PRACTICAL FILE

ON

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY

In partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

Batch 2020 - 23

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

TANNU RATHEE DR. EISHA KHAN
12450601720 ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

NEW DELHI INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT

61A, TUGHLAKABAD, NEW DELHI-62

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the practical titled “RESEARCH METHODOLOGY” submitted by TANNU
RATHEE to New Delhi Institute of Management, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University in
partial fulfilment of requirement for the award of the Bachelor of Business Administration degree is
an original piece of work carried out under my guidance and may be submitted for evaluation.
The assistance rendered during the study has been duly acknowledged.
No part of this work has been submitted for any other degree.

Faculty Guide:
Place: New Delhi
DR. EISHA KHAN
Date: 8 APRIL 2022

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Any accomplishment requires the effort of many people and this work is not different.
Regardless of the source, I wish to express my gratitude to those who may have contributed
to this work, even though anonymously.

I would like to pay my sincere thanks to my RESEARCH METHODOLOGY guide, DR.

EISHA KHAN, New Delhi Institute of Management under whose guidance I was able to
complete my Practical successfully. I have been fortunate enough to get all the support,
encouragement and guidance from him needed to explore, think new and initiate.

My final thank goes out to my parents, family members, teachers and friends who
encouraged me countless times to persevere through this entire process.

TANNU RATHEE

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 INTRODUCTION

What is SPSS?
SPSS stands for “Statistical Package for the Social Sciences”. It is an IBM
tool. This tool first launched in 1968. This is one software package. This
package is mainly used for statistical analysis of the data. SPSS is mainly
used in the following areas like healthcare, marketing, and educational
research, market researchers, health researchers, survey companies,
education researchers, government, marketing organizations, data
miners, and many others.
It provides data analysis for descriptive statistics, numeral outcome predictions, and identifying groups.
This software also gives data transformation, graphing and direct marketing features to manage data
smoothly.

Why SPSS?
They came under IBM SPSS Statistics, and most of the users refer to it as SPSS only.
It is straight forward, and its English-like command language helps the user to go through the flow.
SPSS introduces the following four programs that help researchers with their complex data analysis needs.

Statistics Program
SPSS’s statistics program gives a large amount of basic statistical functionality; some include frequencies,
cross-tabulation, bivariate statistics, etc.

Modeler Program
Researchers are able to build and validate predictive models with the help of advanced statistical
procedures.

Text Analytics for Surveys Program

It gives robust feedback analyses which in turn get a vision for the actual plan.

Visualization Designer
Researchers found this visual designer data to create a wide variety of visuals like density charts and radial
box plots.

Features of SPSS
The data from any survey collected via Survey Gizmo gets easily exported to SPSS for detailed and
good analysis.
 In SPSS, data gets stored in SAV format. These data mostly comes from surveys. This makes the
process of manipulating, analysing and pulling data very simple.
 SPSS have easy access to data with different variable types. These variable data is easy to
understand. SPSS helps researchers to set up model easily because most of the process is automated.
 After getting data in the magic of SPSS starts. There is no end to what we can do with this data.
 SPSS has a unique way to get data from critical data also. Trend analysis, assumptions, and
predictive models are some of the characteristics of SPSS.

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  SPSS is easy for you to learn, use and apply.
 It helps in to get data management system and editing tools handy.
 SPSS offers you in-depth statistical capabilities for analysing the exact outcome.
 SPSS helps us to design, plotting, reporting and presentation features for more clarity.

Statistical Methods of SPSS

Many statistical methods can be used in SPSS, which are as follows:
 Prediction for a variety of data for identifying groups and including methodologies such as cluster
analysis, factor analysis, etc.
 Descriptive statistics, including the methodologies of SPSS, are frequencies, cross-tabulation, and
descriptive ratio statistics, which are very useful.
 Also, bivariate statistics, including methodologies like analysis of variance (ANOVA), means,
correlation, and nonparametric tests, etc.
 Numeral outcome prediction such as linear regression.

