3) = x 4 − 5x 2 + 6
f (x) = 2x 4 + 9x 3 + 11x 2 − 7x − 15
b f (x) = (2x + 1)(4x − 3)(x 2 − 5)
= (x 2 + 4x + 5)(2x 2 + x − 3)
= (2x + 1)(4x 3 − 3x 2 − 20x + 15)
= (x −(−2 + i))(x −(−2 − i ))
= 8x 4 − 2x 3 − 43x 2 + 10x + 15 (2x + 3)(x − 1)
c f (x) = (5x + 3)(x − (1 − 2 ))(x − (1 + 2 )) remaining zeros are − 2 − i, − 3 , 1
2
(x 3 − 3)
= (5x + 3)(x 2 − 2x − 1)(x 3 − 3) g
©  2 2
¸¨
¹© 2 2
¸
¹ 
§ x   1  5 i ·§ x   1  5 i · = x 2 + x +
¨  3
2
= (5x + 3)(x 5 − 2x 4 − x 3 − 3x 2 + 6x + 3) 4 3 2
f (x) = 6x + 26x + 35x + 36x + 9
= 5x 6 − 7x 5 − 11x 4 − 18x 3 + 21x 2 + 33x + 9
= (2x 2 + 2x + 3)(3x 2 + 10x + 3)
3 2
4 a f (x) = x − 2x − 5x + 6
= (x − 1)(x 2 − x − 6) © 
2 §¨ x   1 
2 2
5
i  ·§¸¨¹© x    1
2

2
5
i  ·¸¹ (3x  1)(x  3)
= (x − 1)(x − 3)(x + 2) remaining zeros are − 1 − 5
i, − 1 , −3
2 2 3
3 2
b f (x) = 2x − x − 7x + 6
= (x − 1)(2x 2 + x − 6)
h §x 
¨
©  1
3

3
2
i  ·§¸¨¹© x   1
3

3
2
i  ·¸¹ x2  2 x  1
3 3
= (x − 1)(2x − 3)(x + 2) f (x) = 3x 4 − 2x 3 + 4x 2 − 2x + 1
c f (x) = 5x 4 − 12x 3 − 14x 2 + 12x + 9 = (3x 2 − 2x + 1)(x 2 + 1)
= (x − 1)(x + 1)g (x) 1 2
remaining zeros are − i , i , −i
2 2 3 3
= (x − 1)(5x − 12x − 9)
= (x − 1)(x + 1)(5x + 3)(x − 3) 2 a f (−1) = 0
∴ −1 + 13 + a = 0
Exercise 3M ∴ a = −12
1 a (x − 2i )(x + 2i ) = x 2 + 4 f (x) = x 3 − 13x − 12
f (x) = x 3 + 3x 2 + 4x + 12 = (x + 1)(x 2 − x − 12)
= (x 2 + 4)(x + 3) = (x + 1)(x − 4)(x + 3)
remaining zeros are −2i and −3 remaining zeros are −3 and 4

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 3 10
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

b f (3) = 0 ∴ 27 − 63 + 3a − 15 = 0 3 3 3 3 3(4)
e + + + = = −2
∴ a = 17 x1 x2 x3 x4 −6

f (x) = x 3 − 7x 2 + 17x − 15 f (x1 + x2 + x3 + x4)2 = x12 + x22 + x32 + x42 +

= (x − 3)(x 2 − 4x + 5) 2(x1 ⋅ x2 + x1x3 + x1x4 + x2x3 + x2x4 + x3x4)
4 r 16  20 2 2 2 2
remaining zeros are =2±i x x x x
= 1 ⎡⎣32 − 2 (2) ⎤⎦ = 1
2 ∴ 1
 2
 3
 4
5
5 5 5 5
c f (−1 −i ) = 0, (−1 −i )4 + 2(−1 −i )3 3 a 4
f (x) = x + 2x − 3x + 4x + 5 3 2
− 2(−1 −i )2 − 8(−1 −i ) + a = 0 5
sum = − 2 = − 2 product = (−1)4 =5
−4 + 2 (2 − i ) − 2(2i ) − 8(−1 −i) + a = 0 1 1

