Aspen Icarus Reference Guide Icarus Eval

Aspe n I ca r u s
Re fe r e n ce Gu ide
I ca r u s Eva lu a t ion En gin e ( I EE) V8 .0

Ve r sion V8 .0
D e ce m be r 2 0 1 2
Generat ion No: 14 ( G14)
Chapt ers wit h “ G13” in t he foot er are new for t his edit ion. Chapt er generat ion num bers are also
indicat ed in t he Table of Cont ent s.
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Pr e fa ce
Aspen Technology’s I carus Office develops and provides knowledge- based
process evaluat ion t echnology, soft ware, and services.
I carus syst em s are based on a core design, est im at ing, scheduling, and expert
syst em s t echnology. They aut om at ically develop prelim inary design- based
econom ic result s - early fr om m inim al scope, and refined designs and
econom ics lat er in t he pr oj ect . I carus syst em s are st rat egically locat ed and
linked int o t he pr oj ect knowledge st ream of concurrent design 0 aft er process
sim ulat ion and before det ailed design, CAD/ CAE, det ailed scheduling and
proj ect cont rol. This unique t echnology provides:
° Key answers quickly
° Dram at ic reduct ions in evaluat ion t im e and resources
° The best , m ost econom ical process and plant design for funding/
bidding decisions and proj ect evaluat ion.
Aspen econom ic evaluat ion syst em s ( including Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or,
Aspen Process Econom ic Analyzer, and Aspen I n- Plant Cost Est im at or) are in
daily use. These syst em s have becom e indust ry- st andard t ools and are used
by discerning proj ect evaluat ors in owner com panies and engineering design
and const ruct ion firm s in m ore t han 1,000 locat ions in over 30 count r ies.
Th e Te ch n ology Be h in d
I ca r u s Syst e m s
I carus syst em s are based on m at hem at ical m odeling t echnology w hich has
been developed, refined and used since I carus Corporat ion was founded in
1969. Aspen Technology purchased I carus Corporat ion in 2000.
St ored in I carus syst em s are design and cost m odels for:
° Over 250 kinds of liquid, gas and solids handling and
processing equipm ent
° Mor e t han 60 kinds of plant bulk it em s
° Approxim at ely 70 kinds of sit e preparat ion work
° Nearly a dozen t ypes of buildings.
I nst allat ion bulk m odels, used t o develop inst allat ion quant it ies and field
m anpow er and cost s t o inst all equipm ent and plant bulks, round out t he
“ bank” of design and cost m odels. To support t hese design and cost m odels,
I carus syst em s cont ain design pr ocedures and cost s dat a for hundreds of
t ypes of m at erials of const ruct ion for general pr ocess equipm ent , vessel shells
and int ernals, t ubing, cast ings, linings, packings, clad plat es, piping, st eel and
elect r ical bulks.
2 iii
Scope of D ocu m e n t
This docum ent is designed as a reference t ool for I carus’ proj ect evaluat ion
syst em s. The docum ent is best referenced when you have a quest ion about
syst em input .
H ow t o Use Th is D ocu m e n t
This docum ent uses generat ion num bers t o t rack t he hist ory of updat ed
inform at ion wit hin each chapt er. New versions of t his docum ent are assigned a
new generat ion num ber, which increm ent s by 1 ( for exam ple, G12) .
The purpose of t hese num bers is t o ensure you are looking at t he lat est
inform at ion. I f you have a previous version of t his docum ent , you can com pare
t he num bers t o confir m you have t he m ost up- t o- dat e inform at ion available.
Generat ion num bers ar e locat ed on every page in t he lower- inside corner as
well as in t he Table of Cont ent s. The generat ion num ber assigned t o t he lat est
version of t his docum ent is locat ed in t he Copyright page.
A N ot e t o I ca r u s Syst e m Use r s
Like I carus syst em s, t his docum ent was designed using your ideas and
suggest ions. Please cont act t he Aspen Technology I carus Office if you have any
quest ions or com m ent s regarding t his docum ent .
Re la t e d D ocu m e n t a t ion
I n addit ion t o t his reference m anual, AspenTech pr ovides t he following
docum ent at ion for Aspen Econom ic Evaluat ion V8.0.
• Aspen Econom ic Evaluat ion V8.0 Release Not es ( What ’s New, What ’s Fixed,
and Known I ssues)
• Aspen Econom ic Evaluat ion V8.0 I nst allat ion Guide
• Aspen Process Econom ic Analyzer V8.0 User Guide
• Aspen I n- Plant Cost Est im at or V8.0 User Guide
• Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or V8.0 User Guide
• I carus Technology Applicat ion Program m ing I nt erface
• Manpower Product ivit y Expert User Guide
iv 2
On lin e Te ch n ica l Su ppor t
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For t he m ost up- t o- dat e phone list ings; please see t he Online Technical
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Suppor t Ce n t e r s H our s of Ope r a t ion
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2 v
vi 2
Con t e n t s ( G1 1 )
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
The Technology Behind
I carus Syst em s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
Scope of Docum ent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
How t o Use This Docum ent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
A Not e t o I carus Syst em Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
Relat ed Docum ent at ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
Online Technical Support Cent er . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Phone and E- m ail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
I n t r odu ct ion t o Pr oce ss Equ ipm e n t ( G6 ) 5
I nt roduct ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Process Equipm ent Cat egories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
List of Process Equipm ent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Agit a t or s ( G6 ) 1
Agit at ors ( AG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Agit at ed Tanks ( AT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Blenders ( BL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Kneaders ( K) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Mixers ( MX) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Com pr e ssor s ( G6 ) 1
Air Com pressors ( AC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Gas Com pressors ( GC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Fans, Blowers ( FN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
D r ive r s ( G1 1 ) 1
Elect rical Mot ors ( MOT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Turbines ( TUR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
H e a t Tr a nsfe r ( G1 0 ) 1
Heat Exchangers ( HE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Reboilers ( RB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Furnaces, Process Heat ers ( FU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
I carus Support ed TEMA Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Pa ck ing, Linings ( G6 ) 1
I nt roduct ion t o Packing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
I nt roduct ion t o Lining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Packing, Linings ( PAK, LI N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Suggest ed Lining Difficult y Adj ust m ent s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Cont e n t s ( G1 1 ) iii
Pu m ps ( G1 0 ) 1
Cent rifugal Pum ps ( CP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Gear Pum ps ( GP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Pist on, Ot her Posit ive Displacem ent Pum ps ( P) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Pum p Efficiencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Tow e r s, Colu m n s ( G6 ) 1
I nt roduct ion t o Towers and Colum ns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Double Diam et er Towers ( DDT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Single Diam et er Towers ( TW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Va cu u m Syst e m s ( G6 ) 1
Condensers ( C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Ej ect ors ( EJ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Vacuum Pum ps ( VP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Ve sse ls ( G1 0 ) 1
Horizont al Tanks ( HT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Vert ical Tanks ( VT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Cr ushe r s, M ills a nd St ock Tr e a t m e n t ( G6 ) 1
Crushers ( CR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Flakers ( FL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Mills ( M) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
St ock Treat m ent s ( ST) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
D r yin g Syst e m s ( G6 ) 1
Cryst allizers ( CRY) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Evaporat ors ( E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Wiped Film Evaporat ors ( WFE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Air Dryers ( AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Dryers ( D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Drum Dryers ( DD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Rot ary Dryers ( RD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Tray Drying Syst em s ( TDS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Solids Con ve yin g ( G1 0 ) 1
Conveyors ( CO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Cranes ( CE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Elevat ors, Lift s ( EL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Feeders ( FE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Hoist s ( HO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Scales ( S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Se pa r a t ion Equ ipm e n t ( G7 ) 1
Cent rifuges ( CT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Dust Collect ors ( DC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Filt ers ( F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Separat ion Equipm ent ( SE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Thickeners ( T) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
iv Con t e nt s ( G1 1 )
Screens ( VS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Ut ilit y Se r vice Syst e m s ( G6 ) 1
Cooling Towers ( CTW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
St eam Boilers ( STB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Heat ing Unit s ( HU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Refrigerat ion Unit s ( RU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Elect rical Generat ors ( EG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Wat er Treat m ent Syst em s ( WTS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Fla r e s a nd St a ck s ( G6 ) 1
Flares ( FLR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
St acks ( STK) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
I n t r odu ct ion t o Pla n t Bu lk s ( G6 ) 1
I nt roduct ion t o Plant Bulks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
List of Plant Bulks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Piping ( G1 0 ) 1
Piping Plant Bulks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Pipe Diam et ers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
St andard Equat ions for Pipe Diam et er ( Old) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
St andard Equat ions for Pipe Diam et er ( New) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Ut ilit y Piping Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Ut ilit y St at ion Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Default Piping Mat erials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Pipe Mat erials - Ferrous Mat erials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Pipe Mat erials - Non- Ferrous Mat erials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Plast ic and Resin Mat erials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Lined St eel Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
I carus’ Pipe Fabricat ion, Erect ion and Test ing Procedures . . . . . . . . 65
Valve and Fit t ing Opt ions for I nst allat ion Bulk Piping . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Valve Trim Specificat ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Civil ( G8 ) 1
Civil Plant Bulks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Foundat ion Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Typical St ruct ure Live Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Soil Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Specifying Seism ic Dat a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Specifying Wind Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
How I carus Calculat es Wind Load and Seism ic Shear . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Exam ple of Equipm ent Foundat ion Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Exam ple of Pile Foundat ion for an Equipm ent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
St e e l ( G6 ) 1
St eel Plant Bulks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
I n st r u m e n t a t ion ( G1 0 ) 1
I nst rum ent at ion Plant Bulks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Cont e n t s ( G1 1 ) v
Sensor Loop Descript ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Rem ot e Cont rol Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Transm it t er Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Ele ct r ica l ( G1 3 ) 1
Elect rical Plant Bulks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Schem at ic of Transm ission Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Subst at ion Schem at ics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Elect rical & Cont rol Hook- Ups for Elect ric Mot ors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Power Dist ribut ion Net work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Wire Sizes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
UK, EU, and JP Count ry Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Elect rical Class/ Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
I nt ernat ional Elect rical Code ( I EC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
I n su la t ion a n d Fir e pr oofin g ( G8 ) 1
I nsulat ion Plant Bulks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
I nsulat ion Mat erials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Fireproofing Mat erials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
I nsulat ion Schedules - Syst em Default Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Cust om izing I nsulat ion Specificat ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Pa in t ( G6 ) 1
I nt roduct ion t o Paint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Paint Plant Bulks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
How I carus Syst em s Paint Equipm ent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Sit e D e ve lopm e n t ( G6 ) 1
I nt roduct ion t o Sit e Developm ent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Dem olit ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Eart hwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Fencing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Landscaping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Roads - Slabs - Paving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Piling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Railroads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Bu ildin gs ( G6 ) 1
I nt roduct ion t o Buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Adding a Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Building Types and Default s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Default floor Height s/ Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Building Const ruct ion Range Adj ust m ent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Calculat ing Building Cost s and Labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Quot e d Equipm e n t a nd Libr a r ie s ( G6 ) 1
I nt roduct ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Quot ed Equipm ent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
vi Con t e nt s ( G1 1 )
User Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
M a t e r ia l Se le ct ions ( G1 0 ) 1
ASME Design Code - Plat e Mat erials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
ASME Design Code - Clad Plat e Mat erials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
ASME Design Code - Tube Mat erials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
ASME Non- Ferrous Tube Mat erials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
BS Design Code - Plat e Mat erials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
BS Ferrous Plat e Mat erials - Carbon St eel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
BS Design Code - Clad Plat e Mat erials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
BS Design Code - Tube Mat erials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
JI S Design Code - Plat e Mat erials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
JI S Design Code - Tube Mat erials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
DI N Design Code - Plat e Mat erials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
DI N Design Code - Tube Mat erials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
EN 13445 Design Code - Plat e Mat erials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
EN 13445 Design Code - Tube Mat erials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
GB 150 Design Code - Plat e Mat erials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
GB 150 Ferrous Plat e Mat erials - Low Alloy St eel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
GB150 Ferrous Plat e Mat erials - High Alloy St eel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
GB150 Design Code - Tube Mat erials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
GB150 Ferrous Tube Mat erials - Low Alloy St eel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Lining Mat erials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Cast ing Mat erials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Packing Mat erials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Un it s of M e a su r e ( G6 ) 1
I nt roduct ion t o Unit s of Measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Unit s of Measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Proj ect Specificat ions and t heir Use of Unit s of Measure . . . . . . . . . 8
Fie ld M a n pow e r Tit le s a n d W a ge Ra t e s ( G1 3 ) 1
US Count ry Base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
UK Count ry Base * * * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
JP Count ry Base. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
EU Count ry Base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
ME Count ry Base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
En gine e r in g ( G1 3 ) 1
Design and Const ruct ion Engineering Disciplines and Wage Rat es . . 2
Engineering Expenses and I ndirect s ( Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or and
Aspen Process Econom ic Analyzer ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
St andard Engineering Drawing Types ( Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or and
Aspen Process Econom ic Analyzer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Con st r u ct ion Equ ipm e n t ( G4 ) 1
I nt roduct ion t o Const ruct ion Equipm ent Rent al . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Const ruct ion Equipm ent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Cont e n t s ( G1 1 ) vii
Ba se I n dice s ( G1 3 ) 1
Base I ndices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Code Accou n t s ( G1 0 ) 1
I nt roduct ion t o Code Account s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
I ndirect Codes and Descript ions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Direct Codes and Descript ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
D a t a ba se Re la t ion s ( G1 0 ) 1
Sequence Num bers of At t ribut es in Relat ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Relat ionship of Dat abase Relat ions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
DETAI LS Relat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
DESI GN Relat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
REMARKS Relat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
PROJDATA Relat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
NEWCOA Relat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
EQRENT Relat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
CRWSCH Relat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
CSTCTRL Relat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
REPGRP Relat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
CNTRCT Relat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
COMPONENT Relat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
I NDI RECTS Relat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
K ( CUSSPC) - TABLE Relat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
R- TABLE Relat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
QSUM Relat ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
STORED REPORTS Relat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
STORED QUERI ES Relat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
CERATE Relat ion ( F- Table) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
T- Table Relat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
U- Table Relat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
V- Table Relat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
W- Table Relat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
X- Table Relat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Y- Table Relat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Z- Table Relat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or I ndirect Codes and Descript ions . . . . . 27
At t ribut e Descript ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
I ca r u s Te ch nology ( G1 0 ) 1
I nt roduct ion t o Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Proj ect Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Equipm ent Fabricat e/ Ship I t em s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Barchart Report Form at . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Process Cont rol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Not es for Defining t he St andard Cont rol Cent er . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Not es for Defining t he PLC Cont rol Cent er . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
viii Con t e nt s ( G1 1 )
Overview of Syst em I nput Specificat ions for Power Dist ribut ion . . . . 27
Power Dist ribut ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Redundancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Usage I nst ruct ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Report ing of Result s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Proj ect Definit ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Cost Report ing: Currency and Syst em Base I ndices . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Const ruct ion Overhead - Prim e Cont ract or Basis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Cont ract s: Descript ion/ Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Re se r ve d ( G7 ) 1
Glossa r y ( G5 ) 1
Cont e n t s ( G1 1 ) ix
x Con t e nt s ( G1 1 )
1 I n t r odu ct ion t o Pr oce ss
Equ ipm e n t ( G6 )
This chapt er cont ains inform at ion on t he following t opics:

I nt roduct ion
Process Equipm ent Cat egories
List of Process Equipm ent
1 I n t r odu ct ion t o Pr oce ss Equ ipm e n t ( G6 ) 1-5

I n t r odu ct ion
Chapt ers 2 t hrough 16 describe t he process equipm ent available in
I carus syst em s. The chapt ers are organized as t he equipm ent appears in
t he syst em s.
• Liquid and gas equipm ent
• Solids handling equipm ent
• Off- sit e and packaged equipm ent
Pr oce ss Equ ipm e n t Ca t e gor ie s

I carus’ pr ocess equipm ent is divided int o t he following cat egories. Each
cat egory is assigned an it em sym bol for ident ificat ion purposes.
I tem I tem
Sym bol D e scr ipt ion Sym bol D e scr ipt ion
AC Air Com pressor HE Heat Exchanger
AD Air Dryer HO Hoist
AG Agit at or HT Horizont al Tank
AT Agit at ed Tanks HU Heat ing Unit
BL Blender K Kneader
C Condenser LI N Lining
CE Crane M Mill
CO Conveyor MOT Mot or/ Mot or Reducer
CP Cent rifugal Pum p MX Mixer
CR Crusher P Pum p
CRY Cryst allizer PAK Packing
CT Cent rifuge R React or
CTW Cooling Tower RB Reboiler
D Dryer RD Rot ary Drum
DC Dust Collect or RU Refrigerat ion Unit
DD Drum Dryer S Scale
DDT Double Diam et er Tower SE Separat ion Equipm ent
E Evaporat or ST St ock Treat m ent
EG Elect ric Generat or STB St eam Boiler
EJ Ej ect or STK St ack
EL Elevat or T Thickener
F Filt er TDS Tray Drying Syst em
FE Feeder TUR Turbine
FL Flaker TW Single Diam et er Tower
FLR Flare VP Vacuum Pum p
FN Fan VS Screen
FU Furnace VT Vert ical Tank
1-6 1 I n t r oduct ion t o Pr oce ss Equ ipm e n t ( G6 )

I tem I tem
Sym bol D e scr ipt ion Sym bol D e scr ipt ion
GC Gas Com pressor WFE Wiped Film Evaporat or
GP Gear Pum p WTS Wat er Treat m ent Syst em
List of Pr oce ss Equ ipm e n t

The following is a list of process equipm ent by chapt er and cat egory. The
process equipm ent descript ions in chapt ers 2 t hrough 16 include som e of t he
ent ry fields for defining process equipm ent . The descript ions include t he
m inim um and m axim um values and t he default s. Default values appear
bet ween ast erisks ( * ) .
Ch a pt e r 2 : Agit a t or s
Agit a t or s ( AG)
I t e m Type D e scr ipt ion
FI XED PROP Fixed propeller gear m ot or t ype agit at or
PORT PROP Port able propeller agit at or
DI RECT Port able direct drive agit at or
GEAR DRI VE Port able gear drive agit at or
MECH SEAL Agit at or, m echanical seal, variable diam et er
ANCHOR Fixed m ount , gear drive, anchor, st uffing box
PULP STOCK Pulp st ock agit at or
ANCHOR REV Sanit ary reversing anchor agit at or
COUNT ROT Sanit ary count er- rot at ing agit at or
HI GH SHEAR Sanit ary highshear hom ogenizing agit at or
SAN FI XED Sanit ary fixed propeller/ t urbine m ixer
SAN PORT Sanit ary port . propeller/ t urbine m ixer
Agit a t e d Ta n k s ( AT)
MI XER Agit at ed t ank - enclosed
REACTOR Agit at ed t ank - enclosed, j acket ed
OPEN TOP Agit at ed t ank - open t op
FLOAT CELL Float at ion m achine
COND CELL Float at ion condit ioning cell
MACH PULP On m achine pulper
OFF MACH Off m achine pulper

Ble n de r s ( BL)
BLENDER Rot ary drum blender
ROTARY Rot ary double- cone blender
KETTLE Sanit ary ket t le blender wit hout agit at or
ROTARYBOWL Sanit ary rot ary bowl blender
MSHELSTAG Sanit ary m ult i- shell st aggered blender
Kn e a de r s ( K)
STATI ONARY St at ionary upright double- arm kneader
TI LTI NG Tilt ing double- arm kneader
VAC TI LTI NG Vacuum t ilt ing double- arm kneader
M ix e r s ( M X)
EXTRUDER Cylinder t ype ext ruder wit h variable drive
MULLER EXT Muller t ype ext ruder m ixer
PAN Pan m ixer
PORT PROP Port able propeller m ixer
FI XED PROP Fixed propeller gear m ot or t ype m ixer
SI GMA Double- arm sigm a blade m ixer
SPI RAL RI B Spiral ribbon m ixer
STATI C St at ic m ixer
TWO ROLL Two- roll m ixer
HI GH SPEED Sanit ary high- speed Norm an- t ype m ixer
RI BBON Sanit ary ribbon blender
PI STON HOM Sanit ary pist on- t ype hom ogenizer
SHEAR HOM Sanit ary shear pum p hom ogenizer
Ch a pt e r 3 : Com pr e ssor s
Air Com pr e ssor s ( AC)

CENTRI F M Cent rifugal air com pressor wit h m ot or
CENTRI F T Cent rifugal air com pressor wit h t urbine
RECI P GAS Reciprocat ing air com pressor wit h gas engine
RECI P MOTR Reciprocat ing air com pressor wit h m ot or
SI NGLE 1 S Single reciprocat ing air com pressor - 1 st age
SI NGLE 2 S Single reciprocat ing air com pressor - 2 st age

Ga s Com pr e ssor s ( GC)
CENTRI F Cent rifugal com pressor - horizont al
CENTRI F I G Cent rifugal - int egrat ed gear
RECI P GAS Reciprocat ing com pressor - int egral gas engine
RECI P MOTR Reciprocat ing com pressor
Fa ns, Blow e r s ( FN )
PROPELLER Propeller fan
VANEAXI AL Vaneaxial fan
CENTRI F Cent rifugal fan
ROT BLOWER General purpose blower
CENT TURBO Heavy dut y, low noise blower
Ch a pt e r 4 : D r ive r s
Ele ct r ica l M ot or s ( M OT)

OPEN Open drip- proof induct ion m ot or
SYNCHRON Synchronous m ot or
ENCLOSED Tot ally enclosed induct ion m ot or
EXP PROOF Explosion- proof ( Class I Division I , hazardous)
VARY SPEED TEFC m ot or wit h variable speed drive
Tur bine s ( TUR)

GAS Gas t urbine wit h com bust ion cham ber
CONDENSI NG St eam t urbine driver, condensing t ype
NON COND St eam t urbine driver, non- condensing
Ch a pt e r 5 : H e a t Tr a n sfe r
H e a t Ex cha nge r s ( H E)
FLOAT HEAD Float ing head shell and t ube exchanger
FI XED T S Fixed t ube sheet shell and t ube exchanger
AI R COOLER Air cooling, free st anding or rack- m ount ed
U TUBE U- t ube shell and t ube exchanger

TEMA EXCH Fixed t ube, float . head, or u- t ube exchanger
PRE ENGR Pre- engineered ( st andard) U- t ube exchanger
CROSS BORE Cross- bore ( all graphit e) heat exchanger
SHELL TUBE Graphit e t ube/ CS shell heat exchanger
FI N TUBE Finned double pipe heat exchanger
HEATER STM Bare pipe im m ersion coil- heat ing/ cooling
SUC HEATER Tank suct ion
HEATER ELC Elect ric im m ersion t ank heat er
JACKETED Double pipe heat exchanger
SPI RAL PLT Spiral plat e heat exchanger
ONE SCREW Therm ascrew ( Reit z) single screw conveyor
TWO SCREW Twin screw agit at ed/ j acket ed heat exchanger
WASTE HEAT Wast e heat boiler
PLAT FRAM Plat e and fram e heat exchanger
CORRUGATED Sanit ary double pipe exchanger
HOT WATER Wat er heat er ( shell+ t ube - hot wat er set )
MULTI P F Sanit ary m ult izone plat e+ fram e exchanger
STM HE MOD Sanit ary direct st eam heat m odule
Re boile r s ( RB)
KETTLE Ket t le t ype reboiler wit h float ing head
U TUBE U- t ube ket t le t ype reboiler
THERMOSI PH Therm osiphon t ype reboiler
Fu r n a ce s, Pr oj e ct H e a t e r s ( FU)
HEATER A- fram e t ype process furnace
BOX Box t ype process furnace
PYROLYSI S Pyrolysis unit
REFORMER Box t ype reform er, wit hout cat alyst
VERTI CAL Vert ical cylindrical process furnace
Ch a pt e r 6 : Pa ck in g, Lin in gs

Pa ck ing, Linings ( PAK, LI N )
PACKI NG Packing, variet y of vessel packings
ACI D BRI CK Acid brick lining
MONOLI THI C Cast able, refract ory or gunned m ix
OTHER Lining - ot her t han acid brick, m onolit hic
Ch a pt e r 7 : Pu m ps
Ce n t r ifu ga l Pu m ps ( CP)
API 610 API 610 pum p ( single or m ult i- st age)
ANSI St andard ANSI single st age pum p
ANSI PLAST Plast ic ANSI single st age pum p
GEN SERV General service pum p
CENTRI F Cent rifugal single or m ult i- st age pum p
AXI AL FLOW Axial flow vert ical pum p
TURBI NE Vert ical sum p pum p - t urbine im peller
API 610 I L API 610 in line pum p
I N LI NE General service in line pum p
PULP STOCK Low consist ency st ock pum p
MAG DRI VE St andard ANSI m agnet ic drive pum p
CANNED Canned m ot or pum p
- SAN PUMP Sanit ary cent rifugal pum p
- FLUME PUMP Sanit ary flum ing pum p wit h feeder hopper
Ge a r Pu m ps ( GP)
GEAR St andard ext ernal gear rot ary pum p
CANNED RTR Canned rot ary gear pum p
MECH SEAL Mechanical seal gear pum p
Pist on, Ot he r Posit ive D ispla ce m e n t Pu m ps ( P)

SI MPLEX Reciprocat ing sim plex pum p - st eam driver
DUPLEX Reciprocat ing duplex pum p - st eam driver
TRI PLEX Triplex ( plunger) pum p - m ot or driver
DI APHRAGM Diaphragm pum p - TFE t ype
SLURRY Slurry pum p
ROTARY Rot ary ( sliding vanes) pum p

RECI P MOTR Reciprocat ing posit ive displacem ent plunger pum p
HD STOCK High densit y st ock pum p
ROTARYLOBE Sanit ary rot ary lobe pum p
AI R DI APH Sanit ary air diaphragm pum p
Ch a pt e r 8 : Tow e r s, Colu m n s
D ou ble D ia m e t e r Tow e r s ( D D T)
PACKED Packed double- diam et er t ower
TRAYED Trayed double- diam et er t ower
Sin gle D ia m e t e r Tow e r s ( TW )

PACKED Packed t ower
TRAYED Trayed t ower
TRAY STACK Tray st ack for t ray t ower
DC HE TW Direct cont act heat exchanger t ower
TS ADSORB Dual vessel t em perat ure swing adsorber
Ch a pt e r 9 : Va cu u m Syst e m s
Con de n se r s ( C)
BAROMETRI C Barom et ric condenser
Ej e ct or s ( EJ)
SI NGLE STG One st age ej ect or non- condensing
TWO STAGE Two st age ej ect or wit h one condenser
2 STAGE Two st age ej ect or non- condensing
4 STAGE B Four st age ej ect or wit h t wo condensers
4 STAGE Four st age ej ect or wit h one condenser
5 STAGE B Five st age ej ect or wit h one condense

Va cu u m Pu m ps ( VP)
WATER SEALS Wat er- sealed vacuum pum p
MECHANI CA Mechanical oil- sealed vacuum pum p
MECH BOOST Mechanical boost er vacuum pum p
Ch a pt e r 1 0 : Ve sse ls
H or iz ont a l Ta nk s ( H T)
MULTI WALL Mult i- wall horizont al drum
HORI Z DRUM Horizont al drum
JACKETED Jacket ed horizont al drum
SAN TANK Sanit ary horizont al drum
Ve r t ica l Ta n k s ( VT)
CYLI NDER Vert ical process vessel
MULTI WALL Mult i- wall vert ical process vessel
JACKETED Jacket ed vert ical process vessel
SPHERE Sphere - pressure or vacuum st orage
SPHEROI D Spheroid - pressure or vacuum st orage
STORAGE Flat bot t om st orage t ank, opt ional roof
CRYOGENI C Cryogenic st orage t ank
PLAST TANK Plast ic st orage t ank ( FRP or Haveg)
WOOD TANK Wooden st orage t ank
GAS HOLDER Low pressure gas st orage vessel
CONE BTM Cone bot t om st orage bin
LI VE BTM Live bot t om st orage bin
CHEST REC Rect angular concret e t ile chest
CHEST CYL Cylindrical concret e t ile chest
CHEST MTL Met al t ile chest
SAN TANK Sanit ary vert ical cylindrical vessel
SAN HOPPER Sanit ary hopper assem bly
Ch a pt e r 1 1 : Cr u sh e r s, M ills a n d St ock
Tr e a t m e n t

Cr u sh e r s ( CR)
CONES Cone crusher - secondary crushing
GYRATORY Gyrat ory - prim ary and secondary crushing
ECCENTRI C Overhead eccent ric j aw crusher
JAW Swing j aw crusher
ROTARY Rot ary crusher
S ROLL LT Single roll crusher - light dut y
S ROLL MED Single roll crusher - m edium dut y
S ROLL HVY Single roll crusher - heavy dut y
SAWTOOTH Sawt oot h roller crusher
REV HAMR Reversible ham m erm ill
HAMMER MED Non- reversible ham m erm ill, m edium hard m at erial
SWI NG HAMR Non- reversible ham m erm ill, hard m at erial
BRADFORD Bradford ( rot ary) breaker
S I MPACT Single rot or im pact breaker
PULVERI ZER Pulverizer - crushing soft m at erial
ROLL RI NG Ring granulat or
Fla k e r s ( FL)
DRUM Rot ary drum flaker
M ills ( M )
ATTRI TI ON At t rit ion m ill
AUTOGENOUS Aut ogenous m ill
BALL MI LL Ball m ill wit h init ial ball charge
ROD MI LL Rod m ill wit h init ial rod charge
MI KRO PULV Mikro- pulverizer
ROLLER Roller m ill
ROD CHARGR Rod charger for rod m ill
St ock Tr e a t m e n t ( ST)
REFI NER Double disk refiner
DEFLAKE DK Plat e or t ackle t ype deflaker
DEFLAKE CN Conical t ype deflaker
Ch a pt e r 1 2 : D r ying Syst e m s

Cr yst a lliz e r s ( CRY)
BATCH VAC Bat ch vacuum cryst allizer
MECHANI CAL Mechanical scraped- surface cryst allizer
OSLO Oslo growt h t ype cryst allizer
Eva por a t or s ( E)
FALL FI LM Agit at ed falling film evaporat or
FORCED CI R Forced circulat ion evaporat or
LONG TUBE Long t ube rising film evaporat or
LONG VERT Long t ube vert ical evaporat or
STAND VERT St andard vert ical t ube evaporat or
STAND HOR St andard horizont al t ube evaporat or
W ipe d Film Eva por a t or s ( W FE)

THI N FI LM Agit at ed t hin film evaporat or
WFE SYSTEM Agit at ed t hin film evaporat or - package syst em
Air D r ye r s ( AD )
AI R DRYER Dual t ower desiccant air dryer
D r ye r s ( D )
ATMOS TRAY At m ospheric t ray bat ch dryer
VAC TRAY Vacuum t ray bat ch dryer
PAN Agit at ed pan bat ch dryer
SPRAY Cont inuous spray drying syst em
D r u m D r ye r s ( D D )
SI NGLE ATM Single at m ospheric drum dryer
DOUBLE ATM Double at m ospheric drum dryer
SI NGLE VAC Single vacuum rot ary drum dryer
S COOKCOOL Rot ary drum cooker- cooler

Rot a r y D r ye r s ( RD )
DI RECT Direct rot ary dryer
I NDI RECT I ndirect rot ary dryer
JAC VACUUM Jacket ed rot ary vacuum dryer
VACUUM Conical rot ary vacuum dryer
Tr a y D r yin g Syst e m s ( TD S)
ATM SYSTEM At m ospheric t ray dryer
VACUUM Vacuum t ray dryer
TURBO Turbo t ray drying syst em
VAC SYSTEM Vacuum t ray dryer wit h condenser
Ch a pt e r 1 3 : Solids Con ve yin g
Con ve yor s ( CO)

OPEN BELT Belt conveyor - open
CLOSED BLT Belt conveyor - covered
APRON Apron conveyor - pans on endless chain
PNEUMATI C Pneum at ic conveying syst em
ROLLER Roller conveyor ( non- m ot orized)
SCREW Screw conveyor in a U- shaped t rough
VI BRATI NG Vibrat ing conveyor wit h inclined t rough
CENT BKT L Elevat or- spaced bucket
CONT BKT L Elevat or- cont inuous bucket
Cr a n e s ( CE)
BRI DGE CRN Traveling bridge crane
HOI ST Hoist wit h t rack beam
Ele va t or s, Lift s ( EL)

FREI GHT Freight elevat or
PASSENGER Passenger elevat or

Fe e de r s ( FE)
BELT Volum et ric belt feeder
BI N ACTVTR Bin act ivat or
ROTARY Rot ary feeder
VI BRATI NG Vibrat ing feeder
WT LOSS Loss- in- weight feeder
DUMPER Sanit ary dum per
SACK DUMP Sanit ary bulk bag unloader
SAN SCREW Sanit ary screw feeder
SAN BELT Sanit ary weigh belt feeder
H oist s ( H O)
HOI ST 5- speed elect ric hoist - m ot orized t rolley
1 SPEED 1- speed elect ric hoist - no t rolley
5 SPEED 5- speed elect ric hoist - no t rolley
HAND GT Hand hoist - m anual pull chain t rolley
HAND PT Hand hoist - m anual t rolley
HAND NT Hand hoist - no t rolley
Sca le s ( S)
BEAM SCALE Beam scale
BELT Conveyor belt scale
BENCH Bench scale - dial and beam
FULL FRAME Full floor scale - dial and beam
SEMI FRAME Sem i fram e floor scale - dial and beam
TANK SCALE Tank scale - weigh bridge and saddles
TRACK Track scale for rail cars
TRUCK Truck ( lorry) scale
SAN FLOOR Sanit ary floor scale - flush m ount ed
Ch a pt e r 1 4 : Se pa r a t ion Equ ipm e n t
Ce nt r ifuge s ( CT)
ATM SUSPEN At m ospheric suspended basket cent rifuge
BATCH AUTO Aut o bat ch filt ering cent rifuge
BATCH BOTM Bat ch bot t om - suspended cent rifuge

TOP UNLOAD Bat ch t op unload cent rifuge
BOT UNLOAD Bat ch bot t om unload cent rifuge
BATCH TOP Bat ch t op- suspended cent rifuge
DI SK High- speed disk cent rifuge
RECI P CONV Reciprocat ing conveyor cent rifuge
SCROLL CON Scroll conveyor cent rifuge
SOLI D BOWL Solid bowl cent rifuge
SCREEN BWL Screen bowl cent rifuge
TUBULAR High- speed t ubular cent rifuge
VI BRATORY Vibrat ing screen cent rifuge
I NVERTI NG I nvert ing filt er cent rifuge
D u st Colle ct or s ( D C)
CENTRF PRE Cent rifugal precipit at or
CLOTH BAY Baghouse wit h m ot or shakers
CYCLONE Cyclone dust collect or
MULT CYCLO Mult iple cyclone dust collect or
ELC H VOLT High volt age elect rical precipit at or
ELC L VOLT Low volt age elect rical precipit at or
WASHERS Washer dust collect or
PULSE SHKR Baghouse wit h inj ect ed pulsed air
Filt e r s ( F)
CARTRI DGE Cart ridge filt er ( 5 m icron cot t on)
LEAF DRY Pressure leaf- dry filt er
LEAF WET Pressure leaf- wet filt er
PLATE FRAM Plat e and fram e filt er
ROTY DI SK Rot ary disk filt er
ROTY DRUM Rot ary drum filt er
SEWAGE Sewage filt er
SPARKLER Sparkler filt er
TUBULAR Tubular fabric filt er ( bank of 3)
SCROLL Scroll discharge cent rifugal filt er
WHI TEWATER Whit e wat er filt er - cent rifugal screen
METAL TRAP Sanit ary inline m et al t rap
RECL REEL Sanit ary flum ing reclaim reel
SAN AI R Culinary ( st erile) air filt er
SAN PI PE Sanit ary pipe filt er
SAN PRESS Sanit ary filt er press
SAN STEAM Culinary ( st erile) st eam filt er

SAN STRAI N Sanit ary pipe st rainer
SEDI MENT Sedim ent Rem oval
REMOVAL
Se pa r a t ion Equ ipm e n t ( SE)

WATER CYCL Wat er- only cyclone - m ineral separat ion
OI L WATER Oil- wat er separat or - API t ype
PULP STOCK Pulp st ock cent rifugal cleaner
Th ick e n e r s ( T)
THI CKENER Thickener/ clarifier
Scr e e n s ( VS)
ONE DECK Single deck rect angular vibrat ing screen
TWO DECK Double deck rect angular vibrat ing screen
THREE DECK Triple deck rect angular vibrat ing screen
HUMMER Hum m er t ype screen for fine separat ion
SI FTER 1 Single deck circular vibrat ing screen
SI FTER 2 Double deck circular vibrat ing screen
SI FTER 3 Triple deck circular vibrat ing screen
PRESSURE Pressure screen
LD STOCK Low consist ency st ock pum p
BAR Mechanical bar screen
Ch a pt e r 1 5 : Ut ilit y Se r vice Syst e m s
Coolin g Tow e r s ( CTW )

COOLI NG Cooling t ower, less pum ps, field assem bly
COOLI NG WP Cooling t ower, com plet e, field assem bly
I tem D e scr ipt ion
PACKAGED Packaged cooling t ower, fact ory assem bly

St e a m Boile r s ( STB)
BOI LER Packaged boiler unit
STM BOI LER Field erect ed boiler unit
H e a t in g Un it s ( H U)
CYLI NDER Process heat er t ype dowt herm unit
Re fr ige r a t ion Unit s ( RU)

CENT COMPR Cent rifugal com pression refrigerat ion unit
MECHANI CAL Mechanical com pression refrigerat ion unit
Ele ct r ica l Ge ne r a t or s ( EG)

PORTABLE Port able elect rical generat or - diesel
TURBO GEN Elect rical generat or - st eam t urbine drive
W a t e r Tr e a t m e n t Syst e m s ( W TS)
DEMI NERAL Two st age ion exchange wat er t reat m ent
SOFTENI NG Hot lim e, zeolit e wat er t reat m ent syst em
AERATOR Surface aerat or
Ch a pt e r 1 6 : Fla r e s a n d St a ck s
Fla r e s ( FLR)
DERRI CK Derrick- support ed flare st ack
GUYED Guyed flare st ack
SELF SUPP Self- support ed flare st ack
HORI ZONTAL Horizont al ground flare

THRM OX LC Recuperat ive t herm al oxidizer
STORAGE Vapor cont rol flare for st orage/ loading
St a ck s ( STK)
STACK St ack wit hout flare t ip

2 Agit a t or s ( G6 )

Agit at ors ( AG)
Agit at ed Tanks ( AT)
Descript ion of Agit at ed Tanks
I m peller Types - General Range of Basic Dat a* *
I m peller Type References
I m peller Mat erials
Blenders ( BL)
Kneaders ( K)
Mixers ( MX)
2 Agit a t or s ( G6 ) 2-1
Agit a t or s ( AG)
D e scr ipt ion Type
Port able, clam p- on, direct drive wit h explosion- proof D I RECT
m ot or. Typically used for rapid disperat ion or fast
react ions.
M a t e r ia l:
* CS* , SS304, SS316, MONEL, RUBCV
D r ive r Pow e r :
0.25 - 3 HP [ 0.75 - 2.22 KW]
Port able, clam p- on, gear drive wit h explosion- proof GEAR D RI VE
m ot or. Typically used t o keep solids in suspension,
m edium viscosit y blending and dissolving.
M a t e r ia l:
D r ive r Pow e r :
0.25 - 5 HP; [ 0.75 - 3 KW]
2-2 2 Agit a t or s ( G6 )
Agit a t or s ( AG) - cont inued
Fixed m ount , t op- ent ering, gear drive, m echanical M ECH SEAL
seal, explosion- proof m ot or. Typically used for low
speed m ixing on closed t anks. Shaft ent ers t ank
t hrough a m echanical seal.
M a t e r ia l:
I m pe lle r dia m e t e r :
Max: 10 FEET [ 3.00 M]
D r ive r pow e r :
Min: 2.00 HP [ 1.5 KW] ;
Max: 200 HP [ 140 KW]
I m pe lle r Spe e d:
Min: 1,200 RPM [ 1,000 RPM] ;
Max: 1,800 RPM [ 1,500 RPM]
D r ive r t ype :
* STD* - St andard m ot or
VFD- Variable frequency drive
I m pe lle r t ype :
* MP3B5*
Fixed m ount , t op- ent ering, gear drive, anchor, st uffing AN CH OR
box, explosion- proof m ot or. Typically used for low
speed m ixing on closed t anks.
M a t e r ia l:
D r ive r pow e r :
0.75 - 5 HP [ 0.75 - 3 KW]
Port able propeller m ixer wit h m ot or t o 7.5 HP PORT PROP
[ 5.5 KW] .
M a t e r ia l:
* CS* , SS
D r ive r pow e r :
0.33 - 7.5 HP [ 0.75 - 5.5 KW]
Fixed propeller m ixer wit h m ot or and gear drive t o 100 FI XED PROP
HP [ 75 KW] .
I ncludes m ot or, gear drive, shaft and im peller.
M a t e r ia l:
* CS* , SS
D r ive r pow e r :
2 - 100 HP [ 1.5 - 75 KW]
2 Agit a t or s ( G6 ) 2-3
Top ent ry ( for Open or Closed t anks) and Side ent ry PULP STOCK
t ype. I ncludes m ot or driver, baseplat e, bearings,
speed reducer, seals and a variet y of shaft and
im peller configurat ions.
M a t e r ia l:
* CS* , SS403, SS316, SS321, SS347, 304L, 316L, NI ,
I NCNL, MONEL, HAST, TI
D r ive r t ype :
DRCT - Direct drive, no speed reduct ion
BELT- Belt driven speed reduct ion
VFD - Variable frequency drive
GEAR - Gear drive speed reduct ion
Liquid volum e :
Ent er Capacit y or I m peller Diam et er
Ent er Capacit y or I m peller Diam et er
Agit a t or or ie nt a t ion:
Default : * VTOP*
VTOP - Top ent ry agit at or for open t anks
VTCL - Top ent ry agit at or for closed t anks
SI DE - Side ent ry agit at or
D r ive r spe e d:
Max: 3,600 RPM [ 3,000 RPM, m et ric unit s] ;
Default : * 1,800* RPM: [ * 1,800* RPM, m et ric unit s]
Consist e n cy - Air D r ie d% :
Max: 10.0; Default : * 4.0*
Fluid de nsit y:
* 62.4* PCF [ * 1000* KG/ M3]
Se a l t ype :
Default : * PACK*
PACK - Packing
MECH - Mechanical seal
Sanit ary reversing anchor agit at or AN CH OR REV
Wit h large paddle, reversing m ot or, and proxim it y

sensors. St ainless st eel m at erial for sanit at ion.
I f you require a foundat ion for t his it em , it m ust be
added.
Liquid volum e :
MI N: 50 GALLONS [ 0.19 M3] ,
MAX: 1,000 GALLONS [ 3.78 M3]
Agit a t or dia m e t e r :
MI N: 32 I NCHES [ 813 MM] ,
MAX: 72 I NCHES [ 1,825 MM]
Agit a t or he ight :
MI N: 24 I NCHES [ 610 MM] ,
2-4 2 Agit a t or s ( G6 )

Sanit ary count er- rot at ing agit at or COUN T ROT
Two- piece agit at or wit h cent er arm ed shaft and out er

fram e parallel wall rot at ing opposit e each ot her.
St ainless st eel m at erial for sanit at ion.
added.
Liquid volum e :
MI N: 50 GALLONS [ 0.19 M3] ;
MAX: 1,000 GALLONS [ 3.78 M3] .
Required t o ent er capacit y.
Agit a t or dia m e t e r :
MI N: 32 I NCHES [ 813
MM] , MAX: 72 I NCHES [ 1,825 MM]
Agit a t or he ight :
MI N: 24 I NCHES [ 610 MM] ,
Sanit ary highshear hom ogenizing agit at or H I GH SH EAR
Agit at or ’s perforat ed disk rot at es t o creat e shear for

hom ogenizing im m iscible liquids. Used in t he sanit ary
indust ry.
added.
Liquid volum e :
MI N: 3 GALLONS [ 0.012 M3] ,
MAX: 1,500 GALLONS [ 5.67 M3] .
Re quir e d: Ent er eit her liquid volum e or driver power.
Se a l for sha ft :
* NO* - Shaft seal not required
YES- Shaft seal is required
D r ive r pow e r :
MI N: 0.33 HP [ 0.25 KW] , 40 HP [ 30 KW] .
Re quir e d: Ent er eit her liquid volum e or driver power.
D r ive r t ype :
* WXXDC* - Washdown, direct drive, CS
WVRDC - Washdown, VFD rat ed, direct drive, CS
WVCDC- Washdown, VFD cont rolled, direct dive,
CS
WXXDS - Washdown, direct drive, SS
WVRDS - Washdown, VFD rat ed, direct drive, SS
WVCDS - Washdown, VFD cont rolled, direct
drive, SS
TXXDC - TEFC, direct drive, CS
TVRDC - TEFC, VFD rat ed, direct drive, CS
TVCDC - TEFC, VFD cont rolled, direct drive, CS
- Cont inued on next page -
2 Agit a t or s ( G6 ) 2-5