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It is a kind of self-descriptive tool which automatically considers that you want to open an existing file, and
with that opens a dialog box to ask which file you would like to open. This approach of SPSS makes it very
easy to navigate the interface and windows in SPSS if we open a file.
Besides the statistical analysis of data, the SPSS software also provides data management features; this
allows the user to do a selection, create derived data, perform file reshaping, etc. Another feature is data
documentation. This feature stores a metadata dictionary along with the data file.

What are the 4 Main Windows in SPSS?

There are 4 main windows in SPSS and we thought it would be useful to introduce you
to what the 4 windows in SPSS are and what each is used for:

1. Data View - The data view is used to store and show your data. It is much like an
ordinary spreadsheet although in general the data is structured so that rows are cases
and the columns are for the different variables that relate to each case.

2. Variable View - The variable view contains the variables on your data set, so it
defines the properties of your dataset. Each row will define all of the various variables
for one set of data. For example, for a numerical piece of data this would show
(amongst other things) the number of decimal places that are stored for that piece of
data.

The variables include - name, type, width, decimals, label, values, missing, columns,
align and measure. Ensuring that the 'measure' of your variables is correct is vital. The
variable can be Nominal which is for strings of data, Ordinal for data that isn't
continuous but can be ranked or ordered or, finally, scale which is used for a variable
that is continuous, for example a distance to somewhere.

3. Output Viewer Window - This window is used to show the results that have been
output from your data analysis. Depending on the analysis that you are carrying out
this may include the Chart Editor Window or Pivot Table Window.

4. Syntax Editor Window - This window shows the underlying commands that have
executed your data analysis. If you are a confident coder this is where you can amend
the code, or write your own from scratch, and then run your own custom analysis on
your data set.

What does data in SPSS look like?

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What are the basics Operations in SPSS?
DATA EDITOR

The Data Editor window is the default window and opens when SPSS starts. This window displays the
content of any open data files and provides drop-down menus that allow you to modify and analyze data.
The data are displayed in a spreadsheet format where columns represent variables and rows represent
cases. The spreadsheet format includes two tabs at the bottom labelled Data View and Variable View.
The Data View tab displays the open data set: variables appear in columns, and cases appear in rows.
The Variable View tab displays information about variables in the open data (but not the data themselves),
such as variable names, types, and labels, etc. The tab that is currently displayed will be yellow in colour.

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 OUTPUT VIEWER

When you perform any command in SPSS, the Output Viewer window opens automatically and displays a
log of the actions taken and the associated output. Primarily, the Output Viewer is where the results of
statistical analysis are shown, but any command invoked through the drop-down menus or syntax will be
printed to the Output Viewer. This includes opening, closing, or saving a data file. If an Output Viewer
window is not open when a command is run, a new Output Viewer window will automatically be created.

The Output Viewer window is divided into two sections, or frames. The left frame contains an outline of
the content in the Output Viewer. This outline is especially useful when you have run many SPSS
commands and need to locate a particular section of output easily. The right frame contains the actual
output. Clicking on an item in the left frame will jump to that content in the right frame. Items that have
been selected in the right frame are indicated by a red arrow and a box drawn around the content.

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You can modify the contents in the Output Viewer by selecting items in the left or right frame and copying,
pasting, or deleting them. To remove an item from the Output Viewer, click on its name in the left frame or
click on the object itself in the right frame, then press the Delete key on your keyboard.

An Output Viewer window can be saved as a viewer file (*.spv) so that you can review it again without
having to re-run the same commands in SPSS. To save an Output Viewer window, click File > Save As.
alternatively, you can export some or all of the contents in the Viewer window to a new document or image
file by clicking File > Export. In general, you can export all content as a PDF (*.pdf), a PowerPoint file
(*.ppt), an Excel file (*.xls or *.xlsx), a Word file (*.doc or *.docx), an HTML file (*.htm), or a text file (*.txt).
Graphs can be saved as *.bmp, *.emf, *.eps, *.jpeg, *.png, or *.tif.