−4 + 4 − 4i − 4i + 8 + 8i + a = 0 b f (x) = 4x 6 + x 5 + 7x 4 − 3x 3 + 2x
∴ a = −8 sum = − 1 product = 0
4 3 2
4
f (x) = x + 2x − 2x − 8x − 8 3
c f (x) = 11x 10 − x 7 + 5 x 3 − πx + 22
(x −(−1 −i ))(x −(−1 + i )) = x 2 + 2x + 2 7

f (x) = (x 2 + 2x + 2)(x 2 − 4) sum = 0 product = (−1)10 22 = 2

11
= (x −(−1 − i ))(x −(−1 + i ))(x − 2)(x + 2) d f (x) = 5x 7007
− 4x 7006
+ 2x 231
+ 10x + 8
remaining zeros are −1 + i, 2, −2 sum = 4
product = − 8
4 3 2
5 5
d f (−2i ) = 0 (−2i ) − 4(−2i ) + 9(−2i ) +
a(−2i ) + b = 0
16 − 32i − 36 − 2ai + b = 0 Exercise 3O
−32 − 2a = 0 −20 + b = 0 1 a x 3 − 6x 2 + 11x − 6 = 0
a = −16 b = 20 (x − 1)(x 2 − 5x + 6) = 0
4 3 2 (x − 1)(x − 2)(x − 3) = 0
f (x) = x − 4x + 9x − 16x + 20
x = 1, 2 or 3
(x − 2i )(x + 2i ) = x 2 + 4
b x 3 + 2x 2 − 7x + 4 = 0
f (x) = (x 2 + 4)(x 2 − 4x + 5)
(x − 1)(x 2 + 3x − 4) = 0
remaining zeros are 2i, 2 + i, 2 − i
(x − 1)(x − 1)(x + 4) = 0
x = 1, 1, −4
Exercise 3N c x 3 + 3x 2 − 4x − 12 = 0
1 3x 3 − 2x 2 − 5x − 4 = 0 (x − 2)(x 2 + 5x + 6) = 0
2
a x1 + x2 + x3 = (x − 2)(x + 2)(x + 3) = 0
3
x = 2, −2, −3
b x1 ⋅ x2 ⋅ x3 = 4
d 2x 3 − 5x 2 − 18x + 45 = 0
3
(x − 3)(2x 2 + x − 15) = 0
c x1x2 + x1 ⋅ x3 + x2 ⋅ x3 = − 5
3 (x − 3)(2x − 5)(x + 3) = 0

d
6
 6
 6 
6 x 2 x 3  x1 x 3  x1x 2  6 5
3  = − 15 x 3, 5 ,  3
x1 x2 x3 x1 x 2 x 3 2
4 2
3
e 2 2
9x1 + 9x2 + 9x3 = 9[(x1 + x2 + x3) 2 2 Exercise 3P
−2(x1x2 + x1x3 + x2x3)] 1 a 12x 3 + 17x 2 + 2x − 3 = 0
(x + 1)(12x 2 + 5x − 3) = 0
ª 2
¬

9 « 32  2  
5
3
º
»¼ 9  4 10
9

3  (x − 1)(3x − 1)(4x + 3) = 0
= 34 −3 1
x = −1, ,
4 3 2 4 3
2 x − 3x + 2x − 4x − 6 = 0
b x 3 − 4x 2 − 5x + 14 = 0
a x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 3
(x + 2)(x 2 − 6x + 7) = 0
b x1 ⋅ x2 ⋅ x3 ⋅ x4 = −6
6 r 36  28 6r 8
c x1 ⋅ x2 + x1 ⋅ x3 + x1 ⋅ x4 + x2 ⋅ x3 + x2 ⋅ x4 + x3 ⋅ x4 = 2 x = −2 or x
2 2
=3± 2
d x1 ⋅ x2 ⋅ x3 + x1 ⋅ x2 ⋅ x4 + x1 ⋅ x3 ⋅ x4 + x2 ⋅ x3 ⋅ x4 = 4 x = −2, 3 ± 2