H I GH SH EAR - cont inued
* I NTGH* - I nt egral head
RSDI H- Rot at or st at or w/ slot t ed disint egr. head
RSSQR- Rot at or st at or w/ high shear screen RSGEN-
Rot at or st at or w/ GP disint egrat ing head
Sanit ary fixed propeller/ t urbine m ixer. SAN FI XED
St ainless st eel m at erial for t ot al washdown capabilit y

and no risk of open cont ainer cont am inat ion from
paint chips.
added.
D r ive r pow e r :
MI N: 0.5 HP [ 0.375 KW] , 25 HP [ 18.5]
D r ive r t ype :
* WVRGP* - Washdown, VFD rat ed, gear drive
WVCGP - Washdown, VFD cont rolled, gear drive
WXXGP- Washdown, gear drive
* PROP* - propeller t ype im peller ( not available
above 3 HP [ 2.22 KW] )
TURB- t urbine t ype im peller
N o. of im pe lle r s:
* 1* , MI N: 1, MAX: 2
Angle r ise r :
* NO* - Angle riser not required
YES- Angle riser is required
M ou nt in g t ype :
* UNSLF* - Unsealed flange m ount ing
SLF- Sealed flange m ount ing
FLWB- Flange wit h bridge
2-6 2 Agit a t or s ( G6 )

Sanit ary port . propeller/ t urbine m ixer SAN PORT
St ainless st eel m at erial for t ot al washdown capabilit y

and no risk of open cont ainer cont am inat ion from
paint chips. Quick- disconnect prop allows for easy
inspect ion.
Driver t ype select ions allow you t o choose bet ween
gear or direct drives. Gear drives feat ure rem ovable
shaft s ret ained by a posit ive fit int ernal shaft coupling.
Direct drives have fixed, non- rem ovable shaft s wit h a
sealed ent ry at t he m ount ing flange face for superior
sanit at ion.
added.
D r ive r pow e r :
MI N: 0.33 HP [ 0.25 KW] ,
MAX: 0.75 HP [ 0.55 KW]
D r ive r t ype :
* WVRDN* - Washdown, VFD rat ed, direct
drive, NI plat e
WVRGN- Washdown, VFD rat ed, gear drive, NI
plat e
WVCDN- Washdown, VFD cont r, direct drive,
NI plat e
WVCGN- Washdown, VFD cont r, gear drive, NI
plat e
2 Agit a t or s ( G6 ) 2-7
Agit a t e d Ta n k s ( AT)
Sm all t o large, pressure/ vacuum , j acket , driver, m ot or- reducer, agit at or and
support s.
For M I X ER, REACTOR and OPEN TOP:
Liqu id Volu m e : To secure desired vessel size, specify t he diam et er and height
direct ly. A value m ust be specified if diam et er and height are not bot h
specified. Ot herwise, calculat ed from diam et er and height . I f bot h vessel
dim ensions and capacit y are specified, t he syst em - calculat ed capacit y m ust
agree wit h t he specified capacit y t o wit hin + / - 10% .
Sk ir t or Le g H e igh t : I f t he capacit y is 1000 GAL. [ 37 M3] or less, t he vessel
is designed wit h 4 FEET [ 1.25 M] pipe legs. For a capacit y great er t han 1000
GAL. [ 37 M3] , t he vessel is designed wit h a skirt . The skirt height is calculat ed
as 1.5 x ( vessel diam et er) wit h m inim um and m axim um height s of 4 and 32
FEET [ 1.25 and 9.5 M] respect ively. Ent er “ 0.0” if hung in open st ruct ure.
M a n hole D ia m e t e r : I f no value is specified, a value is calculat ed as a funct ion
of vessel diam et er and height wit h a m axim um m anhole diam et er of 48
I NCHES [ 1200 MM] .
Cor r osion Allow a n ce : For CS alloys, t he default is 0.125 I NCHES [ 3 MM] ;
0.0 for all ot her m at erials.
W e ld Efficie n cy% : 5- - 100 ( For ASME and JI S codes only) .
Pr odu ct D e n sit y: * 62.4* PCF [ * 1,000* KG/ M3]
Viscosit y: * 1.0* CPOI SE [ * 1.0* MPA- S]

Pressure/ vacuum vessel, opt ional j acket M I XER
I ncludes t op ent ering im peller and geared m ot or-

reducer, t ank designed for 15 PSI G
[ 100 KPA] .
Applica t ion :
Defines vessel funct ion and relat ed pipe/ inst rum .
m odel.
CONT- St andard cont inuous process
BATCH- Bat ch process
She ll M a t e r ia l:
For clad plat e, specify t he backing plat e m at erial.
( Cladding is defined below.) Default : * A285C* .
Liqu id Volu m e :
Ent er eit her Capacit y or Diam et er and Height .
V e sse l D ia m e t e r :
V e sse l Ta nge nt t o Ta nge nt H e ight :
2-8 2 Agit a t or s ( G6 )
Agit a t e d Ta n k s ( AT) - cont inued
M I XER - cont inued
D e sign Ga u ge Pr e ssur e :
Default : * 15* PSI G [ * 100* KPA]
I f pressure and vacuum ent ered, design is for worst
case. Default : Pressure.
Va cuu m D e sign Ga uge Pr e ssu r e :
case. Default : Pressure.
D e sign Te m pe r a t ur e :
* 250* DEG F [ * 120* DEG C]
Ope r a t ing Te m pe r a t u r e :
Default : Design t em perat ure.
Ja ck e t D e sign Ga u ge Pr e ssur e :
Pressure m ust be specified t o obt ain a j acket .
Default : No j acket .
Ja ck e t Type :
Default : * FULL*
FULL - Full j acket
PI PE - Half- pipe j acket
Ja ck e t Thick ne ss:
Jacket pressure or t hickness required t o obt ain j acket .
Ja ck e t M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
CS - Carbon st eel
A 515 - A 515
A 204C - C - .5Mo
A 387B - 1Cr - .5Mo
A 387D - 2.25Cr - 1Mo
SS304 - SS304
SS316 - SS316
SS321 - SS321
SS347 - SS347
SS410 - SS410
SS430 - SS430
304L - 304L
316L - 316L
NI - Nickel
I NCNL - I nconel
MONEL - Monel
HAST - Hast elloy
2 Agit a t or s ( G6 ) 2-9
SEE CARBON STEEL

- Select from t ypes of Carbon St eel
SEE HEAT-TREATED STEEL
- Select from t ypes of Heat Treat ed St eel
SEE LOW ALLOY STEEL
- Select from t ypes of Low Alloy St eel
SEE HI GH ALLOY STEEL
- Select from t ypes of High Alloy St eel
SEE NON- FERROUS
- Select from t ypes of Non- Ferrous St eel
D r ive r Type :
Default : * STD*
STD - St andard m ot or
Cla dding M a t e r ia l:
Default : None.
Sk ir t or Le g H e ight :
Ent er 0.0 if hung in OPEN st ruct ure, legs provided if
capacit y < 10,000 GAL [ 37 M3] .
M a n h ole D ia m e t e r :
I f no value is specified, a value is calculat ed as a
funct ion of vessel diam et er and height wit h a
m axim um m anhole diam et er of 48 I NCHES [ 1200
MM] .
Ba se M a t e r ia l Thick ne ss:
Base m at erial t hickness including corrosion allowance.
Cor r osion Allow a nce :
For CS alloys, t he default is 0.125 I NCHES [ 3 MM] ; 0.0
for all ot her m at erials.
W e ld Efficie ncy% :
5 - 100 ( For ASME and JI S codes only) .
St r e ss Re lie f:
CODE - Provide st ress relief if code requires
YES - Provide st ress relief
NO - No st ress relief required
Cla dding Thick ne ss:
Default : 0.125 I NCHES [ 3 MM] if cladding m at erial is
specified; ot herwise 0.0.
Fluid D e pt h :
Maxim um fluid dept h: vessel height less 12 I NCHES
[ 300 MM]
2-10 2 Agit a t or s ( G6 )
Fluid D e n sit y:
* 62.4* PCF [ * 1,000* KG/ M3]
Fluid Viscosit y:
* 1.0* CPOI SE [ * 1.0* MPA- S]
I m pe lle r Type :
See I m peller Types t able lat er in t his chapt er.
St iffe ning Ring Spa cing:
Default st iffeners designed for vacuum only, ent er 0.0
if not required.
N u m be r of Body Fla nge Se t s:
Num ber of set s ( pairs) of body flanges of sam e
diam et er as vessel.
D ia m e t e r Opt ion:
Defines desired diam et er as I D or OD.
Default : See Area Design Basis.
OD- Out side Diam et er
I D- I nside Diam et er
Open wit h loose- fit t ing cover, opt ional j acket . I ncludes OPEN TOP
im peller and geared m ot or reducer, support ed by
st ruct ural st eel spanning t ank t op, t ank wit hout head.
Liqu id Volu m e :
Ent er eit her capacit y or diam et er and height .
Default : * 68* DEG F [ * 20* DEG C]
Default : Design Tem perat ure.
Default : no j acket .
Ja ck e t Type :
Default : * FULL*
FULL- Full j acket
PI PE- Half- pipe j acket
2 Agit a t or s ( G6 ) 2-11
OPEN TOP - cont inued
Default : * CS*
CS- Carbon st eel
A 515- A 515
A 204C- C - .5Mo
A 387B- 1Cr - .5Mo
A 387D- 2.25Cr - 1Mo
SS304- SS304
SS316- SS316
SS321- SS321
SS347- SS347
SS410- SS410
SS430- SS430
304L- 304L
316L- 316L
NI - Nickel
I NCNL- I nconel
MONEL- Monel
HAST- Hast elloy
SEE CARBON STEEL
SEE LOW ALLOY STEEL
SEE NON- FERROUS
D r ive r Type :
Default : * STD*
STD- St andard Mot or
Default * none* .
Ent er 0.0 if hung in OPEN st ruct ure, legs provides if
capacit y < 10,000 GAL. [ 37 M3] .
2-12 2 Agit a t or s ( G6 )
OPEN TOP - cont inued
Max: 48 I NCHES [ 1200 MM] .
Default 0.125 I NCHES [ 3.0 MM] for CS; 0.0 for ot her
m at erial; double if j acket ed.
W e ld Efficie n cy:
ASME/ JI S codes only, where allowed for t hin wall
vessels; Default : Area Basis 50 - 100.
St r e ss Re lie f:
Default : See Area Basis
CODE- Provide st ress relief if code requires
YES- Provide st ress relief
NO- No st ress relief required
specified; ot herwise: 0.0.
Fluid D e pt h :
Maxim um fluid dept h: vessel height less 12 I NCHES
[ 300 MM] .
Fluid D e n sit y:
Default : * 62.40* PCF.
Fluid Viscosit y:
Default : * 1.00* CPOI SE.
I m pe lle r Type :
See I m pellor Types t able.
if not required.
Defines desired diam et ers as I D or OD;
OD- Out side diam et er
I D- I nside diam et er
2 Agit a t or s ( G6 ) 2-13
Pressure/ vacuum vessel, j acket ed. REACTOR
I ncludes j acket m ot or gear drive and shaft seal,

agit at or, shaft , t herm om et er well, blow- pipe,
insulat ion and safet y valves. Rat ing of full vacuum and
design pressure.
Applica t ion sym bol:
Defines vessel funct ion and relat ed pipe/ inst rum .
m odel.
< blank> - St andard cont inuous process
BATCH- Bat ch process
Liqu id Volu m e :
case.
Default : Pressure.
I f pressure and vacuum ent ered,
design is for worst case. Default : Pressure.
Ferrous m at ’l: 650 DEG F [ 340 DEG C] ;
Ot her m at ’l: 250 DEG F [ 120 DEG C] .
* 90* PSI G [ * 620* KPA]
Ja ck e t Type :
Default : * FULL*
FULL- Full j acket
2-14 2 Agit a t or s ( G6 )
REACTOR - cont inued
Ja ck e t M a t e r ia l: Default : * CS*
CS - Carbon st eel
A 515 - A 515
A 204C - C - .5Mo
A 387B - 1Cr - .5Mo
A 387D - 2.25Cr - 1Mo
SS304 - SS304
SS316 - SS316
SS321 - SS321
SS347 - SS347
SS410 - SS410
SS430 - SS430
304L - 304L
316L - 316L
NI - Nickel
I NCNL - I nconel
MONEL - Monel
HAST - Hast elloy
SEE CARBON STEEL
SEE LOW ALLOY STEEL
SEE NON- FERROUS
D r ive r Type :
Default : * STD*
Default : None.
Ent er 0.0 if hung in OPEN st ruct ure, legs provided if
capacit y < 10,000 GAL [ 37 M3] .
m axim um m anhole diam et er of 48 I NCHES
[ 1200 MM] .
2 Agit a t or s ( G6 ) 2-15
REACTOR - cont inued
5 - 100 ( For ASME and JI S codes only) .
St r e ss Re lie f:
CODE- Provide st ress relief if code
requires
Fluid D e pt h :
Maxim um fluid dept h: vessel height less
12 I NCHES [ 300 MM]
Fluid D e n sit y:
* 62.4* PCF [ * 1,000* KG/ M3]
Fluid Viscosit y:
* 1.0* CPOI SE [ * 1.0* MPA- S]
I m pe lle r Type :
See I m peller Types t able lat er in t his chapt er.
if not required.
OD- Out side Diam et er
I D- I nside Diam et er
2-16 2 Agit a t or s ( G6 )
Pulpers are used for pulping t he wast e generat ed by M ACH PULP
m ill operat ion or in a paper recycling process. Hence OFF M ACH
t he t wo t ypes: on- m achine and off- m achine pulpers.
Bot h include a pulping t ank wit h support legs, nozzles
( feed, drain and level cont rol) . The pulper it self
consist s of an ext ract ion plat e, ext ract ion cham ber
wit h flanged out let , rot or blade, hub, shaft wit h gear
or V- belt drive, drive m ot or, m ot or coupling and an
adapt er plat e. Mult iple rot ors can be select ed.
M ACH PUM P
Applica t ion Sym bol:

Default : * CONT*
BATCH - Bat ch pulper
CONT- Cont inuous pulper
Ta nk or Va t M a t e r ia l:
CS, SS304, * SS316* , SS321, SS347, 304L, 316L, NI ,
Configu r a t ion :
Default : * RECT*
CYLI N- Cylindrical t ank
RECT- Rect angular t ank
H ydr a ulic Volum e :
Ent er pulping rat e or hydraulic capacit y.
Pu lpin g Ra t e Air D r ie d:
Ent er pulping rat e or hydraulic capacit y.
Ta nk Le ngt h or D ia m e t e r :
Ent er lengt h for rect angular t ank or diam et er for
cylindrical t ank.
Ve sse l W idt h:
Rect angular t anks only.
N um be r of Rot or s or D r ive s:
1- 2; Default : * 1* .
Consist e n cy Air D r ie d:
Max: 18; Default : * 4.00*
I m pe lle r Type :
Default : * STD*
STD - St andard rot or shaft lengt h
EXTD - Ext ended rot or shaft lengt h
2 Agit a t or s ( G6 ) 2-17
M ACH PULP - cont inued
I m pe lle r M a t e r ia l:
CS, SS304, * SS316* , SS321, SS347, 304L,
316L, NI , I NCNL, MONEL, HAST, TI
D r ive r Type :
Default : * GEAR*
BELT - Belt driven speed reduct ion
* 68.0* DEG F [ * 20.0* DEG C]
Se a l for Sha ft :
Default : * PACK*
PACK - Packing
D r ive r Spe e d:
Max: 3,000 RPM [ 2,600 RPM] ;
Default : * 1,500* RPM [ * 1,800 RPM]
Ve sse l Le g H e igh t :
* 10.0* FEET [ * 3.00* M]
Num ber of Manholes: Default : * 1* .
m axim um m anhole diam et er of 48 I NCHES
[ 1200 MM] .
Default : * 18* I NCHES [ * 450* MM]
Applica t ion Sym bol: Default : * BATCH* OFF M ACH
BATCH - Bat ch pulper
CONT - Cont inuous pulper
Ta nk or Va t M a t e r ia l: CS, SS304, * SS316* , SS321,
SS347, 304L, S16L, NI , I NCNL, MONEL, HAST, TI .
Configu r a t ion : Default : * CYLI N*
CYLI N - Cylindrical t ank
RECT - Rect angular t ank
H ydr a ulic Volum e : Ent er t ank capacit y or t ank
dim ensions.
Ta nk Le ngt h or D ia m e t e r : Ent er t ank capacit y or
dim ensions, diam et er for cylindrical, lengt h for
rect angular.
Ve sse l H e ight : Ent er t ank capacit y or t ank
dim ensions.
2-18 2 Agit a t or s ( G6 )
OFF M ATCH - cont inued
Ve sse l W idt h:
Ent er t ank capacit y or dim ensions, widt h is for
rect angular t anks only.
N um be r of Rot or s or D r ive s:
1- 2, Default : * 1* .
Max: 18; Default : * 4.0* .
I m pe lle r Type :
Default : * EXTD* .
STD - St andard rot or shaft lengt h
EXTD - Ext ended rot or shaft lengt h
I m pe lle r M a t e r ia l:
CS, SS304, * SS316* , SS321, SS347, 304L, S16L, NI ,
D r ive r Type : Default : * GEAR*
BELT - Belt driven speed reduct ion
Default : * 68.0* DEG F [ * 20.0* DEG C] .
Se a l for Sha ft :
Default : * PACK* .
PACK - Packing
For CS alloys, t he default is 0.125 I NCHES [ 3.0 MM] ;
0.0 for all ot her m at erials.
D r ive r Spe e d:
Max: 3,000 RPM [ 2,600 RPM] ;
Default : * 1,500 RPM [ * 1,800* RPM] .
Ve sse l Le g H e igh t :
Default * 10* FEET [ * 3.0* M] .
N u m be r of M a n h ole s:
Default : * 1* .
I f no values is specified, a value is calculat ed as a
m axim um diam et er of 48 I NCHES [ 1,200 MM] .
Default : * 18* I NCHES [ * 450* MM] .
2 Agit a t or s ( G6 ) 2-19
Condit ioning cell for float at ion m achine. CON D CELL
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
Ce ll Volum e :
10.0 - 1,500.0 CF [ 0.3 - 40 M3]
Float at ion m achine, m inerals separat ion, m ult i- cell . FLOAT CELL
Float at ion m achine for select ively separat ing
m inerals by agit at ion, air dissem inat ion and
chem ical adhesion. I ncludes one row of cells
connect ed in series wit h one feed box, one
discharge box and one connect ion box for each
group of four cells.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
V olum e Pe r Ce ll:
10 - 1,500 CF [ 0.3
- 40 M3]
N u m be r of Ce lls: Refers t o num ber per row
connect ed in series.
N u m be r of Ce lls Pe r M ot or :
1 - 2; Default : * 1*
2-20 2 Agit a t or s ( G6 )
D e scr ipt ion of Agit a t e d Ta n k s
1 Reynolds Num ber ( RN) , dim ensionless: RN = ( D2N) ( FD/ FV)
2 Froude Num ber ( FN) , dim ensionless: FN = g/ N2D
3 Pow er Num ber ( PN) , dim ensionless: PN = ( Pgc/ FD) ( N3D5)
4 Power Funct ion ( PF) , dim ensionless:
For RN > 300 and for unbaffled t anks,
log PF = log PN - ( a- log RN) ( log FN) / b
For RN < or = 300 for t anks wit h or wit hout baffles,
FP = PN
5 Relat ionships bet w een PF, PN, FN, RN for each im peller list ed in t he
I m peller Types t able are cont ained in t he AT agit at ed t ank m odel. Power is
derived from PN.
6 General Nom enclat ure
V a r ia ble D e scr ipt ion Va lue
a im peller cont ant See I m peller Types t able
b im peller cont ant See I m peller Types t able
D im peller diam et er
FN Froude Num ber
g local accelerat ion due t o gravit y
gc gravit at ional const ant See Chapt er 29: Unit s of
Measure
N rot at ional speed of im peller
P power t o shaft of im peller
PN Power num ber
RN Reynolds num ber
FD fluid densit y
FV fluid viscosit y
2 Agit a t or s ( G6 ) 2-21
I m pe lle r Type s - Ge n e r a l Ra n ge of Ba sic
Data* *
I m pe lle r Re ynolds N um be r Ba ffle s
Type Low -
N o. Sym bol Type D/ d L/ d E/ d H igh N o. B/ D Re f
1 T6FB Turbine wit h six 3 2.7- 3.9 0.75- 1.3 1- 10 6 4 0.17 1
flat blades.
B= 0.25d;
Blade Height =
0.2d
2 T6FB2 Sam e as No.1 3 2.7- 3.9 0.75- 1.3 1- 10 6 4 0.10 1
3 T6FB3 Sam e as No.1 3 2.7- 3.9 0.75- 1.3 1- 10 6 4 0.04 1
4* T6FB4 Sam e as 3 2.7- 3.9 0.75- 1.3 1- 10 6 0 - 1
No.1; a= 1,
b= 40
5 T6CB Turbine wit h six 3 2.7- 3.9 0.75- 1.3 1.8- 10 6 4 0.10 1
curved blades.
Blade sizes
sam e as No.1
6 T6AB Turbine wit h six 3 2.7- 3.9 0.75- 1.3 3- 10 6 4 0.10 1
arrowhead
blades. Blade
size sam e as
No.1
7 STDR Shrouded 2.4 0.74 0.9 20,000- 0 - 2
t urbine wit h six 90,000
blades. 20
blade deflect or
ring.
8 STDR2 Sim ilar t o No.7, 3 2.7- 3.9 0.75- 1.3 2.5- 10 6 0 - 1
but not
ident ical.
9 ST Sam e as No.8, 3 2.7- 3.9 0.75- 1.3 10- 10 6 4 0.10 1
but no deflect or
ring.
10 AT8B45 Axial t urbine 3 2.7- 3.9 0.75- 1.3 1.8- 10 6 4 0.10 1
wit h eight
blades at a 45
degree angle.
See No.11.
11 AT4B60 Axial t urbine 3 3 0.50 15- - - 3
wit h four 60,000
blades at a 60
degree angle.
B= 0.25d.
2-22 2 Agit a t or s ( G6 )
I m pe lle r Type s - Ge n e r a l Ra n ge of Ba sic D a t a * * - cont inued
I m pe lle r Re ynolds N um be r Ba ffle s
Type Low -
N o. Sym bol Type D/ d L/ d E/ d H igh N o. B/ D Re f
12 AT4B45 Axial t urbine 5.2 5.2 0.87 600- 0 - 3
wit h four 40,000
blades at a 45
degree angle.
See No. 11
13 P4B Paddle wit h 3 3 0.50 200 - 0 - 3
four blades. 70,000
14 P2B3 Paddle wit h t wo 3 2.7- 3.9 0.70- 1.3 2- 10 6 4 0.10 1
blades. See
No.13.
15 MP3B2 Marine 3.3 2.7- 3.9 0.75- 1.3 2.5- 10 6 0 - 1
propeller wit h
t hree blades.
Pit ch- 2d;
a= 1.7; b= 18.
16 MP3B5 Sam e as 4.5 2.7- 3.9 0.75- 1.3 2.5- 10 6 0 - 1
No.15, but
pit ch= 1.05d;
a- 2.3; b= 18.
17* MP3B6 Sam e as 4.5 2.7- 3.9 0.75- 1.3 2.5- 10 6 0 - 1
No.15, but
pit ch= 1.04d;
a= 0; b= 18.
18 MP3B7 Sam e as 3 2.7- 3.9 0.75- 1.3 2.3- 10 6 4 0.10 1
No.15, but
pit ch= d
19* MP3B8 Sam e as 3 2.7- 3.9 0.75- 1.3 2.5- 10 6 0 - 1
No.15, but
pit ch= d;
a= 2.1; b= 18.
20 MP3B9 Sam e as 3.8 3.5 1.0 300- 0 - 4
No.15, but 500,000
pit ch= d
21 HRA Helical ribbon. 1.05 1.5 - 0.7- 23 0 - 5
Ribbon
widt h= d/
8.5; helical
screw= D/ 30.
* Surface effect s are im port ant . Froude num ber is included for Reynolds
Num bers gr eat t han 300.
* * Syst em will perm it ext ension beyond t hese ranges. Please check your
result s.
2 Agit a t or s ( G6 ) 2-23
I m pe lle r M a t e r ia ls
I f Com pon e n t I m pe lle r M a t e r ia l
CLAD Mat ch cladding
GLSCS SS316 blades/ shaft
Ot her Mat ch st eel
I m pe lle r Type Re fe r e n ce s
Re f Re fe r e nce for I m pe lle r Type
1 Rusht on, J. H., E. Cost ich, and H. J. Everet t , Present ed at Annual Meet ing of
t he Am erican I nst it ut e of Chem ical Engineers, Det roit , 1947.
2 Olney, R. B., and G. J. Carlson, Chem ical Engineering Progress, 43, 473, 1947.
3 Hixson, S. Q., and S. J. Baum , I ndust rial and Engineering Chem ist ry, 34, 194,
1942.
4 St oops, C. E., and C. L. Lovell, I ndust rial and Engineering Chem ist ry, 35, 845,
1943.
5 Gray, J. B., Chem ical Engineering Progress, 59, 55, 1963.
Le ge nd for I m pe lle r s
B -
Baffle widt h
D -Tank diam et er Mot or/ Reducer
d -
I m peller diam et er
E -
I m peller elevat ion
above t ank bot t om .
H - Tangent- t o- t angent
height of t ank.
12
L - Liquid level in t ank. I NCH
Min.
H L
E
d
B
2-24 2 Agit a t or s ( G6 )
Ble n de r s ( BL)
Rot ary, bat ch, dry or sem i- dry solids, m ot or and speed reducer.

Rot ary drum . BLEN D ER
For bat ch blending of dry or sem i- dry solids. I ncludes

m ot or and drive.
M a t e r ia l:
* CS* , SS
Ble nde r Volum e :
1 - 450 CF [ 0.03 - 12 M3]
Pr odu ct D e n sit y:
MAX: 200 PCF [ 3,200 KG/ M3] ;
Default : * 50* PCF [ * 800* KG/ M3]
D r ive r Spe e d:
Default : * 1,800* RPM
Rot ary double- cone. .ROTARY
For bat ch blending of dry solids. I ncludes m ot or and

drive.
M a t e r ia l:
* CS* , SS316
Ble nde r Volum e :
5 - 350 CF [ 0.02 - 9 M3]
D r ive r Spe e d:
30 x Hz RPM
M a t e r ia l:
GSLCS
Ble nde r Volum e :
2 - 165 CF [ 0.06 - 2.5 M3]
D r ive r Spe e d:
30 x Hz RPM
Sanit ary ket t le blender wit hout agit at or. KETTLE
Used for “ gent le” blending or folding of viscous

m ixt ures. Add agit at or separat ely.

added.
Liqu id Volu m e :
MI N: 50 GALLONS [ 0.19 M3] , MAX: 600 GALLONS
[ 0.19 M3]
2 Agit a t or s ( G6 ) 2-25
Ble n de r s ( BL) - cont inued
KETTLE - cont inued
* 68 DEG F
[ 20 DEG C]
Cove r Type :
* LFTHG* - Lift- off or hinged cover
NONE- No cover required
Lift off cover t o 80 GAL [ 0.3 M3] , else hinged cover.
Ja ck e t opt ion :
* NO* - Jacket not required
YES- Jacket is required
M ou nt in g t ype :
* RI M* - Rim m ount ing
LEGS- Leg t ype m ount ing
Sanit ary rot ary bowl blender. ROTARY-
BOW L
Consist s of a st ainless st eel drum wit h m ot or

drive m ount ed on a fram e. Used for wet or dry
m ixt ures.
I f you require a foundat ion for t his it em , it m ust

be added.
M a t e r ia l:
SS304, * SS316*
Liqu id Volu m e :
MI N: 25 GALLONS [ 0.1 M3] ,
MAX: 160 GALLONS [ 0.6 M3]
M ou n t in g t ype :
* FI XD* - Fixed t ype blender
PORT- Port able t ype blender on cast ers
2-26 2 Agit a t or s ( G6 )
Ble n de r s ( BL) - cont inued
Sanit ary, m ult i- shell, st aggered blender M SH ELSTAG
Cont inuous, “ zig- zag” t ype blender com bines t he

act ion of a rot at ing, eccent ric drum wit h m ult iple
recycling. Used for eit her uniform solids- solids
blending ( e.g., blending vit am ins int o cereals) or, if
SOL- LI Q is select ed in t he Application field, solids-
liquids blending ( e.g., coat ing food part icles wit h
sweet eners) . Solids are fed t hrough an inlet chut e. I f
SOL- LI Q is select ed, a dispersion head is included for
liquid inj ect ion.
Alt hough not included on t he input s, t his piece of

equipm ent eit her operat es at 50% ( recom m ended) or
at 100% of it s capacit y. When t he capacit y is specified,
t he syst em select s a m odel t hat can provide t he
capacit y while operat ing at 50% of t he m odel's rat ed
capacit y. However, if a diam et er is specified, t he
syst em provides t he rat ed capacit y in t he result s.
be added.
M a t e r ia l: SS304, * SS316*
Flow r a t e :
MI N: 250.0 LB/ H [ 115.0 KG/ H] ,
MAX: 500,000.0 LB/ H [ 227,000.0 KG/ H] . Ent er
diam et er or capacit y. Capacit y lim it s are at default
densit y and residence t im e.
Ble nde r dia m e t e r :
MI N: 8 I NCHES [ 200 MM] , 40 I NCHES
[ 1,000 MM] .
Ble nde r t ype :
* SOL- SOL* - Solids- solids blending
SOL- LI Q- Solids- liquids blending
D r ive r t ype :
* WVRDC* - Washdown, VFD rat ed, direct
drive, CS
WVCDC- Washdown, VFD cont rolled, direct
drive, CS
Pr odu ct r e side n ce t im e :
MI N: 1.00 MI NUTES,
MAX: 3.00 MI NUTES, Default : * 1.50 MI NUTES*
Pr odu ct de n sit y:
MI N: 30.0 PCF [ 480.0 KG/ M3] ,
MAX: 300.0 PCF [ 4,800.0 KG/ M3} ; Default : * 40 PCF
[ 640 KG/ M3] .*
2 Agit a t or s ( G6 ) 2-27
Kn e a de r s ( K)
Jacket , m ot or, m ot or reducer, cover, nozzles and agit at or.
St at ionary, upright double- arm .
STATI ON ARY
M a t e r ia l:
* CS* , SS304, SS316, MONEL
Liqu id Volu m e :
100 - 750 GALLONS [ 0.4 t o 2.8 M3]
Tilt ing, double- arm . TI LTI N G
M a t e r ia l:
Liqu id Volu m e :
10 - 500 GALLONS [ 0.5 t o 1.8 M3]
Vacuum , t ilt ing, double- arm . VAC TI LTN G
M a t e r ia l:
Liqu id Volu m e :
10 - 500 GALLONS [ 0.5 t o 1.8 M3]
2-28 2 Agit a t or s ( G6 )
M ix e r s ( M X)
Typically used for keeping solids in suspension, for dissolving solids and for
m ixing and/ or react ing t wo or m ore feed st ream s.
Cylinder t ype ext ruder wit h variable drive. EXTRUD ER
M a t e r ia l:
* CS*
D r ive r pow e r :
5 - 40 HP [ 4 - 30 KW]
D r ive r spe e d:
Max: 60 x HZ; Default : * 30 x HZ*
Ext ruder m uller t ype wit h open m ot or. M ULLER EXT
M a t e r ia l:
* CS*
D r ive r Pow e r :
3 - 75 HP [ 2.22 - 55 KW]
D r ive r Spe e d:
Pan includes m ot or and drive. PAN
M a t e r ia l:
* CS*
M ix e r Volu m e :
4 - 40 CF [ 0.2 - 1.1 M3]
D r ive r spe e d:
Port able propeller m ixer wit h m ot or t o 7.5 HP PORT PROP
[ 5.5 KW] .
I ncludes m ot or driver.
M a t e r ia l:
* CS* , SS
D r ive r pow e r :
0.33 - 7.5 HP [ 0.75 - 5.5 KW]
Fixed propeller m ixer wit h m ot or and gear drive t o 100 FI X ED PROP
HP [ 75 KW] .
This it em is a t op ent ering m ixer including a gear

drive, TEFC m ot or, shaft and im peller.
M a t e r ia l:
* CS* , SS
D r ive r pow e r :
2 - 100 HP [ 1.5 - 75 KW]
2 Agit a t or s ( G6 ) 2-29
M ix e r s ( M X) - cont inued
Sigm a double- arm non- vacuum m ixer wit h m ot or and SI GM A
drive.
M a t e r ia l:
* CS*
D r ive r pow e r :
3 - 100 HP [ 2.22 - 6.0 KW]
M ix e r Volu m e :
1 - 70 CF [ 0.05 - 1.9 M3]
D r ive r spe e d:
Spiral ribbon includes m ot or and drive. SPI RAL RI B
M a t e r ia l:
* CS*
D r ive r pow e r :
5 - 50 HP [ 4 - 37.5 KW]
M ix e r Volu m e :
10 - 395 CF [ 0.3 - 11 M3]
D r ive r spe e d:
St at ic m ixer used for inst ant aneous m ixing of STATI C
t wo fluid st ream s.
The unit includes t he m ain pipe housing, t he
m ixer elem ent s and t he flanges at bot h ends.
Pipe m a t e r ia l:
A 53, A 106, * 304P* , 304LP, 316P, 316LP, 316PS
( SS316 sanit ary pipe, MAX: 8 I NCHES [ 200 MM] ) ,
321P, NI , MONEL, I NCNL, TI
Flow t ype :
* TRNS* , TURB, LAMN, PLUG ( default for sanit ary
m at erial)
Pipe dia m e t e r :
0.5 - 12.0 I N DI AM [ 12 - 300 MM DI AM]
2-30 2 Agit a t or s ( G6 )
STATI C - cont inued
N ot e : For non- sanit ary m at erial, use any pipe

diam et er in t he above range; for sanit ary
m at erial, use only t he following:
I NCHES MM
0.50 15
0.75 20
1.00 25
1.50 40
2.00 50
2.50 65
3.00 80
4.00 100
Ent er liquid flow rat e or diam et er and lengt h.
N u m be r of e le m e nt s:
Default varies wit h flow t ype.
Ele m e nt m a t e r ia l:
CS, SS, NI , MONEL, TI , HAST, HASTC, PD; Default :
* SS304*
D e sign t e m pe r a t ur e I nle t :
* 68.0* DEG F [ * 20.0* DEG C]
Fluid de nsit y:
* 62.4* PCF [ * 300* KG/ M3]
Fluid viscosit y:
* 1.0* CPOI SE [ * 1.0* MPA- S]
D e sign ga u ge pr e ssur e I n le t :
15.0 PSI G [ 100 KPA]
2 Agit a t or s ( G6 ) 2-31
Two roll includes m ot or and drive. TW O ROLL
M a t e r ia l:
* CS*
D r ive r pow e r :
50 - 300 HP [ 37.5 - 224 KW]
D r ive r spe e d:
Sanit ary high- speed Norm an- t ype m ixer H I GH SPEED

For dissolving solids or sem i- solids. Pulls product from
t he t op cent er of t he square t ank ( shape ensures
com plet e hydrat ion) down t o t he high- speed im peller,
which forces it out t o t he side of t he t ank and back up
t o t he surface.

added.
M a t e r ia l:
SS304, * SS316*
Liqu id Volu m e :
MI N: 50 GALLONS [ 0.19 M3] ,
MAX: 300 GALLONS [ 1.13 M3]
FRZN- Frozen food m ixing
* NFRZ* - Non- frozen food m ixing
D r ive r t ype :
* WXXBC* - Washdown, belt drive, CS
WVRBC- Washdown, VFD rat ed, belt drive,
CS
WVCBC- Washdown, VFD cont rolled, belt
drive, CS
Sanit ary ribbon blender RI BBON
Provides m eans for m ixing, hom ogenizing, and

drying a wide variet y of product s. I ncludes base
unit , direct drive m ot or, j acket , and st ainless
st eel legs. Cover has four safet y int erlock
sensors, as w ell as a m anual cont rol ball valve
for air supply. For sanit ary reasons, m at erial of
const ruct ion is st ainless st eel ( carbon st eel m ay
be specified for legs) .

added.
2-32 2 Agit a t or s ( G6 )
RI BBON - cont inued
M a t e r ia l:
SS304, * SS316*
Ble nde r t ype :
* 1SHAFT* - Single shaft blender
2SHAFT - Twin shaft blender ( available only for
capacit ies of 500 - 750 GALLONS [ 1.9 - 2.85 M3]
Liquid volum e :
MI N: 10 GALLONS [ 0.038 M3] ,
MAX: 3,800 GALLONS [ 14.3 M3]
D r ive r pow e r pe r sha ft :
MI N: 1 HP [ 0.75 KW] ,
MAX: 150 HP [ 112 KW]
For t win shaft t ype, t his is t he driver power for each
shaft .
D r ive r t ype :
* WXXDC* - Washdown, direct drive, CS
WVCDC- Washdown, VFD cont rolled,
direct drive, CS
WXXI C- Washdown, indirect drive, CS
WVCI C- Washdown, VFD cont rol, indirect
drive, CS
HXXCZ- Hydraulic drive wit h hydraulic
syst em ( available for t win shaft
only)
No indirect drivers < 180 GALLONS [ 0.68 M3] or < 7.5
HP [ 5.5KW]
Cove r t ype :
NONE- Cover not required
STD- St andard cover is required
LCHTS- Load chut e for t win shaft blender only
Default : STD for t win shaft , NONE for single shaft
Ja ck e t opt ion :
NO- Jacket not required
* YES* - Jacket required
Not applicable for t win shaft blender t ype.
Le g m a t e r ia l:
CS- Carbon st eel
* SS* - St ainless st eel
Not applicable for t win shaft blender t ype.
Se a l for sha ft :
* STD* - St andard shaft seal
MECO- Clean- I n- Place st eam proof seal
Applicable for t win shaft only
2 Agit a t or s ( G6 ) 2-33
RI BBON - cont inued
Ope r a t ing t e m pe r a t ur e :
MI N: 68 DEG F [ 20 DEG C]
Sanit ary pist on- t ype hom ogenizer PI STON H OM
Hom ogenizing valve em ploys cavit at ion, shear,

and im pingem ent forces t o reduce gobule/
part icle size as t he product passes t hrough it .
Mat erial is SS316 for sanit ary reasons.
be added.
Liqu id flow r a t e pe r h ou r :
MI N: 15 GPH [ 0.057 M3/ H] ,
MAX: 9,900 GPH [ 37.4 M3/ H] @ 2000 PSI G
[ 13800 KPA] , 2000 GPH ( 7.5 M3/ H) @ 10, 000
PSI G [ 68,900 KPA]
D r ive r pow e r :
MI N: 3 HP [ 2.22 KW] ,
MAX: 250 HP [ 180 KW]
Plunge r dia m e t e r :
MI N: 0.625 I NCHES [ 16 MM] ,
MAX: 3.5 I NCHES [ 90 KW] . Maxim um is
influenced by capacit y and gauge pressure ( see
t able below) . Required: ent er eit her plunger
diam et er or gauge pressure.
Plu nge r D ia m e t e r
@ 2 0 0 0 PSI G @ 1 0 0 0 0 PSI G
[ 1 3 8 0 0 KPA] [ 6 8 9 0 0 KPA]
Ga u ge Ga u ge
Ca pa cit y Pr e ssu r e Pr e ssur e
GPH M 3 / H I N CH ES M M I N CH ES M M
15 .057 0.625 16 0.625 16
2000 7.5 ---- ---- 1.5 1
40 1
6000 22.7 3.5 2 90 2 ---- ----
9000 37.4 3.125 3 80 3 ---- ----
1 Maxim um capacit y at highest m axim um operat ing pressure
2 Maxim um diam et er
3 Maxim um capacit y at lowest m axim um operat ing pressure
Ope r a t ing ga u ge pr e ssu r e :

MI N: 2,000 PSI G [ 13,800 KPA] , 10,000 PSI G
[ 68,900 KPA]
Re qu ir e d: ent er eit her plunger diam et er or
gauge pressure.
2-34 2 Agit a t or s ( G6 )
D e scr ipt ion I tem
Sanit ary shear pum p hom ogenizer. SH EAR H OM
For cont inuous, inline and cont rolled bat ch

course processing. Mat erial of const ruct ion is
SS316 for sanit ary reasons.
Liquid flow r a t e :
MI N: 10 GPM [ 0.64 L/ S] ,
MAX: 575 GPM [ 36.0 L/ S]
Coole r opt ion :
* NONE* - No cooler is required
COOL- Cooler is required
D r ive r pow e r :
MI N: 7.5 HP [ 4.0 KW] ,
MAX: 100 HP [ 75 KW]
D r ive r t ype :
TVRZC- TEFC, VFD rat ed, CS
* TVCZC* - TEFC, VFD cont rolled, CS
N u m be r of st a ge s:
* 1* , MI N: 1, MAX: 3
The shear pum p hom ogenizer is provided wit h 3
st ages; however, if only 1 or 2 st ages are required,
t hen t he ot her st ages are blocked.
2 Agit a t or s ( G6 ) 2-35
2-36 2 Agit a t or s ( G6 )
3 Com pr e ssor s ( G6 )

Air Com pressors ( AC)
Gas Com pressors ( GC)
Fans, Blowers ( FN)
3 Com pr e ssor s ( G6 ) 3-1

Air Com pr e ssor s ( AC)
For plant or inst rum ent air.
For all air com pressors, capacit y is at inlet t em perat ure and pr essure.
Packaged unit including m ot or driver. CEN TRI F M
I ncludes inlet air filt er, inlet t hrot t le valve, bypass

t hrot t le valve, bypass silencer, com pressor* ,
int ercoolers* * , aft ercooler, aut om at ic condensat e
rem oval syst em wit h condensat e bypass valve, lube oil
syst em , cont inuous baseplat e, spacer coupling and
guard, induct ion m ot or, vibrat ion shut down syst em ,
prot ect ion and regulat ion syst em , com pressor
m echanical t est run and check valve.
* The nom inal 110 PSI G discharge m achines have four
st ages of com pression. The nom inal 325 PSI G
discharge m achines have five st ages of com pression.
* * The four st age m achines have t hree int ercoolers.
The five st age m achines have four int ercoolers.
M a t e r ia l:
* CS* , CI ( Cast iron)
Act ua l ga s flow r a t e :
1,000 - 25,000 CFM [ 1,700 - 42,400 M3/ H]
D e sign ga u ge pr e ssur e Ou t le t :
15 - 325 PSI G [ 104 - 2,258 KPA]
3-2 3 Com pr e ssor s ( G6 )

Air Com pr e ssor s ( AC) - cont inued

CEN TRI F M - cont inued
- 50 - 200 DEG F [ - 45 - 90 DEG C] ;
D e fa u lt :
* 68* DEG F [ * 20* DEG C]
Packaged unit including t urbine driver. CEN TRI F T
I ncludes t he sam e it em s as CEN TRI F M except

t he com pressor driver is a st eam t urbine inst ead
of AC induct ion m ot or.
M a t e r ia l:
* CS* , CI ( Cast iron)
1000 - 25000 CFM [ 1,700 - 42,400 M3/ H]
15 - 325 PSI G [ 105 - 2,240 KPA]
- 50 - 200 DEG F [ - 45 - 90 DEG C] ;
I nt egral gasoline engine driver, base plat e, coupling, RECI P GAS
reciprocat ing gas com pressor for com pression of large
volum es of air t o high pressure, less coolers, filt ers,
condensat e rem oval ( not a packaged unit ) .
M a t e r ia l: * CS*
Max: 6,000 PSI G [ 41,300 KPA]
D r ive r pow e r :
100 - 10000 HP [ 75 - 7100 KW]

Air Com pr e ssor s ( AC) - cont inued

Mot or driven reciprocat ing gas com pressor, wit h RECI P M OTR
speed reducer, pulsat ion dam pers for
com pression of large volum es of air t o high
pressure, less coolers, filt ers, condensat e
rem oval ( not a packaged unit ) .
M a t e r ia l: * CS*
D e sign ga u ge Pr e ssur e Ou t le t :
Max: 6,000 PSI G [ 41,300 KPA]
Min: > 0 PSI G
D r ive r Pow e r :
Max: 15,000 HP [ 11,000 KW]
Single st age, non- lubricat ed, packaged SI N GLE 1 S
reciprocat ing com pressor for oil- free air; includes
m ot or and drive, coupling, base plat e, cooler.
M a t e r ia l:
* CS*
75 - 1,100 CFM [ 130 - 1,850 M3/ H]
90 - 150 PSI G [ 620 - 1,000 KPA]
- 50 - 200 DEG F [ - 45 - 90 DEG C] ;
Tw o st age, non- lubricat ed, packaged SI N GLE 2 S
reciprocat ing air com pr essor for oil- fr ee air;
includes m ot or and drive, coupling, base plat e,
and cooler.
M a t e r ia l:
* CS*
80 - 700 CFM [ 140 - 1,150 M3/ H]
150 - 500 PSI G [ 1,040 - 3,400 KPA]
- 50 - 200 DEC F [ - 45 - 90 DEG C] ;
Default : * 68* DEG F [ * 20* KPA]

Ga s Com pr e ssor s ( GC)
For process gas st ream s:
° Cent rifugal ( m ot or, t urbine, gasoline engine, no driver)
° Reciprocat ing ( m ot or, t urbine, no driver) - wit h gear reducer, couplings,
guards, base plat e, com pressor unit , fit t ings, int erconnect ing piping,
vendo- supplied inst rum ent s, lube/ seal syst em ; less int ercoolers and
int erst age knock- out drum s.
For all gas com pressors, capacit y is at inlet t em perat ure and pressure.
Axial ( inline) cent rifugal gas com pressor wit h driver CEN TRI F
( m ot or, t urbine or gasoline driven engine) ; excluding
int ercoolers and knock- out drum s.
Ca sing m a t e r ia l:
See “ Cast ing Mat erials” in Chapt er 28 for
a com plet e list of m at erials. Default : * CS* .
Act ua l ga s flow r a t e I nle t :
60 - 200000 CFM [ 102 - 339000 M3/ H]
- 200 - 200 DEG F [ - 125 - 90 DEG C] ;
Default - * 68* DEG F [ * 20* DEG C]
Max: 3050 PSI G [ 21130 KPA]
M ole cula r w e ight :
Default : * 29*
Spe cific he a t r a t io:
Default : * 1.4*
Com pr e ssibilit y fa ct or I nle t :
Default : * 1*
Com pr e ssibilit y fa ct or Out le t :
Default : * 1*
M a x im u m int e r st a ge t e m pe r a t ur e :
Specify t he m axim um t em perat ure reached during
com pression before int ercooling.
Max: 400 DEG F [ 200 DEG C] ; Default : * 350* DEG F
[ * 175* DEG C]
I n t e r coole r ou t le t Te m pe r a t u r e :
Specify t he int erst age inlet t em perat ure aft er cooling.
- 50 - 150 DEG F [ - 45 - 65 DEG C] ; Default : * 90* DEG
F [ * 30* DEG C]

Ga s Com pr e ssor s ( GC) - cont inued
CEN TRI F - cont inued
D r ive r t ype :
Default : * MOTOR*
NONE - No driver
GAS ENGI NE - Gas engine driver
MOTOR - Mot or driver
TURBI NE - Turbine driver
Tu r bin e ga uge pr e ssu r e :
Max: 1,600 PSI G [ 11,000 KPA] ;
D e fa u lt :
* 300* PSI G [ * 2050 KPA]
Ge a r r e duce r t ype :
Default : gear reducer included if driver t ype specified;
ot herwise none.
YES - Gear reducer required
NO - No gear reducer
Lube oil syst e m :
Default : * YES*
YES - Lube syst em required
NO - No lube oil syst em
I nt egral gear cent rifugal gas com pressor wit h CEN TRI F I G
driver ( m ot or, t urbine or gasoline engine) , scrolls
( int erst age piping) , bull gear, coupling, guard;
m ay include lube oil syst em , int ercoolers,
aft ercooler: excludes filt er and silencer s.
See “ Cast ing Mat erials” in Chapt er 28 for a
com plet e list of m at erials. Default : * CS* .
500 - 70,000 CFM [ 850 - 118,900 M3/ H]
- 0.4 - 100 PSI G [ - 2.7 - 689 KPA] ;
Default : * 0.0* PSI G [ * 0.0* KPA]
32 - 200 DEG F [ 0 - 90 DEG C] ;
Max: 200 PSI G [ 1480 KPA]
D e sign t e m pe r a t ur e Out le t :
- 200 - 200 DEG F [ - 125 - 90 DEG C]
N u m be r of im pe lle r s:
2 - 4

CEN TRI F I G - cont inued
Ga s t ype opt ion :

Set s default gas propert ies and m akes adj ust m ent s for
explosive gases.
Default : * AI R* .
AI R - Air
O2GAS - Oxygen
N2GAS - Nit rogen
ARGAS - Argon
FLGAS - Flam m able gas
NONFL - Non- flam m able gas
Default based on chosen gas t ype.
Default based on chosen gas t ype.
Default : * 1.0* .
Com pr e ssibilit y fa ct or Out le t :
Default : * 1.0* .
I n t e r coole r r e quir e d:
Default : * YES*
YES - Cooler required
NO - None required
Aft e r coole r Re quir e d:
Default : * NO* .
YES - Cooler required
NO - None required
Specify t he m axim um t em perat ure reached during
com pression before int ercooling.
Max: 400 DEG F [ 200 DEG C] .
I n t e r coole r ou t le t t e m pe r a t u r e :
The int erst age inlet t em perat ure aft er int ercooling.
- 5- - 150 DEG F [ - 45 - 65 DEG C] ;
Default : * 90* DEG F [ * 30* DEG C] .
D r ive r t ype :
Default : * MOTOR*
NONE - No driver
MOTOR- Mot or driver
TURBI NE- Turbine driver

CEN TRI F I G - cont inued
Tu r bin e ga uge pr e ssu r e :

Max: 1,600 PSI G [ 11,000 KPA] ;
Default : * 300* PSI G [ * 2,050* KPA] .
Lube oil syst e m :
Default : * YES*
YES- Lube syst em required
NO- No lube oil syst em
Shop a sse m bly opt ion :
Part ial assem bly denot es m ult iple
skids field connect ed wit her int ercoolers.
D e fa u lt :
* FULL* .
FULL- Full shop assem bly
PART- Part shop assem bly
NONE- No shop assem bly
Mot or or t urbine- driven reciprocat ing process gas RECI P M OTR
com pressor. I ncludes m ot or, gear reducer and
pulsat ion dam pers. Does not include int ercoolers or
aft ercoolers.