SYNTAX EDITOR

SPSS syntax is a programming language unique to SPSS that can be used as an alternative to the drop-
down menus for data manipulation and statistical analyses. The Syntax Editor window is where users can
write, debug, and execute SPSS syntax. To open a new Syntax Editor window, click File > New > Syntax.

The right panel of the Syntax Editor window is where your syntax is entered. The left panel of the Syntax
Editor window shows an outline of the commands in your syntax, and can be used to navigate within your
code. You can jump to a specific part of your code by clicking on the command in the left panel. This
feature is useful for showing the start and end points of a command, especially if the command is longer
than one line.

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Syntax can be saved as an *.sps file by clicking File > Save or File > Save As within the Syntax Editor
window.
Executing Commands in SPSS

SPSS offers two basic ways of working with your data: drop-down menus and syntax commands.

1. Drop-down menus: Users who are new to SPSS typically learn the software by using drop-down
menus. These are the menus that you see across the toolbar at the top of the screen--
e.g., File, Edit, View, Data, etc. These menus provide the options you need for performing specific
actions on your data. Clicking on any one of the menus will produce a list of menu items. You may
then select a specific menu item from the list to perform specific actions.

2. Syntax Commands: Advanced users can interact with SPSS by writing their own syntax. Syntax is a
command-driven language that tells SPSS what actions to perform on the data. Using syntax
commands (rather than drop-down menus) is preferable for several reasons:
 Syntax allows users to write commands that are not available via drop-down menus.
 Syntax provides a useful log of what steps you have taken while working with your data.
 Syntax allows you to easily edit your commands, in any order, rather than having to re-select each
drop-down command if you decide to change some part of your analysis.
 Syntax allows you to consistently reproduce your commands, which is important for validating
your methods.

Overall, syntax offers more flexibility, a clearer record, and greater ease in making changes and re-running
commands. It does take some practice to learn to write the basic command language, but once you learn the
language the benefits of working with data in this way will become very clear.

To use syntax, click File > New > Syntax. This opens a new Syntax Editor window where you can write
and execute syntax commands.

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HOW TO PREPARE QUESTIONAIRE USING GOOGLE FORM
Step 1: Set up a new form or quiz. Go to forms.google.com. ...

Step 2: Edit and format a form or quiz. You can add, edit, or format text, images, or videos in a
form. ...

Step 3: Send your form for people to fill out. When you are ready, you can send your form to
others and collect their responses.

SCREENSHOTS OF MY QUESTIONAIRE

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 My Questionnaire Link:

https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/
1FAIpQLScgFOI6xIFeBBDEF_UU_zFab2ITLtnspp1dzLTYL17tx6fIBg/viewform

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 CREATING EXCEL SHEET FROM GOOGLE FORMS

STRINGS TO NUMERICAL
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Q1. Gender
CODING: Female = 1

Male = 2

Q2. How often do you drink energy drinks?

CODING: One a week = 1

Twice a week = 2

Thrice a week= 3

Q3. Have you ever tried knocked energy drink?

CODING: Yes = 1

No = 2

Q4. Do you prefer energy drinks that contain sugar in?

CODING: Less Volume = 1

More Volume = 2

Zero Volume = 3

Q5. What price are you willing to pay for an energy drink?
CODING: Upto 100 rs = 1

Upto 150 rs = 2

Upto 200 rs = 3

Q6. How many cans of energy drinks do u drink per week?

CODING: More than 5 = 1
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 4=2

3=3

3=4

1=5

Q7. Which volume do you prefer?

CODING: Small = 1

Medium = 2

Large = 3

SPSS DATA VIEW

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 Question1 Question2

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 Question3 Question4

Question5 Question6

Question7
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 SPSS VARIABLE VIEW

Describing My Data
Using Crosstabs (Chi-square)
 Let’s Cross-tabulate [Do you think video games are educational and Gender]:
1. Analyze > Descriptive Statistics >Crosstabs…

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 2. In the dialogue box that pops up, place your outcome of interest ( Do you prefer
energy drinks that contain sugar in?) in the columns, and the variable you want to
group participants by (to compare one against the other)in the rows(i.e., Gender):

3. If we leave it at this, we’ll just get a count of respondents in each combination of

categories. But we want to know how to also get a percentage for each group. For
this, we need to Select the “Cells..” button to the top right of the dialogue box:

4. Here we select percentages for rows, columns and total. Let’s select all three then
click Continue, then Paste, to paste the syntax to our syntax file for the record.