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 3 11
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

c 3x 3 − 13x 2 + 11x + 14 = 0 Exercise 3Q

2
(3x + 2)(x − 5x + 7) = 0 1 a x 3 − 6x 2 + 11x − 6 ≥ 0
−2
x= (x − 1)(x 2 − 5x + 6) ≥ 0
3
(x − 1)(x − 2)(x − 3) ≥ 0
d x 4 − x 3 − 11x 2 + 9x + 18 = 0
x ]−∞
∞, 1[ ]1, 2[ ]2, 3[ ]3, ∞[
(x + 1)(x − 2)g (x ) = 0
x−1 − + + +
(x 2 − x − 2)(x 2 − 9) = 0 x−2 − − + +
(x + 1)(x − 2)(x − 3)(x + 3) = 0 x−3 − − − +
x = −1, 2, 3, −3 f (x) − + − +
2 x 3 + ax 2 − x − 3 = 0 ∴ x ∈ [1, 2] ∪ [3, ∞[
a −27 + 9a + 3 − 3 = 0 ∴ 9a = 27 b x 3 + 2x 2 − 7x + 4 ≤ 0
a=3 (x − 1)(x 2 + 3x − 4) ≤ 0
b x 3 + 3x 2 − x − 3 = 0 (x − 1)(x − 1)(x + 4) ≤ 0

(x + 3)(x 2 − 1) = 0 x ]−∞
∞, −4[ ]−4, 1[ ]1, ∞[
(x − 1)2 + + +
(x + 3)(x − 1)(x + 1) = 0
(x + 4) − + +
other roots are 1, −1 f (x) − + +
3 ax 3 − 7x 2 + bx + 4 = 0 ∴ x ∈ ]−∞, −4] or x = 1
a (x − 2)(x − 2)(ax + 1) = 0 c x 3 + 3x 2 − 4x − 12 < 0
2
(x − 4x + 4)(ax + 1) = 0 (x − 2)(x 2 + 5x + 6) < 0
ax 3 + x 2 − 4ax 2 − 4x + 4ax + 4 = 0 (x − 2)(x + 2)(x + 3) < 0
ax 3 + (1 − 4a) x 2 + (4a − 4)x + 4 = 0 x ]−∞
∞, −3[ ] −3, −2[ ] −2, 2[ ]3, ∞[
1 − 4a = −7 ∴a=2 x−2 − − − +
4a − 4 = b b=4 x+2 − − + +
x+3 − + + +
b remaining root = − 1 = − 1
a 2 f (x) − + − +
4 Let x = a be an integer zero ∴ x ∈ ]−∞, −3 [ ∪ ] −2, 2[
∴ a + 5a + p = 0
3
d 2x 3 − 5x 2 − 18x + 45 > 0
2
p = −a (a + 5) (x − 3)(2x 2 + x − 15) > 0
∴ a and a 2 + 5 are factors of p (x − 3)(2x − 5)(x + 3) > 0
∴ p is not prime x ]−∞
∞, −3[ ]−3, 2.5[ ]2.5, 3[ ]3, ∞[
∴ If p is prime there are no integer zeros x−3 − − − +
5 f (x) = x 3 + ax 2 + bx + c 2x − 5 − − + +
a Let the 2 zeros be p, −p x+3 − + + +
f (x) − + − +
§ ·
f (x) = (x − p)(x + p) ¨ x  c2 ¸
© p ¹ ∴ x ∈ ]−3, 2.5 [ ∪ ] 3, ∞[
§ · e 12x 3 + 17x 2 + 2x − 3 ≤ 0
= ( x  p ) ¨ x  c2 ¸
2 2
(x + 1)(12x 2 + 5x − 3) ≤ 0
© p ¹

c
(x + 1)(4x + 3)(3x − 1) ≤ 0
x3  x 2  p2x  c
p2 x ]−∞
∞, −1[ ]−1, −3 [ ] −3 , 13 [ ] 13 , ∞[
c 4 4
∴a  b = −p 2
p2 x+1 − + + +
⎛ ⎞ 4x + 3 − − + +
∴ ab = ⎜ − c2 ⎟ (− p 2 ) = c ∴ ab = c
3x − 1 − − − +
⎝ p ⎠
f (x) − + − +
c c
b third zero = = –a
p2 b ∴ x ∈ ]−∞, −1] ∪ [ 43 , 31 ]