Max: 200,000 CFM [ 339,000 M3/ H]
I n le t Te m pe r a t u r e :
- 200 - 200 DEG F [ - 125 - 90 DEG C] ;
Max: 6,000 PSI G [ 41,000 KPA]
Default : * 30*
Default : * 1.22*
Specify t he m axim um t em perat ure
reached during com pression before int ercooling.
M a x : 400 DEG F [ 200 DEG C] ;
D e fa u lt : * 270* DEG F
[ 135 DEG C] .

RECI P M OTR - cont inued
I n t e r coole r ou t le t t e m pe r a t u r e :
The int erst age inlet t em perat ure aft er
int ercooling. - 50 - 150 DEG F
[ - 45 - 65 DEG C] ;
D e fa u lt :
* 95* DEG F [ * 35* DEG C] .
D r ive r Type :
Default : * MOTOR*
NONE- No driver
MOTOR- Mot or driver
Tu r bin e Pr e ss. - Ga u ge :
Max: 1,600 PSI G [ 11,000 KPA] ;
Default : * 300* PSI G [ * 2,050* KPA]
Ge a r Re du ce r Sym bol:
Default : gear reducer included if driver t ype specified,
ot herwise none.
YES- Gear reducer required
NO- No gear reducer
Lube Oil Syst e m :
Default : * YES*
YES- Lube syst em required
NO- No lube oil syst em
Reciprocat ing gasoline engine drive includes int egral RECI P GAS
gas engine driver, gear reducer, baseplat e, coupling,
int erst age pot s and coolers.
M a t e r ia l:
* CS*
Max: 6,000 PSI G [ 4,100 KPA]
D r ive r pow e r :
Min: 100 HP;
Max: 10,000 HP
D e sign t e m pe r a t ur e inle t :
Default : * 68* DEC F [ * 20* DEG C]

Fa n s, Blow e r s ( FN )
The dist inct ion bet ween t he t erm s fan, blower and com pressor is confusing;
however, a dist inct ion m ay be m ade based upon t he m echanical const ruct ion
of t he m achine and t he pr essure rise from inlet t o out let produced by t he
m achine.
The Air Moving and Condit ioning Associat ion, I ncorporat ed ( AMCA) has m ade
12.25 I NCHES of wat er pr essure rise t he cut- off bet w een fans and blowers.
Assum ing an inlet pressure of 0 PSI G, a 12.25 I NCHES of wat er pr essure rise
corresponds t o a com pression rat io of 1.3. Machinery used for com pression
rat ios great er t han 1.03 are called blowers or com pressors. A pressure of
12.25 I NCHES of wat er corresponds t o 0.44 PSI G. I t is com m on pract ice,
however, t o call any cent rifugal gas- m oving m achine a fan if it s const ruct ion is
of sheet m et al and t he rot at ing elem ent is wheel rat her t han an im peller.
Single- st age fans are m ade wit h pressure rises of 50 I NCHES of wat er, and
t w o- st age fans wit h pressure rises up t o 100 I NCHES of wat er. Cent rifugal
blowers ( or t urbo- blowers) are prim arily of cast iron const ruct ion and t he
rot at ing elem ent is an im peller. Cent rifugal blowers norm ally produce pressure
rises in t he range of 1 t o 40 PSI . Cent rifugal blowers m ay be single- ( one
im peller) or m ult i- st age ( t wo or m ore im pellers) . A gas- m oving m achine t hat
produces a pressure rise of m ore t han 40 PSI is called a com pressor. Anot her
difference bet ween com pressors and blowers is t hat t he
design pressure of a blower is never m ore t han 100 PSI G, while com pressors
are frequent ly designed for m ore t han 100 PSI G. I t should be not ed, however,
t hat in t he range of 1 t o 40 PSI pr essure rise wit h a design pressure less t han
100 PSI G, t he t erm s are used int erchangeably.
Wit h driver, list ed in ascending capacit y.

Single or m ult i- st age cent rifugal t urbo blower. CEN T TURBO
Heavy dut y, low noise blower. For m oving up t o
150,000 CFM of air or ot her gas t hrough a
syst em wit h a pressure dr op from 1 t o 10 PSI .
Typical applicat ions include: supplying air t o
wast ewat er t reat m ent plant aerat ion basins;
supplying air t o blast furnaces, cupolas and
convert ers; pneum at ic conveying and supplying
com bust ion air. This it em is a cent rifugal t urbo
blower.
M a t e r ia l:
* CS*
100 - 40,000 CFM [ 170 - 67,950 M3/ H]
0.5 - 30.0 PSI G [ 3.5 - 205 KPA]
Spe e d:
900 - 3,600 RPM

Fa n s, Blow e r s ( FN ) - cont inued

Cent rifugal fan. CEN TRI F
Applicat ions include: pulling a gas st ream t hrough a
baghouse, supplying com bust ion air t o boilers and
furnaces, boost ing t he pressure of t he com bust ion
gases from a boiler t o push t he gasses up t he boiler
st ack, pneum at ic conveying, solids drying and
classifying and vent ilat ion.
Cent rifugal fans are used t o m ove gas t hrough a low

pressure drop syst em . The m axim um pressure rise
across a cent rifugal fan is about 2 PSI . The m ost
t ypical m at erials of const ruct ion are carbon st eel sheet
or plat e casing, alum inum or carbon st eel wheel ( or
im peller) and carbon st eel shaft . Fans m ay be
fabricat ed from a variet y of ot her m at erials such as
st ainless st eel and FRP. Cent rifugal fans are classified
according t o t he design of t he wheel. The different
wheels are: radial blade t ype, forward- curved,
backward- curved, backward- inclined and airfoil.
Cent rifugal fans are m anufact ured in sizes t hat range
from less t han 100 CFM t o 1,000,000 CFM.
M a t e r ia l:
* CS*
700 - 900,000 CFM [ 1,200 - 1,529,000 M3/ H]
Not e: Max flowrat e for St andard dut y = 150,000 CFM
[ 254,850 M3/ H]
Min flowrat e for Heavy dut y = 50,000 CFM [ 84,950
M3/ H]
Fa n out le t ga uge pr e ssur e :
0 - 15 I N H2O [ 0 - 3,700 PA] ;
D e fa u lt :
* 6* I N H2O [ * 1,500* PA]
Applica t ion :
* STD - Max flowrat e 150,000 CFM [ 254,850 M3/ H]
HVY - Min flowrat e 50,000 CFM [ 84,950 M3/ H]
N ot e : I f you leave t he Applica t ion field blank:
• I f t he input flow rat e is < 150,000 CFM, t he syst em
est im at es a st andard dut y fan.
• I f t he input flow rat e is = > 150,000 CFM, t he
syst em est im at es a heavy dut y fan.
D r ive r t ype :
* MOTOR
VFD
TURBI NE
NONE
N ot e : For MOTOR or VFD, elect rical bulks for t he
m ot or hookup are generat ed. For TURBI NE, addit ional
lines and loops for t he t urbine are generat ed. For
NONE, Driver cost = 0 and no elect rical bulks for
hookup are generat ed.

Propeller fan. PROPELLER
M a t e r ia l:
* CS*
1,000 - 15,000 CFM [ 1,700 - 25,400 M3/ H]
Rot ary blower. ROT BLOW ER

This general purpose blower includes inlet and
discharge silencers. Applicat ions include: pneum at ic
conveying, com bust ion air, exhaust ing vapors,
inst rum ent air and aerat ion of fluids.
A rot ary blower is a posit ive displacem ent m achine.

That is, a const ant volum e of inlet air ( or ot her gas) is
com pressed regardless of any changes in t he
discharge pressure required by t he syst em . The rot ary
blower m oves air in t he following m anner. Two figure
eight shaped im pellers are m ount ed on parallel shaft s
inside a casing and rot at e in opposit e direct ions. As
each im peller passes t he blower inlet a volum e of gas
is t rapped, carried t hrough t o t he blower discharge
and expelled against t he discharge pressure. The
casing of t he rot ary blower is cast iron and t he
im pellers are duct ile iron. Rot ary blowers are
m anufact ured in st andard sizes.
M a t e r ia l:
* CS*
100 - 4,000 CFM [ 170 - 6,700 M3/ H]
2 - 15 PSI G [ 15 - 100 KPA] ;
Spe e d: 900 - 3,600 RPM


Vaneaxial fan. VAN EAXI AL
M a t e r ia l:
* CS*
2,300 - 45,000 CFM [ 3.950 - 76,450 M3/ H]

4 D r ive r s ( G1 1 )

Elect r ical Mot ors ( MOT)
Pow er Level
St andard Mot or Sizes
Synchronous Mot or Speeds ( RPM)
Turbines ( TUR)
4 D r ive r s ( G1 1 ) 4-1
Ele ct r ica l M ot or s ( M OT)
Elect r ical m ot or s serve as t he prim ar y m eans of dr iving t he rot at ing
equipm ent , for exam ple, pum ps, com pressors and fans.
Mot ors are built in a wide range of enclosure t ypes, rot at ing speeds and
horsepowers. Select ion of a part icular m ot or warrant s careful considerat ion of
t he m ot or ’s applicat ion. The considerat ions at t he sit e ( t em perat ure, air- borne
part icles, m oist ure, oil vapor, dust , abrasive or conduct ing part icles, corrosive
fum es or explosive gases) , and t he specific use of a m ot or ( e.g., pum p,
com pressor or crusher driver) det erm ine t he hazards involved and t he
prot ect ive m easures r equired for safe operat ion. These considerat ions led t o
m ot or classificat ion by enclosure t ypes.
St andard open drip- proof m ot ors wit h vent openings OPEN
for indoor service:
D r ive r Pow e r :
0.75 - 50,000 HP [ 0.75 - 37,000 KW]
En closu r e Type :
Default : * STD*
STD - St andard indoor service ( open drip- proof wit h
vent openings)
W PI - Norm al out door service ( weat her-
prot ect ed ( rain, snow, air- borne part icles)
W PI I - Severe out door service ( out side
weat her- prot ect ed service)
4-2 4 D r ive r s ( G1 1 )
Ele ct r ica l M ot or s ( M OT) - cont inued
OPEN - cont inued
D r ive r Type :
Default : * STD*
Spe e d:
Range: ( 15 x HZ) - ( 60 x HZ) RPM; Default : *
( 30 x HZ) * RPM
Synchronous m ot ors wit h high efficiency at low speed SYN CH RON
for large HP [ KW] requirem ent s, reciprocat ing
com pressors, pum p com pressors, pum ps,
crushers and m ixers.
D r ive r Pow e r :
200 - 20,000 HP [ 150 - 15,000 KW]
En closu r e Type :
Default : Wat er cooled if great er t han 8,000 HP
[ 6,000] , else st andard.
STD - St andard out door service
W PI - Norm al out door service
W PI I - Severe out door service
TEW AC- Wat er cooled
Spe e d:
Range: ( 3.7 x HZ) - ( 30 x HZ) RPM; Default : *
( 30 x HZ) * RPM
Tot ally- enclosed fan- cooled m ot ors ( TEFC) EN CLOSED
The TEFC m ot or is especially suit able for out door use

involving severe environm ent al condit ions. I t can also
wit hst and severe operat ing condit ions ( heat , lint and
dirt ) when used indoors.
The TEFC is a t ot ally enclosed m achine const ruct ed t o

prohibit t he exchange of air bet ween t he inside and
out side of t he casing. I t is cooled by m eans of a fan
int egral wit h t he m achine but ext ernal t o t he elect ric
part s. TEFC m ot ors are available from 1 - 500 HP. For
severe service condit ions requiring up t o 200 HP, TEFC
m ot ors are less cost ly and provide bet t er prot ect ion
t han weat her- prot ect ed m ot ors. Except for som e
specially designed enclosures, t he TEFC m ot or
provides t he best prot ect ion against m oist ure,
corrosive vapors, dust and dirt .
4 D r ive r s ( G1 1 ) 4-3
EN CLOSED - cont inued
D r ive r Pow e r :
0.75 - 10,000 HP [ 0.75 - 7,100 KW]
D r ive r Type :
Default : Wat er cooled ( TEWAC) if great er t han
300 HP [ 224 KW] , else fan cooled ( TEFC) .
Spe e d:
Range: ( 20 x HZ) - ( 60 x HZ) RPM; Default : * ( 30 x
HZ) * RPM.
Explosion- proof m ot ors for Class I Division 1 EXP PROOF
hazardous use.
Explosion- proof m ot ors are required when t he locat ion

of t he m ot or is classified according t o t he NEC
( Nat ional Elect rical Code) as a Class I , Division 1,
Hazardous Area. Class I represent s an area cont aining
flam m able gases or vapors and Division 1 specifies
t hat hazardous at m ospheres can occur under norm al
operat ion condit ions. The source of a hazardous
at m osphere is generally leakage from process
equipm ent ( e.g., pum ps or com pressors) handling
com bust ible volat ile liquids or com bust ible gases.
An explosion- proof m ot or is basically a TEFC m ot or

wit h heavier const ruct ion and m ore careful m achining.
An explosion- proof m ot or has an enclosure designed
t o wit hst and t he explosion of a gas or vapor occurring
wit hin it and t o prevent t he ignit ion of t he at m osphere
surrounding t he m achine by sparks, flashes or
explosions from wit hin. Explosion proof m ot ors are
available up t o 3,000 HP at 3,600 RPM.
D r ive r Pow e r :
0.75 - 4,000 HP [ 0.75 - 2,800 KW]
D r ive r Type :
D e fa u lt : * STD*
Spe e d:
Range: ( 20 x HZ) - ( 30 x HZ) RPM; Default : * ( 30 x
HZ) * RPM.
4-4 4 D r ive r s ( G1 1 )
TEFC m ot or int egral wit h variable speed drive. VARY SPEED
I ncludes handwheel cont rol of sheaves wit h a built- in
indicat or and TEFC m ot or as an int egral part of t he
unit .
This com ponent is used when t here is an opt im um

speed at which t o run a process m achine ( e.g., pum ps,
fans, m ixers, dryers and crushers) .
A m echanical speed drive perm it s t he adj ust m ent of

out put speed by m echanical m eans ( m anually
adj ust ed) . The m ot or speed ( input speed) is geared
down by a syst em of pulleys t o supply lower shaft
speeds ( out put speed) t o process equipm ent . Available
out put speeds range from approxim at ely 5 - 4,000
RPM. Pulley rat ios of input t o out put speeds range
from 2: 1 t hrough 10: 1. Mechanical variable speed
drives t ypically range from 0.5 t o 50 HP. Speed
adj ust m ent can be eit her m anual, by t urning a
handle, or aut om at ic. Alt hough t he m echanical
variable speed m ot or provides high efficiency
over t he ent ire speed range, it does not supply a
high degree of accuracy in speed regulat ion.
( Variable frequency driver available wit h OPEN ,

EN CLOSED, EXP PROOF.)
Low Spe e d:
( .09 x HZ) - ( 9.6 x HZ) RPM
H igh Spe e d:
( 1.4 x HZ) - ( 58 x HZ) RPM
D r ive r Pow e r :
0.5 - 400 HP [ 0.75 - 300 KW]
4 D r ive r s ( G1 1 ) 4-5
Pow e r Le ve l
Pow er is supplied t o a m ot or at a volt age level as follows.
Volt a ge Le ve l ( 3 Ph a se Se r vice )
M ot or Size US Count r y Ba se UK Count r y Ba se
Less t han 1 HP [ 0.75 KW] 110 V 240v
1 HP t o under MDP ( * 200* HP) Low Volt age Low Volt age
[ .75 KW t o under MDP ( * 150* KW) ] * 230/ 480* V * 415* V
MDP ( * 200* HP) t o 4,000 HP 4,160 V 3,300 V

[ MDP ( * 150* KW) t o 3,000 KW]
Great er t han 4,000 HP [ 3,000 KW] 13,800 V 11,000 V

Frequency 60 Hertz 50 Hertz
10000 - 37000 KW: I ncrem ent s of

1000 KW
4-6 4 D r ive r s ( G1 1 )
St a n da r d M ot or Size s
HP KW
0.125 0.75 118 500 4000
0.25 1.11 125 530 4500
0.333 1.50 132 560 5000
0.5 2.22 140 560 5600
0.75 3.0 150 600 6300
1 4.0 160 630 7100
1.5 5.5 170 670 8000
2 7.5 180 710 9000
3 11.0 190 750 10000
5 15.0 200 800
7.5 18.5 212 900
10 22.0 224 1000
15 30.0 236 1120
20 37.5 250 1250
25 45.0 265 1400
30 55.0 280 1600
40 75.0 300 1800
50 80 315 2000
60 80 335 2240
75 85 375 2500
100 95 400 2500
125 100 425 2800
150 106 450 3150
200 112 475 3550
200 - 500 HP: increm ent s of 50

6000 - 20000 HP: increm ent s of 1000
20000 - 40000 HP: increm ent s of 2500
40000 - 50000 HP: increm ent s of 5000
4 D r ive r s ( G1 1 ) 4-7
Syn ch r on ou s M ot or Spe e ds ( RPM )
6 0 H e r t z Se r vice 5 0 H e r t z Se r vice
1800 1500
1200 1000
900 750
720 600
600 500
514 428
450 375
400 333
360 300
327 272
300 250
277 231
257 214
240 200
225 187
4-8 4 D r ive r s ( G1 1 )
Tu r bin e s ( TUR)
St eam t urbine driver includes condenser and CON D EN SI N G
accessories.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
Pow e r Out put :
10 - 30,000 HP [ 8 - 22,300 KW]
St e a m Ga uge Pr e ssur e :
Max: 1,600 PSI G [ 11,000 KPA] ;
Default : * 400* PSI G [ * 2,700* KPA]
Spe e d:
Max: 3,600 RPM; Default : * 3,600* RPM
Non- condensing t ype st eam t urbine driver includes N ON CON D
accessories.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
Pow e r Out put :
10 - 30,000 HP [ 8 - 22,300 KW]
Max: 1,600 PSI G [ 11,000 KPA] ;
Default : * 400* PSI G [ * 2,700* KPA]
Spe e d:
Max: 3,600 RPM;
4 D r ive r s ( G1 1 ) 4-9
Gas t urbine includes fuel gas com bust ion cham ber and GAS
m ult i- st age t urbine expander.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
Pow e r Out put :
1,000 - 500,000 HP [ 750 - 375,000 KW]
Turbo expander includes only t he expander ( t urbine) TURBOEXP

part and any spare cart ridges. I t does not include
com pressor ( boost er) part . So, all input / out put
variables in t he m odel refer t o an expansion process,
and t he result ing cost and weight dat a belong only t o
t he expander part .
N ot e : The m at erial used by t he syst em is A3003
( alum inum ) .

Range: 5 - 200,000 CFM [ 8.5 - 339,800 m 3/ hr]
Required field
Range: ( > 0) - 3000 PSI G [ ( > 0) - 20,684 kPag]
Required field
Range: - 450 t o 600 DEG F [ - 267 t o 315 DEG C]
Range: 0 - 1 ,000 PSI G [ 0 - 6,894 kPag]
Required field
Pow e r out pu t :
Range: ( > 0) - 2,000 HP [ ( > 0) - 1,500 kW]
Range: 1 - 500
Default : * 29*
Default m olecular weight is t hat of air
Range: 1.04 - 2
Default : * 1.4*
Default specific heat rat io is t hat of air
Range: 0.05 - 3
Default : * 1*
Default com pressibilit y fact or assum es an ideal gas
I se nt r opic e fficie ncy:
Range: 30 - 100 PERCENT
Default : * 85* PERCENT
N u m be r of spa r e ca r t r idge s:
Min: 0
Default : * 0*
4-10 4 D r ive r s ( G1 1 )
5 H e a t Tr a n sfe r ( G1 0 )

Heat Exchangers ( HE)
Reboiler s ( RB)
Furnaces, Process Heat ers ( FU)
TEMA Exchanger Const ruct ion Nom enclat ure
I carus Support ed TEMA Types
5 H e a t Tr a n sfe r ( G1 0 ) 5-1
H e a t Ex ch a n ge r s ( H E)
Heat exchangers ar e used t o t ransfer heat from one fluid t o anot her fluid. I n
t he t erm inology of chem ical engineering, a fluid m ay be eit her a gas or a
liquid. Ther efore, w hen w e say w e are t ransferring heat from one fluid t o
anot her, we can m ean eit her a gas- gas exchanger, a liquid- liquid exchanger or
a gas- liquid exchanger.
Heat exchangers m ay be called by ot her nam es depending upon t heir specific
purpose. I f a process fluid is being cooled wit h wat er, t he t erm “ cooler ” is oft en
used. I f a gaseous process fluid is cooled wit h wat er unt il it becom es a liquid,
t he t erm “ condenser ” is used. I f a liquid process fluid is heat ed ( usually wit h
st eam ) unt il it t urns int o a gas, t he t er m “ vaporizer ” is used. I f a process fluid
is heat ed ( usually wit h st eam ) t he t erm “ econom izer ” is used. I f t wo process
fluids exchange heat , t he t erm heat exchanger is used.
The m ost com m on t ype of heat exchanger, and t herefore, t he kind described
here, is t he shell and t ube heat exchanger. The shell and t ube heat exchanger
consist s of a bundle of t ubes. Each t ube is usually 3/ 4 or I NCH in out side
diam et er and 20 t o 40 FEET long. The t ube bundle is held in a cylindrical shape
by plat es at eit her end called “ t ube sheet s.” The t ube bundle is placed inside a
cylindrical shell. The design of t he shell and t ube heat exchanger is such t hat
one fluid flows inside t he t ubes, while t he ot her fluid flows over t he out side of
t he t ubes. Heat is t ransferred t hrough t he t ube walls. The size of a heat
exchanger is defined as t he t ot al out side surface area of t he t ube bundle.
Wide variet y of m at erials: float ing head, fixed t ube sheet , U- t ube exchangers,
m ult iple shells/ passes, TEMA Class B and ot her t ypes.
5-2 5 H e a t Tr a n sfe r ( G1 0 )
H e a t Ex ch a n ge r s ( H E) - cont inued
Air cooler wit h variet y of plenum cham bers, louver AI R COOLER
arrangem ent s, fin t ypes ( or bare t ubes) , sizes,
m at erials, freest anding or rack- m ount ed, m ult iple
bays and m ult iple services wit hin a single bay.
Ba r e t u be a r e a 1 st se r vice :
Prim ary or single service. Tot al bare t ube surface area
for prim ary service. I f t he exchanger is a single
service, t hen t his is t he t ot al bare t ube surface area.
The surface area is for all bays.
Tu be m a t e r ia l 1 st se r vice :
Prim ary or single service; Default : * A 179* . See
Chapt er 28 for t ube m at erials.
D e sign ga u ge pr e ssur e 1 st se r v.:
Default : * 150* PSI G [ * 1,000* KPA]
I n le t t e m pe r a t u r e 1 st se r vice :
Tu be ou t side dia m e t e r 1 st se r v.:
Default : * 1.0* I NCHES [ * 25.0* MM]
Tube w a ll t hick ne ss 1 st se r vice :
The wall t hickness of t ubing used for prim ary or single
services, in inches or BWG rat ing. For grooved t ubes,
specify t he t hickness under t he groove. Thickness m ay
be ent ered as a posit ive signed value in decim al
I NCHES [ MM] or as a negat ive signed int eger value of
BWG ( - 1 t o - 24 BWG) . I f no value is specified, t he
syst em calculat es a value based on t ube m at erial,
t em perat ure and pressure of service, wit h m inim um of
0.1080 I NCHES [ 2.74 MM] per API 661 code.
Cor r osion a llow a n ce 1 st se r vice :
Default : 0.0, except CS: 0.125 I NCHES [ 3 MM]
Tube le ngt h:
Range: 4 - 60 FEET [ 1.25 - 18.0 M]
Ba y w idt h :
Max: 30.0 [ 9.0 M]
H e igh t : This is t he leg height for air coolers at grade.
Default : * 0.0* ( rack m ount ed)
N u m be r of w a lk w a ys:
Default : * 2* . Does not apply t o Aspen I n- Plant Cost
Est im at or.
Ple nu m t ype sym bol:
Default : * TRNS*
PANL- Panel shaped plenum
TRNS- Transit ion shaped
NONE- No plenum
5 H e a t Tr a n sfe r ( G1 0 ) 5-3

AI R COOLER - cont inued
Louve r t ype sym bol:

Default : * FACE*
FACE- Face louvers only
SI DE- Side louvers only
BOTH- Face + side louvers
NONE- No louvers
Fin t ype sym bol:
Default : L- foot ed if t em perat ure below
400 DEG F [ 205 DEG C] , esle em bedded.
E - Em bedded
L - L- foot t ension wound
W - Wheel
X - Ext ract ed
NONE - Bare t ubes
Fin pit ch :
Num ber of fin t ubes per I NCH [ per 25 MM] ,
ignore if bar t ube specified. Range: 6.0 - 20.0;
Default : * 10.0*
Fin m a t e r ia l sym bol:
I gnore t his field for bare t ubes. Default : * AL* .
AL - Alum inum fins
CS - Carbon st eel fins
CU - Copper fins
SS - St ainless st eel fins
Tu be fin he ight :
I gnore t his field for bare t ubes;
Range: 0.250 - 2.50 I NCHES [ 10.0 - 65.0 MM] ;
Default : * 0.625* I NCHES [ * 15* MM]
N u m be r of t ube r ow s:
Max: 13
Tu be pit ch:
Default : * 2.25* I NCHES [ 55.0 MM]
N u m be r of fa ns pe r ba y:
Range: 1- 3
Fixed t ube sheet shell and t ube exchangers. FI XED T S
TEMA t ype BEM fixed t ube sheet
The fixed t ube sheet shell and t ube heat exchanger is

applicable t o t rim cooler and ot her low t em perat ure
applicat ions, as well as services where t he shell side
fluid is non- fouling, such as st eam , dowt herm and
gasses. A fixed t ube sheet heat exchanger has it s t ube
sheet s fixed t o bot h ends of t he shell, wit h or wit hout a
shell expansion j oint .
5-4 5 H e a t Tr a n sfe r ( G1 0 )
FI XED T S - cont inued
Fixed t ube sheet heat exchangers are m ore

econom ical t o fabricat e t han float ing head heat
exchangers, but unless an expansion j oint is placed in
t he shell t he difference in t em perat ure bet ween t he
shell and t ubes m ust be sm all or t he unequal t herm al
expansion of t he shell and t ube bundle will cause
unaccept able m echanical st resses. The fixed t ube
sheet design also does not allow t he t ube bundle t o be
rem oved. Therefore, fixed t ube sheet heat exchangers
are lim it ed t o clean services and services where t he
dirt and scale on t he out side surface of t he t ubes is
easily cleaned by chem ical m eans.
H e a t t r a nsfe r a r e a :
Ent er eit her heat t ransfer area or num ber of
shells, t ubes/ shell and t ube dat a.
N u m be r of sh e lls:
Tu be m a t e r ia l:
Default : A 214 t o 900 DEG F [ 482 DEG C] ,
304S for higher t em perat ures. See Chapt er 28 for
t ube m at erials.
Tu be de sign ga u ge pr e ssu r e :
Default : * 150* PSI G [ * 1,000* KPA]
Tu be de sign t e m pe r a t u r e :
Default : 400 DEG F [ 200 DEG C] for copper alloys;
ot her m at erial: 640 DEG F [ 340 DEG C]
Tu be ope r a t ing t e m pe r a t u r e :
Default : design t em perat ure
Tu be ou t side dia m e t e r :
0.25 - 6.0 I NCHES [ 6 - 150 MM] ;
Sh e ll m a t e r ia l:
Default : A285C t o 900 DEG F [ 482 DEG C] , SS304 for
higher t em perat ures. See Chapt er 28 for m at erials.
She ll de sign ga u ge pr e ssu r e :
Default : * 150* PSI G [ * 1,000* KPA]
She ll de sign t e m pe r a t u r e : Default : 400 DEG F [ 200
DEG C] for copper alloys; * 650* DEG F [ * 340* DEG C]
for ot her m at erials.
5 H e a t Tr a n sfe r ( G1 0 ) 5-5
Sh e ll ope r a t in g t e m pe r a t u r e :
Tu be side pipe m a t e r ia l:
See Chapt er 18 for pipe m at erials.
Sh e ll side pipe m a t e r ia l:
N u m be r of t ube s pe r sh e ll:
Ent er eit her heat t ransfer area or num ber of shells,
t ubes/ shell and t ube dat a.
Tu be le n gt h e x t e n de d:
8 - 60 FEET [ 2.5 - 18 M] ;
Default : * 20* FEET [ * 6* M]
Tube ga uge :
Ent er t ube gauge or t hickness, not bot h,
including corrosion allowance; 1 - 24 BWG
Tube w a ll t hick ne ss:
including corrosion allowance; 0.02 - 0.34 I NCHES
[ 0.6 - 8.6 MM]
Tu be cor r osion a llow a n ce :
Default : 0.0025 I NCHES [ 0.06 MM] for CS, 0.0 for
ot her m at erials
Tu be se a l t ype :
Default : * SEALW*
EXPND- Expanded t ube- t o- t ubesheet j oint s
SEALW- Seal welded t ube j oint s
STRNW- St rengt h welded t ube j oint s
Tu be pit ch:
1.25 x t ube out side diam et er
Tu be pit ch sym bol:
Default : * TRI ANGLE*
DI AMOND- Diam ond t ube pit ch
SQUARE- Square t ube pit ch
TRI ANGULAR- Triangular t ube pit ch
She ll dia m e t e r :
Max: 192.0 I NCHES [ 4,875.0 MM]
She ll w a ll t hick ne ss:
Shell t hickness including corrosion allowance.
She ll cor r osion a llow a n ce :
Default : 0.125 I NCHES [ 3 MM] for CS,
0.0 for ot her m at erials.
5-6 5 H e a t Tr a n sfe r ( G1 0 )
Ex pa n sion j oin t :
Default : * NO*
NO- No expansion j oint in shell
YES- Expansion j oint required in shell
Tu be sh e e t m a t e r ia l:
See Chapt er 28 for t ube m at erials.
Tu be sh e e t cor r osion a llow a n ce :
Default : lesser of 50 x t ube corrosion
allowance or 0.25 I NCHES [ 6 MM] .
Cha n n e l m a t e r ia l:
Default : t ubesheet m at erial. See Chapt er
28 for m at erials.
Cla dding t hick ne ss:
Default : 0.125 I NCHES [ 3 MM] if cladding m at erial
specified, ot herwise 0.0.
Cla dding m a t e r ia l:
See Chapt er 28 for m at erial select ion.
Cla dding loca t ion:
Default : * SHELL*
SHELL- Cladding on shell side only
TUBE- Cladding on t ube side only
BOTH- Cladding on bot h shell and t ube sides
N um be r of t ube pa sse s:
Default : * 1*
N u m be r of sh e ll pa sse s:
Default : * 1*
St r e ss r e lie f:
W e ld X- r a y:
Max: 100; Default : * 20*
TEM A t ype :
Default : BEM for 1 shell pass, BFM for 2 shell passes.
Ve n dor gr a de :
Default : * HI GH*
STAND - St andard vender
HI GH - Specialt y vender - high grade/ cust om work
Re gu la t ion t ype :
Japanese count ry base only. Required governm ent
regulat ion and t est ing; Default : * NONE*
NONE - No special regulat ions
PV - Pressure vessel regulat ions
HPG - High pressure gas regulat ions
5 H e a t Tr a n sfe r ( G1 0 ) 5-7
Float ing head shell of 48 I NCHES [ 1200 MM] FLOAT H EAD
m axim um and exchanger.
Applicable t o any heat exchange applicat ion, but not
norm ally used for clean and/ or low t em perat ure
services where t he fixed t ube sheet exchanger is
usually t he m ore econom ic choice.
The float ing head heat exchanger accom m odat es t he
different ial t herm al expansion of t ube bundle and
shell, and also allows t he t ube bundle t o be com plet ely
rem oved from t he shell. The float ing head heat
exchanger is consequent ially specified for services
where t he shell size of t he t ube bundle is subj ect t o
fouling and services which involve large t em perat ure
different ials bet ween shell side and t ube side fluids.
t ube/ shell and t ube dat a.
Default : A 214 t o 900 DEG F [ 482 DEG C] ,
304S for higher t em perat ures. See chapt er 28 for t ube
m at erials.
Default : * 150* PSI G [ * 1,000* KPA]
650 DEG F [ 340 DEG C] ot her m at erial
0.25 - 6.0 I NCHES [ 6 - 150 MM] ;
Default : A285C t o 900 DEG F [ 482 DEG C] , SS304 for
higher t em perat ures
Default : 150 PSI G [ 1,000 KPA]
5-8 5 H e a t Tr a n sfe r ( G1 0 )
FLOAT H EAD - cont inued
She ll de sign t e m pe r a t ur e :
Default : 400 DEG F [ 200 DEG C] for cooper alloys;
650 DEG F [ 340 DEG C] for ot her m at erial
Tu be side pipe m a t e r ia l:
See Pipe Mat erials in Chapt er 18.
See Pipe Mat erials in Chapt er 18.
Ent er eit her heat t ransfer area or num ber
of shells, t ubes/ shell and t ube dat a.
8 - 60 FEET [ 2.5 - 18 M] ;
Tube ga uge :
including corrosion allowance; 1- 24 BWG
including corrosion allowance; 0.02 - 0.34 I NCHES
[ 0.6 - 8.6 MM]
Default : 0.0025 I NCHES [ 0.06 MM]
for CS, 0.0 for ot her m at erials
Default : * SEALW*
SEALW- Seal welded t ube j oint s
Tu be pit ch:
Default : 1.25 x t ube out side diam et er
Default : * TRI ANGULAR*
TRI ANGLE- Triangular t ube pit ch
Max: 192.0 I NCHES [ 4,875.0 MM]
5 H e a t Tr a n sfe r ( G1 0 ) 5-9
FLOAT H EAD - cont inued
Default : * NO*
NO - No expansion j oint in shell
YES - Expansion required in shell
See Tube Mat erials in Chapt er 28.
Default : Lesser of 50 x t ube corrosion allowance, or
0.25 I NCHES [ 6 MM] .
Default : t ubesheet m at erial. See Tube Mat erials in
Chapt er 28.
See cladding m at erial in Chapt er 28.
Default : * SHELL*
SHELL - Cladding on shell side only
TUBE - Cladding on t ube side only
BOTH - Cladding on bot h shell and t ube sides
Default : * 2*
Default : * 1*
CODE - Provide st ress relief if code required
W e ld X- r a y:
Max 100; Default : * 20*
TEM A t ype :
Default : BES for 1 shell pass, BFS for 2 shell passes.
Ve n dor gr a de :
Default : * HI GH*
STAND - St andard vendor
HI GH - Specialt y vendor - high grade/ cust om work
For Japanese count ry base only. Required
governm ent regulat ion and t est ing. Default : * NONE*
PV - Pressure vessel regulat ions
HPG - High pressure gas regulat ions
5-10 5 H e a t Tr a n sfe r ( G1 0 )
U- t ube shell and t ube exchangers. TEMA t ype BEU U- U TUBE
Tube.
U- t ube shell and t ube exchangers are norm ally used in
t hose services where t he t ubeside fluid is non- fouling
or where t he deposit s form ed are easily rem oved wit h
chem ical cleaning. Since t he t ube bundle is
rem ovable, t he fluid in t he shell side can be fouling.
Since t he U- t ube design elim inat es one t ube sheet ,
t hese exchangers are oft en used for high pressure
applicat ions.
As t he nam e indicat es, all t he t ubes are U- shaped.
Consequent ially, t here is only one t ube sheet . The
t ube side fluid ent ers one leg of t he U- t ube and exit s
from t he ot her leg. The U- t ubes are free t o expand
inside t he exchanger shell; t hus, a large t em perat ure
differences bet ween shell side and t ube side fluids can
be handled. The U- t ube bundle is usually rem ovable
for inspect ion and cleaning. The inside of t he U- t ubes
are hard t o clean because of t he U- bend. U- t ube heat
exchangers are unsuit able for handling erosive fluids
because t he U- bends rapidly wear out .
Default : * A 214* t o 900 DEG F [ 482 DEG C] , * 304S*
for higher t em perat ures. See Chapt er 28 for t ube
dat a.
Default : * 150* PSI G [ * 1,000* KPA]
Default : * 400* DEG F [ * 200* DEG C] for copper
alloys; ot her m at erial: * 650* DEG F [ * 340* DEG C]
Range: 0.25 - 6.0 I NCHES [ 6 - 150 MM] ;
Default : * A285C* t o 900 DEG F [ 482 DEG C] ,
SS304 for higher t em perat ures
5 H e a t Tr a n sfe r ( G1 0 ) 5-11
U TUBE - cont inued

Default : * 150* PSI G [ * 1,000* KPA]
Default : * 400* DEG F [ * 200* DEG C] for
copper alloys; * 650* DEG F [ * 340* DEG C] ot her
m at erials
Range: 8 - 12 FEET [ 2.5 - 36 M] ;
Default : * 40* Feet [ * 12* M]
Tube ga uge :
Ent er t ube gauge or t hickness, not bot h, including
corrosion allowance. Range: 1- 24 BWG
corrosion allowance. Range: 0.02 - 0.34 I NCHES
[ 0.6 - 8.6 MM]
Default : * 0.0025* I NCHES [ * 0.06* MM] for CS, * 0.0*
for ot her m at erials.
Default : * SEALW*
EXPD - Expanded t ube- t o t ubesheet j oint s
SEALW - Seal welded t ube j oint s
STRNW - St rengt h welded t ube j oint s
Tu be pit ch:
Max: 192 I NCHES [ 4,875 MM]
Default : * 0.125* I NCHES [ * 3* MM] for
CS, * 0.0* for ot her m at erials
5-12 5 H e a t Tr a n sfe r ( G1 0 )
U TUBE - cont inued
Default : * NO*
NO - No expansion j oint in shell
YES - Expansion j oint required in shell
* 0.25* I NCHES [ * 6* MM]
See Chapt er 28 for m at erials.
Default : * 0.125* I NCHES [ 3 MM] if cladding m at erial
is specified; ot herwise * 0.0*
See Chapt er 28 for cladding m at erials.
Default : * SHELL*
Default : * 2*
Default : * 1*
Default : See Proj ect Design Basis.
W e ld X- r a y:
TEM A t ype :
* BEU* for 1 shell pass, * BFU* for 2 shell passes.
Ve n dor gr a de :
Default : * HI GH*
STAND - St andard vendor
HI GH - Specialt y vendor - high grade/ cust om work
Japanese count ry base only. Required governm ent
regulat ions and t est ing.
Default : * NONE* .
PV- Pressure vessel regulat ions
HPG- High pressure gas regulat ions
5 H e a t Tr a n sfe r ( G1 0 ) 5-13
Fixed t ube, float . head, u- t ube exchanger TEM A EXCH
This m odel m erges t he t hree TEMA heat exchangers,

which are ret ained for com pat ibilit y purposes ( in
earlier syst em versions, changing t he t ype of TEMA
heat exchanger required t hat one delet e t he ent ry and
specify anot her heat exchanger) .
H e a t t r a nsfe r a r e a : Ent er eit her heat t ransfer area

or no. of shells, t ubes/ shell and t ube dat a.
N u m be r of sh e lls: Ent er eit her heat t ransfer area or
no. of shells, t ubes/ shell and t ube dat a.
Fr on t e n d h e a d t ype : Use front head t ype, shell t ype
and rear head t ype t o const ruct TEMA t ype sym bol.
Front head t ype opt ions:
A- Channel and rem ovable cover
B- Bonnet int egral cover
C- Tubesheet channel int egral, rem ov. cover
N- Tubesheet channel int egral, rem ov. cover
She ll TEM A sym bol: Use front head t ype, shell t ype
and rear head t ype t o const ruct TEMA t ype sym bol.
Shell t ype opt ions:
E- One pass shell
F- Two pass shell wit h longit udinal baffle
G- Split flow
H- Double split flow
J- Divided flow
X- Cross flow
Re a r e nd he a d t ype :
Use front head t ype, shell t ype and rear head t ype t o
const ruct TEMA t ype sym bol. Rear head t ype opt ions:
L - Fixed t ubesheet , channel rem ovable cover
M - Fixed t ubesheet , bonnet int egral cover
N - Fixed t ubesheet , channel int egral, rem ov.
P - Out side packed float ing head
S - Float ing head wit h backing device
T- Pull t hrough float ing head
U - U- t ube bundle
W - Ext ernally sealed float ing t ubesheet
Heat exchanger design opt ion:
* < BLANK> * - St andard exchanger design
TBWNB- Tube bundle design only, w/ o syst em bulks
Design/ cost opt ion for TBWNB only
5-14 5 H e a t Tr a n sfe r ( G1 0 )
TEM A EXCH - cont inued
Tube m a t e r ia l: Default : CS t o 900 DEGF [ 482 DEGC] ,

or else SS; see Proj Basis spec for welded/ sm ls.
CS- Carbon st eel
A 179- Seam less CS
A 214- Welded carbon st eel
A 209- C - .5Mo
A213C- 1.25Cr - .5Mo - Si
A213F- 5Cr - .5Mo
304LW- 304L welded
316LW- 316L welded
321S- SS321 seam less
347S- SS347 seam less
C 20- Carpent er 20
TI 50A- Tit anium
NI 200- Nickel
I NCNL- I nconel
MONEL- Monel
* 150 PSI G [ 1,000 KPA] *
Default : 400 DEGF [ 200 DEGC] for copper alloys;
ot her m at ’l: 650 DEGF [ 340 DEGC
* 1.0 I NCHES [ 25 MM] * , MI N: 0.25 I NCHES [ 6 MM] ,
MAX: 6.0 I NCHES [ 150 MM]
Shell m at erial:
Default : A285C t o 900 DEGF [ 482 DEGC] , SS304 for
higher t em perat ures.
CS- Carbon st eel
A 515- A 515
A204C- C - .5Mo
A387B- 1Cr - .5Mo
A387D- 2.25Cr - 1Mo
SS304- SS304
SS316- SS316
SS321- SS321
SS347- SS347
SS410- SS410
SS430- SS430
304L- 304L
316L- 316L
NI - Nickel
5 H e a t Tr a n sfe r ( G1 0 ) 5-15
I NCNL- I nconel
* 150 PSI G [ 1,000 KPA] *
Default : 400 DEGF [ 200 DEGC] for copper alloys; 650
DEGF [ 340 DEGC] ot her m at ’l
Tube side pipe m at erial:
A 53- A 53
A 106- A 106
A333C- 3.5Ni
A335C- A.25Cr - .5Mo - Si
304P- SS304
304LP- 304L
316P- SS316
316LP- 316L
321P- SS321
AL- Alum inum
NI - Nickel
MONEL- Monel
I NCNL- I nconel
TI - Tit anium
HAST- Hast elloy
See m at erials list ed above for Tube side pipe m at erial
Ent er eit her heat t ransfer area or no. of shells, t ubes/
shell and t ube dat a.
For U- t ube: MI N: 8 FEET [ 2.5M] , MAX: 120 FEET
[ 36M] , else
MI N: 4 FEET [ 1.25M] , MAX: 60 FEET [ 18M]
Tube ga ge :
MI N: 1 BWG,
MAX: 24 BWG
corrosion allowance.
MI N: 0.02 I NCHES [ 0.6 MM] ,
MAX 0.34 I NCHES [ 8.6 MM]
5-16 5 H e a t Tr a n sfe r ( G1 0 )