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 5. Run Selection, then look at your Output:

We can see that in this cohort:

 the majority of males and females (83.3% and 25%, respectively) that prefer energy
drinks that contains less volume of sugar ;
 the majority of males and females (0% and 50% respectively) that prefer energy drinks
that contains More volume of sugar ;
 the majority of males and females (16.7% and 25%, respectively) that prefer energy
drinks that contains Zero volume of sugar ;
 It’s also possible to run chi square tests using crosstabs to test whether those
differences observed are statistically significant. We can do this through the
“Statistics…” option in the crosstabs dialogue box:

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 1. Tick the “Chi-square” check box at the top left of the statistics dialogue box, then
click Continue.
2. Paste your updated crosstabs syntax to your syntax file (don’t delete the previous
one!), and run selection.
3. In addition to the crosstabs results table you had before, your output should also
include another table at the bottom with the results of the Chi-square test:

BAR CHART

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 INDEPENDENT SAMPLES T TEST
To begin the calculation, click on Analyze -> Compare Means -> Independent-Samples T Test. This will
bring up the following dialog box.

To perform the t test, we’ve got to get our dependent variable (Gender) into the Test Variable(s) box, and
our grouping variable (Have you ever tried knocked energy drink) into the Grouping Variable box. To move
the variables over, you can either drag and drop, or use the arrows, as above.

The dialog box should now look like this.

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You’ll notice that the Grouping Variable, “Have you ever tried knocked energy drink” (question 3), has two
question marks in brackets after it. This indicates that you need to define the groups that make up the
grouping variable. Click on the Define Groups button.

We’re using 1 and 2 to specify each group, because these values match the way the variable is coded (you’re
seeing value labels in the Data View, not the underlying numeric values). 1 is Yes; and 2 is No.

It’s also worth noting that if you had coded your grouping variable as a String type, then you’d need to
match the string values that appear in the Data View precisely – for example, “Yes” and “No”.

Once you have specified the values that define each group, press the Continue button, and then click on OK
in the main dialog box to run the independent samples t test.

The Result
The result will pop up in the SPSS Output Viewer. It all looks a bit more complex than strictly
necessary, but it’s easy enough to retrieve the information we need.

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 ONE WAY ANOVA

To start, click on Analyze -> Compare Means -> One-Way ANOVA.

This will bring up the One-Way ANOVA dialog box.

To set up the test, you’ve got to get your independent variable into the Factor box (What types of games do
you play in this case, see below) and dependent variable into the Dependent List box. You can do this by
dragging and dropping, or by highlighting a variable, and then clicking on the appropriate arrow in the
middle of the dialog.

After you’ve moved the variables over, you should click the Post Hoc button, which will allow you to
specify the post hoc test(s) you wish to run.
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The ANOVA test will tell you whether there is a significant difference between the means of two or more
levels of a variable. However, if you’ve got more than two levels it’s not going to tell you between which of
the various pairs of means the difference is significant. You need to do a post hoc test to find this out.

Post Hoc Tests

The Post Hoc dialog box looks like this.

You should select Tukey, as shown above, and ensure that your significance level is set to 0.05 (or whatever
alpha level is right for your study).
Now press Continue to return to the previous dialog box.

Options
You should be looking at this dialog box again.

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Click Options to bring up the Options dialog box.

At the very least, you should select the Homogeneity of variance test option (since homogeneity of variance
is required for the ANOVA test). Descriptive statistics and a Means plot are also useful.

Once you’ve made your selections, click Continue.

At this point, you’re ready to run the test.