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 3 12
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

f x 3 − 4x 2 − 5x + 14 > 0 3 x 7 − 2x 2 − 1 ≥ 0
a
6 r 36  28
3r 2 x ∈ [−1, −0.921] ∪ [1.26, ∞[
(x + 2)(x 2 − 6x + 7) > 0
2 b x 9 − 2x 8 + 2x 5 + x ≤ 0

]−2, x ∈ ]−∞, 0]
]3− 2 ,
x ]−∞
∞, −2[ ]3+ 2 , ∞[ 4 a x3 + x − 2 > 0
3− 2 [ 3+ 2 [
x+2 − + + + x3 > 2 − x
− − − + x ∈ ]1, ∞[
x − (3+ 2 )
y
x − (3− 2 ) − − + + y = x3
y=2–x
f (x) − + − + 2
(1, 1)
x @  2, 3  2 > ‰ @ 3  2, f >
O x
2
g 3x 3 − 13x 2 + 11x + 14 < 0
(3x + 2)(x 2 − 5x + 7) < 0
2 b −2x 3 + 3x + 1 ≥ 0
x
3 3x + 1 ≥ 2x 3
x ∈ ]−∞, −1] ∪ [−0.366, 1.37]
x @  f, 32 > @ 32 , f > y
y = 2x3
3x + 2 − +
x 2 − 5x + 7 + +
f (x) − +

x ∈ ] − ∞, −2
[ –0.366
3
–1 O 1.37 x
h x 4 − x 3 − 11x 2 + 9x + 18 ≥ 0
y = 3x + 1
(x + 1)(x − 2) g (x) ≥ 0
(x 2 − x − 2)(x 2 − 9) ≥ 0 c x 4 + 2x + 1 ≤ 0
(x + 1)(x − 2)(x − 3) (x + 3) ≥ 0 x 4 ≤ −2x − 1
x ∈ [−1, −0.544]
x ]−∞
∞, −3[ ]−3, −1[ ]−1, 2[ ]2, 3[ ]3, ∞[ y
x+1 − − + + +
x−2 − − − + +
y = x4
x−3 − − − − +
x+3 − + + + +
f (x) + − + − +
x
∴ x ∈ ]−∞, −3] ∪ [−1, 2] ∪ [3, ∞[ –1 –0.544
y = –2x – 1
2 f (x) > g (x)
4x 3 − 17x 2 + 30x + 5 > −2x 3 Exercise 3R
+ 8x 2 + 9x − 5 1 a 2ix + (2 + 3i)y = i a = 2i b = 2+ 3i e = i
6x 3 − 25x 2 + 21x + 10 > 0 (1 + i)x + 2y = 3 c=1+i d=2 f=3
(x − 2)(6x 2 − 13x − 5) > 0 2i 2  3i
(x − 2)(3x + 1)(2x − 5) > 0 D= = 4i − (1 + i)(2 + 3i)
1 i 2
= 4i − 2 − 5i + 3 = 1 − i
x @  f,  13 > @  13 , 2 > @ 2, 52 > @ 52 , f >
i 2  3i
x−1 − − + + Dx = = 2i − 3 (2 + 3i) = −6 −7i
3 2
3x + 1 − + + +
2i i
2x − 5 − − − + Dy = = 6i − i (1 + i) = 5i + 1
f (x) − g (x) − + − + 1 i 3
6  7i 1  i 6  6i  7i  7
1 5
x= 1i
u
1i
= 1 − 13 i
x @  , 2> ‰ @ , f> 2 2 2
3 2 1  5i 1  i 1  i  5i  5
y u = −2 + 3i
1i 1i 2