Default : 0.0025 I NCHES [ 0.06 MM] for CS, 0.0 for
ot her m at erials.
* SEALW* - Seal welded t ube j oint s
Tu be pit ch:
Default : 1.25 x t ube out side diam et er.
MAX: 192 I NCHES [ 4,875 MM]
Shell t hickness including corrosion all.
Default : 0.125 I NCHES [ 3 MM] for CS, 0.0 for ot her
m at erials.
* NO* - No expansion j oint in shell
YES- Expansion j oint required in shell
Tube sheet m at erial:
CS- Carbon st eel
A 515- A 515
A204C- C - .5Mo
A387B- 1Cr - .5Mo
A387D- 2.25Cr - 1Mo
SS304- SS304
SS316- SS316
SS321- SS321
SS347- SS347
SS410- SS410
SS430- SS430
304L- 304L
316L- 316L
NI - Nickel
I NCNL- I nconel
Default : lesser of 50 x t ube corr. all., or 0.25
I NCHES [ 6 MM] .
Default : t ubesheet m at erial
5 H e a t Tr a n sfe r ( G1 0 ) 5-17

specified; ot herwise: 0.0
SS304- SS304
SS316- SS321
SS347- SS347
SS410- SS410
SS430- SS430
304L- 304L
316L- 316L
NI 200- Ni 200
NI 201- Ni 201
MONEL- Monel
I NCNL- I nconel
I 800- Ni- Fe- Cr
I 825- Ni- Fe- Cr- Mo- Cu
C 20- Carpent er 20
TI - Tit anium
HASTB- Hast elloy B
HASTC- Hast elloy C
* SHELL* - Cladding on shell side only
N um be r of t ube pa sse s: * 1*
N u m be r of sh e ll pa sse s: * 1*
Default : see Area Design Basis.
W e ld X- r a y:
* 20* , MAX: 100
Ve n dor gr a de :
STAND- St andard vendor
* HI GH* - Specialt y vendor for high grade or
cust om work
only for Japanese count ry base, which requires
governm ent regulat ion and t est ing.
* NONE* - No special regulat ions
PV- Pressure vessel regulat ions ( Japan)
HPG- High pressure gas regulat ions ( Japan)
- Cont inued next page -
5-18 5 H e a t Tr a n sfe r ( G1 0 )
The following t hree opt ions can be found under " Heat exchanger design opt ion" .
• Blank St andard exchanger design

• TBWNB Tube bundle design only, w/ o syst em bulks
• STABN St abbed- in t ube bundle design only, w/ o syst em bulks
The t hird opt ion ( STABN) is available in t he 2004 release. The " St andard exchanger
design" opt ion would cost a regular heat exchanger ( shell, t ubes, baffles, et c.) and it s
bulks, while TBWNB would cost a " t ube bundle design only wit hout any syst em bulks."
TBWNB would not generat e any shell and heads, but it will include t ubes, int ernals/
baffles, and t ube sheet .
The STABN opt ion is a variat ion of TBWNB wit h t he following m aj or differences from
TBWNB.
I n STABN:
• The t ube bundle is horizont ally inst alled ( st abbed) int o t he vert ical vessel ( t ower) ,
in a way t hat t he t ubeside flow inlet / out let headers st ay out side t he vessel beyond
t he t ubesheet .
• The front head is also included t o act as a cap of t he inlet / out let headers for t he
t ubeside flow.
• STABN also cost s a reboiler t ub and support arrangem ent for t he t ube bundle. The
reboiler t ub inside t he vessel is designed t o bear t he liquid held- up in t he t ub
around t he t ube bundle t o avoid t he dry- out . The t ub is designed t o
cont ain and bear t he hydrost at ic load of t he liquid held- up. The overall hydrost at ic
load on t he t ub bot t om is event ually support ed by an I - beam design running in t he
m iddle of t he vessel along it s diam et er.
5 H e a t Tr a n sfe r ( G1 0 ) 5-19
Pre- engineered ( st andard) U- t ube exchanger for use PRE EN GR
as a sam ple cooler or ot her m iscellaneous applicat ion.
t ubes and t ube dat a. Range: 3.50 - 120.0 SF
[ 0.33 - 11.0 M2]
Default : * CA443*
A 179- Seam less CS 304LW- 304L welded
A 192- Seam less CS 316W- 316 welded
A 214- Welded carbon 316LW- 316L welded
st eel CA122- Cu seam less
304S- 304 seam less CA706- Cu- Ni seam less
304LS- 304L seam less CA715- Cu- Ni seam less
316S- 316 seam less CA443- Adm iralt y brass
316LS- 316L seam less CA444- Adm iralt y brass
304W- 304 welded CA445- Adm iralt y brass
Default : * 150* PSI G [ * 1,000* KPA]
Range: 0.5 - 1.5 I NCHES
[ 12.0 - 38.0 MM] ; Default : * 0.75* I NCHES [ * 19* MM]
Default : * A285C*
A285C- Carbon st eel
A 516- A- 516
SS304- SS304
304L- 304L
SS316- SS316
316L- 316L
5-20 5 H e a t Tr a n sfe r ( G1 0 )
PRE EN GR - cont inued

Default : * 150* PSI G [ * 1,000* KPA]
N u m be r of t ube s:
Ent er eit her heat t ransfer area or num ber of t ubes and
t ube dat a.
Ent er eit her heat t ransfer area or num ber of t ubes and
t ube dat a. Range: 4.00 - 16.0 FEET [ 1.20 - 4.80 M]
Tube ga ge :
including corrosion allowance. Range: 16 - 20 BWG
corrosion allowance; Range: 0.035 - 0.065 I NCHES
[ 0.900 - 1.65 MM]
for CS, * 0.0* for ot her m at erials
Tu be pit ch:
Default : * .25 x t ube out side diam et er*
Range: 4.00 - 10.00 I NCHES
[ 102.0 - 254.0 MM]
Default : * 0.125* I NCHES [ * 3* MM] for CS, * 0.0* for
ot her m at erials
5 H e a t Tr a n sfe r ( G1 0 ) 5-21
Elect ric im m ersion t ank heat er. H EATER ELC
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CU*
CU- Copper
SS304- SS304
Pow e r out pu t :
Range: 6 - 200 KW
Heat ing/ cooling coil wit h spiral or serpent ine coil of H EATER STM
bare pipe, use as t ank heat er or colum n t ray cooler t o
keep t he cont ent s of a t ank from solidifying or
becom ing t oo viscous t o pum p.
This it em is a st eam coil. A st eam coil is a long lengt h

of pipe t hat covers t he bot t om of a t ank usually in a
spiral or serpent ine pat t ern. St eam is passed t hrough
t he coil t o heat t he cont ent s of t he t ank. I f cooling
wat er was passed t hrough t he coil inst ead of st eam ,
t his it em would be a cooling coil.
This is norm ally a field fabricat ed it em .
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
CS- Carbon st eel316LP- 316L
SS- St ainless st eel321P- SS321
A333C- 3.5 NiCU- Copper
A335C- 1.25 Cr - .5 Mo - SiNI - Nickel
A335F- 5 Cr - .5 MoMONEL- Monel
304LP- 304LI NCNL- I nconel
316P- SS316
Range: 1 - 25,000 SF [ 0.1 - 2,300 M2]
Range: 1 - 6 I N DI AM [ 25 - 150 MM DI AM]
Bare- t ube double- pipe heat exchanger. JACKETED
Applicable t o any heat t ransfer applicat ion where only

a sm all am ount of heat t ransfer surface area is
required.
This it em is a hairpin heat exchanger. One or m ore

finned or bare U- shaped t ubes are support ed
concent rically inside a U- shaped
shell.
5-22 5 H e a t Tr a n sfe r ( G1 0 )
H e a t Ex ch a n ge r s ( H E) - cont inued.
JACKETED - cont inued
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
CS- Carbon st eel
SS- St ainless st eel
10 - 1,000 SF [ 1 - 90 M2]
Tube le ngt h:
Range: 8 - 25 FEET [ 2.5 - 7.5 M] ;
Default : * 1*
1- 1 t ube per shell
7- 7 t ubes per shell
D e sign ga u ge pr e ssur e :
Max: 6,000 PSI G [ 40,000 KPA]
D e sign t e m pe r a t ur e :
Max: 1,200 DEG F [ 645 DEG C]
Longit udinal finned double- pipe heat exchanger. FI N TUBE
Hairpin sect ions are connect ed in series or parallel.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
CS- Carbon st eel
Ent er t ot al heat t ransfer area ( i.e., t ot al ext ended
surface or finned t ubes) .
Ra nge :
70 - 10,000 SF [ 7 - 920 M2]
Tube le ngt h:
Range: 8 - 25 FEET [ 2.5 - 7.5 M] ;
N u m be r of fin s:
Range: 12 - 48; Default : * 24*
Max: 6,000 PSI G [ 40,000 KPA]
Default : * 1*
1- 1 t ube per shell
7- 7 t ubes per shell
5 H e a t Tr a n sfe r ( G1 0 ) 5-23
All- graphit e heat exchanger. CROSS BORE
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * GRAPH*
Range: 8 - 150 SF [ 1.0 - 13.5 M2]
Riet z t ype t herm ascrew conveyor w it h m ot or ON E SCREW

and drive.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
CS- Carbon st eel
SS304- SS304
10 - 400 SF [ 1 - 37 M2]
Twin screw t herm ascrew conveyor wit h m ot or TW O SCREW
and drive.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
CS- Carbon st eel
SS304- SS304
10 - 400 SF [ 1 - 37 M2]
Graphit e t ube wit h carbon st eel shell exchanger. SH ELL TUBE
Range: 80 - 9,730 SF [ 7.5 - 870 M2]
Tube le ngt h:
Range: 6 - 20 FEET [ 2 - 6 M]
5-24 5 H e a t Tr a n sfe r ( G1 0 )
Spiral plat e heat exchanger. SPI RAL PLT
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * SS304*
SS304- SS304
SS316- SS316
TI - Tit anium
HAST- Hast elloy
Range: 40 - 1,330 SF [ 4 - 123 M2]
Range: 150 - 300 PSI G [ 1,000 - 2,000 KPA] ;
Default : 150 PSI G [ 1,000 KPA]
Tank suct ion heat er wit hout t ank. SUC H EATER
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
Range: 135 - 4,000 SF [ 13 - 370 M2]
Wast e heat boiler for generat ion of st eam , hot W ASTE H EAT
gas or liquid heat ing m edium .
A wast e heat boiler is used t o generat e st eam

from heat t hat would ot herwise be wast ed. A
wast e heat boiler is essent ially t he convect ion
sect ion only of a norm al wat er- t ube gas or
liquid boiler. The heat ing m edium is a hot gas
or liquid produced by exot herm ic chem ical
react ions, regenerat ion of cracking cat alyst ,
et c. The flow rat e is used only t o calculat e
piping diam et ers for t he P&I D.
A st eam product ion rat e can be ent ered in t his
field. I f ot her flow t ypes are needed, piping
diam et ers m ay need t o be revised. The
equipm ent cost is det erm ined solely by t he
heat t ransfer area.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
Flow Ra t e :
St eam product ion rat e ( lb/ hr or kg/ hr)
Range: 1,300 - 10,000 SF [ 125 - 925 M2]
5 H e a t Tr a n sfe r ( G1 0 ) 5-25
Plat e and fram e heat exchanger. PLAT FRAM
Pla t e m a t e r ia l:
Default : * SS304*
SS304- SS304
SS316- SS316
S04L- 304L
S16L- 316L
HAST- Hast elloy
Range: 10 - 2,000 SF [ 1.0 - 185 M2]
N um be r of pla t e s:
Max: 500
Max: 350 PSI G [ 2,410 KPA] ;
Default : * 200* PSI G [ * 1,380* KPA]
Max: 400 DEG F [ 204 DEG C] ;
Sanit ary corrugat ed double pipe exchanger CORRUGATED
Used t o heat , cool, and past eurize a variet y of food

product s, like concent rat es and dairy by- product s.
* SS316* - SS316
AL6XN- High Cr, Mo+ Ni. Super- aust ent ic
st ainless st eel.
D ou ble pipe size :
I n ch- Pou nd M e t r ic
Sym bol Out e r I nner Out e r I nne r
Tu be Tube Tube Tu be
3x20 3 I nches 2 I nches 75 MM 50 MM
4x25 4 I nches 2.5 I nches 100 MM 60 MM
4x30 4 I nches 3 I nches 100MM 75 MM
5x30 5 I nches 3 I nches 125 MM 75 MM ( Close- up of piping)
6x40 6 I nches 4 I nches 150 MM 100 MM
Tot a l t ube a r e a :
Required: any t wo m ust be ent ered: t ot al area, t ube
lengt h/ pass, num ber of passes.
Tu be le n gt h pe r pa ss:
Any t wo m ust be ent ered: t ot al area, t ube lengt h/
pass, num ber of passes.
5-26 5 H e a t Tr a n sfe r ( G1 0 )
CORRUGATED - cont inued
Any t wo m ust be ent ered: t ot al area, t ube lengt h/
pass, num ber of passes.
Fr a m e opt ion :
* I NCL* - Fram e is included
HUNG- Fram e is not included
Wat er heat er ( shell+ t ube - hot wat er set ) H OT W ATER
Used m ainly wit h a plat e heat exchanger t o

provide hot wat er for heat ing various process
liquids. St eam is supplied t o t he shell side. Since
t his is a sanit ary it em , m at erial of const ruct ion is
SS316.
W a t e r flow r a t e :
MAX: 400 GPM [ 25 L/ S]
Te m pe r a t u r e r ise :
MAX: 50 DEG F [ 27 DEG C]
SS sk id w a t e r pipe r e quir e d:
* NONE* - Not included
I NCL- I ncluded
Ex pa n sion t a n k :
I NCL- I ncluded
Con de n sa t e r e t u r n pu m p:
I NCL- I ncluded
Sanit ary m ult i- zone plat e+ fram e exchanger M ULTI P F
Plat es are of t he vert ical flow t ype. Alt ernat e plat es

can be invert ed t o obt ain desired flow arrangem ent .
Fram e consist s of a head and end support connect ed

by a t op carrying bar and a bot t om guide bar t o form a
rigid unit support ing t he plat es.
* SS* - SS304
TI - Tit anium
5 H e a t Tr a n sfe r ( G1 0 ) 5-27
M ULTI P F - cont inued
Fr a m e m a t e r ia l:
Default : SS for plat e areas equal t o or less t han 1.87
SF [ 0.174 M2] , else SSCLD.
SS- St ainless st eel. Only available for plat e areas
equal t o or less t han 1.87 SF [ 0.174 M2]
SSCLD- SS clad carbon st eel. Only available for plat e
areas great er t han 1.87 SF [ 0.1737 M2] .
CS- Carbon st eel. Available for all plat e areas.
Ar e a pe r pla t e :
MI N: 0.27 SF [ 0.025 M2] , MAX: 6.0 SF [ 0.557 M2] .
The m axim um num ber of plat es will depend upon t he
area per plat e. There are seven st andard plat e areas:
Pla t e Ar e a M a x . N o. of Pla t e s
SF M2 I n All Zone s
0.27 0.025 152
0.92 0.085 200
1.81 0.168 150
1.87 0.173 200
3.75 0.348 420
5.6 0.520 600
6.0 0.557 550
Pla t e a r e a Zone 1 :
Required: ent er t he t ot al area or no. of plat es for zone
1, ot her zones opt ional.
N um be r of pla t e s Zone 1 :
Required: ent er t he t ot al area or no. of plat es for zone
1, ot her zones opt ional.
Ent er eit her t ot al area or no. of plat es for Zone 2.
5-28 5 H e a t Tr a n sfe r ( G1 0 )
Sanit ary direct st eam heat m odule STM H E M OD
A cust om - built skid t hat inj ect s st eam direct ly

int o a product . The skid includes a st eam filt er
and separat or, as w ell as inst rum ent at ion for
t em perat ure and flow cont rol. Local t em perat ure
and pressure indicat ion is provided. The m odule
also includes a regulat or for t he st eam pressure,
aut om at ic isolat ion values, and piping on t he
skid.
Mat erial of const ruct ion is SS316.
I nput required. GPM [ L/ S] .
Te m pe r a t u r e r ise :
I nput required. DEG F [ DEG C] .
Spe cific he a t :
Default : * 0.85* BTU/ LB/ F [ * 3.56* KJ/ KG/ K]
5 H e a t Tr a n sfe r ( G1 0 ) 5-29
Re boile r s ( RB)
Reboilers are a special kind of shell and t ube heat exchanger specifically
designed t o add heat t o dist illat ion colum ns.
Liquid from t he bot t om of t he dist illat ion colum n flows over t he reboiler t ubes
picking up heat from a hot fluid, such as st eam , which is flowing inside t he
reboiler t ubes. The liquid from t he colum n is vaporized and ret urned t o t he
colum n.
These ar e sim ilar t o t he shell and t ube heat exchanger, except t hat t he shell is
considerably lar ger t han t he t ube inside. The design pr ovides space for vapor-
liquid disengagem ent so t hat only vapor is ret urned t o t he dist illat ion colum n,
not a vapor- liquid m ixt ure.
Ket t le reboilers wit h float ing head. KETTLE
Ket t le reboilers are used when t he hydrost at ic head

above t he reboiler varies, when t he operat ing pressure
is in t he high vacuum range or when t here is a low
percent age of volat iles ( e.g., less t han 5% ) in t he feed
t o t he reboiler.
A “ Ket t le” reboiler is a shell and t ube heat exchanger

used t o supply heat t o a dist illat ion colum n. Liquid
from t he bot t om of t he colum n ent ers t he shell of t he
reboiler t hrough nozzles in t he underside of t he shell.
I n order for liquid ent ering t he shell side of t he reboiler
t o get out it m ust overflow a weir at t he end of t he
t ube bundle. The weir is slight ly t aller t han t he t ube
bundle, t hus, t he reboiler t ubes are always
subm erged. Part of t he t ower bot t om s ent ering t he
reboiler vaporizes and ret urns t o t he t ower via a vapor
line called t he riser. A large vapor space is provided
above t he t ube bundle t o allow for vapor liquid
disengagem ent . The port ion of ent ering liquid which is
not vaporized overflows t he weir and is rem oved from
t he reboiler. The “ Ket t le” reboiler is a float ing head
t ype exchanger.
for higher t em perat ures
5-30 5 H e a t Tr a n sfe r ( G1 0 )
Re boile r s ( RB) - cont inued
KETTLE - cont inued
H e a t e x ch a n ge r de sign opt ion:

TBWNB- Tube bundle design only, w/ o syst em bulks
Default : * 150* PSI G [ * 1,000* KPA]
Default : * 400* DEG F [ * 200 DEG C] for copper alloys;
ot her m at erial: * 650* DEG F [ * 340* DEG C]
Default : 0.25 - 6.0 I NCHES [ 6 - 150 MM] ;
* SS304* for higher t em perat ures
Default : * 150* PSI G [ * 1,000* KPA]
alloys; * 650* DEG F [ * 340* DEG C] ot her m at erial
Range: 8 - 60 FEET [ 2.5 - 18 M] ;
Tube ga ge :
corrosion allowance. Range: 1 - 24 BWG
corrosion allowance. Range: 0.02 - 0.34 I NCHES
[ 0.6 - 8.6 MM]
Default : * 0.0025* I NCHES [ 0.06 MM] for CS, * 0.0*
for ot her m at erials
5 H e a t Tr a n sfe r ( G1 0 ) 5-31
KETTLE - cont inued
Tu be pit ch:
Max: 192 I NCHES [ 4,875 MM] ;
Default : * 1.5 x port diam et er*
Shell wall t hickness including corrosion allowance.
ot her m at erials.
Default : Lessor of 50 x t ube corrosion allowance or
0.25 I NCHES [ 6 MM] .
Cla dding m a t e r ia l: See Chapt er 28 for cladding
m at erials.
Default : * SHELL*
SHELL- Cladding on shell side only
N um be r of t ube pa sse s: Default : * 2*
D ut y:
Default : 0.004 x surface area ( SF) ; 0.01262 x surface
area ( M2) .
Va por iza t ion :
Spe cific gr a vit y t ow e r bot t om s:
Default : * 0.50*
M ole cula r w e ight bot t om s:
Default : * 100*
H e a t of va por iza t ion:
Default : * 150* BTU/ LB [ * 350* KJ/ KG]
5-32 5 H e a t Tr a n sfe r ( G1 0 )
5 H e a t Tr a n sfe r ( G1 0 ) 5-33
KETTLE - cont inued
Default : See Area Design Basis
TEM A t ype : Default : * BKT*
Horizont al or vert ical t herm osiphon reboilers. TH ERM OSI PH
I f a shell diam et er is not specified, a value is
calculat ed from t he surface area, num ber of shells,
t ubes per shell, t ube diam et er, t ube pit ch, et c.
The t herm osiphon reboiler is t he m ost com m on
reboiler used. However, t he t herm osiphon reboiler can
not be used when t he hydrost at ic head above t he
reboiler varies, when t he operat ing pressure is in t he
high vacuum range or when t here is a low percent age
of volat iles ( for exam ple, less t han 5% ) in t he feed t o
t he reboiler.
The vert ical t herm osiphon reboiler, like t he ket t le
reboiler, is a shell and t ube heat exchanger used t o
supply heat t o a dist illat ion colum n. The t herm osiphon
reboiler operat es in t he following m anner. Liquid from
t he bot t om of t he colum n or from a t rapout t ray flows
int o t he bot t om of t he reboiler t hrough a pipe called
t he downcom er.
The colum n bot t om s are part ially vaporized in t he
reboiler and a t wo phase m ixt ure is ret urned t o t he
colum n t hrough a pipe called t he riser. The difference
in densit y bet ween t he liquid in t he downcom er and
t he t wo phase m ixt ure in t he reboiler and riser causes
t he t ower bot t om s t o flow t hrough t he reboiler by
nat ural circulat ion. Usually about 25% of t he t ower
bot t om s are vaporized in t he t herm osiphon reboiler.
Therm osiphon reboilers are classified as eit her vert ical
or horizont al according t o t heir erect ed posit ion.
The t ower bot t om ent er t he bot t om head of t he
vert ical t herm osiphon, flow upward t hrough t he t ubes
and leave t he t op head. The heat ing fluid, usually
st eam , passes t hrough t he shell side. Vert ical
t herm osiphons are available only as fixed t ubesheet
exchangers.
The horizont al, fixed t ubesheet , t herm osiphon
reboiler differs from t he vert ical t herm osiphon in t hat
it is erect ed horizont ally and t he bot t om s liquid from
t he dist illat ion colum n flows t hrough t he shell side of
t he reboiler and t he heat t ransfer fluid flows t hrough
t he t ubes.
Th e r m osiph on t ype : Default : * V- FXD*
H- FLOT - Horizont al: float head
H- FXD - Horizont al: fixed t ubesheet
H- UTUB - Horizont al: u- t ube
V- FXD - Vert ical: fixed t ubesheet
5 H e a t Tr a n sfe r ( G1 0 ) 5-34
The r m osiph on - cont inued
V- COLM a t ube bundle t hat is designed t o be inst alled
int o a Colum n ( Tower) t o hold cat alyst or funct ion as
an exchanger wit hin a Colum n. There are no bulks
associat ed wit h t his it em . I f fluid is desired on t he
shell side of t he t ubes, t hen t he addit ional piping lines
m ust be added via Pipe- I t em Det ails ent ries.
H e a t t r a nsfe r a r e a : Ent er eit her heat t ransfer area

or num ber of
N u m be r of sh e lls: Ent er eit her heat t ransfer area or
num ber of
Tu be m a t e r ia l: See Chapt er 28 for m at erials.
Default : * A 214* t o 900 DEG F [ * 482* DEG C] ,
* 304S* for higher t em perat ures
H e a t e x ch a n ge r de sign opt ion:
TBWNB - Tube bundle design only, w/ o syst em bulks
Tu be de sign t e m pe r a t u r e : Default : * 400* DEG F
[ * 200* DEG C] for copper alloys; ot her m at erial:
* 650* DEG F [ * 350* DEG C] .
Tu be ope r a t ing t e m pe r a t u r e : Default : design
t em perat ure
Tu be ou t side dia m e t e r : Range: 0.25 - 6.0 I NCHES
[ 6 - 150 MM] ;
Sh e ll m a t e r ia l: See Chapt er 28 for m at erials.
* SS304* for higher t em perat ure
She ll de sign ga u ge pr e ssu r e : Default : * 150* PSI G
[ * 1,000* KPA]
She ll de sign t e m pe r a t ur e : Default : * 400* DEG F
[ * 200* DEG C] for copper alloys; * 650* DEG F
[ * 340* DEG C] ot her m at erial.
Sh e ll ope r a t in g t e m pe r a t u r e : Default : design
t em perat ure
Tu be side pipe m a t e r ia l: See Chapt er 18 for pipe
m at erials.
Sh e ll side pipe m a t e r ia l: See Chapt er 18 for pipe
m at erials.
5-35 5 H e a t Tr a n sfe r ( G1 0 )

The r m osiph on - cont inued
Tube W a ll Thick ne ss: Ent er t ube gauge or t hickness,

not bot h, including corrosion allowance. Range: 0.02
t o 0.34 I NCHES
[ 0.6 - 8.6 MM] .
Tu be cor r osion a llow a n ce : Default : 0.0025 I NCHES
[ 0.06 MM] for CS, 0.0 for ot her m at erials.
Tu be pit ch: Default : * 1.25 x t ube out side diam et er*
Tu be pit ch sym bol: Default : * TRI ANGULAR*
DI AMOND - Diam ond t ube pit ch
SQUARE - Square t ube pit ch
TRI ANGULAR - Triangular t ube pit ch
She ll dia m e t e r : Max: 192.0 I NCHES [ 4,875.0 MM]
She ll w a ll t hick ne ss: Shell t hickness including
She ll cor r osion a llow a n ce : Default : 0.125 I NCHES
[ 3 MM] for CS,
Tu be sh e e t m a t e r ia l: See Chapt er 28 for t ube
m at erials.
Tu be sh e e t cor r osion a llow a n ce : Default : Lesser of
50 x t ube corrosion allowance, or 0.25 I NCHES [ 6
MM] .
Cla dding t hick ne ss: Default : 0.125 I NCHES [ 3 MM]
if cladding m at erial is specified, ot herwise 0.0
Cla dding m a t e r ia l: See Chapt er 28 for m at erials.
Cla dding loca t ion: Default : * SHELL*
N u m be r of t u be pa sse s: Default : 1 pass per vert ical
fixed t ube sheet t ype, 2 passes for all ot hers.
D ut y: Default : 0.004 x surface area ( SF) ; 0.01262 x
surface area ( M2) .
Va por iza t ion : Max: 100; Default : * 20*
Spe cific gr a vit y t ow e r bot t om s: Default : * 0.50*
M ole cula r w e ight bot t om s: Default : * 100*
H e a t of va por iza t ion: Default : * 150*
St r e ss r e lie f: Default : See Area Design Basis
TEM A t ype : Default : Based on t he specified
t herm osiphon design sym bol.
5 H e a t Tr a n sfe r ( G1 0 ) 5-36
Reboilers - continued
The “u-tube” reboiler is identical to the “kettle” U TUBE
type reboiler except that there is a U-tube bundle in
it instead of a floating head type tube bundle. The
term kettle reboiler is derived from the fact that the
bottoms from the distillation column accumulate in
a pool (the height of the weir) in the reboiler and
boil like liquid in a kettle. Therefore, both the .u-
tube. and .kettle. reboilers are kettle type reboilers
in the nomenclature of the chemical process
industry.
for higher t em perat ures. See Chapt er 28 for t ube
dat a.
Default : * 150* PSI G [ * 1,000* KPA]
alloys; ot her m at erial: * 650* DEG F [ * 340* DEG C]
Range: 0.25 - 6.0 I NCHES [ 6 - 150 MM] ;
SS304 for higher t em perat ures
She ll de sign ga u ge pr e ssu r e : Default : * 150* PSI G
[ * 1,000* KPA]
She ll de sign t e m pe r a t ur e : Default : * 400* DEG F
[ * 200* DEG C] for copper alloys; * 650* DEG F
[ * 340* DEG C] ot her m at erial.
Sh e ll ope r a t in g t e m pe r a t u r e : Default : design
t em perat ure
Tu be side pipe m a t e r ia l: See Chapt er 18 for pipe
m at erials.
Sh e ll side pipe m a t e r ia l: See Chapt er 18 for pipe
m at erials.
N u m be r of t ube s pe r sh e ll: Ent er eit her heat
t ransfer area or num ber of shells, t ubes/ shell and t ube
dat a.
5-37 5 H e a t Tr a n sfe r ( G1 0 )
U Tu be cont inued
Tu be le n gt h e x t e n de d: Range: 8 - 120 FEET [ 2.5 - U TUBE
36 M] ; Default : * 40* FEET [ * 12 M]
Tube ga ge : Ent er t ube gauge or t hickness, not bot h,
including corrosion allowance. Range: 1 - 24 BWG
Tube w a ll t hick ne ss: Ent er t ube gauge or t hickness,
not bot h, including corrosion allowance. Range: 0.02 -
0.34 I NCHES [ 0.6 - 8.6 MM] .
Tu be cor r osion a llow a n ce : Default : * 0.0025*
I NCHES [ * 0.06* MM] for CS, * 0.0* for ot her
m at erials.
Tu be pit ch: Default : * 1.25 x t ube out side diam et er*
Tu be pit ch sym bol: Default : * TRI ANGULAR*
DI AMOND - Diam ond t ube pit ch
SQUARE - Square t ube pit ch
TRI ANGULAR - Triangular t ube pit ch
She ll dia m e t e r : Max: 192 I NCHES [ 4,875 MM] ;
Default : * 1.5 x port diam et er*
She ll w a ll t hick ne ss: Shell t hickness including
She ll cor r osion a llow a n ce : Default : * 0.125*
I NCHES [ * 3* MM] for CS, * 0.0* for ot her m at erials.
Tu be sh e e t cor r osion a llow a n ce : See Chapt er 28
for m at erials.
0.25 I NCHES [ 6 MM] .
Cla dding t hick ne ss: See Chapt er 28 for m at erials.
Default : * 0.125* I NCHES [ * 3* MM] if cladding
m at erial is specified; ot herwise: * 0.0*
Cla dding loca t ion: Default : * SHELL*
N um be r of t ube pa sse s: * 2*
D ut y: Default : 0.004 x surface area ( SF)
[ 0.01262 x surface are ( M2) ]
Va por iza t ion : Max: 100; Default : * 90*
Spe cific gr a vit y t ow e r bot t om s: * 0.5*
M ole cula r w e ight bot t om s: * 100*
H e a t of va por iza t ion: * 150* BTU/ LB [ * 350* KJ/ KG]
St r e ss r e lie f: Default : See Area Design Basis
TEM A t ype : Default : * BKU*
5 H e a t Tr a n sfe r ( G1 0 ) 5-38
Fu r n a ce s, Pr oce ss H e a t e r s ( FU)
Furnaces ar e com m only used t o heat a process fluid t o a high t em perat ure
( 600 - 1200 DEG F) . Furnaces are also called fired heat ers or direct fired
heat ers because t he source of heat is oil or gas fueled burners.
Furnaces are usually cylindrical ( vert ical heat er) or rect angular ( box heat er) in
shape. The burners m ay be locat ed in t he sides or floor of t he furnace. The
walls of t he furnace ar e refract ory ( an insulat ing heat resist ant m at erial) lined.
The furnace w ill have one or m ore sm oke st acks. The process fluid being
heat ed flow s t hrough horizont al t ubes in a box furnace or vert ical t ubes in a
box fur nace or vert ical t ubes in a vert ical furnace. The am ount of heat
absorbed by t he process fluid defines t he size of t he furnace. Use absorbed
dut y for calculat ions.
Gas or oil fired for preheat ing, cracking; bridge walls BOX
separat e radiant and convect ion sect ions; horizont al
burners
Box furnaces are t he choice when a large am ount of
heat m ust be t ransferred t o a process st ream . Som e
specific applicat ions are:
• Pre- heat ing crude before it goes t o t he at m ospheric
or vacuum
• t opping unit s
• Heat ing for cat alyt ic cracking
• Providing heat for hydrocarbon cracking for
et hylene
• Providing heat for viscosit y breaking.
A box furnace is so nam ed because t he com bust ion
cham ber is box shaped. The radiant and convect ion
sect ions of t he box t ype furnace are separat ed by one
or m ore walls called bridge walls. The box furnace is
norm ally fired from end wall m ount ed burners; t hat is,
t he burners are m ount ed parallel t o t he floor and
perpendicular t o t he t ubes of t he furnace. Box t ype
furnaces are usually designed for large heat dut y,
t ypically above 170 MMBTU/ HR. The burners m ay be
fired wit h oil or gas. The box furnace can be used t o
provide heat input t o several different process st ream s
sim ult aneously.
M a t e r ia l:
See Chapt er 28 for m at erials. Default : * CS*
D ut y:
Max: 500 MMBTU/ H [ 145 MEGAW]
St a n da r d ga s flow r a t e :
Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or and Aspen Process
Econom ic Analyzer only. For liquid process fluid, ent er
liquid flow in GPM [ L/ S] in place of gas flow.
Pr oce ss t ype :
GAS- Gas process fluid
LI Q- Liquid process fluid
5-39 5 H e a t Tr a n sfe r ( G1 0 )
Fu r n a ce s, Pr oce ss H e a t e r s ( FU) - cont inued

BOX - cont inued
Max: 6,000 PSI G [ 41,000 KPA] ;
Default : * 500* PSI G [ * 3,500* KPA]
Max: 1,500 DEG F [ 815 DEG C] ;
A- fram e process heat er wit h sloping walls, radiant H EATER
sect ion along sides and roof of cabin, convect ion
sect ion in duct above roof of radiant sect ion and
vert ical floor- m ount ed burners. For use as hot oil
heat er, preheat er or cracking. I ncludes int egral
st acks.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
D ut y:
liquid flow GPM [ L/ S] in place of gas flow.
Pr oce ss t ype :
Max: 6,000 PSI G [ 41,000 KPA] ;
Default : * 500* PSI G [ * 3,500* KPA]
Max: 1,500 DEG F [ 815 DEG C] ;
Pyrolysis. PYROLYSI S
M a t e r ia l:
D ut y:
Pr oce ss t ype :
5 H e a t Tr a n sfe r ( G1 0 ) 5-40
Fu r n a ce s, Pr oce ss H e a t e r s ( FU) - cont inued

PYROLYSI S - cont inued
Max: 6,000 PSI G [ 41,000 KPA] ;
Default : * 500* PSI G [ * 3,500* KPA]
Max: 1,500 DEG F [ 815 DEG C] ;
Box- t ype reform er wit hout cat alyst . REFORM ER
M a t e r ia l:
D ut y:
Pr oce ss t ype :
Max: 6,000 PSI G [ 41,000 KPA] ;
Default : * 500* PSI G [ * 3,500* KPA]
Max: 1,500 DEG F [ 815 DEG C] ;
Gas or oil fired vert ical cylindrical t ype for low heat VERTI CAL
dut y range m oderat e t em perat ure wit h long cont act
t im e.
M a t e r ia l:
D ut y:
For liquid process fluid, ent er liquid flow in GPM [ L/ S]
in place of gas flow.
Pr oce ss t ype :
Max: 6,000 PSI G [ 41,000 KPA] ;
Default : * 500* PSI G [ * 3,500* KPA]
Max: 1,500 DEG F [ 815 DEG C] ;
5 H e a t Tr a n sfe r ( G1 0 ) 5-41
TEM A Ex ch a n ge r Con st r u ct ion
N om e n cla t u r e
5-42 5 H e a t Tr a n sfe r ( G1 0 )
I ca r u s Su ppor t e d TEM A Type s
She ll a nd Tube H e a t Ex cha nge r s
U - TUBE FLOAT H EAD FI XED - T- S
Fr on t En d
St a t ion a r y H e a d
Type s A, B, C A, B, C A, B, N
She ll Type s E, F, G, H, J, X E, F, G, H, J, X E, F, G, H, J, X
Re a r End H e a d
Type s U P, S, T, W L, M, N
Reboilers
Front End Stationary U-TUBE THERMOSIPH KETTLE
Head Types
Fr on t En d
St a t ion a r y H e a d
Type s
A, B, C A, B, C, N A, B, N
She ll Type s
K, E* * , J* K
Re a r End H e a d
Type s U L, M, N, P* , S* , T* , U* T
TEMA CLASS B: Equipm ent cost includes shell, t ube bundle, nozzles and saddles.
* Horizont al only * * Vert ical only
5 H e a t Tr a n sfe r ( G1 0 ) 5-43
5-44 5 H e a t Tr a n sfe r ( G1 0 )
5 H e a t Tr a n sfe r ( G1 0 ) 5-45
5-46 5 H e a t Tr a n sfe r ( G1 0 )
6 Pa ck in g, Lin in gs ( G6 )

I nt roduct ion t o Packing
I nt roduct ion t o Lining
Packing, Linings ( PAK, LI N)
Acid Brick
Cast able Refract ories and Gunning Mixes
Fluorocarbon Linings
Glass Linings
Refract ory Brick
Resin Linings
Rubber Linings
Lead Linings
Zinc Linings
Suggest ed Lining Difficult y Adj ust m ent s
6 Pa ck in g, Lin in gs ( G6 ) 6-1
I n t r odu ct ion t o Pa ck in g
There are t wo t ypes of packing used in packed t ower:
• Packing t hat is chem ically suit able t o perform a m ass t ransfer operat ion ( e.g.,
act ivat ed alum ina for desulfurizat ion or desiccat ion.
• Packing const ruct ed of inert m at erial t o provide surface area for m ass t ransfer.
I nert packing is m ost com m only used since it can be ut ilized repeat edly wit hout
significant det eriorat ion. The m aj orit y of inert packings used are of t he ring or
saddle t ype.
Ring packings are com m only m ade of m et al or plast ic except for Raschig rings, which
are generally ceram ic. Ring packings are used m ost ly in dist illat ion because of t heir
excellent t urndown propert ies and availabilit y in press- form ed m et als of all t ypes.
Usually ring- t ype packings are used in handling organic m at erials when t here are no
m aj or corrosion problem s. Unfort unat ely rings do not prom ot e m ost redist ribut ion of
liquids, and t he Raschig ring occasionally prom ot e liquid m aldist ribut ion.
Saddle t ype packings are com m only m ade from ceram ic or plast ic, seldom from m et al.
Saddles are used largely in absorpt ion and regenerat ion operat ions because t hey
provide good liquid redist ribut ion and are available in ceram ic and plast ic, which yield
good corrosion resist ance at very low cost . Saddles are usually used for aqueous
syst em s when corrosion is a m aj or fact or.
Qualit ies t hat are desirable in t he select ion of t ower packings are:
• High percent age of void space.
• I rregularit y of shape t o prevent pat t ern packing.
• Low resist ance t o m at erial flow ( low pressure drop) .
• Large act ive surface exposed per unit volum e ( high surface ar ea per
cubic foot / m et er) .
• Com plet e ut ilizat ion of surface for m ass t ransfer.
• Suit ably shaped t o produce t urbulent cont act bet w een phases.
• Large num ber of int erst it ial t ransfer point s per unit volum e.
• Good int ernal liquid dist ribut ion charact erist ics.
• Wide operat ing range wit h lit t le efficiency variat ion.
• Mechanically st rong t o wit hst and norm al loads in service and
physical handling.
• Minim um weight and low side t hrust on t he t ower shell.
• Available in a wide variet y of m at erials.
• Minim um invest m ent per year of service life.
• Clean design t o m inim ize st agnant area and fouling.
• Capable of easy rem oval from t ower and cleaning.
The packing fact or, F, is a st andard param et er t hat provides a capacit y rat ing
for packings, by correlat ion of pressure dr op ver sus gas flow rat e t hrough t he
packing. I t represent s a rat io of a specific packing surface t o t he bed voidage
space in t he packed bed. Low packing fact ors are desirable.
Size 3 :1 .0 CPR, 0 .5 PPR, 1 .0 PPR, 1 .5 PPR, 2 .0 PPR
6-2 6 Pa ck in g, Lin in gs ( G6 )
0 .5 SPR, 1 .0 SPR, 1 .5 SPR, 2 .0 SPR
The Pall ring is especially useful for dist illat ion operat ions at any pressure. The
Pall r ing is also used in absor pt ion and st ripping operat ions, part icularly in high
pressure absorbers wit h sm all diam et er shells where t he abilit y t o handle high
liquid and gas rat es allow for m aj or cost savings.
Pall rings are Raschig rings t hat have t heir wall opened w it h t he proj ect ions
bent inward, perm it t ing com plet e access t o t he int erior for bot h gas and liquid
flow. This design m akes possible great er capacit y, lower pressure dr op, high
gas and liquid rat es, great er efficiency, bet t er m aint enance of dist ribut ion,
lower liquid hold- up and less ent rainm ent t han t he convent ional Raschig ring.
Pall rings are available in car bon st eel, st ainless st eel, alum inum alloys,
copper, m onel, nickel and inconel. Plast ic Pall rings are available in
polypropylene, glass reinforced polypropylene and halar. Diam et er sizes range
from 0.5 t o 2.0 I NCHES.
Siz e 3 :1 .0 CRR, 1 .5 CRR, 2 .0 CRR, 3 .0 CRR
1 .0 PRR, 1 .5 PRR, 2 .0 PRR, 3 ,0 PRR
1 .0 SRR, 1 .5 SRR, 2 .0 SRR, 3 .0 SRR
1 .0 KRR, 1 .5 KRR, 2 .0 KRR, 2 .0 KRR
Raschig rings, perhaps t he m ost com m only used packing, are useful in dist illat ion,
absorpt ion and st ripping operat ions. They provide increasing efficiency as loading
increases t o t he point of incipient flooding, beyond which t heir operat ion becom es
unst able. They are not suggest ed for use when high efficiencies are required or when
liquid loading approaches flooding.
Raschig rings are sm all hallow cylinders. They are t he least efficient inert
packing available because t heir const ruct ion does not prom ot e m uch liquid
dist ribut ion, occasionally m ay prom ot e liquid m aldist r ibut ion, lends it self t o
pat t ern packing, and does not provide m uch t urbulent cont act bet ween
phases. They are available in carbon st eel, st ainless st eels, st oneware,
porcelain, karbat e and plast ics. Diam et er sizes range from 1.0 t o 3.0 I NCHES.
Siz e 3 :0 .5 CI S, 1 .0 CI S, 1 .5 CI S, 2 .0 CI S
0 .5 PI S, 1 .0 PI S, 1 .5 PI S, 2 .0 PI S
There are widely used in t he m anufact uring of sulfuric acid, CO2 absorpt ion in t he pulp
and paper indust ry, cooling and drying of chlorine and rem oval of noxious fum es in m ay
indust ries.
The I nt alox saddle is a packing t hat offers large t ot al surface area per cubic
foot , m inim um resist ance t o liquid and gas flow, high percent age of void
space, a low packing fact or, excellent liquid dist ribut ion, m axim um
random ness and high efficiency wit h a large capacit y in m ass t ransfer
operat ions. These qualit ies m ake I nt alox saddles especially effect ive in
dist ribut ion and absorpt ion operat ions. Saddles are available in ceram ics and
plast ics. Ceram ics are chem ical st oneware and chem ical porcelain, of which
chem ical porcelain is preferred since it is m echanically st ronger, non- porous,
ir on- fr ee and inert t o chem ical at t ack. Plast ic saddles are available in
polypropylene, linear polyet hylene, rigid PVC, CPVC, glass reinforced
polypropylene, kynar and halar. Diam et er sizes range from 0.25 t o 3.0
I NCHES.
Siz e 3 :0 .5 CBS,.7 5 CBS, 1 .0 CBS, 1 .5 CBS
0 .5 PBS,.7 5 PBS, 1 .0 PBS, 1 .5 PBS
0 .5 FBS,.7 5 FBS, 1 .0 FBS, 1 .5 FBS
0 .5 SBS,.7 5 SBS, 1 .0 SBS, 1 .5 SBS
0 .5 KBS,.7 5 KBS, 1 .0 KBS, 1 .5 KBS
These it em s are used wit h slight ly less efficiency t han I nt alox saddles for
dist illat ion, st ripping and absorpt ion operat ions.
A Berl saddle is a negat ively warped surface r esem bling a saddle. Berl saddles
have one short com ing. Their efficiency changes wit h changes in loading. As
loading approaches flooding, m ass t ransfer becom es unst able and
unpredict able. However, t hey do prom ot e good liquid dist ribut ion, have a high
percent age of void space and provide a lar ge sur face area for m ass t ransfer.
They are available in st oneware, porcelain, ceram ics, plast ics, st ainless st eel,
carbon st eel and in karbat e. Diam et er sizes range from 0.5 t o 1.5 I NCHES.
Siz e 3 :ALM N A
Act ivat ed alum inas are used for desiccat ion of liquids and gasses, desulfurizat ion,
cat alyt ic applicat ions and as scavengers for various cont am inant s such as fluorides.
Act ivat ed alum inas are m anufact ur ed in granular and ball form s as cryst als
and gels. They are highly porous and inert .
Siz e 3 :ACT- C
Act ivat ed carbon is effect ively and econom ically ut ilized in decolorizat ion, odor
rem oval, solvent recovery, refining gasses and liquids, cat alyst s and
adsorpt ion. I t s m aj or uses are in solut ion purificat ion, such as t he cleanup of
cane, beet and corn sugar solut ions, and for t he rem oval of t ast es and odors
fr om wat er supplies, veget able and anim al fat s and oils, alcoholic beverages,
chem icals and pharm aceut icals. Also com m only used in t he recovery of
gasoline from nat ural gas, recovery of benzol from m anufact ured gas and t he
recovery of solvent s vaporized in indust rial processes such as t he m anufact ure
of rayon, rubber product s, film and plast ics. Ot her com m on uses are rem oving
im purit ies from gases such as hydrogen, nit rogen, helium , am m onia, and CO2
and rem oving organic sulfur com pounds, H2S, and ot her im purit ies ( Fe, Cu)
fr om m anufact ured and synt hesis gases.
Act ivat ed carbons can be divided int o t w o m ain classes:
• Those used for adsorpt ion of gases and vapors, for which a granular m at erial,
providing great surface area and pore volum e is generally em ployed.
• Those used in purificat ion of liquid, for which a powdered m at erial is desired.
Many carbonaceous m at erials t reat ed wit h oxidizing gases ( e.g., coal, lignit e,
sawdust ) m ay be used for t he m anufact ure of act ivat ed carbon depending on
it s desired applicat ion. Act ivat ion is a physical change where t he surface of t he
carbon is great ly increased by t he rem oval of hydrocarbons.
Size 3 : M 1 0 7 YA, M 1 0 7 YB, M 1 0 7 YC, M 7 6 YA, M 7 6 YB, M 7 6 YC,
M 7 6 X A, M 7 6 XB, M 7 6 X C, M 6 2 YA, M 6 2 YB, M 6 2 YC,
M 3 5 YA, M 3 5 YB, M 3 5 YC, M 3 5 XA, M 3 5 X B, M 3 5 XC
St r uct ured packing consist s of layers of corrugat ed ( crim ped) st eel sheet s
st acked parallel t o each ot her in sect ions t hat are t ypically 8 t o 12 inches high.
The sheet s are t ypically grooved and perforat ed and are arranged at a fixed
angle wit h respect t o t he vert ical axis. For a given packing t ype, changing t his
angle of orient at ion will alt er t he packing fact or while m aint aining t he surface
area per unit volum e and weight per unit volum e. When inst alled in a colum n,
t hese sect ions, or " elem ent s" , are placed at a predet erm ined angle t o each
ot her ( horizont al rot at ion) . This angle is t ypically 90° .
At low liquid rat es, st ruct ured packing is t ypically m ore efficient t han random
packing due t o great er surface area per unit volum e. Alt hough t he act ual
packing cost is significant ly great er for st ruct ured packing, t he increased
efficiency allows for a sm aller, less expensive colum n. St ruct ured packing is
also m ore desirable because it is less prone t o dist ribut ion problem s and it
gives a lower pressure drop per t heoret ical st age. As t he liquid rat e increases
( beyond 20 gpm / ft 2) , t he advant age of st ruct ured packing dim inishes
significant ly.
I n t r odu ct ion t o Lin in g