Review your options, and click the OK button. You’ll see the result pop up in the Output Viewer.

The Result
SPSS produces a lot of data for the one-way ANOVA test. Let’s deal with the important bits in turn.

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Descriptives

It’s worth having a quick glance at the descriptive statistics generated by SPSS.
If you look above, you’ll see that our sample data produces a difference in the mean scores of the three
different price drinks variable. In particular, the data analysis shows that the Upto 100 rs energy drinks are
drink more than the other types of energy drinks. The key question, of course, is whether the difference in
mean scores reaches significance.
Homogeneity of Variances

A requirement for the ANOVA test is that the variances of each comparison group are equal. We have tested
this using the Levene statistic. What you’re looking for here is a significance value that is greater than .05.
You don’t want a significant result, since a significant result would suggest a real difference between
variances.
In our example, as you can see above, the significance value of the Levene statistic based on a comparison of
medians is 1.000. This is not a significant result, which means the requirement of homogeneity of variance
has been met, and the ANOVA test can be considered to be robust.

F Statistic (ANOVA Result)

Now that we know we have equal variances, we can look at the result of the ANOVA test.

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The ANOVA result is easy to read. You’re looking for the value of F that appears in the Between
Groups row (see above) and whether this reaches significance (next column along).
In our example, we don’t have a significant result. The value of F is 1.244, which reaches
significance with a p-value of .345 (which is greater than the .05 alpha level). This means there is
no significant difference between the means of the different levels of the education variable.

Report the Result

When reporting the result it’s normal to reference both the ANOVA test and the post hoc Tukey
HSD test.
Thus, given our example here, you could write something like:
There was a statistically significant difference between groups as demonstrated by one-way ANOVA (F (2,
7) = 1.244, p = .345).

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 OBJECTIVE

TO FIND OUT HOW OFTEN PEOPLE DRINK

ENERGY DRINK AND DO THEY PREFER
DRINKS WITH SUGAR OR NOT

RESEARCH DESIGN

HYPOTHESIS

A hypothesis states your predictions about what your research will find. It is a tentative answer
to your research question that has not yet been tested. For some research projects, you might
have to write several hypotheses that address different aspects of your research question.

A hypothesis is not just a guess — it should be based on existing theories and knowledge. It also
has to be testable, which means you can support or refute it through scientific research
question (such as experiments, observations and statistical analysis of data).

Variables in hypotheses
Hypotheses propose a relationship between two or more variables. An independent variable is
something the researcher changes or controls. A dependent variable is something the
researcher observes and measures.

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Developing a hypothesis

1. Ask a question
Writing a hypothesis begins with a research question that
you want to answer. The question should be focused,
specific, and researchable within the constraints of your
project.

2. Do some preliminary research

Your initial answer to the question should be based on what is already known about the topic.
Look for theories and previous studies to help you form educated assumptions about what your
research will find.

At this stage, you might construct a conceptual framework to identify which variables you will
study and what you think the relationships are between them.

3. Formulate your hypothesis

Now you should have some idea of what you expect to find. Write your initial answer to the
question in a clear, concise sentence.

4. Refine your hypothesis

You need to make sure your hypothesis is specific and testable. There are various ways of
phrasing a hypothesis, but all the terms you use should have clear definitions, and the hypothesis
should contain:

 The relevant variables

 The specific group being studied
 The predicted outcome of the experiment or analysis

5. Phrase your hypothesis in three ways

To identify the variables, you can write a simple prediction in if…then form. The first part of the
sentence states the independent variable and the second part states the dependent variable.

In academic research, hypotheses are more commonly phrased in terms of correlations or effects,
where you directly state the predicted relationship between variables.

If you are comparing two groups, the hypothesis can state what difference you expect to find
between them.

6. Write a null hypothesis

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If your research involves statistical hypothesis testing, you will also have to write a null
hypothesis. The null hypothesis is the default position that there is no association between the
variables. The null hypothesis is written as H 0, while the alternative hypothesis is H1 or Ha.

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