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 3 13
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

b (1 + i)x + 3iy = 2 + 6i a=1+i b = 3i d 3x − 4y + 3z = −2 (1) (1) + (3) 5x − 10 y = − 10

e = 2 + 6i x + 2y + 6z = 6 (2) x − 2y = −2 (4)
(2 − i) x − (4 + 3i) y = 4i − 3 c = 2 − i 2x − 6y − 3z = −8 (3) (2) + 2(3) 5x − 10y = −10
d = −4 −3i f = −3 + 4i x − 2y = − 2 (5)
1 i 3i (4) + (5) are the same equation ∴ infinite
D = (1 + i)(−4 −3i) − 3i (2 − i) number of solutious x = 2y − 2
2 i 4 3i
sub in (1) 6y − 6 − 4y + 3z = −2, 3x = 4 − 2y,
= 4 − 3i − 4i + 3 − 6i − 3 = −4 −13i 4  2y
z
3
2  6i 3i
Dx
3  4i 4 3i
= (2 + 6i)(−4 −3i)
2 y  2, y, 4  2y
3 
−3i(−3 + 4i)
e x + 2y + z = 4 (1) (2) − 2(1) −3y = −3, y = 1
= −8 −6i −24i + 18 + 9i + 12 = 22 − 21i 2x + y + 2z = 5 (2)
1 i 2  6i 3x + 2y + 3z = 12 (3)
Dy = (1 + i)(−3 + 4i) − (2 + 6i) sub in (2) 2x + 2z = 4 inconsistent
2 i 3  4i
sub in (3) 3x + 3z = 10
} ∴ no solution
(2 − i)
f 2x − 3y + 5z = −1 (1) (1) − 2(3) y − z = −19 (4)
= −3 + 4i − 3i − 4 − (4 − 2i + 12i + 6)
9x − 7y + 16z = 0 (2) (2) − 9(3) 11y − 11z
= −17 −9i
= −81 (5)
22  21i 88  286i  84i  273
x u 4  13i = 1 + 2i x − 2y + 3z = 9 (3)
4  13i 4  13i 185

17  9i
(4) + (5) are inconsistent ∴ no solution
y u 4  13i 68  221i  36i  117
=1−i
4  13i 4  13i 185 3 a x + 2y + z = 0 (1) (1) − (3) z − kz = −2
2 a x + y = −1 (1) x + y = −1 (1) 2x + y + 2z = 1 (2) (1 − k) z = −2
x+z=4 (2) (2) − (3) x − y = 3 (4) x + 2y + kz = 2 (3) no solution if k = 1
2
y + z =1 (3) If k ≠ 1, z
1 k
(1) + (4) 2x = 2 ∴x=1 2
sub in (1) x  2 y (4)
1 k
sub in (1) 1 + y = −1 y = −2
4 5k
sub in (3) −2 + z = 1 z=3 (1, −2, 3) sub in (2) 2 x  y 1  (5)
1 k 1 k
b x − 5y + 3z = −1 (1) (1) + 3(3) 7x − 2y 5k 4
(5) − 2(4) 3 y 
1 k 1 k
= 5 (4)
1 k
3x − y + 2z = 4 (2) (2) + 2(3) 7x + y 3 y ? y 1
1 k 3
= 8 (5)
2 6  2 (1  k )
2x + y − z = 2 (3) sub in (4) x 2 8  2k
1 k 3 3(1  k ) 3(1  k )
(5) − (4) 3y = 3, y = 1 ∴ no unique solution if k = 1
sub in (5) 7x + 1 = 8 x = 1 b x + y + z = 1 (1) (2) − 2(1) (k − 2) y + z
sub in (3) 2+1−z=2 z=1 (1, 1, 1) = −4 (4)
c 2x + y + 2z = 0 (1) 4(1) + (2): 2x + ky + 3z = −2 (2) (3) − 3(1) 2y + (k − 3) z
14x + 3z = −2 (4) = −4 (5)
6x − 4y − 5z = −2 (2) (3) − (1): 3x + 5y + kz = −1 (3)
2x − 5z = 2 (5) For no unique solution
4x + y − 3z = 2 (3) k2 1
2 k 3
8
(4) − 7(5) 38z = − 16 z
19 (k − 2)(k − 3) = 2
40 1
sub in (5) 2x + = 2, x k 2 − 5k + 4 = 0
19 19
(k − 4)(k − 1)= 0
sub in (1)
2
19
 y  16
19
0 y 18
19  1 18 8
, ,
19 19 19  k = 1 or 4

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 3 14
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