A lining is m at erial t hat lines t he inside sur face of a t ank, t ower, furnace, or
ot her piece of process equipm ent and prot ect s t hat piece of equipm ent from
dest ruct ion by high t em perat ure, corrosion or abrasion. Som e of t he com m on
lining t ypes follow.
Acid Brick
These linings are used in Acid Service ( pH less t han 4.5) t o pr ot ect a
m em brane coat ing fr om det eriorat ion due t o abrasion or high t em perat ure ( T
great er t han 150 DEG F) . Red Shale Brick ( RSB) is t he cheapest and can be
used in low t em perat ure service. When a m ore refract ory m at erial is desired,
acid resist ant fireclay ( 30% alum ina) is used.
Acid br ick can be inst alled wit h t wo different m ort ars. Silica m ort ar is m ore
econom ical but can not be used in all applicat ions. Furfural based m ort ar is
m ore expensive but is resist ant t o a wider range of m at erials.
Castable Refractories and Gunning Mixes

These m at erials can be inst alled in varying t hicknesses. For t hicknesses
great er t han 4 I NCHES, it is necessary t o use anchors t o hold t he refract ory t o
t he m et al sur face. Gunning m ixes have higher m at erial cost s and lower labor
cost t han cast ables; t hus, inst alled cost s of t he t w o ar e approxim at ely equal.
Fift y percent alum ina gunning m ix is useful in services involving severe
abrasion, reducing at m ospheres and m oderat e t em perat ures. Typical
applicat ions are cyclones, fluid cat alyt ic cracking, napht ha reform ing and
coking.
Ninet y percent alum ina cast able and 90% alum ina gunning m ix ar e useful for
applicat ions wit h t em perat ures higher t han 50% alum ina gunning m ixes.
Fluorocarbon Linings
Fluorocarbon linings are resist ant t o a wide variet y of corrosive chem icals at
t em perat ures up t o 180 DEG F. The m ost com m on fluorocarbon linings are Teflon TM and
Kynar TM.
Gla ss Lin in gs
Glass linings are shop inst alled and are all sat isfact ory for a wide range of
corrosive services at t em perat ures up t o 450 DEG F.
Refractory Brick
These linings are used in high t em perat ure service. Select ion of t he t ype brick
t o be used is a funct ion of t he process t em perat ure, expect ed degree of
chem ical at t ack and expect ed degree of abrasion.
I nsulat ing firebrick has lower t herm al conduct ivit y and heat capacit y t han
refract ory firebrick. I t is generally used as a backing for refract ory firebrick.
Since it is relat ively non- resist ant t o chem ical at t ack and abrasion, it is used as
t he inner lining only when no erosion or abrasion is expect ed. I nsulat ing
firebrick is ASTM Group 26 m at erial ( good t o 2,600 DEG F) .
Sixt y percent alum ina firebrick is a high alum ina refract ory useful for operat ing
condit ions involving t herm al cycling and chem ical at t ack. Sulfuric acid
processing and spent acid regenerat ion are t w o applicat ions for t his m at erial.
Ninet y percent alum ina firebr ick is a high alum ina refract ory useful in
operat ing condit ions involving t herm al shock, slagging, corrosion and high
t em perat ures. Typical applicat ions for t his m at erial ar e hydrot reat ing and
sulfur burners.
Resin Linings
Resin linings are used in a var iet y of corrosive services at operat ing
t em perat ures up t o 250 DEG F. These linings offer good solvent resist ance.
Som e com m on resis linings are asphalt ic resin, epoxy resin and phenolic resin.
Resin linings m ay be applied by spray gun, brush or roller.
Rubber Linings
These linings are sat isfact ory in a wide range of corrosive ser vices at
t em perat ures less t han 150 DEG F. Rubber linings are alm ost always applied in
t he vendors shop. The m ost com m on rubber linings are but yl rubber, nat ural
rubber and neoprene.
Le a d Lin in gs
Lead sheet was used ext ensively in t he m anufact ure of sulfur ic acid. Today,
new process t echnology has nearly elim inat ed t he use of lead as a lining
m at erial.
Zin c Lin in gs
Zinc is frequent ly applied t o wat er t anks for cat hodic prot ect ion. The zinc can be flam e
sprayed ( also called m et allizing) or paint ed ont o t he carbon st eel base m at erial. Flam e
spraying is t he process whereby m et allic zinc is vaporized in a flam e and sprayed ont o
t he st eel base m at erial. The hot zinc does not m erely coat t he carbon st eel, it form s an
alloy wit h t he st eel several m ils deep.
Zinc can also be support ed in an epoxy base paint and brushed, rolled or sprayed ont o
t he st eel.
Pa ck in g, Lin in gs ( PAK, LI N )
See Mat erial Select ions chapt er for a com plet e list .
Variet y of vessel packing m at erials including rings, PACKI N G
saddles and ot her form ed shapes, crushed m at erials,
adsorbent s, resins, et c.
Pa ck in g t ype :
See Chapt er 28 for packing m at erials.
Brick and m ort ar for acid service applied t o prot ect a ACI D BRI CK
m em brane coat ing from det eriorat ion under
abrasive or high pr essure service.
Lining m a t e r ia l:
Default : * 25RSB*
25RSB- 2.5 I NCHES [ 62 MM] red shale
45RSB- 4.5 FI NCHES [ 112 MM] red shale
80RSB- 8.0 I NCHES [ 200 MM] red shale
25AFC- 2.5 I NCHES [ 62 MM] Al f- clay
45AFC- 4.5 I NCHES [ 112 MM] Al fclay
90AFC- 9.0 I NCHES [ 225 MM] Al fclay
M or t a r t ype :
Default : * FUR*
FUR- Furfural base m ot ar
SI L- Silicone base m ot ar
Lining a dj u st m e n t :
See “ Suggest ed Lining Difficult y Adj ust m ent .”
Ra nge :
1 - 10; Default : * 4*
Cast able refract ory or gunned m ixes. M ON OLI TH I C
Default : * GUNI T*
GUNI T- Gunit e on wire m esh
GUNA5- Gunn. 50% Al anchored
GUNA9- Gunn. 90% Al anchored
CASA9- Cast . 90% Al anchored
GUN50- Gunn. 50% Al no anchor
GUN90- Gunn. 90% Al no anchor
CAS90- Cast . 90% Al no anchor
Lining t hick n e ss:
Max: 9 I NCHES [ 225 MM] ;
Default : 4 I NCHES [ 100 MM]
Pa ck in g, Lin in gs ( PAK, LI N ) - cont inued
M ON OLI TH I C - cont inued
See “ Suggest ed Lining Difficult y
Adj ust m ent .” Range: 1 - 10; Default : * 4*
Brick: 60% , 90% alum ina firebrick, insulat ing OTH ER
firebrick; abrasion resist ant , replaceable linings:
ceram ic, rubber, st eel, alloy; coat ings: organic, glass
and m et allic.
See Chapt er 28 for lining m at erials.
D e fa u lt :
* EPLCS*
See “ Suggest ed Lining Difficult y
Adj ust m ent .” Range: 1 - 10; Default : * 4*
Su gge st e d Lin in g D ifficu lt y

Adj u st m e n t s
W or k I t e m D ifficu lt y Adj u st m e n t
Lining a st raight t ank 1
Typical lining 4
Lining a large horizont al vessel 6
( < 5000 GALLON [ 19 M3] capacit y)
Lining a sm all horizont al vessel 8
( < 5000 GALLON [ 19 M3] capacit y)
Sm all, obst ruct ed area 10
7 Pu m ps ( G1 0 )

Cent r ifugal Pum ps ( CP)
Gear Pum ps ( GP)
Pist on, Ot her Posit ive Displacem ent Pum ps ( P)
Pum p Efficiencies
7 Pu m ps ( G1 0 ) 7-1
Ce n t r ifu ga l Pu m ps ( CP)
I ncludes pum p, baseplat e, driver; general t ypes:
API - 610 t ype: High ( 60xHZ) , low ( 30xHZ) speed.
ANSI t ype: ANSI B123.1 or Am erican Volunt ary St andard, single st age
cent rifugal, process and general service; horizont al, end
suct ion, cent erline discharge; high ( 60xHZ) , m edium ( 30xHZ) ,
low ( 20xHZ) speed.
CENTRI F t ype: Single and m ult iple st age cent rifugal pum ps, horizont al, split
casing ( not barrel or cart ridge t ype) , for process or general
service when flow, head and pressure condit ions exceed
general service; elect ric, t urbine, gasoline engine drives.
General Service: Cast iron pum ps for general service; high ( 60xHZ) , m edium
( 30xHZ) speed.
I N LI NE t ype: Mount ed for service on t he line; high ( 60xHZ) , m edium
( 30xHZ) , low speed ( 20xHZ) .

Available in a wide variet y of alloys and exot ic AN SI
m at erials including carbon st eel casings wit h st ainless
st eel im pellers ( SF = st ainless fit t ed) for flows t o 2000
GPM [ 125 L/ S] , and addit ionally in FRP for flows t o 500
GPM [ 31 L/ S] .
MAX: 2,000 GPM [ 125 L/ S]
7-2 7 Pu m ps ( G1 0 )
Ce n t r ifu ga l Pu m ps ( CP) - cont inued
AN SI - cont inued
Fluid he a d:
MAX: 75 FEET [ 25 M] at 20 x HZ; 200 FEET
[ 60 M] at 30 x HZ; 575 FEET [ 175 M] at
60 x HZ.
Default : * 75* FEET [ * 25* M]
Spe e d:
Range: 1,200 - 3,600 RPM;
Speed varies wit h pum p head
Fluid spe cific gr a vit y:
Range: 0.2 - 5.0; Default * 1.0*
D r ive r t ype :
NONE- No driver
* MOTOR* - St andard m ot or driver
VFD- Variable frequency m ot or driver
TURBI NE, - Turbine driver
GAS ENGI NE- Gas engine driver
Seal t ype:
PACK- Packing
* SNGL* - Single m echanical seal
TNDM- Tandem m echanical seal
DBLE- Double m echanical seal
MAX: 500 DEG F [ 260 DEG C] ;
Fluid viscosit y:
Default : * 1.0* CPOI SE [ * 1.0* MPA- S]
Pu m p e fficie n cy:
Range: 10 - 100
St e a m ga u ge pr e ssu r e :
St eam pressure for t urbine drivers only.
Default : * 400* PSI G [ * 2,800* KPA] .
Pr im a r y se a l pipe pla n:
* 11* - API prim ary seal piping plan num ber 11
12- API prim ary seal piping plan num ber 12
7 Pu m ps ( G1 0 ) 7-3
AN SI - cont inued
Se conda r y se a l pipe pla n:

Default : * NONE*
51- API secondary seal piping plan num ber 51
Coolin g w a t e r pipe pla n :
Default : * NONE*
A- API cooling wat er piping plan A
B- API cooling wat er piping plan B
C- API cooling wat er piping plan C
D- API cooling wat er piping plan D
E- API cooling wat er piping plan E
F- API cooling wat er piping plan F
G- API cooling wat er piping plan G
H- API cooling wat er piping plan H
J- API cooling wat er piping plan J
K- API cooling wat er piping plan K
L- API cooling wat er piping plan L
Pipe pla n pipe t ype :
Default : * WELD*
TUBE- Tubing
THRD- Threaded pipe/ fit t ings
* WELD* - Welded pipe/ fit t ings
WFLG- Welded/ flanged pipe fit t ings
Pipe pla n m a t e r ia l t ype :
Default : Based on casing m at erial.
A 106- A 106
304P- SS304
316P- SS316
Plast ic ANSI single st age pum p. AN SI PLAST
Capacit y lim it : 250 GPM [ 15 L/ S] at 30 x HZ; 500 GPM
[ 31 L/ S] at 60 x HZ.
Fluid he a d:
MAX: 90 FEET [ 27 M] at 30 x HZ, 575 FEET [ 175 M] at
60 x HZ] ; Default : * 75* FEET [ * 25* M]
Spe e d:
Range: 1,800 - 3,600 RPM; Speed varies wit h pum p
head
Range: 0.2 - 50; Default : 1.0
7-4 7 Pu m ps ( G1 0 )
AN SI PLAST - cont inued
D r ive r t ype :
Default : * MOTOR*
NONE- No driver
MOTOR- St andard m ot or driver
Se a l t ype :
Default : * SNGL*
PACK- Packing
SNGL- Single m echanical seal
MAX: 250 DEG F [ 107 DEG C] ;
Default * 120* DEG F [ * 50* DEG C]
Fluid viscosit y:
Range: 1 - 100
St eam pressure for t urbine drivers only. Default :
* 400* PSI G [ 2,800 KPA] .
API 610 t ype available in a variet y of casing m at erials. API 6 1 0
Fluid he a d:
MAX: 200 FEET [ 60 M] at 30 x HZ; 700 FEET [ 210 M]
at 60 x HZ RPM. Default : * 225* FEET [ * 25* M] RPM
Spe e d:
Range: 1,800 - 3,600 RPM;
Range: 0.2 - 5.0; Default : * 1.0*
D r ive r pow e r :
MI N: > 0
I f you specify a driver power great er t han 300 HP wit h
a MOTOR driver t ype, I carus generat es a Tot ally
Enclosed Wat er Cooled ( TEWAC) m ot or. I n Aspen
Process Econom ic Analyzer and Aspen Capit al Cost
Est im at or, I carus also generat es addit ional piping lines
for cooling wat er and an addit ional t em perat ure
cont rol loop.
7 Pu m ps ( G1 0 ) 7-5
API 6 1 0 - cont inued
D r ive r t ype :
Default : MOTOR
NONE- No driver
Se a l t ype :
Default : * SNGL*
PACK- Packing
MAX: 850 DEG F [ 450 DEG C] ;
Fluid viscosit y:
Range: 10 - 100
St eam pressure for t ubine drivers only. Default :
* 400* PSI G [ * 2,800* KPA] .
Se conda r y se a l pipe pla n: Default : * NONE*
7-6 7 Pu m ps ( G1 0 )
API 6 1 0 - cont inued

Default : * NONE*
Default : * WELD*
TUBE- Tubing
THRD- Threaded pipe/ fit t ings
WFLG- Welded/ flanged pipe fit t ings
Pipe pla n m a t e r ia l Type :
A 106- A 106
304P- SS304
316P- SS316
API 610 inline pum p API 6 1 0 I L
MAX: 450 GPM [ 38 M] at 30 x HZ,
900 GPM [ 56 L/ S] at 60 x HZ.
Fluid he a d:
MAX: 125 FEET [ 38 M] at 30 x HZ, 500 FEET [ 152 M]
at 60 x HZ; Default : * 225* FEET [ * 25* M]
Spe e d:
Range: 1,800 - 3,600 RPM; Default : * 1,800* RPM.
Range: 0.2 - 5.0; Default : * 1.0*
D r ive r t ype :
NONE- No driver
7 Pu m ps ( G1 0 ) 7-7
API 6 1 0 I L - cont inued
Se a l t ype :
PACK- Packing
MAX: 850 DEG F [ 450 DEG C] ;
Fluid viscosit y:
Default : * 1.0* CPOI SE [ * 1.0* MPA- S] .
Range: 10 - 100
Default : * 11*
2- No prim ary seal piping plan
Default : * NONE*
51- API second seal piping plan num ber 51
Default : * NONE*
7-8 7 Pu m ps ( G1 0 )
High speed vert ical inline API 610 cent rifugal pum p H I GH SPEED
wit h a single im peller st age, int egral speed- increasing
gearbox, wit h a vert ical m ot or m ount , for use in high
head/ low flow applicat ions.
Default : * CS*
See Chapt er 28 of t he I carus Reference Guide for
m at erials.
Fluid he a d:
MAX: 2,000 FEET [ 600 M]
MI N: 500 FEET [ 150 M]
Default : * 500* FEET [ * 150* M]
Spe e d:
Range: 1,800 - 3,600 RPM; Default : * 3,600*
N ot e : Applies t o m ot or speed, not im peller speed.
Range: 0.2 - 5.0; Default : * 1.0*
D r ive r pow e r :
MI N: > 0
N ot e : I f you specify a driver power great er t han 300
HP wit h a MOTOR driver t ype, Aspen Econom ic
Evaluat ion generat es a Tot ally Enclosed Wat er Cooled
( TEWAC) m ot or. I n Aspen Process Econom ic Analyzer
and Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or, Aspen Econom ic
Evaluat ion also generat es addit ional piping lines for
cooling wat er and an addit ional t em perat ure cont rol
loop.
D r ive r t ype :
Default : MOTOR
NONE - No driver
VFD - Variable frequency m ot or driver
Se a l t ype :
Default : * SNGL*
PACK - Packing
TNDM - Tandem m echanical seal
DBLE - Double m echanical seal
MAX: 850 DEG F [ 450 DEG C]
Fluid viscosit y:
Range: 10 - 100
7 Pu m ps ( G1 0 ) 7-9
* 400* PSI G [ * 2,800* KPA] .
12 - API prim ary seal piping plan num ber 12
Default : * NONE*
51 - API secondary seal piping plan num ber 51
Default : * NONE*
A - API cooling wat er piping plan A
B - API cooling wat er piping plan B
C - API cooling wat er piping plan C
D - API cooling wat er piping plan D
E - API cooling wat er piping plan E
F - API cooling wat er piping plan F
G - API cooling wat er piping plan G
H - API cooling wat er piping plan H
J - API cooling wat er piping plan J
K - API cooling wat er piping plan K
L - API cooling wat er piping plan L
Default : * WELD*
TUBE - Tubing
THRD - Threaded pipe/ fit t ings
WFLG - Welded/ flanged pipe fit t ings
Pipe pla n m a t e r ia l t ype :
A 106 - A 106
304P - SS304
316P - SS316
7-10 7 Pu m ps ( G1 0 )
Vert ical axial flow pum p for flows great er t han AX I AL FLOW
1600 GPM [ 100 L/ S] .
I ncludes pum ping unit and m ot or driver.
M a t e r ia l:
Max GPM < 1,300,000/ head [ FT] ,
Max L/ S < 25,000/ head [ M] .
Fluid he a d:
MAX: 75 FEET [ 25 M] ; Default : * 75* FEET [ * 25* M]
Te m pe r a t u r e :
MAX: 500 DEG F [ 260 DEG C] ;
Range: 0.2 - 5.0; Default : * 1.0*
Horizont al pum p wit h canned m ot or. CAN N ED
MAX: 400 GPM [ 25 L/ S]
Fluid he a d:
MAX: 200 FEET [ 60 M] ; Default : * 75* FEET [ * 25* M]
Range: 0.2 - 5.0; Default : * 1.0*
MAX: 850 DEG F [ 450 DEG C] ;
Fluid viscosit y:
Range: 10 - 100
Single and m ult ist age cent rifugal pum ps available in a CEN TRI F
variet y of casing m at erials.
For process or general service when flow/ head

condit ions exceed general service; horizont ally split
casing not a cart ridge or barrel pum p.
Default : * CS*
Fluid he a d:
Default : * 75* FEET [ * 25* M]
Spe e d:
Varies wit h pum p head
7 Pu m ps ( G1 0 ) 7-11
CEN TRI F - cont inued
Range: 0.2 - 5.0; Default : 1.0
D r ive r t ype :
Default : MOTOR
NONE- No driver
Se a l t ype :
PACK- Packing
Fluid viscosit y:
Range: 10 - 100
* 400* PSI G [ * 2,800* KPA] .
General service, cast iron for flow s t o 2000 GPM GEN SERV
[ 125 L/ S] .
Default : * CI *
MAX: 2,000 GPM [ 125 L/ S]
Fluid he a d:
MAX: 200 FEET [ 60 M] at 30 x HZ, 275 FEET [ 80 M] at
60 x HZ; Default : * 75* FEET [ * 25* M]
Spe e d:
Range: 1,800 - 3,600 RPM
0.2 - 5.0; Default : * 5.0*
D r ive r t ype :
NONE- No driver
7-12 7 Pu m ps ( G1 0 )
GEN SERV - cont inued
Se a l t ype :
PACK- Packing
MAX: 250 DEG F [ 120 DEG C] ;
Fluid viscosit y:
Range: 10 - 100
* 400* PSI G [ * 2,800* KPA] .
General service inline pum p. I N LI N E
I ncludes pum p and m ot or driver.
MAX: GPM x head [ FEET] < 43,000, L/ S x head
[ M] < 825.
Fluid he a d:
Default : * 75* FEET [ * 25* M]
Spe e d:
Range: 1,200 - 3,600 RPM; Default : * 1,800* RPM.
Range: 0.2 - 5.0; Default : * 1.0*
D r ive r t ype :
NONE- No driver
Seal t ype:
PACK- Packing
MAX: 500 DEG F [ 260 DEG C] ;
Fluid viscosit y:
Range: 10 - 100
7 Pu m ps ( G1 0 ) 7-13
Vert ical m ot or wit h t urbine im peller for wet pit s, TURBI N E
t anks and sum ps.
I ncludes pum ping unit and m ot or driver.
M a t e r ia l:
MAX: Flow ( GPM) x Head ( FT) < 990,000 [ Flow ( L/ S) x
Head ( M) < 8250]
Fluid he a d:
Default : * 75* FEET [ * 25* M] ; MAX: Flow ( GPM) x
Head ( FT) < 990,000 [ Flow ( L/ S) x Head ( M) < 8250]
Default : * 120* DEG F [ * 50* DEG C] ; MAX: 500 DEG F
[ 260 DEG C]
Fluid Spe cific Gr a vit y:
Range: 0.2 - 5.0; Default : * 1.0*
Low consist ency st ock pum p. PULP STOCK
* CI * - Cast iron
SS316- SS316
Range: 100 - 28,000 GPM [ 6.4 - 1,765 L/ S]
Fluid H e a d:
Range: 15 - 350 FEET [ 4.6 - 106 M]
Spe e d:
Fluid spe cific gr a vit y.:
Range: 0.2 - 5.0; Default : 1.0
D r ive r t ype :
NONE- No driver
VFD- Variable frequency driver
Con sist e n cy Air D r ie d: Percent by weight of air dried
( AD)
solids in fluid. Range: 0.0 - 6.0; Default : * 1.0*
Range: 10 - 100
* 400* PSGI [ * 2,800 KPA] .
7-14 7 Pu m ps ( G1 0 )
St andard ANSI m agnet ic drive pum p. M AG D RI VE
C 20- Carpent er 20
HASTC- Hast eloy C
MAX: 300 GPM [ 18.9 L/ S] at 30 x HZ, 600 GPM
[ 37.8 L/ S] at 60 x HZ
Fluid he a d:
MAX: 200 FEET [ 60 M] at 30 x HZ, 400 FEET [ 120 M]
at 60 x HZ; Default : * 75* FEET [ * 25* M]
Spe e d:
Range: 1,800 - 3,600 RPM; Speed varies wit h pum p
head
Range: 0.2 - 5.0; Default : * 1*
D r ive r t ype :
VFD- Variable frequency driver
NONE- No driver
MAX: 275 PSI G [ 1,895 KPA]
MAX: 450 DEG F [ 230 DEG C] ;
Fluid viscosit y:
Default : * 1* CPOI SE [ * 1* MPA- S]
Range: 10 - 100
Sanit ary cent rifugal pum p SAN PUM P
For use as a product m over in a w ide range of

sanit ary and indust rial applicat ions. Mat erial of
const ruct ion is SS316.
Pu m p size se le ct ion :
Sym bol I nle t Out le t

I nch- I nch-
Pound Met ric Pound Met ric
25x20 2.5 I NCHES 65 MM 2 I NCHES 50 MM
30x20 3 I NCHES 75 MM 2 I NCHES 50 MM
30X25 3 I NCHES 75 MM 2.5 I NCHES 65 MM
40X30 4 I NCHES 100 MM 3 I NCHES 75 MM
40X40 4 I NCHES 100 MM 4 I NCHES 100 MM
7 Pu m ps ( G1 0 ) 7-15
SAN PUM P - cont inued SAN PUMP
Required: select pum p size or ent er capacit y and head.
Fluid he a d: MAX: 365 FEET [ 109 M] ( at m axim um
speed)
Spe e d M a x im um H e a d
I nch- Pound Met ric
* 30xHZ* 92 FEET 28 M
60XHZ 365 FEET 63 M
Required: ent er capacit y and head or select pum p size.

Liquid flow r a t e : MAX: 1,000 GPM [ 62.5 GPM] ( at
m axim um
speed)
Spe e d M a x im um H e a d
* 30xHZ* 610 GPM 38.4 L/ S
60XHZ 1,000 GPM 63 L/ S
Required: ent er capacit y and head or select pum p

size.
Spe e d

Default 1,800 RPM 1,500RPM
MI N: 1,800 RPM 1,500RPM
MAX: 3,600 RPM 3,000 RPM
* 45 PSI G [ 310 KPA] * , MAX: 45 PSI G [ 310 KPA]
* 68 DEG F [ 20 DEG C] * , MAX: 120 DEG F [ 50 DEG C]
* 1.0* , MI N: 0.25, MAX: 5.0
MI N: 10, MAX: 100
D r ive r t ype :
* TXXDC* - St andard TEFC m ot or
WXXDC- Washdown TEFC m ot or
WVRDC- VFD rat ed m ot or only ( no cont roller)
WVCDC- VFD rat ed m ot or wit h cont roller
Se a l t ype :
SNGW- Single m echanical seal w/ wat er cooling
DBLW- Double m echanical seal w/ wat er cooling
7-16 7 Pu m ps ( G1 0 )
Sanit ary flum ing pum p wit h feeder hopper FLUM E PUM P
For t ransferring delicat e food product s, like

m ushroom s and cranberries. Uses wat er as a
prot ect ive cushion. Mat erial of const ruct ion is
SS304.
Liqu id flow r a t e :
MAX: 4,150 GPM [ 260 L/ S] . I ncludes wat er and
product .
Re qu ir e d: ent er eit her diam et er; head and
capacit y; or head and product rat e.
Maxim um head decreases as capacit y increases.
At t he m axim um capacit y of 4,150 GPM [ 260 L/
S] , t he m axim um head is 45 FEET [ 13.7 M] .
Pr odu ct r a t e :
MAX: based on m axim um capacit y ( 4,150 GPM
[ 260 L/ S] ) , specific gravit y, and H20/ product
rat io. Required: ent er eit her diam et er; head and
capacit y; or head and product rat e.
I n le t a n d ou t le t dia m e t e r :
MI N: 4 I NCHES [ 100 MM] , MAX: 10 I NCHES [ 250 MM]
Fluid he a d:
* 35* FEET [ * 10.7* M] , MAX: 110 FEET [ 33.5 M]
Maxim um head decreases as capacit y increases.
The pum p is dead- headed at 110 FEET [ 35.5 M] .
At t he m axim um capacit y of 4,150 GPM [ 260 L/
S] , t he m axim um head is 45 FEET [ 13.7 M] .
W a t e r t o pr odu ct w e igh t r a t io: * 10*
D e sign pr e ssu r e ga u ge :
* 45 PSI G [ 310 KPA] * , MAX: 45 PSI G [ 310 KPA]
* 68 DEG F [ 20 DEG C] * , MAX: 120 DEG F [ 50 DEG C]
* 1.0* , MI N: 0.2, MAX: 5.0 ( of wat er- product m ixt ure) .
MI N: 10, MAX: 100
7 Pu m ps ( G1 0 ) 7-17
Ce n t r ifu ga l Pu m ps ( CP) - cont inued.
FLUM E PUM P - cont inued.
H oppe r le ngt h: Minim um hopper lengt h depends on

diam et er:
D ia m e t e r M in im um H oppe r Le n gt h
4 I NCHES [ 100 MM] 2.0 FEET [ 0.610 M]
6 I NCHES [ 150 MM] 3.5 FEET [ 1.067 MM]
8 I NCHES [ 200 MM] 5.0 FEET [ 1.524 M]
10 I NCHES [ 250 MM] 6.0 FEET [ 1.829 M]
En closu r e t ype :
OPEN- Closed fram e unit
* CLOSE* - Open fram e unit
7-18 7 Pu m ps ( G1 0 )
Ge a r Pu m ps ( GP)
For t he pum ping of viscous fluids, such as polym ers and resins. St andard
rot ary pum ps can pum p fluids wit h viscosit ies as great as 250,000 CP and
special designs are available t o handle viscosit ies up t o 1,000,000 CP.
The principal of operat ion is t hat as t wo rot ors r ot at e, proj ect ions on t he rot ors
m esh and unm esh. They unm esh on t he suct ion side of t he pum p creat ing a
cavit y which is filled wit h liquid. As t he rot ors cont inue t o t urn, t he liquid is
t rapped bet ween t he proj ect ions of t he rot ors and t he pum p casing. The liquid
is carried t o t he discharge side of t he pum p in t hese pocket s. At t he discharge
side, t he rot ors m esh and t he liquid is squeezed out of t he pum p.
I ncludes pum p, baseplat e, driver ( opt ional) .
St andard ext ernal gear r ot ar y pum p GEAR
For pum ping of viscous fluids t o 300 GPM [ 18 L/
S] , such as polym ers and resins; st andard t ype
ext ernal gear rot ary pum p.
I ncludes m ot or driver.
M a t e r ia l:
* CS* - Carbon st eel
CI - Cast iron
BRONZ- Bronz
MAX: 300 GPM [ 18 L/ S] .
Viscosit y:
MAX: 30,000 CSTOKE [ 30,000 MM2/ S] ;
Default : * 32* CSTOKE [ * 32* MM2/ S] .
Spe e d:
MAX: 600 RPM; Default : * 90* RPM.
Canned rot or gear pum p CAN N ED RTR
Explosion- proof m ot or, t o 570 GPM [ 35 L/ S] .
M a t e r ia l:
* SS316*
40 - 570 GPM [ 3 - 35 L/ S]
Spe e d:
MAX: 1,800 RPM; Default : * 1,800* RPM
Viscosit y:
Default : * 32* CSTOKE [ * 32* MM2/ S]
7 Pu m ps ( G1 0 ) 7-19
Ge a r Pu m ps ( GP) - cont inued
Mechanical seal gear pum p M ECH SEAL
Wit h m echanical seal, t o 480 GPM [ 30 L/ S] . I ncludes
m ot or driver.
M a t e r ia l:
* GSLCS* ( Glass- lined CS)
Range: 35 - 480 GPM [ 3 - 30 L/ S] .
Spe e d:
MAX: 1,800 RPM; Default : * 1,800* RPM.
7-20 7 Pu m ps ( G1 0 )
Pist on , Ot h e r Posit ive
D ispla ce m e n t Pu m ps ( P)
Reciprocat ing sim plex wit h st eam driver. SI M PLEX
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
Range: 5.5 - 910 GPM [ 0.4 - 56 L/ S]
Fluid he a d:
MAX: 1,000 FEET [ 300 M]
Range: 0.2 - 5.0; Default : * 1.0*
D r ive r pow e r :
Range: 3 - 10 HP [ 2.22 - 7.5 KW]
Reciprocat ing duplex wit h st eam driver. D UPLEX
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
MAX: 1,000 GPM [ 62 L/ S]
Fluid he a d:
MAX: 1,000 FEET [ 300 M]
Range: 0.2 - 5.0; Default : * 1.0*
D r ive r pow e r :
Range: 2 - 100 HP [ 1.5 - 7.5 KW]
Triplex ( plunger) wit h pum p- m ot or driver. TRI PLEX
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
MAX: 1,000 GPM [ 62 L/ S]
Fluid he a d:
MAX: 1,000 FEET [ 300 M]
Range: 0.2 - 5.0; Default * 1.0*
D r ive r pow e r :
Range: 2 - 100 HP [ 1.5 - 75 KW]
7 Pu m ps ( G1 0 ) 7-21
Pist on , Ot h e r Posit ive D ispla ce m e n t Pu m ps ( P) - cont inued
Diaphragm pum p - TFE t ype. D I APH RAGM
I ncludes m ot or driver. For t he low capacit y
pum ping of hazardous, t oxic or abrasive
liquids. Alt hough diaphragm pum ps are m ade
wit h capacit ies of 100 GPM, generally t hey
handle 25 GPM or less. Diaphragm pum ps are
also frequent ly used as m et ering pum ps.
A diaphragm pum p is a t ype of reciprocat ing

pum p. A r eciprocat ing r od flexes a diaphragm
fabricat ed of m et al, rubber or plast ic. The
flexing of t he diaphragm produces t he
pum ping act ion.
The advant age of t he diaphragm pum p is t hat
no packing or seals are exposed t o t he liquid
being pum ped.
M a t e r ia l:
* CS* - Carbon st eel
SS316- SS316
Range: 0.012 - 600 GPM [ 1.3 - 37.5 L/ S]
Range: 0.2 - 5.0; Default : * 1.0*
Slurry pum p. SLURRY
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * SS316*
Range: 1.5 - 25 GPM [ 0.1 - 1.5 L/ S]
Range: 0.2 - 5.0; Default : * 1.0*
7-22 7 Pu m ps ( G1 0 )

Rot ary ( sliding vanes) pum p. I ncludes m ot or driver. ROTARY
M a t e r ia l:
Default s*
Range: 10 - 750 GPM [ 0.7 - 47 L/ S]
Range: 0.2 - 5.0; Default : * 1.0*
M a t e r ia l:
BRONZ
Range: 25 - 450 GPM [ 1.6 - 28 L/ S]
Range: 0.2 - 5.0; Default : * 1*
Reciprocat ing plunger pum p. RECI P M OTR
I ncludes m ot or driver. Plunger pum ps are used for

pum ping hydraulic fluid, hydraulic de- scaling of st eel,
wat er flooding of oil fields, salt wat er disposal,
pum ping of propane, but ane and ot her volat ile liquids,
and for process pum ping requiring high pressures.
This it em is an elect ric m ot or driven plunger, power
pum p. A power pum p is a reciprocat ing pum p driven
t hrough a crankshaft . Alt hough t he RECI P- MOTR pum p
is driven by an elect ric m ot or, a power pum p m ay be
driven by a st eam or gas t urbine, a gas engine, or a
diesel engine as well. A plunger pum p is a
reciprocat ing pum p t hat displaces liquid from a
cylinder by t he reciprocat ing m ot ion of a long, slender,
solid rod called a plunger. On t he back- st roke of t he
plunger, t he cylinder fills wit h liquid and on t he
forward- st roke, t he liquid is expelled. The capacit y of a
plunger pum p is det erm ined by t he diam et er, st roke
and num ber of plungers. Plunger pum ps are m ade
from t wo t o nine plungers and in t wo basic
configurat ions, horizont al and vert ical depending on
whet her t he plungers are arranged horizont ally or
vert ically in t he m achine. Typically, discharge
pressures of plunger pum ps fall in t he range from
1,500 t o 6,000 PSI G, alt hough pressure as high as
20,000 PSI G can be handled in som e.
7 Pu m ps ( G1 0 ) 7-23
RECI P M OTR - cont inued
M a t e r ia l:
Min: 0.01 GPM [ 0.4 L/ S]
Range: 0.2 - 5.0; Default : * 1.0*
D r ive r pow e r :
MAX: 1,000 HP [ 750 KW]
High densit y st ock pum p wit h t win int erm eshing H D STOCK
screws.
* SS316* , SS317
St ock flow r a t e a ir dr ie d:
Flow rat e of air dried ( AD) solids in pum ped fluid.
MAX: 1,500 TPD [ 56 TON/ H]
MAX: 160 PSI G [ 1,100 KPA] t o 550 TPD [ 20 TON/ H] ,
else 100 PSI G [ 688 KPA] .
Consist e n cy a ir dr ie d:
Percent by weight of air dried ( AD) solids in fluid.
Range: 10 - 20; Default : * 10*
Range: 0.2 - 5.0; Default : * 1*
Range: 10 - 100
D r ive r t ype :
NONE- No driver
Spe e d:
Default : * 1,800* RPM [ * 1,500* RPM]
* 400* PSI G [ * 2,800* KPA] .
7-24 7 Pu m ps ( G1 0 )
Sanit ary rot ary lobe pum p ROTARYLOBE
Used for a wide range of fluids ( low or high viscosit y,

non- lubricat ing or abrasive) , t his pum p forwards
fluids, yet has a low im pact on solids and a relat ively
const ant discharge pressure.
Pum p size se le ct ion:
Sym bol N om in a l Flow Ra t e / D ia m e t e r

GPM/ I NCHES L/ S MM
06- 15 6 / 1.5 0.37 / 40
15 - 15 15 / 1.5 0.9 / 40
18 - 15 18 / 1.5 1.1 / 40
30 - 15 30 / 1.5 1.8 / 40
60 - 25 60 / 2.5 3.7 / 65
130 - 3 130 / 3 8.2 / 80
220 - 4 220 / 4 13.8 / 100
320 - 6 320 / 6 20.2 / 150
420 - 8 420 / 8 26.5 / 200
520 - 8 520 / 8 32.8 / 200
Required: select pum p size or ent er capacit y and exit

pressure.
MAX: 520 GPM [ 32.8 L/ S]
pressure.
MAX: 200 PSI G [ 1,375 KPA]
pressure.
I m pe lle r spe e d:
MAX: 10 x Hz RPM
* 1.0* , MI N: 0.2, MAX: 5.0
Fluid viscosit y:
* 1.0 CPOI SE [ 1.0 MPA- S] *
* 68 DEG F [ 20 DEG C] *
Se a l t ype :
* MECH* - Single m echanical seal
ORNG- O- ring seal
Re lie f cove r t ype :
* STD* - St andard cover
MAN- Manual relief cover
7 Pu m ps ( G1 0 ) 7-25
Pist on , Ot h e r Posit ive D ispla ce m e n t Pu m ps ( P) - cont inued.
Sanit ary air diaphragm pum p AI R DI APH

added.
I n le t a n d ou t le t dia m e t e r :
MI N: 1 I NCHES [ 25 MM DI AM] , MAX: 3 I NCHES DI AM
[ 75 MM DI AM]
Ent er eit her inlet / out let diam et er or capacit y
and head.
MAX: 220 GPM [ 13.7 L/ S] at 20 FEET [ 6 M]
Ent er eit her inlet / out let diam et er or capacit y and
head.
Fluid he a d:
MAX: 210 FEET [ 64 M] at 60 GPM [ 3.7 L/ S]
MAX: 110 PSI G [ 750 KPA]
MI N: 68 DEG F [ 20 DEG C] , MAX: 300 DEG F [ 148
DEG C]
* 1.0* , MI N: 0.2, MAX: 5.0
Pu m p Efficie n cie s
Pump Type Default Efficiency
Centrifugal Pumps < 50 GPM = 60%
All Other Pumps 82%
Hi-Density Stock Pump Calculated using an empirical correlation.
7-26 7 Pu m ps ( G1 0 )
7 Pu m ps ( G1 0 ) 7-27
7-28 7 Pu m ps ( G1 0 )
8 Tow e r s, Colu m n s ( G6 )

I nt roduct ion t o Towers and Colum ns
Tower/ Colum n Applicat ions
Tower/ Colum n I nt ernals
Descript ion of Tow ers/ Colum ns
Mat erials of Const ruct ion
Shell and Head Design
Double Diam et er Tow ers ( DDT)
Single Diam et er Tow ers ( TW)
8 Tow e r s, Colu m n s ( G6 ) 8-1

I n t r odu ct ion t o Tow e r s a n d
Colu m n s
Towers are classified according t o t he t ype of “ int ernals” in t he t ower, and
according t o t he funct ion perform ed by t he t ower.
• Towers m ay cont ain t rays. I f t he t ower cont ains t rays, t he vessel is called a
t ray t ow er, or, synonym ously, a t ray colum n.
• Tower m ay cont ain packing. I f t he t ower cont ains a packing, t he vessel is called a
packed t ower, or packed colum n.
• I f t he feed t o t he t ower is a hydrocarbon m ixt ure and t he t ower separat es t his
m ixt ure int o t wo fact ions or st ream s, one st ream cont aining t he m ore volat ile
com ponent s of t he feed and t he ot her st ream t he less volat ile com ponent s of t he
feed, t he t ower is called a fract ionat ion t ower. Ot her nam es for a fract ionat ion
t ower are: fract ionat ion colum n, fract ionat or, dist illat ion t ower and
dist illat ion colum n.
• I f t he feed t o t he t ower is liquid, and t he t ower rem oves an undesirable gas which is
dissolved in t he feed, t he t ower is called a st ripping t ower. Ot her nam es for a
st ripping t ower are st ripping colum n and st ripper.
• I f t he feed t o t he t ower is a gas m ixt ure cont aining one or m ore undesirable
com ponent s which are rem oved wit hin t he t ower by absorbing t hem wit h a suit able
solvent , t he t ower is called an absorpt ion t ower. Ot her nam es for an absorpt ion
t ower are: absorpt ion colum n and absorber.
• I f t he feed t o t he t ower is a gas or liquid m ixt ure cont aining one or m ore
undesirable com ponent s, which are rem oved wit hin t he t ower by adsorbing t hem
ont o solid cat alyst pellet s, t he t ower is called an adsorpt ion t ower. Ot her nam es for
an adsorpt ion t ower are: adsorpt ion colum n and adsorber.
• I f t he feed t o t he t ower is a liquid m ixt ure cont aining one or m ore undesirable
com ponent s which are rem oved by absorbing t hem wit h anot her liquid, t he t ower is
called an ext ract ion t ower or ext ract ion colum n.
Towers are sim ilar t o vert ical process vessels in t hat t hey are erect ed ver t ically
and t hey are cylindrical in shape wit h heads at each end of t he cylinder.
Towers are, however, norm ally m uch t aller t hen vert ical process vessels.
Typically t he lengt h t o diam et er rat io of a t ower ranges from 3: 1 t o 20: 1.
Towers t ypically range in diam et er from 3 t o 20 FEET and in height from 20 t o
150 FEET.
Tow e r / Colu m n Applica t ion s

Towers are com m only used for t he following purposes:
• Dist illat ion
• St ripping
• Absorpt ion
• Adsorpt ion
• Ext ract ion.
A descript ion of t hese it em s follows.
D ist illa t ion — a pr ocess which separat es a m ixt ure of m at erials int o t wo or
m ore desired part s. The device which perform s t his operat ion m ay be called a
8-2 8 Tow e r s, Colu m n s ( G6 )

dist illat ion t ower, dist illat ion colum n or fract ionat or. The operat ion of a
dist illat ion colum n depends on t he fact t hat different m at erials boil at different
t em perat ures. For exam ple, wat er boils at 212 DEG F and et hyl alcohol ( t he
act ive ingredient in liquor) boils at 173 DEG F. Dist illat ion is not a new
concept . The m at erial which boils at t he lower t em perat ure is called t he light
or m ore volat ile com ponent . The m at erial wit h t he higher boiling point is called
t he heavy or less volat ile com ponent . I n t he case of et hyl alcohol and wat er,
we are dealing wit h a t wo com ponent or binary m ixt ure. This is not t he usual
case. More com m only, t he feed t o a dist illat ion colum n is a m ult i- com ponent
m ixt ure. For exam ple, cr ude oil cont ains hundreds of different com ponent s.
The purpose of dist illing crude oil is t o separat e it int o what are called fract ions
or cut s. Each fract ion or cut is not a pure com ponent , but a m ixt ure of
com ponent s which m ay be used as is or refined furt her. Crude dist illat ion
nor m ally is used t o pr oduce t hese fract ions: raw gasoline, raw kerosene, gas
oil and reduced crude.
St r ippin g — The process of ext ract ing a m at erial dissolved in a liquid phase
and t ransferring it int o a gas phase is called st ripping or desorpt ion. The
st ripping process is carried out in a device called a st ripping t ower or st ripping
colum n. The rem oval of am m onia from wat er is an exam ple of t he st ripping
process. Wat er wit h am m onia dissolved in it passes down t he st ripping t ower.
Air passing upward t hrough t he t ower st rips t he am m onia from t he wat er and
t he am m onia - air m ixt ure exit s from t he t op of t he t ower.
Absor pt ion — The process of t ransferring a m at erial from t he gas phase t o
t he liquid phase is called absorpt ion. The liquid int o which t he gaseous
com ponent dissolves is called t he absorbent . The device in which t he
absorpt ion process t akes place is called an absorpt ion t ower, absorpt ion
colum n or absorber. The rem oval of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide from
t he nat ural gas wit h deit hanolam ine ( DEA) is an exam ple of t he absorpt ion
process. Nat ural gas, CO2 and H2S pass upward t hrough t he t ower. DEA
passing downwards absorbs t he CO2 and H2S.
Adsor pt ion — The process of t ransferring a m at erial from eit her t he gas or
liquid phase t o t he solid phase is called adsorpt ion. The solid t o which t he
liquid or gaseous com ponent at t ached it self is called t he adsorbent . The device
in which t he adsorpt ion process t akes place is usually called an adsorpt ion
t ower, adsorpt ion colum n or adsorber. I f t he purpose of t he adsorber is t o
rem ove wat er, t he t erm drying t ow er or dryer is oft en used.
Ex t r a ct ion — The process of t ransferring m at erial from one liquid phase t o
anot her im m iscible liquid phase is called liquid - liquid ext ract ion, solvent
ext ract ion or sim ply ext ract ion. I m m iscible liquids are liquids which do not
dissolve in each ot her, for exam ple, oil and wat er. I f t he t wo im m iscible liquids
are cont act ed count er current ly, t he cont act ing device is called an ext ract ion
colum n, ext ract ion t ow er or ext ract or.
Tow e r / Colu m n I n t e r n a ls
Tr a ys — May be divided int o t w o m aj or cat egories; cr ossflow t rays and
count er flow t rays. Crossflow t rays get t heir nam e because liquid flows across
t he t ray t o a downcom er w hile vapor r ises t hrough per forat ions in t he t ray
deck. There are t hree t ypes of crossflow t rays in com m on use t oday. They are
t he bubble cap, sieve t ray, and valve t ray. The bubble cap t rays were used
alm ost exclusively unt il about 1950. Since t hen, t he use of bubble cap t rays
has alm ost disappeared because t heir com plicat ed const ruct ion m akes t hem

heavy ( result ing in heavier and m ore expensive t ray support s) and expensive
t o fabricat e.
Bubble cap t rays get t heir nam e because vapor rises t hrough holes in t he t ray
and is collect ed underneat h bubble caps. Each cap has slot s in it t hrough which
t he vapor from t he t ray below bubbles int o t he liquid on t he t ray.
Sieve t rays are t he cheapest t rays t o fabricat e because of t heir sim ple design.
They consist of a perforat ed plat e t hrough which vapor rises from t he t ray
below, a weir t o hold a liquid level on t he t ray, and a downcom er w hich act s as
a downspout t o direct t he liquid t o t he t ray below. The operat ion of t he sieve
t ray depends on t he vapor velocit y t hrough t he perforat ions being high enough
t o keep t he liquid flowing across t he t ray and not down t hrough t he sam e
perforat ions t he vapor is rising t hrough. The drawback t o t he sieve t ray is t hat
it has a narrow operat ing range com pared t o t he bubble cap t ray and t he valve
t ray. Too low a vapor velocit y and t he liquid falls t hrough t he holes t o t he plat e
below - a condit ion called dum ping. Too high a velocit y and vapor doesn’t
bubble t hrough t he liquid on t he t ray. I nst ead, t he vapor pushes t he liquid
away fr om t he hole so t hat t here is no liquid- vapor cont act . This condit ion is
called coning.
Valve t rays have lift able caps which operat e like check valves. These caps
m ake valve t rays m ore expensive t han sieve t rays but t hey also increase t he
operat ing range of t he t ray. At low vapor velocit ies, t he caps close and pr event
dum ping.
The ot her m aj or cat egory of t rays is t he count erflow t ype. These t rays have no
downcom ers. The liquid falls t hrough t he sam e openings in t he t ray t hat t he
vapor from t he t ray below rises t hrough. This t ype of t ray is not widely used.
The m ost popular of t he count erflow t ype t ray is t he Turbogrid t ray.
Pa ck in gs — The second m aj or cat egory of t ower int ernals is packings.
Packings serve t he sam e purpose as t rays; t hey br ing a gas or vapor st r eam
int o int im at e cont act wit h a liquid st ream . Trays accom plish t his by pr oviding a
very large wet t ed surface area for t he gas or vapor t o flow by. Packed t owers
would norm ally be select ed inst ead of t ray t owers in t he following inst ances:
1 For colum ns less t han 2 FEET in diam et er, packing is generally cheaper.
2 I f highly corrosive fluids are being handled, packings are oft en
advant ageous because t hey can be m ade of ceram ic, carbon, plast ic or
ot her highly resist ant m et allic or non- m et allic m at erial.
3 Packed t owers are low pressure drop devices, t herefore, t hey are oft en used for
vacuum dist illat ions.
The m aj or disadvant ages of packed t ow ers are:
1 They have a narrower operat ing range t han t ray t owers.
2 A packed t ower m ust have a larger diam et er t han a t ray t ow er t o handle
t he sam e feed rat e.
The m ost com m on t ypes of packings are: Raschig rings, Berl saddles, I nt alox
saddles and Pall rings.
Adsorpt ion t owers are packed t owers; however, t heir funct ion is t o t ransfer a
m at erial from t he liquid or gas phase ont o t he surface of t he solid adsorbent .
Adsorbent s are not packing t ypes. Adsorbent s are generally eit her a granular
m at erial or else spherical or cylindrical shaped pellet s. Som e com m on
adsorbent s ar e: Fuller ’s eart hes ( nat ural clays) , act ivat ed clay, alum ina,
act ivat ed carbon and silica gel.

D e scr ipt ion of Tow e r s/ Colu m n s
“ Towers” and “ colum ns” are int erchangeable nam e for t he sam e device. These
devices have one of t w o funct ions. One is t o separat e a m ixt ure int o t wo or
m ore desired part s. The ot her funct ion is t o t ransfer a m at erial from one phase
t o anot her phase.
Towers are classified according t o t he funct ion perform ed. Exam ples are
dist illat ion, st ripping or ext ract ion. Towers are also classified by t he t ype of
device inst alled inside ( int ernals) so t he t ower can perform it s desired
funct ion. Tower int ernals consist of eit her t rays or packings.
Towers are always erect ed vert ically. They are usually t all and cylindrical in
shape. Som et im es t hey are designed wit h t he t op of t he t ower one diam et er
and t he bot t om a different ( usually larger) diam et er. This gives t he t ower a
“ Coke bot t le” shape and is called a double diam et er t ower.
The cylindrically shaped body of t he t ower is called t he shell. The shell is
closed at bot h ends wit h dom e- shaped covers called heads. There are t hree
head designs in com m on use:
• Torispherical, t he m ost com m on of which is t he ASME flanged and dished
head
• Ellipsoidal, also called ellipt ical, ellipt ical dished or 2: 1 ellipsoidal ( because
t he rat io of t he lengt h of t he m aj or t o t he m inor axis of t his head is 2: 1)
• Hem ispherical.
Which kind of head t o use is an econom ic decision. The t orispherical head is
t he cheapest t o fabricat e, but is t he t hickest for a given pressure. The
ellipsoidal head is m ore expensive t o fabricat e t han t he t orispherical, but is
t hinner at t he sam e pressure. The hem ispherical head is t he m ost cost ly t o
fabr icat e, but is t he t hinnest for a given pressure. Thus, t he m at erial cost
decreases from t he t orispherical t o hem ispherical because t he head get s
t hinner, but t he fabricat ing cost s increase. At pressures below 150 PSI G t he
t orispherical head is generally t he cheapest . From 150 PSI G t o 500 PSI G, t he
ellipsoidal is usually select ed. Above 150 PSI G, t he hem ispherical head
becom es an econom ically viable alt ernat ive.
Openings ar e provided in t he shell and heads of a t ower so t hat process fluids
can ent er and leave. Ot her openings in t he t ower are pr ovided for drains,
purge connect ions and sam ple connect ions. These openings int o t he t ower are
called nozzles.
Nozzles range in diam et er from 1 I NCH for sm all drains, vent s and sam ple
connect ions t o 24 I NCHES [ 609.6 MM] or m ore for large process connect ions.
The sm all ( 1 I NCH) connect ions are usually m ade wit h pipe couplings, not wit h
welding necks and flanges.
Workers m ust be able t o ent er t he t ower aft er it is erect ed t o inst all and
m aint ain t he int ernals. Openings in t he t ow er pr ovided for t his purpose are
called m anholes or m anways. Manholes are j ust nozzles large enough for a
m an t o pass t hrough. Manholes range in diam et er from 18 - 48 I NCHES [ 1219
MM] .
A t ower is norm ally support ed by a st eel cylinder t he sam e diam et er as t he
t ower called a skirt . The skirt is welded t o t he t ower at one end and bolt ed t o
t he foundat ion at t he ot her.

I n addit ion t o nozzles, m anholes and skirt s, ot her appurt enances m ay be
at t ached t o t he t ower. These ot her ext ernals m ay include insulat ion clips for
t he support of insulat ion, lift ing lugs which are eyelet s t o which rigging is
at t ached so t hat t he t ower can be lift ed and placed on it s foundat ion, and
various st ruct ural st eel m em bers for t he support of plat form s and ladders.
Materials of Construction
The t ower shell and heads ar e usually fabr icat ed out of carbon or low alloy
st eel plat e.
As t he nam e im plies, t he prim ary alloying elem ent in car bon st eel is carbon.
All t he ot her alloying elem ent s in carbon st eel are lim it ed t o concent rat ions
less t han 0.5% . The m ost com m on m at erials of const ruct ion for t owers are t he
carbon st eels A515 and A516.
Low alloy st eel cont ain one or m ore alloying elem ent s besides carbon in
concent rat ions from 0.5% t o 10% . Alloying elem ent s in concent rat ions great er
t han 10% m ake t he st eel a high alloy st eel.
When ext rem ely corrosive m at er ials are t o be handled, t he t ower m ay be
fabr icat ed out of a high alloy st eel such as one of t he st ainless st eels, a non-
ferrous m et al such as t it anium or m onel, or a non- m et al such as FRP
( fiberglass reinforced polyest er) . However, because t hese m at er ials are eit her
very expensive or else have design lim it at ions such as low st r engt h, claddings
and linings are com m only used for corrosion resist ance. Clad plat e consist s of
a t hin layer of corrosion resist ant m et al perm anent ly bonded t o an inexpensive
carbon or low alloy st eel backing. Linings differ from claddings in t hat t here is
not a perm anent cont inuous bond bet ween t he corrosion resist ant m at erial
and t he backing m at erial, and t he corrosion resist ant m at erial is usually not a
m et al. Com m on lining m at erials are brick, cem ent , rubber and glass.
Shell and Head Design

Typically, m any com panies norm ally requir e t hat t ower shells and heads be
designed according t o t he lat est edit ion of Sect ion VI I I Division 1 of t he ASME
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. Towers m anufact ured in t he Unit ed St at es
will carry t he ASME code st am p cert ifying t hat t he vessel has been designed
and fabricat ed t o code st andards. Towers m anufact ured out side t he Unit ed
St at es are t o be designed and fabricat ed according t o code st andards as well,
but need not carry t he code st am p.
Towers which are unusually large, or t ow ers which are required t o operat e at a
very high pressure m ay be designed according t o Sect ion VI I I Division 2 of t he
ASME Code. Division 2 requires com plet e st ress analysis of t he process vessel.
This com plet e analysis allows t he vessel t o be designed wit h m uch sm aller
safet y fact ors. This result s in a vessel which has a t hinner shell and head and
is t herefore cheaper t o fabricat e t han t he sam e vessel designed according t o
t he rules of Division 1. Since a Division 2 design result s in a cheaper vessel,
why aren’t all process vessels designed according t o t he rules of Division 2?
Again it is a quest ion of econom ics. A Division 2 design is so com plex t hat t he
m oney spent in ext ra engineering t im e for t he vessel can easily exceed t he
savings realized in t he fabricat ion of t he vessel. Only in very large or t hick
walled vessels is t he econom ic advant age of a Division 2 clear- cut .

D ou ble D ia m e t e r Tow e r s ( D D T)
Pressure/ vacuum ,
includes vessel
shell, heads,
t ransit ion sect ion,
single base
m at erial, lined or
clad, nozzles,
m anholes ( one
m anhole below and
above t ray st ack or
packed sect ion and
one m anhole every
t ent h t ray or 25
FEET [ 7.6 M] of
packed height ) ,
st iffening rings if
desired, base ring,
lugs, skirt or legs;
t ray clips, t ray
support s ( if
designat ed) ,
dist ribut or piping,
plat es, packing ( if packing designat ed) ; variet y of applicat ions for plat e and
packed t owers: absorpt ion, desorpt ion, dist illat ion or st ripping ( via ket t le or

t herm osiphon reboiler defined separat ely) , ext ract ion; applicat ions for packed
t owers: gas and liquid adsorpt ion; sect ions can be t rayed, packed, em pt y.
Syst em s wit h aut om at ic inst allat ion bulks ( Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or and
Aspen Process Econom ic Analyzer ) generat e plat form s for t owers. A t ower
begins wit h one 360 DEGREE plat form for t he first 25 FEET [ 7.6 M] , or fract ion
t hereof, of exposed height , plus one 90 DEGREE plat form for ever y addit ional
25 FEET [ 7.6 M] , or fract ion t hereof, of exposed height . I f t he t ower is in a
st ruct ure, t he syst em subt ract s t he height of t he st ruct ur e from t he t ot al t ower
height ( Bot t om T- T h e igh t + Sk ir t h e igh t ) t o calculat e t he t ot al exposed
height . To place a t ower in a st ruct ure, m ake t he area t ype OPEN or EX- OPEN
( see Chapt er 36 for area t ype descript ions) , or else use t he St r u ct u r e t a g
n u m be r t o assign t he t ow er t o t he open st eel st ruct ure ( OPN- STL- ST)
available under st eel plant bulks.
( See Single Diameter Towers for t ray st acks.)
Packed double diam et er t ower. PACKED
Applica t ion :
Defines vessel funct ion and relat ed
pipe/ inst rum ent at ion m odel.
Default : * ABSORB*
ABSORB- Absorpt ion
DESORB- Desorpt ion
DI STI L- Dist illat ion wit h t herm osiphon reboiler
( not included)

D ou ble D ia m e t e r Tow e r s ( D D T) - cont inued
PACKED - cont inued
DI S- RB- Dist illat ion wit h ket t ler reboiler ( not included)
EXTRAC- Ext ract ion
GAS- AD- Gas adsorpt ion
LI Q-AD- Liquid adsorpt ion
STRI PP- St ripping wit h t herm osiphone reboiler ( not
included)
STR- RB- St ripping wit h ket t le reboiler ( not included)
Ba se m a t e r ia l Bot t om :
For clad plat e, specify t he backing plat e m at erial
( cladding is defined below) . See Chapt er 28
for m at erials.
D e sign ga u ge pr e ssur e Bot t om .:
Default : Specified t op sect ion pressure, or 50 PSI G
[ 350 KPA] : negat ive for vacuum .
D e sign t e m pe r a t ur e Bot t om :
Default : Specified t op sect ion t em p or 250 DEG F [ 120
DEG C] .
Pa ck ing m a t e r ia l Bot t om :
Default : * NONE*
Pa ck in g h e igh t Bot t om :
Default : * 0.0* FEET [ * 0.0* M]
Cla dding m a t e r ia l Bot t om :
Default : * NONE*
Sk ir t h e igh t :
Default : 1.5 x bot t om diam et er; ent er 0.0 if vessel
hung in OPEN st ruct ure.
M a nhole dia m e t e r Bot t om :
Max: 48 I NCHES [ 1,200 MM]
Th ick ne ss Bot t om se ct ion :
Cor r osion a llow a n ce Bot t om :
Cla dding t h ick n e ss Bot t om :
St iffe n in g r in g spa cing Bot t om :
if not required.

PACKED - cont inued
Ba se m a t e r ia l Top:
( cladding is defined below) . See Chapt er 28 for
m at erials. Default : * A 515*
D e sign ga u ge pr e ssur e Top:
Default : Specified bot t om sect ion pressure or 50 PSI G
[ 350 KPA] ; negat ive for vacuum .
D e sign t e m pe r a t ur e Top:
Default : Specified bot t om sect ion t em perat ure or 250
DEG F [ 120 DEG C] .
Pa ck in g m a t e r ia l Top:
Default : * NONE*
Pa ck ing he ight Top:
Default : * 0.0* FEET [ * 0.0* M]
Cla dding m a t e r ia l Top:
Default : * NONE*
Pipe m a t e r ia l Top:
M a nhole dia m e t e r Top:
Th ick ne ss Top se ct ion:
Cor r osion a llow a n ce Top:
Default 0.125 I NCHES [ 3 MM] for CS, 0.0 for ot her
m at erials.
Cla ddin g t h ick n e ss Top:
St iffe n in g r in g spa cing Top:
if not required.
W in d or se ism ic de sign :
Default : Vessel designed for wind and seism ic loads
defined in proj ect basis.
W+ S- Wind and seism ic design required
WI ND- Wind design only
SEI S- Wind/ seism ic design
NONE- Delet e wind and seism ic design

PACKED - cont inued
Fluid volu m e :
Max: 100; Default : * 20* ; For seism ic design, fluid
volum e as a% of vessel volum e ( wat er assum ed) .
Va cuu m de sign ga u ge pr e ssur e :
case. Default : pressure.
W e ld e fficie ncy:
50 - 100; ASME/ JI S codes only, where allowed for t hin
wall vessels; Default : Area Design Basis.
M ole cula r w e ight Ove r he a d pr od:
Default : 50 for dist illat ion and st ripping applicat ions;
ot herwise 30.
N u m be r body fla nge se t s Bot t om :
N u m be r body fla nge se t s Top:
D ia m e t e r opt ion :
Defines desired diam et er as I D or OD;
ASM E de sign ba sis:
Default : * D1NF* , applicable only for
ASME code design.
D1NF- ASME Division 1 - no fat igue analysis
D1F- ASME Division 1 - wit h fat igue analysis

Trayed double diam et er t ower. TRAYED
Available t ray t ypes include: bubble cap, sieve, t urbo
grid, valve and clips and support s wit hout t rays.
Tr a y t ype :
Default : * VALVE*
VALVE- Valve t rays
BUBBL- Bubble cap t rays
TURBO- Turbo grid t rays
SI EVE- Sieve t rays
NONE.- No t rays
Applica t ion :
Defines vessel funct ion and relat ed pipe/
inst rum ent at ion m odel; Default : * DI STI L*
ABSORB- Absorpt ion
DESORB- Desorpt ion
( not included)
DI S- RB- Dist illat ion wit h ket t le reboiler
( not included)
GAS-AD- Gas adsorpt ion
STRI PP- St ripping wit h t herm osiphon reboiler
( not included)
STR- RB.- St ripping wit h ket t le reboiler ( not included)
m at erials. Default : * A 515* .
D e sign ga u ge pr e ssur e Bot t om :
Default : Specified t op sect ion pressure, or 50 PSI G
[ 350 KPA] ; negat ive for vacuum .
Default : Specified t op sect ion t em perat ure or 250 DEG
F [ 120 DEG C] .
Bot t om t r a y m a t e r ia l or pa ck ing:
Specify t ray m at erial for t rays or packing m at erial for
packed sect ions. See Chapt er 28 for m at erials.
Default : * A 515* .
N o. t r a ys/ Pa ck e d he ight Bot t om :
Ent er num ber of t rays for t rayed sect ions or packing
height for packed sect ions. Default : * 0.0*

TRAYED - cont inued

Cor r osion a llow a n ce Top:
m at erials.
Cla dding t hick ne ss Top:
St iffe n in g r in g spa cing Top:
if not required.
Default : vessel design for wind and seism ic loads
defined in Proj ect Basis.
SEI S- Seism ic design only
Fluid volu m e :
For seism ic design; fluid volum e as a% of vessel
volum e ( wat er assum ed) ; Max: 100; Default : * 20* .
Range: 50 - 100; ASME/ JI S codes only, where allowed
for t hin wall vessels; Default : Area Basis.
M ole cula r w e ight Ove r he a d pr od:
Default : 50 for dist illat ion and st ripping applicat ions;
ot herwise - 30.
N u m be r body fla nge se t s Bot t om :
N u m be r body fla nge se t s Top:

TRAYED - cont inued
Applicable only for ASME code design.
See following ent ries for fat igue dat a.
D2F- ASME Division 2 wit h fat igue analysis
St a r t St op cycle s x 1 0 0 0 :
ASME fat ige only. Thousands of st art- up cycles during
t he full equipm ent life; Min: 0.02;
Default : * 1.0* .
Pr e ssu r e cycle s x 1 0 0 0 :
ASME fat igue only. Thousands of deviat ions from
design pressure during equipm ent life.
Default : * 0* .
Pr e ssur e a m plit ude :
ASME fat igue only. Am plit ude of pressure deviat ion as
percent of design pressure. Default : * 0* .
N u m be r of h ydr ost a t ic t e st s:
ASME fat igue only. Num ber of hydrost at ic t est s during
t he full equipm ent life. Default : * 20* .
Te m pe r a t u r e cycle s x 1 0 0 0 :
design t em perat ure in equipm ent life. Default : * 0* .
Te m pe r a t u r e a m plit u de :
ASME fat igue only. Am plit ude of t em perat ure deviat ion
as a percent of design t em perat ure.
Tr a y t hick ne ss:
Default : 0.1875 I NCH [ 4.5 MM] .

M u lt iple D ia m e t e r Tr a ye d or Pa ck e d
Double- diam et er t ower wit h m ult iple sect ions. Each

sect ion can be t rayed or packed.
Trayed double diam et er t ower.

For Tr a ye d Se ct ion s:

Tr a y t ype :
Default : * VALVE*
VALVE - Valve t rays
BUBBL - Bubble cap t rays
TURBO - Turbo grid t rays
SI EVE - Sieve t rays
NONE. - No t rays
Applica t ion :
pipe/ inst rum ent at ion m odel; Default : * DI STI L*
ABSORB - Absorpt ion
DESORB - Desorpt ion
DI STI L - Dist illat ion wit h t herm osiphon reboiler
( not included)
DI S- RB - Dist illat ion wit h ket t le reboiler
not included)
EXTRAC - Ext ract ion
GAS- AD - Gas adsorpt ion
LI Q-AD - Liquid adsorpt ion
STRI PP - St ripping wit h t herm osiphon reboiler
( not included)
STR- RB. - St ripping wit h ket t le reboiler
( not included)
For Bot t om se ct ion :
for m at erials.

M u lt iple D ia m e t e r Tr a ye d or Pa ck e d - cont inued-
D ia m e t e r Bot t om se ct ion :
Diam et er of Bot t om sect ion
Bot t om t a n ge nt t o t a nge nt he ight :
Ent er eit her Capacit y or Diam et er and Height
Base m at erial t hickness including corrosion
allowance
D e sign ga u ge pr e ssur e Bot t om :
Default : Specified t op sect ion pressure, or
50 PSI G [ 350 KPA] ; negat ive for vacuum .
Default : Specified t op sect ion t em perat ure or
250 DEG F [ 120 DEG C] .
For M iddle se ct ion:
Ba se m a t e r ia l M iddle :
( cladding is defined below) . See
Chapt er 28 for m at erials.
D e sign ga u ge pr e ssur e M iddle :
Default : Specified m iddle sect ion pressure, or
D e sign t e m pe r a t ur e M iddle :
Default : Specified m iddle sect ion t em perat ure or
250 DEG F [ 120 DEG C] .
For Top se ct ion :
Ba se m a t e r ia l Top:
for m at erials.
D e sign ga u ge pr e ssur e Top:
D e sign t e m pe r a t ur e Top:
Default : Specified t op sect ion t em perat ure or
250 DEG F [ 120 DEG C] .
OD - Out side diam et er
I D - I nside diam et er

H e a d Type :
ELLI P - 2: 1 Ellipsoidal
HEMI - Hem ispherical
TORI - Torispherical ( ASME)
Sk ir t h e igh t :
Default : 1.5 x bot t om diam et er; ent er 0.0 if
vessel hung in OPEN st ruct ure.
Sk ir t t hick ne ss:
Default : Syst em calculat ed
D e m ist e r t h ick ne ss:
SS304 m ist pad 12 PCF [ 192 KG/ M3] wit h t op
and bot t om support grids. Def. 0
Tr a nsit ion he ight - Bot t om - M iddle :
Transit ion height bet ween bot t om and
m iddle sect ions.
Tr a nsit ion he ight - M iddle - Top:
Transit ion height bet ween m iddle and t op sect ions.
I f pressure and vacuum ent ered, design is for
worst case. Default : pressure design.
Ja ck e t de sign ga uge pr e ssur e :
Jacket pressure or t hickness required t o
obt ain j acket .
Ja ck e t t ype :
FULL - full j acket
PI PE - half- pipe j acket
Default : FULL
Ja ck e t t h ick n e ss:
Jacket pressure or t hickness required t o obt ain
j acket .
Ja ck e t m a t e r ia l:
See Chapt er 28 for m at erials. Default : * CS* .
Default : vessel design for wind and seism ic loads
W+ S - Wind and seism ic design required
WI ND - Wind design only
SEI S - Seism ic design only
NONE - Delet e wind and seism ic design

Fluid volu m e :
For seism ic design; fluid volum e as a percent
of vessel volum e ( wat er assum ed)
Max: 100
Default : * 20* .
Tow e r Se ct ion D e t a ils:
N ot e : Clicking t he red arrow in t he Tow e r Se ct ion
D e t a ils field opens t he Tow e r in t e r n a l dat a form , on
which t o ent er det ails about t he bot t om , m iddle and
t op sect ions of t he t ower.
For e a ch se ct ion :
Nam e:
The nam e of t he sect ion.
Ba se m a t e r ia l:
For clad plat e, specify t he backing plat e
m at erial ( cladding is defined below) . See
Chapt er 28 for m at erials.
D ia m e t e r :
Ent er t he diam et er of t he vessel.
V e sse l t a nge nt t o t a n ge nt h e igh t :
Th ick ne ss:
allowance.
50 PSI G [ 350 KPA] : negat ive for vacuum .
Default : Specified t op sect ion t em p or
250 DEG F [ 120 DEG C] .
Cor r osion a llow a n ce :
Default : 0.125 I NCHES [ 3 MM] for CS, 0.0 for
ot her m at erials.
Default : * NONE* .
is specified; ot herwise: 0.0.

SECTI ON - TRAYS
N u m be r of t r a ys:
Ent er num ber of t rays. Min 2.
Tr a y t ype :
Default : * VALVE*
VALVE- Valve t ray
NONE- No t rays
Tr a y m a t e r ia l:
See Chapt er 28 for m at erials. Default : * A285C* .
Tr a y spa cing:
Range: 12 - 30 I NCHES [ 305 - 760 MM] ;
Tr a y t hick ne ss:
Default : * 0.187* I NCHES [ * 4.50* ]
Max: 0.375 I NCHES [ 9.00 MM] .
SECTI ON - PACKI N GS
Pa ck ing he ight Se ct ion 1 :
Max: Tangent t o t angent height less 1.0 FEET
[ 0.3 M] .
Pa ck ing m a t e r ia l( 1 ) :
Pa ck ing he ight Se ct ion 2 :
Max: Tangent t o t angent height less height
of packing No. 1.
Pa ck ing m a t e r ia l( 2 ) :
Ja ck e t opt ion :
* NO* - Jacket not required
YES- Jacket is required
N u m be r of m a n hole s:
Default : * 1* .
M a nhole dia m e t e r :
Max: 48 I NCHES [ 1,200 MM] ;
Default : * 18* I NCHES[ * 450* MM] .
St iffe n in g r in g t h ick ne ss:
Default st iffeners designed for vacuum only;
ent er 0.0 if not required.
N u m be r of body fla n ge se t s:
Num ber of set s ( pairs) of body flanges of t he
sam e diam et er as t he vessel.
See a list of piping m at erials.

Sin gle D ia m e t e r Tow e r s ( TW )
Pressure/ vacuum includes vessel shell, heads, single base m at erial ( lined or
clad) , nozzles, m anholes, j acket and nozzles for heat ing or cooling m edium ,
base ring, lugs, skirt or legs; t ray clips, t ray support s ( if designat ed) ,
dist ribut or piping, plat es, packing ( if packing designat ed) ; variet y of
applicat ions for plat e and packed t owers: absorpt ion, desorpt ion, dist illat ion or
st ripping ( via ket t le or t herm osiphon reboiler defined separat ely) , ext ract ion;
applicat ions for packed t owers: gas and liquid adsorpt ion; t rayed, packed,
em pt y.
Syst em s wit h
aut om at ic inst allat ion
bulks ( Aspen Capit al
Cost Est im at or and
Aspen Process
Econom ic Analyzer )
generat e plat form s for
t owers. A t ower begins
wit h one 360 DEGREE
plat form for t he first 25
FEET [ 7.6 M] , or
fract ion t hereof, of
exposed height , plus
one 90 DEGREE
plat form for every
addit ional 25 FEET [ 7.6
M] , or fract ion t hereof,
of exposed height . I f
t he t ower is in a
st ruct ure, t he syst em
subt ract s t he height of
t he st ruct ure fr om t he
t ot al t ower height ( Bot t om T- T h e igh t + Sk ir t h e igh t ) t o calculat e t he t ot al
exposed height . To place a t ower in a st ruct ure, m ake t he ar ea t ype OPEN or
EX- OPEN ( see Chapt er 36 for area t ype descript ions) , or else use t he
St r uct u r e t a g n um be r t o assign t he t ower t o t he open st eel st ruct ure ( OPN-
STL- ST) available under st eel plant bulks.
I f t he num ber of plat form s is great er t han or equal t o six, t hen t he num ber of
m anholes is equal t o one plus t he num ber of plat form s. I f t he num ber of
plat form s is less t han six, t he num ber of m anholes is equal t o one plus

approxim at ely one for every 18 t rays ( for sm all t owers, t ray spacing is about
12 I NCHES, so t here would be one m anhole for about every 18 FEET) .
Packed single diam et er t ower. PACKED
I f a packing t ype is not specified, a packed colum n is

designed and cost ed wit h dist ribut or and support
plat es for average densit y packing.
Applica t ion :
inst rum ent at ion m odel; Default : * ABSORB*
ABSORB- Absorpt ion
DESORB- Desorpt ion
DI STI L - Dist illat ion wit h t herm osiphon reboiler
( not included)
( not included)
GAS-AD- Gas adsorpt ion
( not included)
for m at erials.
I f pressure and vacuum ent ered, design is
for worst case. Default : pressure * 15* PSI G
[ * 100* KPA] .
I f pressure and vacuum ent ered, design is
for worst case. Default : pressure.
ot herwise m at erial: 650 DEG F [ 340 DEG C] .
Pa ck in g Type :
I f packing t ype is not specified, no packing will
be provided. See Chapt er 28 for packing m at erials.
Tot a l Pa ck in g H e igh t :
Max: t angent t o t angent height less 1.0 FEET
[ 0.3 M] .
D e m ist e r Thick ne ss:
Max: 12.0 I NCHES [ 300 MM] .
SS304 m ist pad 12 PCF [ 192 KG/ M3] wit h t op
and bot t om support grids.

Sin gle D ia m e t e r Tow e r s ( TW ) - cont inued
PACKED - cont inued
Default : * NONE* .
Sk ir t H e igh t : Ent er 0.0 skirt height if t ower hung in
OPEN st ruct ure; Default : 1.5 x diam et er.
W in d or Se ism ic D e sign : Default : Vessel designed
for wind and seism ic loads defined in Proj ect Basis.
Fluid Volu m e :
volum e ( wat er assum ed) . Max: 100; Default : * 20* .
Max: 48 I NCHES [ 1,200 MM] .
Default : 0.125 I NCHES [ 3 MM] for CS; 0.0 for ot her
m at erial. Double if j acket ed.
ASME/ JI S Codes only, where allowed for t hin wall
vessels; Default : Area Basis; Range: 50 - 100.
St r e ss Re lie f:
specified, ot herwise - 0.0.
if not required.
Ja ck e t Type :
Default : * FULL* .
FULL- Full j acket
PI PE.- Half- pipe j acket

PACKED - cont inued
H e a d Type :
ELLI P- 2: 1 ellipsoidal
M ole cu la r W e igh t Ove r he a d Pr od:
Default : 50 for dist illat ion and st ripping applicat ions,
ot herwise 30.
Defines desired diam et er as I D or OD; Default : See
Area Design Basis.
ASM E D e sign Ba sis:
St a r t St op Cycle s x 1 0 0 0 :
t he full equipm ent life; Min: 0.02; Default : * 1.0* .
Pr e ssur e Cycle s x 1 0 0 0 :
design pressure during equipm ent life. Default : * 0* .
Pr e ssur e Am plit ude :
N u m be r of H ydr ost a t ic Te st s:
Te m pe r a t u r e Cycle s x 1 0 0 0 :
Te m pe r a t u r e Am plit u de :
ASME fat igue only. Am plit ude of t em perat ure
deviat ion as a percent of design t em perat ure.


Trayed single diam et er t ower. TRAYED
Tr a y Type :
Default : * VALVE*
VALVE- Valve t ray
NONE- No t rays
Applica t ion :
inst rum ent at ion m odel; Default : * DI STI L* .
ABSORB- Absorpt ion
DESORB- Desorpt ion
( not included)
( not included)
( not included)
( cladding is defined below) . Default : * A 515* .
Default : 15 FEET [ 4.5 M] plus t ray st ack height .
case. Default : pressure * 15* PSI G [ * 100* KPA] .
ot herwise m at erial: 650 DEG F [ 340 DEG C] .
Tr a y M a t e r ia l:
N u m be r of Tr a ys:
Min: 2


TRAYED - cont inued
Tr a y Spa cing:
Range: 12 - 30 I NCHES [ 305 - 760 MM] ; Default : * 24*
I NCHES [ * 600* MM] .
D e m ist e r Thick ne ss:
Max: 12 I NCHES [ 300 MM]
Default : * NONE* .
Sk ir t H e igh t :
Ent er 0.0 skirt height if t ower hung in OPEN st ruct ure;
Default : 1.5 x diam et er.
W in d or Se ism ic D e sign :
Fluid Volu m e :
Max: 48 I NCHES [ 1,200 MM] .
Default : 0.125 I NCHES [ 3 MM] for CS; 0.0 for ot her
m at erial. Double if j acket ed.
ASME/ JI S Codes only, where allowed for t hin wall
vessels; Range: 50 - 100; Default : Area Basis.
St r e ss Re lie f:
CODE, YES, NO; Default : See Area Design Basis.
if not required.
Ja ck e t D e sign Ga u ge Pr e ssur e : Jacket pressure or
t hickness required t o obt ain j acket . Default : No
j acket .


TRAYED - cont inued
Ja ck e t Type :
Default : * FULL*
FULL- Full j acket
H e a d Type :
TORI - Torishpherical ( ASME)
M ole cu la r W e igh t Ove r he a d Pr od:
Default : 50 for dist illat ion and st ripping applicat ions,
ot herwise 30.
Area Design Basis.
Tr a y Thick ne ss:
Default : * 0.187* I NCHES [ * 4.50* MM] ;
Max: 0.375 I NCHES [ 9.00 MM]
ASM E D e sign Ba sis:
St a r t St op Cycle s x 1 0 0 0 :
t he full equipm ent life; Min: 0.02; Default : * 1.0* .
Pr e ssur e Am plit ude :


TRAYED - cont inued
Te m pe r a t u r e Cycle s x 1 0 0 0 :
Te m pe r a t u r e Am plit u de :
ASME fat igue only. Am plit ude of t em perat ure
deviat ion as a percent of design t em perat ure.
Tray st ack only, for single- and double- diam et er TRAY STACK
t owers.
Opt ional t ray t ypes include: bubble- cap, t urbo
grid, seive and valve.
Tr a y M a t e r ia l:
N u m be r of Tr a ys: Min: 1.
Tr a y Type :
VALVE- Valve t rays
Tr a y Thick ne ss:
Default : * 0.187* I NCHES [ * 4.50* MM] ;
Max: 0.375 I NCHES [ 9.00 MM]
Tr a y Spa cing:
Range: 12 - 30 I NCHES [ 305 - 750 MM] ;
Default : 24 I NCHES [ 600 MM] .
Direct cont act heat exchanger t ower includes D C H E TW
dist ribut ors, packing support s, nozzles; m ay include
packing.
m at erials.
Ga s Flow Ra t e I n le t :
Range: 30,000 - 300,000 LB/ H
[ 13,610 - 136,000 KG/ H] ; Ent er eit her flowrat e or
diam et er and height .
Ent er eit her flowrat e or diam et er and height .


D C H E TW - cont inued
case. Default : pressure 15 PSI G [ 100 KPA] .
ot her m at erial: 650 DEG F [ 340 DEG C] .
Ent er m axim um gas t em perat ure.
Pa ck ing Type Se ct ion 1 :
Default : * 68PVC* . See Chapt er 28 for packing
m at erials.
Pa ck ing H e ight Se ct ion 1 :
Max: Tangent t o t angent height less 1.0 FEET [ 0.3 M] .
Default : None for OPEN t op, else 68PVC.
Max: Tangent t o t angent height less height of packing
No. 1.
Default : * NONE* .
Sk ir t H e igh t :
Ent er 0.0 skirt height if t ower hung in OPEN
st ruct ure; Default : 1.5 x diam et er.
WI ND- Wind display only
Fluid Volu m e :
For seism ic design, fluid volum e as a% of vessel
Max: 48 I NCHES [ 1,200 MM] .


D C H E TW - cont inued
m at erial, double if j acket ed.
vessels; Default : See Area Basis; Range: 50 - 100% .
St r e ss Re lie f:
if not required.
Ja ck e t Type :
Default : * FULL*
FULL- Full j acket
Jacket pressure or t hickness required t o obt ain
j acket . Default : No j acket .
H e a d Type :
OPEN- Open t op/ TORI bot t om
Area Design Basis.

Tem perat ure swing adsorpt ion unit includes vessel TS AD SORB
pair( s) , dist ribut ors, packing support s, and valve skid;
m ay include heat er ( st eam or elect ric) , packing.
m at erials.
Ga s Flow Ra t e I n le t :
Ent er eit her flowrat e or diam et er and height ; Range:
30,000 - 300,000 LB/ H [ 13,610 - 136,000 KG/ H] .
N u m be r of Ve sse l Pa ir s:
Num ber of vessel pairs in configurat ion, one vessel per
pair absorbing at a t im e.
case. Default : pressure 15 PSI G [ 100 KPA] .
ot her m at erial: 650 DEG F [ 340 DEG C] .
See Chapt er 28 for packing m at erials; Default :
* 13XMS* .
Max: Tangent t o t angent height less 1.0 FEET [ 0.3 M] .
Default : * ALMNA* ( Alum ina) .
Max: Tangent t o t angent height less height of packing
No. 1.
Default : * NONE* .
Sk ir t H e igh t :
Ent er 0.0 skirt height if t ower hung in OPEN st ruct ure;
Default : 1.5 x diam et er.