4 a x + 2y + 3z = 1 (1) (1) − (2) (1 − k) x − 2y

= −1 (4)
kx + 4y + 3z = 2 (2) 2(1) + 3(3) 11x + 22y
✗ Review exercise
1 f (x) = x 4 − 3x 3 + ax 2 − 4x + 7
f (−2) = 7 ∴ 16 + 24 + 4a + 8 + 7 = 0
= 11
3x + 6y − 2z = 3 (3) x + 2y = 1 (5) 4a = −55
−55
For an infinite number of solutious a=
4
1 − k = − 1, k = 2
x = 1 − 2y 2 3x − 2y = i − 2
sub in (3) 2z = 3x + 6y − 3 4y − (1 − i) x = 3 + 3i ⇒ −(1 − i) x + 4y = 3 + 3i
= 3(1 − 2y) + 6y − 3 a = 3 b = −2 c = −1 + i d=4 e = −2 + i
∴z=0 f = 3 + 3i
(1 − 2y, y, 0)
3 2
b x + y + z = 1 (1) D = 12 +2 (−1 + i) = 10 + 2i
1  i 4
2x + ky + 3z = −2 (2)
3x + 5y + kz = −1 (3) 2  i 2
Dx = 4(−2 + i) + 2(3 + 3i) = −2 + 10i
From 3b, (k − 2) y + z = −4 (4) 3  3i 4
2y + (k − 3) z = −4 (5)
For no unique solution k = 1 or 4 3 2  i
Dy = 3(3 + 3i) − (−1 + i)(−2 + i)
If k = 1:  y  z 4 ½° no solution 1  i 3 + 3i
¾
2 y  2 z 4 °¿ = 9 + 9i − (2 − 3i − 1) = 8 + 12i
2  10i
If k = 4: 2 y  z 4 ½° infinitely many solutious x u 10  2i 20  4i  100i  20
=i
10  2i 10  2i 104
¾
2 y  z 4 °¿ 8  12i
y u 10  2i 80  16 x  120i  24
=1+i
z = −4 − 2y 10  2i 10  2i 104

sub in (1) x = 1 − y − (−4 − 2y) = 5 + y x = i, y = 1 + i

( y + 5, y, −4 − 2y)
3 f (x) = m − 2 + (2m + 1) x + mx 2 m < 0
5 x + y + z = m (1) (1) − (3) z − mz = m + 1
b 2 − 4ac < 0
x + my + z = 2m (2) z(1 − m) = m + 1
(2m + 1)2 − 4 (m − 2) m < 0
x + y + mz = −1 (3) unique solution if m ≠ 1
4m 2 + 4m + 1 − 4m 2 + 8m < 0
1 m
z= 1 m 12m + 1 < 0
−1
sub in (1) x  y  1 m m m<
1 m 12
2
xy m  1 m m  m 1 m 4 z 4 − 2z 3 + 14z 2 − 18z + 45 = 0
1 m 1 m
2
(z −(1 − 2i))(z −(1 + 2i)) = z 2 − 2z + 5
m  1
xy (4) (z 2 − 2z + 5)(z 2 + 9) = 0
1 m
2
sub in (2) x  my 2m  1  m 2m  2m  1  m remaining roots are 1 + 2i, −3i, 3i
1 m 1 m
2
m  2m  1
5 mx + 2y = 1
x  my (5)
1 m 4x + (m + 2) y = 4 no unique solution
2
 m  1  m  2m  1
2 m 2 2
(4) − (5): y (1  m ) 4 m2
m + 2m = 8
1 m 2
2 m + 2m − 8 = 0
m m m (m  1)
m (m + 4)(m − 2) = 0
1 m 1 m
m m = −4 or 2
? y
1 m
2 2
m  1 m  m 1 6 x 2 + ax + a + 1 = 0
sub in (4) x  m
1 m 1 m 1 m
α + β = −a
⎛ m − m − 1 −m 1 + m ⎞
2
αβ = a + 1
⎜ 1− m , 1− m, 1− m ⎟
⎝ ⎠ (α + β)3 = α3 + 3α 2β + 3αβ2 + β3

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 3 15
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

(α + β)3 = (α 3 + β3) + 3αβ (α + β)