TS AD SORB - cont inued
WI ND- Wind design only`
Fluid Volu m e :
Max: 48 I NCHES [ 1,200 MM] .
vessels; Range: 50 - 100% ; Default : See Area Basis.
St r e ss Re lie f:
if not required.
Ja ck e t Type : Default : * FULL*
FULL- Full j acket

TS AD SORB - cont inued
H e a d Type :
OPEN- Open t op/ TORI bot t om
H e a t e r Type :
* ELEC* - Elect ric heat er
STEAM- St eam heat er
NONE- No heat er
Default : * 150* PSI G [ * 1,000* KPA]
Applies t o st eam gas heat er only

9 Va cu u m Syst e m s ( G6 )

Condensers ( C)
Ej ect ors ( EJ)
Vacuum Pum ps ( VP)
9 Va cu u m Syst e m s ( G6 ) 9-1
Con de n se r s ( C)
Barom et r ic condenser
Barom et ric for condensing of m ot ive st eam bet ween BAROM ETRI C
ej ect or st ages.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
Range: 200 - 5,000 GPM [ 15 - 315 L/ S]
M a t e r ia l:
CI
Range: 40 - 5,000 GPM [ 3 - 315 L/ S]
M a t e r ia l:
RBLCS ( rubber lined carbon st eel)
Range: 200 - 3,000 GPM [ 12 - 180 L/ S]
9-2 9 Va cu u m Syst e m s ( G6 )
Ej e ct or s ( EJ)
100 PSI G [ 690 KPA] st eam

One st age of non- condensing ej ect ion. SI N GLE STG
Single st age ej ect ors m ay be used t o produce
pressures as low as 2 I NCHES Hg ABS, but are
norm ally used in t he pressure range from at m ospheric
t o 3 I NCHES Hg ABS. Ej ect ors are used t o generat e
low pressure for vacuum dist illat ion, vacuum
cryst allizat ion and evaporat ion and t o produce chilled
wat er.
Ej ect ors use a high pressure m ot ivat ing fluid, usually

st eam , t o produce a vacuum . The single st age ej ect or
consist s of t hree basic part s: nozzle, m ixing cham ber
or suct ion head, and diffuser. Alt hough ej ect ors can be
fabricat ed from a variet y of m at erial, usually t he
nozzle is st ainless st eel and t he m ixing cham ber and
diffuser are cast iron or st eel. Ej ect ors are easily
recognized by t he long t hin hour- glass shape of t he
diffuser.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
CS- Carbon st eel
HAST- Hast elloy
Air e j e ct ion r a t e :
Range: 10 - 10,000 LB/ H [ 4.6 - 4,530 KG/ H]
Suct ion a bsolu t e pr e ssu r e :
Range: 20 - 400 MM HG [ 2,670 - 53,300 PA]
Two ej ect ion st ages wit h barom et ric int ercondenser .TW O STAGE
Two st age ej ect ors are used t o produce suct ion
pressures from 4 t o 0.5 I NCHES Hg ABS. Two st age
ej ect ors have t he sam e process applicat ions as single
st age ej ect ors.
This it em is a t wo st age ej ect or wit h a barom et ric t ype
int ercondenser. A t wo st age ej ect or is sim ply t wo
single st age ej ect ors arranged in series. Two st ages
can produce a higher vacuum t han a single st age
ej ect or. The first st age evacuat es t he equipm ent it em
t o which it is at t ached and com presses t hese gases
and vapors t o an int erm ediat e pressure.
The m ot ive st eam and condensable vapors ej ect ed by
t he first st age are condensed in t he barom et ric
condenser t o reduce t he load on t he second st age. The
second st age ej ect or t akes t he non- condensable
gasses from t he first st age and com presses t hem t o
at m ospheric pressure so t hat t hey m ay be released t o
t he at m osphere.
Ej e ct or s ( EJ) - cont inued
TW O STAGE - cont inued
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
CS- Carbon st eel
HAST- Hast elloy
Range: 10 - 150 LB/ H [ 4.6 - 68 KG/ H]
Range: 10 - 200 MM HG [ 1,340 - 26,600 PA]
Non- condensing t wo single st age ej ect ors wit hout 2 STAGE
int ercondenser. A t wo st age non- condensing ej ect or is
less expensive t han a t wo st age condensing ej ect or on
an inst alled basis. The non- condensing ej ect or m ay be
used for an applicat ion where t he condensing ej ect or
is used. Therefore, t he non- condensing ej ect or is
preferred where t he lower init ial capit al invest m ent
out- weighs t he higher operat ing cost due t o t he higher
st eam consum pt ion.
This it em is a t wo st age non- condensing ej ect or. Two

single st age ej ect ors are arranged in series wit hout an
int ercondenser. Hence, t he second st age condenser
m ust handle t he m ot ive st eam from t he first st age
ej ect or and t he gases evacuat ed from t he process
vessel. This result s in a larger second st age ej ect or
and increased st eam consum pt ion over a t wo st age
condensing unit .
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
CS- Carbon st eel
HAST- Hast elloy
Range: 10 - 120 LB/ H [ 4.6 - 50 KG/ H]
Range: 5 - 100 MM HG [ 670 - 13,3000 PA]

Four st ages of ej ect ion wit h barom et ric condenser 4 STAGE B
bet ween t hird and fourt h ej ect or.
Four st age ej ect ors are used t o produce suct ion
pressures from 4 t o 0.2 MM Hg ABS. Four st age
ej ect ors are used t o produce suct ion for vacuum
dist illat ion, vacuum cryst allizers and vacuum
evaporat ors.
This it em is a four st age ej ect or wit h one barom et ric
condenser bet ween t he t hird and fourt h ej ect ors. The
condenser is used only bet ween t hose st ages where
t he condensing t em perat ure of t he st eam is great er
t han t he t em perat ure of t he cooling wat er available.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
CS- Carbon st eel
HAST- Hast elloy
Range: 10 - 110 LB/ H [ 4.6 - 48 KG/ H]
Range: 0.5 - 10 MM HG [ 67 - 1,330 PA]
Four st ages of ej ect ion wit h barom et ric condensers, 4 STAGE
bet ween second and t hird and bet ween t hird and
fourt h ej ect or. Four st age ej ect ors are used t o produce
suct ion pressure from 4 t o 0.2 MM Hg ABS. Four st age
dist illat ion, vacuum cryst allizers, and vacuum
evaporat ors.
This it em is a four st age ej ect or wit h t wo barom et ric
condensers. Four ej ect ors are arranged in series wit h
one condenser bet ween t he second and t hird ej ect ors
and t he ot her bet ween t he t hird and four ej ect ors.
Condensers are used only bet ween t hose ej ect ors
where t he condensing t em perat ure of t he st eam is
great er t han t he t em perat ure of t he cooling wat er
available.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
CS- Carbon st eel
HAST- Hast elloy
Range: 10 - 110 LB/ H [ 4.6 - 48 KG/ H]
Range: 0.25 - 5.0 MM HG [ 33 - 660 PA]

Five st ages of ej ect ion wit h barom et ric condenser 5 STAGE B
bet ween fourt h and fift h ej ect or.
Five st age ej ect ors are used t o produce suct ion
pressures from 0.4 t o 0.02 MM Hg ABS. Five st age
dist illat ion, vacuum cryst allizers and vacuum
evaporat ors.
This it em is a five st age ej ect or wit h one barom et ric
condenser bet ween t he fourt h and fift h ej ect ors.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
CS- Carbon st eel
HAST- Hast elloy
Range: 10 - 110 LB/ H [ 4.6 - 48 KG/ H]
Range: 0.5 - 1.0 MM HG [ 7 - 130 PA]
Va cu u m Pu m ps ( VP)
Includes pump, motor and drive unit.
Wat er- sealed vacuum pum p. W ATER SEAL
Ult im at e pressure: 500 MM HG [ 66,660 PA] .
Wat er- sealed 500 MM HG [ PA] vacuum , explosion
proof m ot or.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
CS- Carbon st eel
SS316- SS316
Range: 30 - 4,000 CFM [ 55 - 6,750 M3/ H]
Mechanical oil- sealed vacuum pum p. M ECH AN I CAL
First st age: 0.01 MM HG [ 1.35 PA]
Second st age: 0.0003 MM HG [ 0.04 PA] .
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
CS- Carbon st eel
Range: 30 - 700 CFM [ 55 - 1,150 M3/ H]
Range: 1 - 2; Default : * 1*
Mechanical boost er includes m ot or and drive. M ECH BOOST

Ult im at e pressure 0.0001 MM HG [ 0.0135 PA] .
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
CS- Carbon st eel
Range: 120 - 2,000 CFW [ 205 - 3,375 M3/ H]
1 0 Ve sse ls ( G1 0 )

Horizont al Tanks ( HT)
Vert ical Tanks ( VT)
1 0 Ve sse ls ( G1 0 ) 10-1
H or izon t a l Ta n k s ( H T)
Horizont al vessels are com m only used as set t ling drum s, surge t anks, react ors
and dist illat e drum s. A set t ling drum is used for phase separat ion bet ween t w o
im m iscible liquids. The L/ D rat io of a set t ling drum is norm ally four. A surge
t ank or sur ge drum is used t o m aint ain a const ant flowrat e of liquid t o a
downst ream piece of equipm ent when t he flowrat e of liquid from t he upst ream
piece of equipm ent is fluct uat ing. The fluct uat ions in flow rat e are absorbed by
t he surge drum by allowing t he liquid level in t his drum t o rise and fall.
Horizont al drum s are frequent ly filled wit h cat alyst and used as react ors.
Placing cat alyst in horizont al vessels allows shallow bed dept hs and large
cross- sect ional areas. A t ypical exam ple of horizont al vessels being used as
react ors is t he Claus r eact or. A dist illat e or reflux drum pr ovides space for
overhead condensables from a dist illat ion colum n t o separat e from vapors.
Surge drum s and dist illat e drum s are norm ally vert ical. I f t here is set t leable
wat er in t he feed t o t hese vessels, however, t he vessel is erect ed wit h a
wat er pot .
The horizont al vessel is a pressure vessel fabricat ed according t o t he rules of
t he specified code ( i.e., Sect ion VI I I Division 1 of t he ASME Code) and erect ed
in t he horizont al posit ion. Alt hough t he hor izont al vessel m ay be suppor t ed by
lugs in an open st eel st ruct ur e, t he m ore usual arrangem ent is for t he vessel
t o be erect ed at grade and support ed by a pair of saddles.
Cylindrical, pressure/ vacuum , code design and const ruct ion, includes heads,
single wall ( base m at erial, clad/ lined) , saddles/ lugs, nozzles and m anholes.
Horizont al pressure/ vacuum drum . H ORI Z D RUM
Use m inus pressure for vacuum design.
The capacit y excludes t he volum e of t he heads. I f

bot h t he vessel dim ensions and capacit y are specified,
t he syst em - calculat ed capacit y m ust agree wit h t he
specified capacit y t o wit hin plus or m inus 10% t o
avoid an error condit ion.
10-2 1 0 Ve sse ls ( G1 0 )
H or iz on t a l Ta n k s ( H T) - cont inued
H ORI Z D RUM - cont inued
To secure desired vessel size, specify t he diam et er and

height direct ly. A value m ust be specified if vessel
diam et er and/ or vessel height ( or lengt h) are not
specified. I f vessel diam et er and height ( or lengt h) are
specified, t he vessel volum e is calculat ed from t hese
dim ensions. I f only vessel capacit y is specified, a
st raight side lengt h- t o- diam et er rat io is chosen by t he
syst em , considering cost and pract icabilit y.
( Default rat io is 2: 1.)
Applica t ion :
piping/ inst rum ent at ion m odel. Default : * blank* blank-
St andard cont inuous process vessel BATCH- Bat ch
process vessel
STORAGE- St orage vessel
RECVR- Receiver
KO- Knock- out drum
( Cladding is defined below.) See Chapt er 28 for
m at erials.
Liquid volum e :
Ent er eit her capacit y or diam et er and lengt h. The
capacit y excludes t he volum e of t he heads.
I f bot h t he vessel dim ensions and capacit y are
specified, t he syst em - calculat ed capacit y m ust agree
wit h t he specified capacit y t o wit hin plus or m inus
10% t o avoid an error condit ion.
height direct ly.
A value m ust be specified if vessel diam et er and/ or
vessel height ( or lengt h) are not specified. I f vessel
diam et er and height ( or lengt h) are specified, t he
vessel volum e is calculat ed from t hese dim ensions.
I f only vessel capacit y is specified, a st raight side
lengt h- t o- diam et er rat io is chosen by t he syst em ,
considering cost and pract icabilit y.
1 0 Ve sse ls ( G1 0 ) 10-3

Ve sse l dia m e t e r :
Ent er eit her capacit y or diam et er and lengt h. A value
m ust be specified if vessel capacit y is not specified. I f
bot h capacit y and height ( or lengt h) are specified, t he
diam et er is calculat ed from t hese values.
V e sse l t a nge nt t o t a nge nt le ngt h:
Ent er eit her capacit y or diam et er and lengt h. A value
bot h vessel capacit y and diam et er are specified, t he
height ( or lengt h) is calculat ed from t hese values.
case; Default : * 15* PSI G [ * 100* KPA] pressure.
Default : 650 DEG F [ 340 DEG C] ferrous m at erial; 250
DEG F [ 120 DEG C] ot her m at erial.
Default : design t em perat ure. The operat ing
t em perat ure is used in t he calculat ion of piping and
insulat ion t hickness.
Max: 48 I NCHES [ 1,200 MM] ; Default : * 18* I NCHES
[ * 450* MM] .
Default : * 1* .
Allow a n ce for in t e r n a ls:
Specify an allowance for int ernals as a percent of basic
vessel weight . Default : * 0.0* . This value adj ust s
vessel weight and cost accordingly.
D ia m e t e r of dr ip le g:
Drip leg ( boot ) diam et er and height m ust be specified
if required.
H e ight of dr ip le g:
Drip leg ( boot ) diam et er and height m ust be specified
if required.
Ba se m a t e r ia l t hick n e ss:
m at erials.
10-4 1 0 Ve sse ls ( G1 0 )

vessel; Default : Area Basis. Range: 50 - 100.
specified, ot herwise: 0.0.
St iffe n in g r in g spa cing:
if not required.
H e a d t ype :
I f no value is specified, t he syst em select s t he t ori
spherical t ype and calculat es it s t hickness. I f t he head
is t hicker t han t he vessel shell, t he syst em select s t he
2: 1 ellipsoidal t ype head t hickness. I f t he head is st ill
t hicker t han t he shell, t he syst em select s t he
hem ispherical t ype head.
Defines desired diam et er as I D or OD; Default - see
Area Design Basis.
Mult i- wall design for high pressure service wit h t ot al M ULTI W ALL
wall t hickness of individual, t hin, heat- shrunk cylinders
( m axim um 2 I NCHES [ 50 MM] t hick) heat shrunk,
pressure vacuum design and const ruct ion according t o
user- designat ed design code st andard.
This it em is a horizont al process vessel, t he t ot al wall

t hickness of which is m ade up of individual cylinders.
Each individual cylinder is no m ore t han t wo inches
t hick. The com posit e is m ade as follows. A cylinder is
fabricat ed wit h a diam et er slight ly larger t han t he
innerm ost cylinder.
1 0 Ve sse ls ( G1 0 ) 10-5
H or izon t a l Ta n k s ( H T) - cont inued
M ULTI W ALL - cont inued
This cylinder is expanded t herm ally, slipped over t he

inner cylinder and as it cools, a t ight shrink fit is
obt ained. This procedure is repeat ed unt il t he t ot al
wall t hickness is built up.
Applica t ion :
Defines vessel funct ion and relat ed piping/
inst rum ent at ion m odel. Default : * blank* blank-
St andard cont inuous process vessel
BATCH- Bat ch process vessel
RECVR- Receiver
KO- Knock- out drum
m at erials. Default : * A 515* .
Liquid volum e :
Ent er eit her capacit y or diam et er and lengt h.
case. Default : * 15* PSI G [ * 100* KPA] .
Default : design t em perat ure.
See Chapt er 28; for cladding m at erials.
Default : * 18* I NCHES [ 450 MM] ;
Max: 48 I NCHES [ 1,200] ;
N u m be r of m a n hole s: Default : * 1* .
Specify an allowance for int ernals as a percent of
basic vessel weight . Default : * 0.0* .
Drip leg ( boot ) diam et er and lengt h m ust be specified
if required.
10-6 1 0 Ve sse ls ( G1 0 )

if required.
m at erial.
vessels; Default : Area Basis. Range: 50 - 100.
St r e ss r e lie f: Default : See Area Design Basis.
if not required.
H e a d t ype :
Area Design Basis.
Jacket ed horizont al pressure/ vacuum drum . JACKETED
Applica t ion :
inst rum ent at ion m odel.
Default : * blank*
blank- St andard cont inuous process vessel
RECVR- Receiver
KO- Knock- out drum
1 0 Ve sse ls ( G1 0 ) 10-7

For clad plat e, specify t he backing plat e m at erial. See
Chapt er 28 for m at erials. Default : * A 515* .
Liquid volum e :
case; Default : * 15* PSI G [ * 100* KPA] .
case; Default : pressure.
DEG F [ 120 DEG C] ot her m at erials.
Default : * 90* PSI G [ * 620* KPA] .
Ja ck e t t ype :
Default : * FULL*
FULL- Full j acket
Default : * 18* I NCHES [ 450 MM] ; Max: 48 I NCHES
[ 1,200] ;
vessel weight . Default : * 0.0* .
if required.
if required.
10-8 1 0 Ve sse ls ( G1 0 )

vessels; Default : Area Basis. Range: 50 - 100.
St r e ss r e lie f: Default : See Area Design Basis.
if not required.
H e a d t ype :
Area Design Basis.
Sanit ary horizont al drum SAN TAN K
St ainless st eel m at erial for sanit ary st orage. As a

sanit ary t ank, it is built t o sanit ary st andards,
including polished st ainless st eel. The t ank is not
a pressure vessel.
Sh e ll m a t e r ia l: SS304,* SS316*
Liquid volum e :
MAX: 9,000 GALLONS [ 34 M3]
MAX: 10 FEET [ 3 M]
1 0 Ve sse ls ( G1 0 ) 10-9
10-10 1 0 Ve sse ls ( G1 0 )
SAN TAN K - cont inued
Ve sse l le ngt h:
MAX: 15 FEET [ 4.5 M]
* 68 DEG F [ 20 DEG C] *
H e a d t ype :
* TORI * - Torispherical ( ASME)
CON15- 15 degree cone head
Ja ck e t t ype :
* NONE* - No j acket
DMPLE- 90 PSI G [ 620 KPA] dim ple j acket
Cr ude Oil D e sa lt e r
Horizont al pressure/ vacuum drum .
The capacit y excludes t he volum e of t he heads. I f bot h

t he vessel dim ensions and capacit y are specified, t he
syst em - calculat ed capacit y m ust agree wit h t he
specified capacit y t o wit hin plus or m inus 10% t o avoid
an error condit ion.

height direct ly. A value m ust be specified if vessel
diam et er and/ or vessel height ( or lengt h) are not
specified. I f vessel diam et er and height ( or lengt h) are
specified, t he vessel volum e is calculat ed from t hese
dim ensions. I f only vessel capacit y is specified, a
Default rat io is 2: 1.)
m at erials.
A value m ust be specified if vessel capacit y is not
specified. I f bot h capacit y and height ( or lengt h) are
specified, t he diam et er is calculat ed from t hese
values.
1 0 Ve sse ls ( G1 0 ) 10-11
Cr ude Oil D e sa lt e r - cont inued
A value m ust be specified if vessel capacit y is not
specified. I f bot h capacit y and height ( or lengt h) are
values.
Ent er eit her capacit y or diam et er and lengt h. A
value m ust be specified if vessel capacit y is not
specified. I f bot h vessel capacit y and diam et er are
specified, t he height ( or lengt h) is calculat ed from
t hese values.
case;
Default : * 15* PSI G [ * 100* KPA] pressure.
case.
Default : pressure.
Default : 650 DEG F [ 340 DEG C] ferrous m at erial;
250 DEG F [ 120 DEG C] ot her m at erial.
Default : design t em perat ure. The operat ing
t em perat ure is used in t he calculat ion of piping
and insulat ion t hickness.
allowance.
m at erials.
CLAD MATLS See Chapt er 28 for cladding m at erials.
SS304
SS316
SS321
SS347
SS410
SS430
304L
316L
NI 200
NI 201
MONEL
I NCNL
- cont inued-
10-12 1 0 Ve sse ls ( G1 0 )
Cr ude Oil D e sa lt e r - cont inued
is specified; ot herwise: 0.0
Ve sse l I n t e r na ls
Allow a nce for int e r na ls:
basic vessel weight .
Default : * 0.0* . This value adj ust s vessel weight
and cost accordingly.
N u m be r of e le ct r ost a t ic pla t e s:
Min > 0
Tr a nsit ion Se ct n ( M iddle - Top)
H e a d t ype :
I f no value is specified, t he syst em select s t he
t orispherical t ype and calculat es it s t hickness.
I f t he head is t hicker t han t he vessel shell, t he
syst em select s t he 2: 1 ellipsoidal t ype head
t hickness. I f t he head is st ill t hicker t han t he
shell,t he syst em select s t he hem ispherical t ype
head.
ELLI P - 2: 1 ellipsoidal
W e ld e fficie n cy:
vessel; Default : Area Basis. Range: 50 - 100.
Defines desired diam et er as I D or OD; Default - see
Area Design Basis.
Max: 48 I NCHES [ 1,200 MM] ; Default : * 18*
I NCHES [ * 450* MM] .
Default : * 1* .
1 0 Ve sse ls ( G1 0 ) 10-13
Ve r t ica l Ta n k s ( VT)
Vert ical process vessels are t ypically used as eit her surge drum s or knock out
drum s. When used as surge drum s, t hey act like shock absorbers, m aint aining
a const ant flowrat e of liquid out of t he vessel regardless of t he flowrat e int o it .
I f liquid flows in fast er t han t he const ant rat e it flows out , t he vessel fills wit h
liquid. I f liquid flows in slower t han t he const ant rat e it is rem oved, t hen t he
liquid level drops. The liquid level is const ant ly fluct uat ing in order t o absorb
t hese variat ions in flow and m aint ain a const ant flowrat e out . When a vert ical
process vessel is used as a knock out drum , a m ixt ure of gas and liquid flows
int o t he vessel and t his m ixt ure is separat ed int o it s gas and liquid com ponent s
wit hin t he vessel. The gas t hen flows out t he t op of t he vessel and t he liquid
flow s out t he bot t om .
Vert ical process vessels, as t heir nam e indicat es, are erect ed in t he vert ical
posit ion. They are cylindrical in shape wit h each end capped by a dom ed cover
called a head. The lengt h t o diam et er rat io of a vert ical vessel is t ypically 3: 1.
Typically, vert ical process vessels hold less t han 5000 GALLONS.
Vert ical t anks include: process, st orage applicat ions liquid, gas, solid
processing and st orage; pressure/ vacuum code design for process and cert ain
st orage vessel t ypes; includes heads, single wall, saddles, lugs, nozzles,
m anholes, legs or skirt , base ring, davit s where applicable.

Pressure/ Vacuum Service CYLI N D ER
Cylindrical vert ical pressure/ vacuum vessel.

Applica t ion :
inst rum ent at ion m odel. Default : * blank*
RECVR- Receiver
KO- Knock- out drum
10-14 1 0 Ve sse ls ( G1 0 )
Ve r t ica l Ta n k s ( VT) - cont inued
CYLI N D ER - cont inued
Liquid volum e : Ent er eit her capacit y or diam et er and

height . The capacit y excludes t he volum e of t he
heads. I f bot h t he vessel dim ensions and capacit y are
specified, t he syst em calculat ed capacit y m ust agree
wit h t he specified capacit y t o wit hin plus or m inus
10% t o avoid an error condit ion. To secure desired
vessel size, specify t he diam et er and height direct ly. A
value m ust be specified if vessel diam et er and/ or
vessel height ( or lengt h) are not specified. I f vessel
diam et er and height ( or lengt h) are specified, t he
vessel volum e is calculat ed from t hese dim ensions.
( Default is 2: 1.) I f only vessel capacit y is specified, a
Ent er eit her capacit y or diam et er and height . A value
bot h vessel capacit y and height ( or lengt h) are
values. I f bot h vessel capacit y and diam et er are
specified, t he height ( or lengt h) is calculat ed from
t hese values.
V e sse l t a nge nt t o t a nge nt he ight :
See Diam et er.
case; Default : * 15* PSI G [ * 100* KPA] .
case; Default : pressure.
Default : 650 DEG F [ 340 DEG C] ferrous m at erial, 250
1 0 Ve sse ls ( G1 0 ) 10-15

Sk ir t h e igh t :
Skip if legs required, ent er 0.0 if hung in OPEN
st ruct ure; Default : 1.5 x diam et er. I f t he capacit y is
10,000 GALLONS [ 37 M3] or less, t he vessel is
designed wit h 4- feet [ 1.25 M] pipe legs. For a capacit y
great er t han 10,000 GALLONS [ 37 M3] , t he vessel is
designed wit h a skirt . The skirt height is calculat ed as
1.5 x vessel diam et er, wit h m inim um and m axim um
calculat ed height s of 4 - 32 FEET [ 1.25 - 9.5 M] .
Ve sse l le g he ight :
Skip if skirt required, ent er 0.0 if hung in OPEN
st ruct ure; Default : * 4* FEET [ 1.25 M] .
See Skirt Height .
Fluid volu m e :
M a nhole dia m e t e r : Max: 48 I NCHES [ 1,200 MM] ;
Default : 18 I NCHES [ 450 MM] .
Default : * 1* .
Default : * 0.0* ; Specify an allowance for int ernals as a
percent of basic vessel weight .
D e m ist e r t hick ne ss:
Default : 0.125 I NCHES [ 3 MM for CS, 0.0 for ot her
m at erials.
vessels; Default s: Area Basis. Range: 50 - 100.
10-16 1 0 Ve sse ls ( G1 0 )

I f no cladding m at erial is specified, t he syst em
assum es t hat t he vessel is not clad regardless of any
input for cladding t hickness.
specified, ot herwise 0.0. See Cladding Mat erial.
if not required.
H e a d t ype :
I f no value is specified, t he syst em select s t he
t orispherical t ype head and calculat es t he t hickness. I f
t he head is t hicker t han t he vessel shell, t he syst em
select s t he 2: 1 ellipsoidal t ype head and recalculat es
t he head t hickness. I f t he head is st ill t hicker t han t he
shell, t he syst em select s t he hem ispherical t ype head.
H e a d t h ick n e ss Top:
H e a d t h ick n e ss Bot t om :
Area Design Basis.
Applicable only for ASME code design. See following
ent ries for fat igue dat a. Default : * D1NF* .
St a r t st op cycle s x 1 0 0 0 :
ASME fat igue only. Thousands of st art- up cycles
during t he full equipm ent life. Range: 5.00 - 0.02.
1 0 Ve sse ls ( G1 0 ) 10-17

ASME fat igue only. Am plit ude of process deviat ion as
ASME fat igue only. Am plit ude of t em perat ure as a
percent of design t em perat ure. Default : * 0* .
Mult i- wall design for high pressure service. Tot al wall M ULTI W ALL
t hickness of individual t hin heat shrunk cylinders
( m axim um 2 I NCH [ 50 MM] t hick each) .
Applica t ion :
RECVR- Receiver
KO- Knock- out drum
See Chapt er 28 for m at erials. Default : * A 515* .
Liquid volum e :
worst case.
10-18 1 0 Ve sse ls ( G1 0 )

Sk ir t h e igh t :
st ruct ure; Default : 1.5 x diam et er.
Skip if skirt required, ent er 0.0 if hung in OPEN
st ruct ure; Default : * 4* FEET [ * 1.25* M] .
Fluid volu m e :
Max: 100; Default : * 20* ; For seism ic design; fluid
volum e as a% of volum e ( wat er assum ed) .
Max: 48 I NCHES [ 1,200 MM] ;
Default : * 1* .
m at erials.
1 0 Ve sse ls ( G1 0 ) 10-19

Default : see Area Design Basis.
if not required.
H e a d t ype :
Defines desired diam et er as I D or OD; Default : see
Area Design Basis.
Default : * D1NF* .
during t he full equipm ent life.
Range: 5.00 - 0.02.
Default : * 0* .
10-20 1 0 Ve sse ls ( G1 0 )


Jacket ed, cylindrical, vert ical pressure/ vacuum vessel. JACKETED
Applica t ion :
RECVR- Receiver
KO- Knock- out drum
( Cladding is specified below.) Default : * A 515* .
Liquid volum e :
1 0 Ve sse ls ( G1 0 ) 10-21

Ja ck e t de sign ga uge pr e ssu r e :

Default : * 90* PSI G [ * 620* KPA] .
Ja ck e t t ype :
Default : * FULL*
FULL- Full j acket
Sk ir t h e igh t :
st ruct ure; Default : * 1.5 x diam et er* .
Skip if skirt required. Ent er 0.0 if hung in OPEN
st ruct ure; Default : * 4* FEET [ * 1.25* M] .
Fluid volu m e :
Max: 100; Default : * 20* ; For seism ic design; fluid
volum e as a% of vessel volum e ( wat er assum ed) .
Max: 48 I NCHES [ 1,200 MM] ;
10-22 1 0 Ve sse ls ( G1 0 )

if not required.
H e a d t ype :
Area Design Basis.
Default : * D1NF* .
Range: 5.00 - 0.02.
1 0 Ve sse ls ( G1 0 ) 10-23

Default : * 0* .
N u m be r of h ydr ost a t ic Te st s:
H igh Pr e ssur e Ga s/ Liquid St or a ge SPH ERE
Sphere pressure/ vacuum design t o 3000 PSI G [ 20500

KPA] .
This it em is used by chem ical, rubber, pet roleum and

paper indust ries for st oring large volum es of
anhydrous am m onia, bet ana, but ane and ot her gases
at high t em perat ure.
A spherical t ank is elevat ed and support ed by legs

fabricat ed from st ruct ural st eel colum ns or pipe.
Sphere sizes range as high as 90 FEET in diam et er and
are t ypically const ruct ed of high st rengt h st eel. These
t anks are com m only used for high pressure st orage of
gases and volat ile liquids, t ypically in t he range of 5 -
250 PSI G. St oring volat ile liquids at high pressures
raises t he boiling point of t he liquid and t herefore
m inim izes or elim inat es t hat need for cost ly
refrigerat ion equipm ent t o liquify t he m at erial being
st ored.
Uses Type 16 foundat ion ( I ndividual Colum n Foot ing) .
10-24 1 0 Ve sse ls ( G1 0 )
SPH ERE - cont inued
Liqu id volu m e :
Ent er eit her capacit y or diam et er.
Ent er eit her capacit y or diam et er.
- 15 - 3,000 PSI G [ - 100 - 20,5000] ;
Default : 15 PSI G [ 100 KPA] .
Max: 1,500 DEG F [ 815 DEG C] ;
Max: 48 I NCHES [ 1,200 MM] ;
Default : * 1* .
Allow a nce for int e r na ls:
m at erials.
Area Design Basis.
Default : * D1NF* .
1 0 Ve sse ls ( G1 0 ) 10-25

SPH ERE - cont inued
Range: 5.00 - 0.02.
Spheroid t o 750000 GALLONS [ 2840 M3] . Field SPH EROI D
erect ed.
This it em is com m only used for st orage of gasolines

and ot her volat ile liquids.
Spheroids vary in shape and size, but generally fall
int o one of t he following cat egories:
• Hem ispheriod: Spherical segm ent s com prising t he

roof and bot t om of t he t ank are j oined t o a
cylindrical m iddle sect ion. Hem ispheriods are used
for pressures up t o 5 PSI and capacit ies t o 25,000
barrels. For capacit ies t o 50,000 barrels t he roof
and bot t om are noded.
• Hort onspheriod: Spherical segm ent s are j oined
t oget her in a som ewhat ellipt ical shape.
Hort onspheroids are capable of handling st orage at
pressure from 5 t o 30 PSI G.
Hort onspheroids and hem ispheroids are designed t o
rest on a prepared grade conform ing t o t he shape of
t he bot t om ( usually sand) .
10-26 1 0 Ve sse ls ( G1 0 )

SPH EROI D - cont inued
Spheroidal shaped t anks are oft en m ore econom ical

t han cylindrical pressure vessels for st orage at
pressures great er t han 0.5 PSI .
Uses Type 16 foundat ion ( I ndividual Colum n

Foot ing) .
Liquid volum e :
Range: 60,000 - 750,000 GALLONS [ 230 - 2,840 M3] ;
Ve sse l he ight :
Range: 0.0 - 15 PSI G [ 0.0 - 100 KPA] ;
Default : * 15* PSI G [ * 100* KPA] .
Max: 48 I NCHES [ 1,200 MM] ;
Default : * 1* .
Default : Specify an allowance for int ernals as a
percent of basic vessel weight . Default : * 0.0* .
m at erials.
1 0 Ve sse ls ( G1 0 ) 10-27

SPH EROI D - cont inued

Default - see Area Design Basis.
N e a r - At m osph e r ic Liqu id St or a ge STORAGE
Field erect ed st orage t ank.
Not e on Paint ing: The syst em assum es t hat once t he

t ank is assem bled in t he field it will be sandblast ed
and prim ed inside and out , and a finish coat applied
on t he out side only. Use Bulk Adj ust m ent s t o override
t hese values.
The available roof t ypes are FLAT, FLOAT, CONE, LI FT, Fla t r oof t a n k
OPEN, I NFLT, and I NCN.
Use m inus pressure for vacuum design. Field erect ed.
Float ing roof t anks are frequent ly used in t he st orage

of kerosene and j et fuels. Float ing roofs m ay be
inst alled inside a t ank wit h a fixed roof or used as a Floa t in g r oof t a n k
t ank’s only
cover. Typically const ruct ed from polyuret hane foam
blocks or nylon clot h im pregnat ed wit h rubber or
plast ic, float ing roofs are designed t o com plet ely
cont act t he surface of t he st orage product s and
t hereby elim inat e t he vapor space bet ween t he
product level and t he fixed roof.
This feat ure m akes float ing roofs desirable for t he

following reasons:
1. Reduct ion of evaporat ion and breat hing

losses.
2. Reduct ion of t ank corrosion.
3. I ncreased safet y from fire or explosion.
10-28 1 0 Ve sse ls ( G1 0 )
STORAGE - cont inued
Float ing root t anks are suit able for st orage of product s
having vapor pressures from 2 t o 15 PSI A. Product s
t hat boil at t em perat ures under t he norm al range of
at m ospheric condit ions should not be st ored in float ing
roof t anks.
Con e r oof t a n k
Cone roof t anks are used for st orage of low pressure
product s ( e.g., oil, diesel and asphalt .) Cone roof
t anks are usually field fabricat ed out of carbon st eel.
Roofs are sloped upward t o t he cent er at a slight
angle. Typically, ranging from 50,000 - 1,000,000
GALLONS capacit ies, t hey are used for st orage of low
vapor pressure product s ( less t han 2 PSI A) when
evaporat ion looses and breat hing losses are not
considered im port ant .
Lift er roof t anks are generally field fabricat ed. They

Lift e r r oof t a nk
have a m inim um capacit y of 40,000 GALLONS [ 152
M3] . Lift er roof t anks can be specified wit h pressure
from 0 - 0.05 PSI G
[ 0 - 0.3 KPA] and a m axim um t em perat ure of 250
DEG F [ 120 DEC C] . The default t em perat ure is * 68*
DEG F [ * 20* DEG C] .
Open t op t anks are designed and const ruct ed

according t o user- generat ed design code st andards.
Open t op t anks have a m axim um t em perat ure of 250 Ope n t op t a nk
DEG F [ 120 DEC C] . The default t em perat ure is * 68*
DEG F [ * 20* DEG C] .
Sh e ll m a t e r ia l: For clad plat e, specify t he backing

plat e m at erial ( cladding is defined below) . See
Chapt er 28 for m at erials. Default : * A285C* .
Liquid volum e : Ent er eit her liquid volum e or
diam et er and height .
Ve sse l dia m e t e r : Ent er eit her capacit y or diam et er
and height .
Ve sse l he ight : Ent er eit her capacit y or diam et er and
height .
Roof t ype :
Default : * FLAT*
FLAT- Flat roof t ank
CONE- Cone roof t ank
1 0 Ve sse ls ( G1 0 ) 10-29

STORAGE - cont inued
FLOAT- Float ing roof t ank

LI FT- Lift er
OPEN- Open roof t ank
I NFLT- I nt ernal float er wit h flat roof
I NCN- I nt ernal float er wit h cone roof
Bot t om t ype :
Default : * FLAT*
FLAT- Single flat bot t om
DBL- Double bot t om
0.0 - 2.5 PSI G [ 0.0 - 17 KPA] ;
Default : * 0.05* PSI G [ * 0.35* KPA] .
Max: 48 I NCHES [ 1,200 MM] ;
basic vessel weight . Default : * 0.0* .
ot her m at erials.
Default : * 0.125* I NCHES [ * 3* MM] if cladding
m at erial is specified; ot herwise: * 0.0* .
Range: 0.2 - 5.0; Default : * 1.0* .
Area Design Basis.
Fla m e a r r e st or dia m e t e r :
Range: 1.0 - 8.0 I N DI AM [ 25.0 - 200.0 MM DI AM] .
Conse r va t ion ve nt dia m e t e r :
Range: 1.0- 8.0 I N DI AM [ 25.0 - 200.0 MM DI AM] .
10-30 1 0 Ve sse ls ( G1 0 )

Cryogenic st orage t ank - double wall, superinsulat ed. CRYOGEN I C
See Chapt er 28 for m at erials. Default : * SS304* .
Liquid volum e :
Range: 300.0 - 60,000.0 GALLONS
[ 1.20 - 227.00 M3] .
V e sse l t a nge nt t o t a nge nt he ight :
I f bot h pressure and vacuum are ent ered, design is for
worst case. Default : 250.0 PSI G [ 1,720 KPA] .
I f bot h pressure and vacuum are ent ered, design is for
worst case. Default : pressure.
Default : - 320.0 DEG F [ - 195 DEG C] .
Min: - 14.70 PSI G [ - 100.0 KPA] ;
Default : - 14.70 PSI G [ - 100.0 KPA]
Sk ir t h e igh t :
Skip if legs are required. Ent er ‘0.0’ if hung in OPEN
st ruct ure. Default : 1.5 x diam et er.
Skip if legs are required. Ent er ‘0.0’ if hung in OPEN
st ruct ure. Default : 1.5 x diam et er.
Fluid volu m e :
volum e ( wat er assum ed) .
Max: 48.0 I NCHES [ 1,200.0 MM] ;
Default : 18.0 I NCHES [ 450.0 MM]
1 0 Ve sse ls ( G1 0 ) 10-31

CRYOGEN I C - cont inued
vessel height .
m at erials.
vessels. Range: 50 - 100; Default : Area Basis.
NO- No st ress relief
Default st iffeners designed for vacuum only, ent er
‘0.0’ if not required.Head t ype:
Flat bot t om dom e t op. FRP t o 30000 GALLONS [ 113 PLAST TAN K
M3] , HAVEG t o 7000 GALLONS [ 26 M3] .
Fiberglass Reinforced Plast ic St orage Tank: Filam ent-
wound wit h a biosphere - a polyest er resin ( e.g., At lac
282) . Flat bot t om and dom e t op under 2.5 PSI G [ 16.7
KPA] , ot herwise dished heads.
Haveg St orage Tank.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * FRP*
FRP- FRP
HAVEG- Haveg
Liquid volum e :
Volum e or diam et er + height required input Range:
1,000 - 30,000 GALLONS [ 3.8 - 113 M3]
10-32 1 0 Ve sse ls ( G1 0 )

PLAST TAN K - cont inued
Volum e or diam et er + height input .
Max: 12.0 FEET [ 93.6 M] .
Ve sse l he ight :
Volum e or diam et er + height required input .
Range: 0.00 - 15.00 PSI G [ 0 - 100 KPA] ;
Default : * 0.05* PSI G [ * 0.3* KPA] .
Max: 300 DEG F [ 120 DEG C] ;
Wooden st orage t anks t o 50000 GALLONS [ 1890 M3] . W OOD TAN K
M a t e r ia l: Default : * CYPRS*
CYPRS- Cypress
REDWD- Redwood
PI NE- Pine
FI R- Fir
Liquid volum e :
Range: 800 - 50,000 GALLONS [ 3.1 - 189 M3] .
Range: 0.0 - 0.05 PSI G [ 0.0 - 0.3 KPA] .
Default : * 0.05* PSI G [ * 0.3* KPA] .
Max: 250 DEG F [ 120 DEG C] ;
N e a r - At m osph e r ic Ga s St or a ge GAS H OLD ER
Telescoping gas holder.

Low pressure gas vessel.
Ga s volu m e :
Ve sse l he ight :
1 0 Ve sse ls ( G1 0 ) 10-33

GAS H OLD ER - cont inued
Range: 0.0 - 2.5 PSI G [ 0.0 - 17 KPA] ;
Default : * 0.05* PSI G [ * 0.35* KPA] .
Max: 48 I NCHES [ 1,200 MM] ;
Default : * 1* .
Cla dding m a t e r ia l: See Chapt er 28 for m at erials.
Default : - See Area Design Basis.
At m osphe r ic Solid/ Liquid St or a ge CON E BTM
Cone bot t om , flat t op st orage bin.
Liquid volum e :
Ve sse l he ight :
10-34 1 0 Ve sse ls ( G1 0 )

CON E BTM - cont inued
Min: 0.0 PSI G [ 0.0 KPA] ;
Default : 0.05 PSI G [ 0.35 KPA] .
Default : 68 DEG F [ 20 DEG C] t o 0.05 PSI [ 0.35 KPA] ;
else 650 DEG F [ 340 DEG C] ferrous, 250 DEG F [ 120
DEG C] ot her.
Ent er ‘0.0’ if bin hung in OPEN st ruct ure;
Default : * 4* FEET [ * 1.25* M] .
Max: 48 I NCHES [ 1,200 MM] ;
ot her m at erials.
Default : See Area Design Basis
Default * 0.125* I NCHES [ * 3* MM] if cladding m at erial
is specified; ot herwise: * 0.0* .
1 0 Ve sse ls ( G1 0 ) 10-35

CON E BTM - cont inued
Default : * D1NF* .
St a r t St op cycle s x 1 0 0 0 :
Range: 5.00 - 0.02.
Default : * 0* .
design t em perat ure in equipm ent life.
Default : * 0* .
Live bot t om st orage bin. LI VE BTM
Solid volu m e :
10-36 1 0 Ve sse ls ( G1 0 )

LI VE BTM - cont inued
MAX: 15 FEET [ 4.69 M]
Ve sse l he ight :
Ent er ‘0.0’ if bin hung in OPEN st ruct ure;
Default : * 4* FEET [ * 1.25* M] .
Max: 48 I NCHES [ 1,200 MM] ;
ot her m at erials.
Default * 0.125* I NCHES [ * 3* MM] if cladding m at erial
is specified; ot herwise: * 0.0* .
1 0 Ve sse ls ( G1 0 ) 10-37

Tile Che st s
Tile chest s provide t ile lined t anks for st orage of

liquids, suspensions or slurries. Alt hough t ile chest s
are used in t he chem ical indust ry, t hey
are predom inant ly used in pulp and paper m ills for
st oring fiber suspensions at various st ages of
processing. Chest s can be rect angular or cylindrical
and m ay be concret e or m et allic. Various designs are
available depending on t he nat ure of t he fluid — high
densit y, low densit y.
Tile Chest s, rect angular concret e include t he following CH EST REC

opt ions:
• Single t ile chest
• Group of t ile chest s
• One chest in a gr oup of chest s.
Gr ou ping opt ion : PARTGRP is used for one chest in

assem blage, WHLGRP t o define an ent ire assem blage.
Default : * PARTGRP* .
SI NGLE- Tile chest is a single st and- alone it em
PARTGRP- One chest of a m ult i- group assem blage
WHLGRP- Ent ire m ult i- group assem blage
I nside le ngt h:
Ent er eit her chest dim ensions or capacit y.
Ve sse l he ight :
I n side w idt h :
Che st volum e :
Ent er eit her chest dim ensions ( lengt h height , widt h) or
capacit y; Min: 30000 GALLONS ( 114M3) ;
Max: 1300000 GALLONS ( 4921 M3) . I f Grouping
Opt ion is WHLGRP, ent er capacit y of ent ire group;
ot herwise ent er capacit y of t his chest .
Tile or lining t ype :
Default : * 25RSB*
25RSB- 2.5 I NCHES [ 62 MM] red shale brick
10-38 1 0 Ve sse ls ( G1 0 )

CH EST REC - cont inued
Tile or lining:
Percent of chest surface t o be lined,
100% = one side; 200% = inside + out side. Max:
200; Default : 100.
Configu r a t ion :
Default : * OPEN*
OPEN- Open t op chest
CLOSED- Chest has a roof
I n st a lla t ion opt ion:
Default : * GRADE*
GRADE- Tile chest is const ruct ed on grade
STRUCT- Tile chest is wit hin a st ruct ure
Ca pa cit y of gr ou p:
For PARTGRP chest only, capacit y of ent ire group;
Default : 4x chest capacit y.
N um be r of che st s in gr oup:
For WHLGRP chest only, ent er num ber of chest s in
ent ire assem blage. Default : * 4* .
N u m be r of pa r t it ion s le ngt hw ise :
Num ber of full lengt h part it ions parallel t o lengt h
dim ension ( m ay be fract ion) .
N um be r of pa r t it ions w idt hw ise :
Num ber of widt h wide part it ions parallel t o widt h
dim ension ( m ay be fract ion) .
Soil t ype :
SOFT CLAY- Bearing: 2000 PSF [ 100 KN/ M2]
FI RM CLAY- Bearing: 4000 PSF [ 200 KN/ M2]
WET SAND- Bearing: 4000 PSF [ 200 KN/ M2]
SAND+ CLAY- Bearing: 4000 PSF [ 200 KN/ M2]
DRY SAND- Bearing: 600 PSF [ 300 KN/ M2]
SAND- Bearing: 8000 PSF [ 400 KN/ M2]
GRAVEL- Bearing: 12000 PSF [ 600 KN/ M2]
SOFT ROCK- Bearing: 16000 PSF [ 800 KN/ M2]
HARDPAN- Bearing: 20000 PSF [ 1000 KN/ M2]
MED- ROCK- Bearing: 30000 PSF [ 1400 KN/ M2]
HARD ROCK.- Bearing: 80000 PSF [ 3800 KN/ M2]
Default : * 62.4* PCF.
Ex clu de e x ca va t ion:
Exclude port ion of calculat ed quant it y if not required
or com m on wit h ot her it em s. Max: 100; Default :
* 0.0* .
1 0 Ve sse ls ( G1 0 ) 10-39

CH EST REC - cont inued
Foot in gs e x clu sion :

Exclude port ion of calculat ed quant it y if not required or
com m on wit h ot her it em s. Max: 100; Default : * 0.0* .
Floor e x clu sion :
W a ll le ngt h e x clusion:
W a ll w idt h e x clusion:
Tile Ch e st s, Cylindr ica l CH EST CYL
Low densit y t ile chest wit h a capacit y range of 3000 t o

300000 GALLONS [ 12 t o 1135 M3] . Chest is available
in concret e or m et allic m at erials of const ruct ion. I f t he
user ent ers no dim ensions ( diam et er, height , widt h,
lengt h) , t he capacit y range is 3000 t o 300000
GALLONS [ 12 t o 1135 M3] .
High densit y t ile chest wit h a capacit y range of 30000

t o 1300000 GALLONS [ 114 t o 4921 M3] . Chest is
available in concret e or m et allic m at erials of
const ruct ion.
Sha pe sym bol:
Default : * CYLLD*
CYLLD- Cylindrical chest , low densit y st ock
CYLHD- Cylindrical chest , high densit y st ock
I n side dia m e t e r :
Chest dim ensions or capacit y required.
Ve sse l he ight :
Chest dim ensions or capacit y required.
Che st volum e :
Ent er eit her dim ensions ( diam et er, height ) or
capacit y; Min: 3000 GALLONS [ 12 M3] ; Max: 300000
GALLONS [ 1135 M3]
10-40 1 0 Ve sse ls ( G1 0 )