∴ 3 7  50 + 3 7  50 satisfies the equation
3
−a = 9 − 3a (a + 1)
x 3 + 3x − 14
a3 − 3a2 − 3a + 9 = 0
b f (x) = z 3 + 3z − 14
(a − 3)(a 2 − 3) = 0
= (z − 2)(z 2 + 2z + 7)
a = 3, ± 3 2 r 4  28
z = 2 or z 1 r i 6
n
2
7
2n i
Pn: z = n , n ∈ '+ z = 2, − 1 ± i 6
2
2
2 (1  i ) 1  2i  1 i c since 2 is the only real root,
Let n = 1, z 2
2 4 2 3
7 − 50 + 3 7 + 50 = 2
∴ P1 is true
k
i
Assume Pk: z 2k
2
k Review exercise
i §i
k
· i
k 1 1 x ∈ [1.67, ∞[
Prove Pk + 1: z2(k + 1) = z 2z 2k
2 ¨ 2k ¸ k 1
2 (mx)2 + 3x + 1 − m = 0
© ¹ 2
b 2 − 4ac < 0
∴ Pk ⇒ Pk + 1
n 9 − 4m 2 (1 − m) < 0
∴ by mathematical induction, z 2n = i n
2
9 − 4m 2 + 4m 3 < 0
1i 1 i m ∈ ]−∞, −1.05[
8 u1i 1  2i  1
i
1i 1i 1i 2 3 2x + 14y + 9z = −7 2x +14y + 9z = −7
2011 4x − 3z = 4 + 7y 4x − 7y − 3z = 4
 
1i
1i
= i 2011 = i 2008 i 3 = − i
10x − 28y = 5 + 6z 10x − 28y − 6z = 5
−4
∴ imaginary part = −1 x = 1 , y = 2 ,z =
2 7 3
9 x 3 − 5x 2 + 6x − 3 = 0
4 3x 3 + 2x = 5x 2 + 4
α+β+γ=5
3x 3 − 5x 2 + 2x − 4 = 0
αβ + αγ + βγ = 6 αβγ = 3 5 2 4
2 2 2 2 2 2 D  E J , DE  EJ  DJ , DEJ
1 1 1 D E  E J D J 3 3 3
2
 2
 2 2 2 2
D E J D E J (α + β + γ )3 = (α + β + γ ) (α2 + β 2 + γ 2 + 2αβ +
(αβ + βγ+ αγ )2 = α2β2 + β 2γ 2 + α2γ 2 2βγ + 2αγ )
+ 2(αβ 2 γ + α2βγ + αβγ 2) = α3 + β 3 + γ 3 + 6αβγ + 3(αβ2 + αγ 2 + α2β + α2γ
+ βγ 2 + β 2γ )
= α 2β 2 + β 2γ 2 + α 2γ 2 + αβγ (β + α + γ )
∴ α2β 2 + β 2γ 2 + α2γ 2 = 62 + 2(3)(5) = 66 α3 + β3 + γ 3 125
27
6   − 3(αβ + αγ + α β +
4
3
2 2 2

1 1 1 6
∴ 2
+ 2
+ 2
= 2
=6= 2
α 2γ + βγ 2 + β 2γ )
D E J 3 9 3
(α + β + γ)(γ β + βγ + αγ ) = 3αβγ + αβ 2 + αγ 2 +
10 a Let a = 3 7  50 , b = 3 7  50 , x = a + b α2β + α 2γ + βγ 2 + β 2γ
x 3 + 3x − 14 = (a + b)3 + 3(a + b) − 14 ∴αβ 2 + αγ 2 + α 2β + α 2γ + βγ 2 + β 2γ
= a 3 + 3a 2b + 3ab 2 + b 3 + 3 (a + b) − 14
= a 3 + b 3 + 3ab(a + b) + 3(a + b) − 14    3 
5 2
3 3
4
3
26
9
a 3 + b 3 + 3(a + b)(ab + 1) − 14
∴ α3 + β 3 + γ 3 125
27
6    3 
4
3
26
9
ab = 3
7  
50 7  50 = 3 49  50 = 3 1 = −1  143
=
∴ x + 3x − 14 = a + b 3 + 3(a + b)(−1 + 1) − 14
3 3 27
= a 3 + b 3 − 14 = 0 5 f (x) = x 7 + 35x 6 − 97x 5 + 33x 2 + 4
7  50  7  50  14 = 0 smallest zero = 0.833

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 3 16