CH EST CYL - cont in ue d

Default : * 25RSB*
25RBS- 2.5 I NCH [ 62 MM] red shale brick
45RSB- 4.5 I NCH [ 112 MM] red shale brick
Tile or lining:
Percent of chest t o be lined. 100% = one side; 200%
= inside + out side. Max: 200; Default : * 100* .
Configu r a t ion :
Default : * OPEN*
OPEN- Open t op chest
CLOSED- Chest has a roof
I n st a lla t ion opt ion:
Default : * GRADE*
GRADE- Tile chest is const ruct ed on grade
STRUCT- Tile chest is wit hin a st ruct ure
Soil t ype :
SOFT CLAY- Bearing: 2000 PSF [ 100 KN/ M2]
FI RM CLAY- Bearing: 4000 PSF [ 200 KN/ M2]
WET SAND- Bearing: 4000 PSF [ 200 KN/ M2]
SAND+ CLAY- Bearing: 4000 PSF [ 200 KN/ M2]
DRY SAND- Bearing: 600 PSF [ 300 KN/ M2]
SAND- Bearing: 8000 PSF [ 400 KN/ M2]
GRAVEL- Bearing: 12000 PSF [ 600 KN/ M2]
SOFT ROCK- Bearing: 16000 PSF [ 800 KN/ M2]
HARDPAN- Bearing: 20000 PSF [ 1000 KN/ M2]
MED- ROCK- Bearing: 30000 PSF [ 1400 KN/ M2]
HARD ROCK.- Bearing: 80000 PSF [ 3800 KN/ M2]
Default : * 62.4* PCF [ 1,000 KG/ M3] .
Ex clu de e x ca va t ion:
or com m on wit h ot her it em s. Max: 100;
Default : * 0.0* .
Foot in gs e x clu sion :
or com m on wit h ot her it em s. Max: 100;
Default : * 0.0* .
Floor e x clu sion :
or com m on wit h ot her it em s. Max: 100; Default :
* 0.0* .
1 0 Ve sse ls ( G1 0 ) 10-41

Sh e ll m a t e r ia l: CH EST M TL
( Cladding is defined below.) © © Default : * A285C* .
Liquid volum e :
Ve sse l he ight :
Default : * 25RSB*
Tile or lining:
Percent of chest surface t o be lined. 100% = one side;
200% = inside + out side. Max: 200;
Default : * 100* .
Roof t ype :
Default : * FLAT*
FLAT- Flat roof t ank
CONE- Cone roof t ank
FLOAT- Float ing roof t ank
LI FT- Lift er
OPEN- Open t op t ank
I NFLT- I nt ernal float er wit h flat roof
I NCN- I nt ernal float er wit h cone roof
Range: 0 - 2.5 PSI G [ 0 - 17.0 KPA] ;
Default : * 0.05* PSI G [ * 0.35* KPA] .
I gnore t his field for open t op t anks.
Max: 48 I NCHES [ 1,200 MM] ;
Default : * 18* I NCHES [ 450.0 MM] .
Default : * 1* .
10-42 1 0 Ve sse ls ( G1 0 )

Cor r osion a llow a n ce : CH EST M TL
ot her m at erials.
Default : * 0.125* I NCHES [ * 3* MM] for cladding
m at erial, ot herwise * 0.0* .
Spe cific gr a vit y:
Range: 0.2 - 5.0; Default : * 1.0* .
Bot t om t ype :
Default : * FLAT*
FLAT- Single flat bot t om
DBL- Double bot t om
Sa nit a r y ve r t ica l cylindr ica l ve sse l SAN TAN K
Since t his is a sanit ary it em , t he t ank is built t o

sanit ary st andards, including polished st ainless st eel.
This is not a pressure vessel.
SS304,* SS316*
Applicat ion:
The applicat ion sym bol defines vessel funct ion and
relat ed pipe/ inst rum . m odel.
* SURGE* - Surge t ank
MI X- Mixing t ank
Liqu id Volu m e :
MAX: 5,000 GALLONS [ 18.9 M3]
MAX: 9.25 FEET [ 2.8 M]
Ve sse l H e ight :
MAX: 10 FEET [ 3 M]
MI N: 68 DEG F [ 20 DEG C]
Cove r t ype :
* OPEN* - Open t op
FLAT- Loose flat t op
FI XED- Fixed flat t op wit h bridge
DI SH- Dished t op wit h m anway and agit at or nozzle
1 0 Ve sse ls ( G1 0 ) 10-43
SAN TAN K - cont inued
Bot t om t ype :
WELL- Well bot t om
SLOPE- Sloped bot t om
TORI - Torispherical bot t om
* CON15* - 15 degree cone bot t om
CON30- 30 degree cone bot t om
Ja ck e t t ype :
* NONE* - No j acket
DMPLE- 90 PSI G [ 620 KPA] dim ple j acket
LN G Ta n k
A Full Cont ainm ent Double Walled Tank im plies t hat

bot h t he inner st eel t ank and t he out er prest ressed
concret e shell wit h reinforced concret e spherical dom e
are independent ly capable of resist ing t he Design Load
Condit ions and allow for t heir special charact erist ics,
since failure of eit her can lead t o leakage of LNG
gaseous fum es which are bot h t oxic and highly
flam m able.
D ESI GN LOAD S
W in d for ce a dj u st m e n t :
Addit ional adj ust m ent for wind force specified in
proj ect civil design specs. roj ect civil design specs.
Min: 0
Max: 2
Default : 1
Se ism ic for ce a dj ust m e n t :
proj ect civil design specs. roj ect civil design specs.
Min: 0
Max: 2
Default : 1
Min: > 0
Default : 4.21 PSI G
D e sign bla st pr e ssu r e :
Min: 0
Default : 2.18 PSI G
Roof live loa d:
Min: 0
Default : 50 PSF
- cont inued-
10-44 1 0 Ve sse ls ( G1 0 )
LN G Ta n k - cont inued
I N N ER STEEL TAN K
LN G t a n k volu m e :
Minim um Volum e = 1,320,500 Gallons [ 5,000 M^ 3]
Maxim um Volum e = 52,835,000 Gallons [ 200,000
M^ 3]
Min: > 0 Gallons
Ta n k dia m e t e r :
Ent er eit her volum e or diam et er and height
Min: > 0 FEET
Ta n k he igh t :
Min: > 0 FEET
9% Ni st eel is t ypically used in cryogenic st orage
applicat ions
Default : A 553
Min: > 0 I NCHES
Max: 2 I NCHES
Min: 0.2
Max: 5
Default : .0476
Default : - 274 F
Default : Design operat ing t em perat ure
OUTER CON CRETE TAN K
Ta n k dia m e t e r ( I D ) :
Min: > 0 FEET
Ta n k he igh t ) :
Min: > 0 FEET
W a ll t hick ne ss:
Prest ressed concret e wall t hickness, inches [ m m ]
Min: 6 I NCHES
Concr e t e t ype :
B - St andard concret e
C - Higher grade concret e
D - Chem ical resist ant concret e
Default - as specified in unit area civil specs or
proj ect civil specs.
- cont inued-
1 0 Ve sse ls ( G1 0 ) 10-45
LN G Ta n k - cont inued
SUBM ERGED PUM PS
N u m be r of pu m ps:
Min: > 0
Default : 1.
I - 1: Case: CI ; im peller/ wear part s: CI
I - 2: Case: CI ; im peller/ wear part s: Bronze
S- 1: Case: CS; im peller/ wear part s: CI
S- 3: Case: CS; im peller/ wear part s: A436
S- 4: Case: CS; im peller: CS; wear part s: CI
S- 5: Case: CS; im peller.: CS; wear part s: 12% Cr
S- 6: Case: CS; im peller/ wear part s: 12% Cr
S- 8: Case: CS; im peller/ wear part s: SS316
S- 9: Case: Monel- lined CS; im peller/ wear: Monel
C- 6: All part s: 12% Cr
A- 7: All part s: SS304
A- 8: All part s: SS316
D- 1: All part s: Duplex
CAST MATLS...: See a list of cast ing m at erials.
Default : A- 7
Min: > 0 GPM
Default : 1,300 GPM
Fluid he a d:
Min: > 0 FEET
Maxim um head: 1000 FT [ 300 M] at 30xHZ;
3800 FT [ 1150 M] at 60xHZ.
Default : 800 FEET
Spe e d:
Min: 1800 RPM
Max: 3600 RPM
Addit iona l N ot e s:
1. The civil and st eel volum et ric bulks are included in
t he equipm ent cost .
2. A pile foundat ion will aut om at ically be designed if
required. The soil t ype, pile t ype, and pile
param et ers are specified in t he unit area civil specs or
proj ect civil specs.
3. The inner st eel t ank freeboard is calculat ed based
on t he inner t ank height , diam et er, and seism ic
horizont al accelerat ion. The seism ic horizont al
accelerat ion is specified in t he proj ect civil specs.
- cont inued-
10-46 1 0 Ve sse ls ( G1 0 )
LN G Ta n k cont in ue d
4. The inner st eel t ank is checked for overt urning
st abilit y.
5. The foundat ion concret e t ype is based on t he unit
area civil specs or proj ect civil specs.
6. The following st eel plat es are assum ed as ¼ ” t hick:
Prim ary bot t om , secondary bot t om , secondary corner
prot ect ion, and vapor barrier.
7. The bot t om foam insulat ion is assum ed as 3’- 6”
t hick.
8. The t ank lid foam insulat ion is assum ed as 2’- 0”
t hick.
9. I f an ext ernal civil dat a file is specified, adj ust m ent s
m ay be m ade t o t he labor hours as follows:
• Concret e dom e roof = Foundat ion t ype 4 ( Mass
pour)
• Prest ressed concret e roof ring beam =
Foundat ion t ype 12 ( Colum ns and beam s)
• Prest ressed concret e walls = Foundat ion t ype 13
( Walls)
• I nner t ank concret e ring foundat ion = Foundat ion
t ype 9 ( Circular ring foundat ion for large t anks)
• Out er t ank foundat ion = Foundat ion t ype 4 ( Mass
pour)
1 0 Ve sse ls ( G1 0 ) 10-47
10-48 1 0 Ve sse ls ( G1 0 )
1 1 Cr u sh e r s, M ills a n d St ock
Tr e a t m e n t ( G6 )

Crushers ( CR)
Flakers ( FL)
Mills ( M)
St ock Treat m ent ( ST)
1 1 Cr ushe r s, M ills a nd St ock Tr e a t m e n t ( G6 ) 11-1

Cr u sh e r s ( CR)
I ncludes m ot or and drive unit .
Cone crusher for secondary and fine crushing for hard CON E
and m edium hard m at erials such as lim est one, st one
and rock.
The cone crusher is a t ype of gyrat ory crusher. A

conical head is gyrat ed by m eans of an eccent ric
driven t hrough gears and a count ershaft . The gyrat ory
m ot ion causes t he conical head t o approach and
recede from t he walls of t he crushing cham ber. The
m at erial receives a series of rapid blows as it passes
t hrough t he crushing cavit y.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS* .
M a n t le dia m e t e r :
Range: 20 - 84 I NCHES [ 510 - 2,130 MM] .
Cr u she r t ype :
Default : * STAND*
STAND- St andard head
SHORT- Short head
11-2 1 1 Cr ushe r s, M ills a nd St ock Tr e a t m e n t ( G6 )

Cr u sh e r s ( CR) - cont inued
Prim ary and secondary crushing of hard and m edium GYRATORY
hard m at erials such as lim est one, st one and rock.
A conical head is gyrat ed by m eans of an eccent ric

driven t hrough gears and a count ershaft . The gyrat ory
m ot ion causes t he conical head t o approach and
recede from t he walls of t he crushing cham ber. The
m at erial receives a series of rapid blows as it passes
t hrough t he crushing cavit y.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS* .
M a n t le dia m e t e r :
Range: 20 - 120 I NCHES [ 510 - 3,045 MM] .
Cr u she r t ype :
Default : * PRI ME*
PRI ME- Prim ary crushing
SECOND- Secondary crushing
Overhead eccent ric j aw crusher for prim ary and ECCEN TRI C
secondary crushing of hard, t ough and abrasive
m at erials, such as quart z, rock, glass and ferroalloys.
I ncludes hydraulic t oggle, m ot or and m ot or drive
sheave and V belt s.
A m oving j aw opens and closes against a vert ical or

slight ly inclined fixed j aw by m eans of a t oggle t o
crush t he feed m at erial. I n single- t oggle m achines t he
m oving j aw has an alm ost circular m ot ion at t he
upper- end of t he j aw plat e and an ellipt ical m ovem ent
at t he lower- end. This m ot ion causes t he j aw plat es t o
wear fast er t han double- t oggle m achines but also
assist s t he flow of m at erial t hrough t he crushing
cham ber. The t rend is t owards single- t oggle m achines
because t he increased wear is usually out weighed by
t he lower init ial cost of t he single- t oggle m achine.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS* .
Cr ushe r flow r a t e :
Range: 25 - 1,620 TPH [ 23 - 1,460 TON/ H] .
Pr odu ct size :
Range: 1 - 16 I NCHES [ 25 - 400] .


Swing j aw crusher for prim ary and secondary JAW
crushing of hard and/ or abrasive m at erials such
as quart z rock, glass and ferroalloys.
A m oving j aw is opened and closed by m eans of

a pair of t oggles against a vert ical or slight ly
inclined fixed j aw crushing t he feed m at erial.
( See ECCEN TRI C crusher for addit ional
inform at ion.)
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS* .
Range: 70 - 610 TPH [ 65 - 550 TON/ H] .
Pr odu ct size :
Range: 2 - 8 I NCHES [ 50 - 200 MM] .
Rot ary crusher for coarse, soft m at erials, such ROTARY
as gypsum , phosphat e rock, pit ch, m ica,
cocoanut shells.
A t oot hed cone rot at es inside a t oot hed shell.

The clearance bet ween t he t eet h on t he cone
and t he t eet h on t he shell det erm ines t he
product size.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS* .
D r ive r pow e r :
Range: 2 - 25 HP [ 1.5 - 18.5 KW] .
Single roll crushers are m anufact ured in light , S ROLL LT
m edium and heavy dut y const ruct ions for t he
prim ary crushing of friable m at erials such as
coal; m edium hard m at erials such as coal,
phosphat e rock and shale; and hard m at erials
such as cem ent rock, iron ore and lim est one.
Single roll crusher for light dut y prim ary and

secondary crushing for coal and ot her friable
m at erials.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS* .
Cr u sh e r flow r a t e :
Range: 140 - 1,470 TPH
[ 128 - 1,330 TON/ H] .
Pr odu ct size :
Range: 2 - 6 I NCHES [ 50 - 150 MM] .


S ROLL LT - cont inued
Single roll crusher for m edium dut y prim ary and/ or S ROLL M ED
m at erials.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS* .
Cr u sh e r flow r a t e :
Range: 105 - 840 TPH [ 95 - 760 TON/ H] .
Pr odu ct size :
Range: 2 - 8 I NCHES [ 50 - 200 MM] . S ROLL H VY
Single roll cr usher for heavy dut y prim ary and/ or

m at erials.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS* .
Range: 175 - 1,000 TPH [ 160 - 900 TON/ H] .
Pr odu ct size :
Range: 2 - 8 I NCHES [ 50 - 200 MM] .
Sawt oot h crusher. Size reduct ion in t earing via t oot hed SAW TOOTH
rollers for lum py and friable m at erials, such as
plast ics, shale, charcoal, shells and bark.
The part icles are crushed bet ween t wo rollers wit h

sawt oot h- like proj ect ions.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS* .
D r ive r pow e r :
Range: 5 - 40 HP [ 4 - 30 KW] .
Reversible ham m erm ill for secondary reduct ion of hard REV- H AM R
and m edium hard m inerals, st one, rock, lim est one,
low- silica ores/ chem icals.
Tert iary reduct ion of friables m at erials in closed circuit
crushing.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS* .
Range: 20 - 450 TPH [ 18 - 408 TON/ H] .


Non- reversible ham m erm ill for secondary crushing of H AM M ER
bit um inous and sub- bit um inous coals, lignit e, gypsum M ED
and som e m edium - hard m inerals.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS* .
Range: 15 - 40 TPH [ 13 - 36 TON/ H] .
Non- reversible ham m erm ill for hard m at erials ( cem ent SW I N G H AM R
rock, lim est one) .
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS* .
Range: 30 - 180 TPH [ 27 - 160 TON/ H] .
Rot ary breaker for sim ult aneous sizing and cleaning of BRAD FORD
run- of- m ine coal.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS* .
Range: 450 - 1,500 TPH [ 400 - 1360 TON/ H] .
Single rot or im pact breaker for prim ary and secondary S I MPACT
breaking of non- abrasive quarry rock and sim ilar
m at erials.
Range: 250 - 1,000 TPH [ 225 - 900 TON/ H] .
Fine and m edium crushing of soft non- abrasive PULVERI ZER

m at erials.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS* .
Range: 300 - 8,500 LP/ H [ 140 - 3,855 KW] .
D r ive r pow e r :
Range: 3 - 75 HP [ 2.22 - 55] .

Ring granulat or for prim ary and secondary crushing of ROLL RI N G
bit um inous and sub- bit um inous coals, lignit e, gypsum
and som e m edium hard m inerals.
Heavy cast st eel rings, t oot hed and/ or plain, at t he
end of rot at ing arm s crush solid m at erial by a
com binat ion of im pact breaking and rolling
com pression.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS* .
Range: 50 - 2,000 TPH [ 45 - 1,800 TON/ H] .
Fla k e r s ( FL)
I ncludes m ot or and drive.
Drum flaker t o 200 SF [ 18 M2] of surface. D RUM
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS* .
Sur fa ce a r e a :
Range: 10 - 250 SF [ 1 - 23 M2] .
M ills ( M )
I ncludes m ill, m ot or, bearings, gears, lube syst em and vendor- supplied
inst rum ent s.

At t rit ion m ill t o 300 HP [ 224 KW] . ATTRI TI ON
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS* .
D r ive r pow e r :
Range: 5 - 300 HP [ 4 - 224 KW] .
D r ive r spe e d:
Max: 3,600 RPM

M ills ( M ) - cont inued.
Wet or dry aut ogenous m ills. AUTOGEN OUS
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS* .
Applica t ion :
Default : * WET*
WET- Wet grinding
DRY- Dry grinding
Ball m ill includes init ial ball charge. BALL M I LL
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS* .
Applica t ion :
Default : * WET*
WET- Wet grinding
DRY- Dry grinding
Rod m ill includes init ial rod charge. ROD M I LL
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS* .
Applica t ion :
Default : * WET*
WET- Wet grinding
DRY- Dry grinding
Micro- pulverizer t o 30 HP [ 22 KW] . M I KRO PULV
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS* .
D r ive r pow e r :
Range: 7.5 - 30 HP [ 5.5 - 22 KW] .
D r ive r spe e d:
Max: 3,600 RPM
Roller m ill t o 400 HP [ 300 KW] . ROLLER
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS* .
Applica t ion :
Default : * WET*
WET- Wet grinding
DRY- Dry grinding
Rod charger for rod m ill. ROD CH ARGR

St ock Tr e a t m e n t s ( ST)
Refiners are used for t he refining of fibers eit her from REFI N ER
Kraft pulping or secondary fiber operat ions.
The refiner is a double- disk t ype wit h rot or and st at or

in a quick opening hinged housing. The shaft is
support ed on ant i- frict ion grease- lubricat ed bearings,
packing box, elect ro- m echanical plat e posit ioning. Also
included is t he drive consist ing of t he gear box, elect ric
m ot or, coupling and guard.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * SS316*
SS316- SS316
SS304- SS304
St ock flow r a t e :
Ent er st ock flow rat e ( bone dry) or plat e diam et er.
Range: 5 - 2000 TPD [ .20 - 75 TON/ H] .
Pla t e dia m e t e r :
Ent er st ock flow rat e ( bone dry) or plat e diam et er.
Range: 12 - 60 I NCHES [ 305 - 1,520 MM] .
CSF - m l of w a t e r :
CSF = Canadian St andard Freeness.
Default : * 120* .
Deflakers reduce and disperse flakes int o finer size,
and are m ainly used in pulp m ill operat ions.
The unit can be designed for a wide range of capacit ies

and solids concent rat ion. Due t o t he int erm eshing
st at or and rot or design, t he unit can also be used in
high shear m ixing operat ions. Two designs are
available:
• Plat e t ype — includes st at or and rot or plat e t ackles
housed in a body wit h quick hinged door opening D EFLAKE D K
for easy m aint enance, elect ric m ot or driver,
coupling, packing seal, ext ernal rot or/ st at or
adj ust m ent m echanism , built in j unk t rap.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * SS316*
SS316- SS316
SS304- SS304
H ydr a u lic ca pa cit y:
Ent er hydraulic capacit y or rot or diam et er.
Range: 5.0 - 2000 GPM [ 0.3 - 125.0 LS] .

St ock Tr e a t m e n t s ( ST) - cont inued
D EFLAKE D K - cont inued
Rot or dia m e t e r :
Ent er hydraulic capacit y or rot or diam et er.
Range: 4 - 30 I NCHES [ 100 - 750 MM] .
D e fla k e r spe e d:
Default : * 1,800* RPM.
Range: 1 - 10; Default : * 4* .
• Concent ric conical t ype — includes shell and plug D EFLAKE CN
t ackles housed in body, elect ric m ot or driver,
ext ernal rot or/ st at or adj ust m ent m echanism , built
in j unk t rap and lube oil syst em .
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * SS316*
SS316- SS316
SS304- SS304
Range: 5 - 2,000 GPM [ 0.3 - 125.0 L/ S] .
D e fla k e r spe e d:
Default : * 1,800* RPM.
Range: 1 - 10; Default : * 4* .

1 2 D r yin g Syst e m s ( G6 )

Cryst allizers ( CRY)
Evaporat or s ( E)
Wiped Film Evaporat ors ( WFE)
Air Dryers ( AD)
Dryers ( D)
Drum Dryers ( DD)
Rot ar y Dryers ( RD)
Tray Drying Syst em s ( TDS)
1 2 D r yin g Syst e m s ( G6 ) 12-1

Cr yst a llize r s ( CRY)
Bat ch vacuum cryst allizer unit for sm all scale BATCH VAC
product ion of cryst als. I ncludes cone bot t om agit at ed
t ank, st eam j et ej ect ors and direct cont act condenser
t o 8200 GALLONS [ 25.8 M3] .
Energy requirem ent s are lower for a bat ch vacuum

unit t han for a cont inuous vacuum unit , however, for
t he sam e capacit y, bat ch unit s m ust be larger t han
cont inuous unit s and are t herefore m ore expensive.
A warm sat urat ed solut ion is fed t o a cone bot t om

t ank. The pressure in t he t ank is t hen reduced using
st ream - j et s. The solut ion flashes and t he flashed
solvent is condensed in a direct cont act condenser.
The non- condensables which pass t hrough t he direct
cont act condenser are vent ed t o t he at m osphere by
t he st eam - j et equipm ent . While t he solut ion is
flashing, agit at ors in t he cryst allizer keep t he form ing
cryst als in t he suspension and keep t he cont ent s of t he
t ank at a uniform concent rat ion. When t he
supersat urat ion of t he flashed solut ion has been
rem oved ( by t he form at ion of t he cryst als) , t he t ank is
em pt ied.
M a t e r ia l:
* CS* .
CS- Carbon st eel
RBLCS- Rubber- lined CS
SS304- SS304
Liquid volum e :
Ra nge :
850 - 8,200 GALLONS [ 2.7 - 25.8 M3] .
Mechanical scraped- surface cryst allizer, j acket ed, M ECH AN I CAL
spiral ribbon scraper, t rough, st acked in lengt hs of 40
FEET [ 12 M] . I ncludes m ot or and drive.
For t he relat ively sm all- scale product ion of cryst als

from a supersat urat ed solut ion. The scraped- surface is
used where a slight change in t he t em perat ure of a
solut ion m eans a large change in it s solubilit y. When
t he required rat e of heat rem oval is great er t hen
200,000 BTU/ HR, t he scraped surface cryst allizer is
usually not econom ical.
The scraped- surface cryst allizer consist s of a 24- inch
wide t rough wit h a sem i- circular bot t om , a cooling
j acket on t he out side and a spiral ribbon scraper/ m ixer
t he lengt h of t he t rough.
12-2 1 2 D r yin g Syst e m s ( G6 )

Cr yst a llize r s ( CRY) - cont inued
M ECH AN I CAL - cont inued
Cryst als growing on t he walls off t he t rough are

scraped off and suspended in t he m ot her liquor. These
unit s are m anufact ured in lengt hs of 10 t o 40 FEET. I f
lengt hs great er t han 40 are required, t he unit s are
st acked one on t op of anot her and t he solut ion
cascades from one level t o t he next .
M a t e r ia l:
* CS* , CI
CS- Carbon st eel
CI - Cast iron
Le n gt h:
Range: 20 - 1,000 FEET [ 6.1 - 300 M]
M a t e r ia l:
SS ( St ainless st eel)
Le n gt h:
Range: 20 - 550 FEET [ 6.1 - 165 M]
Oslo growt h t ype cryst allizer t o 6,900 TPD [ 260 OSLO
TONH] . Large scale cryst al product ion. I ncludes
int erconnect ing piping, recirculat ing pum p and
accessories.
This piece of equipm ent , also called a growt h
cryst allizer or classified- suspension cryst allizer,
operat es in t he following m anner. The feed st ream
plus a recycle st ream of sat urat ed solut ion are
pum ped t hrough a heat exchanger and heat ed. The
solut ion ent ers a vaporizat ion cham ber and a port ion
of t he solvent is flashed, t hus cooling t he solut ion and
raising t he concent rat ion of t he solut e. This
supersat urat es t he solut ion. The supersat urat ed
solut ion is t hen fed t o t he bot t om of a suspension or
cryst allizing cham ber where it cont act s already form ed
cryst als. Through t he form at ion of new cryst als and
t he growt h of exist ing cryst als, t he supersat urat ion of
t he solut ion is rem oved. Addit ionally, as t he solut ion
m oves upward t hrough t he suspension cham ber, t he
sm all cryst als are carried upward while t he large
cryst als set t le t o t he bot t om , t hus classifying t he
cryst als by size. The large cryst als are rem oved from
t he bot t om of t he suspension cham ber while t he
solut ion, no longer sat urat ed, is m ixed wit h fresh feed,
fed t o t he heat exchanger, and t he event s described
above are repeat ed.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS* ( Carbon st eel)
Cr yst a lliz e r r a t e :
Max: 6,900 TPD [ 260 TON/ H]
1 2 D r yin g Syst e m s ( G6 ) 12-3

Eva por a t or s ( E)
Agit at ed falling film evaporat or t o 150 SF [ 13 M2] FALL FI LM
includes m ot or and drive.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * SS304*
SS304- SS304
SS316- SS316
Range: 4 - 150 SF [ 0.4 - 13 M2]
Forced circulat ion evaporat or t o 10000 SF [ 925 M2] FORCED CI R

includes int erconnect ing piping, circulat ing pum ps and
drivers.
M a t e r ia l:
Range: 100 - 10,000 SF [ 10 - 925 M2]
CS t ubes wit h CS shell, Cu. or Ni t ubes wit h CI shell.
CS- Carbon st eel
CU- Copper
NI - Nickel
M a t e r ia l:
CI ( Cast iron)
Range: 155 - 8,000 SF [ 14 - 740 M2]
CS t ubes wit h CS shell, Cu or Ni t ubes wit h CI shell.
CS- Carbon st eel
CU- Copper
NI - Nickel
Long t ube rising film evaporat or t o 35 SF [ 3.2 M2] LON G TUBE
includes int erconnect ing piping.
M a t e r ia l:
SS st eel t ubes wit h SS shell.
H e a t t r a nsfe r Ar e a :
Range: 18 - 35 SF [ 1.7 - 3.2 M2]
12-4 1 2 D r yin g Syst e m s ( G6 )

Eva por a t or s ( E) - cont inued
Long t ube vert ical evaporat or t o 50000 SF [ 4640 M2] LON G VERT
variet y of t ube and shell m at erials.
Karbat e t ubes wit h rubber- lined CS shell, CU t ubes

wit h ot her shell m at erials.
M a t e r ia l:
Sur fa ce a r e a :
Range: 400 - 50,000 SF [ 38 - 4,640 M2]
M a t e r ia l:
CI ( Cast iron)
Sur fa ce a r e a :
Range: 100 - 25,000 SF [ 10 - 2,320 M2]
M a t e r ia l:
CU
Sur fa ce a r e a :
Range: 200 - 3,000 [ 19 - 275 M2]
M a t e r ia l:
RBLCS
Sur fa ce a r e a :
Range: 100 - 2,700 SF [ 10 - 250 M2]
St andard vert ical t ube evaporat or t o 7000 SF STAN D VERT
[ 650 M2]
CS t ubes wit h CS shell, Cu t ubes wit h CI shell, Pb shell

wit h Pb- lined CS shell.
M a t e r ia l:
Sur fa ce a r e a :
Range: 100 - 6,000 SF [ 10 - 555 M2]
M a t e r ia l: CI ( Cast iron)
Sur fa ce a r e a :
Range: 100 - 6,000 SF [ 10 - 555 M2]
M a t e r ia l: PBLCS ( Lead- lined CS)

Sur fa ce a r e a :
Range: 200 - 7,000 SF [ 19 - 650 M2]
1 2 D r yin g Syst e m s ( G6 ) 12-5

Eva por a t or s ( E) - cont inued
St andard horizont al t ube evaporat or t o 10000 SF [ 920 STAN D H OR
M2] .
CS t ubes wit h CS shell, Cu t ubes wit h CI shell.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
Sur fa ce a r e a :
Range: 100 - 10,000 SF [ 10 - 920 M2]
M a t e r ia l:
CI ( Cast iron)
Sur fa ce a r e a :
Range: 100 - 6000 SF [ 10 - 555 M2]
12-6 1 2 D r yin g Syst e m s ( G6 )

W ipe d Film Eva por a t or s ( W FE)
Includes motor and drive.
Agit at ed t hin film evaporat or wit h explosion- proof TH I N
m ot or and drive. FI LM
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * SS316*
Range: 0.95 - 27 SF [ 0.1 - 2.5 M2]
Packaged syst em including condenser and st and. W FE SYSTEM
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * SS316*
Range: 0.2 - 12 SF [ 0.02 - 1.1 M2]
1 2 D r yin g Syst e m s ( G6 ) 12-7

Air D r ye r s ( AD )
Dual t ower, desiccant t ype, for drying of air t o - 40 AI R D RYER
DEG F [ - 40 DEG C] dew point ; includes desiccant .
M a t e r ia l:
Ga s flow r a t e :
Max: 50,000 CFM [ 84,900 M3/ H]
12-8 1 2 D r yin g Syst e m s ( G6 )

D r ye r s ( D )
I ncludes solid m at erials.

At m ospheric t ray bat ch dryer. ATM OS TRAY
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
Tr a y a r e a :
Range: 30 - 200 SF [ 2.8 - 18.5 M2]
M a t e r ia l:
SS
Tr a y a r e a :
Range: 30 - 250 SF [ 2.8 - 23 M2]
Vacuum t ray bat ch dryer. VAC TRAY
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
CS- Carbon st eel
Tr a y a r e a :
Range: 40 - 200 SF [ 3.8 - 18.5 M2]
Agit at ed pan bat ch dryer for sensit ive m at erials. PAN

M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
CS- Carbon st eel
304CD- CS clad wit h 304 SS
316CD- CS clad wit h 316 SS
Sur fa ce a r e a :
Range: 12 - 180 SF [ 1.1 - 16.7 M2]
D ia m e t e r :
Range: 3 - 10 FEET [ 0.9 - 3.0 M]
Pa n de pt h :
Range: 18 - 36 I NCHES [ 450 - 900 MM]
D r ive r pow e r :
Range: 3 - 40 HP [ 2.22 - 30 KW]
1 2 D r yin g Syst e m s ( G6 ) 12-9

D r ye r s ( D ) - cont inued
Cont inuous spray drying syst em . I ncludes support s, SPRAY

heat er, filt er, at om izer, fan, driver, inst rum ent at ion,
int erconnect ing piping, cyclone and accessories t o
9000 LB/ H [ 4080 KG/ H] evaporat ive capacit y ( wat er) .
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
Eva por a t ion r a t e :
Range: 700 - 9,000 LB/ H [ 320 - 4,080 KG/ H]
12-10 1 2 D r yin g Syst e m s ( G6 )

D r u m D r ye r s ( D D )

Single at m ospheric drum dryer for drying of solids on SI N GLE ATM
web m at erial.
on st eam - heat ed rot at ing drum .
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
Tr a y a r e a :
Range: 10 - 200 SF [ 1 - 18 M2]
Double at m ospheric drum dryer for drying of solids on D OUBLE ATM
web m at erial on pair of st eam heat ed drum s.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
Tr a y a r e a :
Range: 25 - 400 SF [ 2.4 - 35 M2]
Single vacuum rot ary drum dryer for drying of SI N GLE VAC
sensit ive solids under vacuum .
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
Tr a y a r e a :
Range: 10 - 200 SF [ 1 - 18 M2]
Rot ary drum cooker- cooler. S COOKCOOL
Use t o blanch foods like past a or corn, cook foods like

m eat s or poult ry, or cool foods like bagged soup.
M a t e r ia l:
SS304, * SS316*
D r ye r dr um dia m e t e r :
1 2 D r yin g Syst e m s ( G6 ) 12-11

D r u m D r ye r s ( D D ) - cont inued
S COOKCOOL - cont inued
Only 60 I NCH ( 1525 MM) and 72 I NCH ( 1825

MM) diam et ers are available.
Food flow rat e: MAX: 303,000 LB/ HR ( 137,437
KG/ HR) at default product densit y 50 LB/ CF ( 800
KG/ M3) . The m axim um capacit y any m odel can
handle depends upon t he pr oduct densit y, and is
t hus volum et r ic in nat ure; densit ies higher t han
t he default can realize capacit ies above 303,000
lb/ hr ( 137,437 KG/ HR) , while densit ies lower
t han t he default realize m axim um capacit ies
below 303,000 lb/ hr ( 137,437 KG/ HR) .
Cooler lengt h: MI N: 4 FEET [ 1.2M] for 60 I NCH
[ 1,525 MM] and 8 FEET [ 2.4 M] for 72 I NCH
[ 1,825 MM] drum dia., MAX: 16 FEET [ 4.8 M]
Product densit y: MI N: 50 PCF, MAX: 303,000 LB/
HR [ 137,437 KG/ HR] at product densit y 50 LB/ CF
( 800 KG/ M3) .
Cook t im e: I f drum diam et er is specified, default
cooking t im e is 1 MI NUTE, which is t he m inim um
allowable cooking t im e, and t herefore t he
cooking t im e t hat result s in t he m axim um
allowable capacit y. I f capacit y is specified, t he
default cooking t im e is com put ed based on t he
capacit y, cooker lengt h, and drum diam et er.
MI N: 1 MI NUTE, MAX: 12 MI NUTES.
D r ive r pow e r :
Default : based on drum diam et er, food capacit y
and cooker lengt h.
D r ive r t ype :
* WVRDC* - Washdown, VFD rat ed, direct drive,
CS
WVCDC- Washdown, VFD cont rolled, direct drive,
CS
12-12 1 2 D r yin g Syst e m s ( G6 )

Rot a r y D r ye r s ( RD )

Direct cont act of hot gas wit h m oist solids wit h D I RECT
m axim um surface area of 2000 SF [ 185 M2] .
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
Sur fa ce a r e a :
Range: 100 - 2,000 SF [ 10 - 185 M2]
I ndirect cont act of hot gases wit h m oist solids wit h I N D I RECT
m axim um surface area of 2000 SF[ 185 M2] .
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
Sur fa ce a r e a :
100 - 2,000 SF [ 10 - 185 M2]
Jacket ed rot ary vacuum dryer wit h explosion- proof JAC VACUUM
m ot or.
Maxim um capacit y of 500 CF [ 14.1 M3] .
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
CS- Carbon st eel
SS316- SS316
Flow r a t e :
8 - 500 CF [ 0.25 - 14.1 M3]
Conical rot ary vacuum dryer wit h m axim um capacit y VACUUM
of 400 CF.
[ 11.3 M3] .
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
CS- Carbon st eel
Flow r a t e :
3 - 400 CF [ 0.1 - 11.3 M3]
1 2 D r yin g Syst e m s ( G6 ) 12-13

Tr a y D r yin g Syst e m s ( TD S)
At m ospheric t ray dryer wit h paint ed st eel cham ber. ATM SYSTEM
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * SS316*
Tr a y su r fa ce a r e a :
Range: 80 - 300 SF [ 7.5 - 27.5 M2]
Bat ch t ray dryer wit h vacuum and no t rays. VACUUM
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CI *
Range: 20 - 75 SF [ 1.9 - 6.9 M2]
M a t e r ia l:
SS304
Range: 20 - 80 SF [ 1.9 - 7.0 M2]
Turbo t ray drying syst em wit h auxiliaries except TURBO
heat ing syst em .
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
Range: 60 - 20,000 SF [ 6 - 1,850 M2]
H e a t ing m e diu m :
Default : * blank*
H-AI R- Hot air
STEAM- St eam
blank- Ot her heat ing m edium
Bat ch t ray dryer wit h vacuum pum p and condenser. VAC SYSTEM
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CI *
Tr a y Su r fa ce Ar e a :
Range: 13 - 70 SF [ 1.3 - 6.5 M2]
12-14 1 2 D r yin g Syst e m s ( G6 )

1 3 Solids Con ve yin g ( G1 0 )

Conveyors ( CO)
Definit ions and Sam ples of Conveyor Sect ion Types
Cranes ( CE)
Elevat ors, Lift s ( EL)
Feeders ( FE)
Hoist s ( HO)
Scales ( S)
1 3 Solids Con ve yin g ( G1 0 ) 13-1

Con ve yor s ( CO)
Open belt conveyor for t ransport ing solid m at erials OPEN BELT
over long dist ances. Because t he belt m at erial is
reinforced rubber, m at erials at t em perat ures above
150 DEG F are norm ally not handled.
I ncludes grade- level support st eel, belt t ensioning
device, m ot ors and drives.
An endless m oving belt is used t o t ransport solids

eit her horizont ally or on an incline. The belt m ay be
flat , but is t ypically t roughed in order t o increase t he
carrying capacit y of t he belt .
Be lt W idt h:
Range: 18 - 120 I NCHES [ 450 - 3,000 MM]
MAX: 20
0 PCF [ 3,200 KG/ M3] ;
Default : * 50* PCF [ * 800* KG/ M3]
D r ive r Pow e r pe r Se ct ion :
Driver power per sect ion if conveyor has m ult iple
sect ions.
13-2 1 3 Solids Con ve yin g ( G1 0 )

Con ve y or s ( CO) - cont inued
OPEN BELT - cont inued
Conve ye r Spe e d:
MI N: 20 FPM [ 370 M/ H]
Vert ical lift ( + ) or drop ( - ) : Difference in elevat ion
bet ween feed and discharge: lift ( posit ive) , drop
( negat ive) . Default : * 0.0* FEET [ * 0.0* M]
H e ight Gr a de Se ct ion:
Grade sect ion has t his uniform , nom inal height for
ent ire lengt h. Default : * 6* FEET [ * 2* M] .
Le n gt h Gr a de Se ct ion :
Default lengt h = conveyor lengt h, if lengt h of ot her
t wo sect ion t ype = 0.0.
H e igh t Slope Se ct ion :
Slope sect ion varies from grade sect ion height t o t his
designat ed height .
Le ngt h Slope Se ct ion:
t wo sect ion t ypes = 0.0.
H e ight Above Gr a de Se ct ion:
Above grade sect ion varies from slope sect ion height
t o t his designat ed height .
Le n gt h Above Gr a de Se ct ion :
Ca nt ile ve r Le ngt h:
Cant ilever lengt h m ay be specified only for t he end of
an elevat ed sect ion. Default : * 0.0* FEET [ * 0.0* M]
Tow e r Be nt Spa cing:
Tower ( bent ) spacing applies t o elevat ed sect ions only.
Default : * 80* FEET [ * 25* M]
Ga lle r y En closu r e :
Default : * NO GALLERY*
GALLERY- Gallery enclosure for conveyor and walks
NO GALLERY- No gallery enclosure
N u m be r of M ot or s:
Default : 1 per MI LE [ 1 per 1.6 KM]
N um be r of W a lk w a ys:
Default : 1 if no gallery, 2 if conveyor has gallery
enclosure.
W a lk w a y W idt h:
Default : 36 I NCHES [ 910 MM] if no gallery, 54 I NCHES
[ 1370 MM] if gallery enclosure.

Sam e as open belt conveyor but enclosed wit h CLOSED
corrugat ed sheet BLT
m et al canopy enclosing t he belt t o prot ect t he belt and

t he m at erials from t he elem ent s. Canopy is also used
t o cont rol dust when t ransport ing m at erial wit h fines.
Be lt W idt h:
Range: 18 - 120 I NCHES [ 450 - 3,000 MM]
MAX: 200 PCF [ 3,200 KG/ M3] ;
Default : * 50* PCF [ * 800* KG/ M3]
D r ive r Pow e r pe r Se ct ion :
Driver power per sect ion if conveyor has m ult iple
sect ions.
Spe e d:
MI N: 20 FPM [ 370 M/ H]
Vert Lift ( + ) or drop ( - ) : Difference in elevat ion
( negat ive) . Default : 0.0 FEET [ 0.0 M] .
H e ight Gr a de Se ct ion:
Grade sect ion has t his uniform , nom inal height for
ent ire lengt h. Default : * 6* FEET [ * 2* M]
Le n gt h Gr a de Se ct ion :
H e igh t Slope Se ct ion :
Slope sect ion varies from grade sect ion height t o t his
Le ngt h Slope Se ct ion:
H e ight Above Gr a de Se ct ion:
Above grade sect ion varies from slope sect ion height
t o t his designat ed height .
Le n gt h Above Gr a de Se ct ion :
Ca nt ile ve r Le ngt h:
Cant ilever lengt h m ay be specified only for t he end of
an elevat ed sect ion. Default : * 0.0* FEET [ * 0.0* M]
Tow e r Be n t Spa cin g:
Tower ( bent ) spacing applies t o elevat ed sect ions only.
Default : * 80* FEET [ * 25* M]


CLOSED BLT - cont inued
Ga lle r y En closu r e :
Default : * NO GALLERY*
GALLERY- Gallery enclosure for conveyor and walks
NO GALLERY- No gallery enclosure
N u m be r of M ot or s:
Default : 1 per MI LE [ 1 per 1.6 KM]
N um be r of W a lk w a ys:
Default : 1 if no gallery, 2 if conveyor has gallery
enclosure.
W a lk w a y W idt h:
Default : 36 I NCHES [ 910 MM] if no gallery, 54 I NCHES
[ 1370 MM] if gallery enclosure.

D e fin it ion s a n d Sa m ple s of Con ve yor
Se ct ion Type s
Se ct ion 1 : A conveyor sect ion at uniform nom inal height ( H1 ) above grade. The
sect ion on “ post- t ype” legs and has a t ot al lengt h L1 .
Se ct ion 2 : A conveyor sect ion where height varies from t he nom inal grade height ( H1 )
t o som e elevat ion above grade ( H2 ) . The sect ion is support ed on “ bent s” or
“ t ower- t ype” support s and has a t ot al lengt h L2 .
Se ct ion 3 : A conveyor sect ion where height varies from one elevat ed height ( H2 ) t o a
second elevat ed height ( H3 ) . The sect ion is support ed on “ bent s” or “ t ower- t ype”
support s and has a t ot al lengt h L3 .
Sa m ple s of Com bine d Se ct ions
Se ct ions 1 , 2 a n d 3 Se ct ion 1 a n d 3


Apron t o 50 FEET [ 15 M] includes m ot or and drive, APRON
open pans m ount ed bet ween endless chains, not
enclosed ( open) , and floor- m ount ed support st eel.
The apron conveyor is suit able for conveying coarse

solids. The open apron conveyor is lim it ed t o m at erial
t em perat ures less t han 600 DEG F.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
Conve ye r Le ngt h:
Range: 7 - 50 FEET [ 2.2 - 15 M]
Conve ye r W idt h:
Range: 18 - 54 I NCHES [ 450 - 1,350 MM]
Conve ye r Flow Ra t e :
Range: 20 - 200 TPH [ 18.5 - 142 TON/ H]
D r ive r Pow e r :
Range: 2 - 20 HP [ 1.5 - 15 KW]
MAX: 200 PCF [ 3,200 KG/ M3] ;
Default : * 50* PCF [ * 800* KG/ M3]
Pneum at ic conveying syst em for m oving granular PN EUM ATI C
m at erials horizont ally and vert ically t o areas t hat are
eit her far away or ot herwise hard t o reach
econom ically wit h m echanical conveyors. I ncludes
TEFC m ot or, blower, base, coupling, check valve,
inst rum ent at ion and filt er piping.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
CS- Carbon st eel
AL- Alum inum
Range: 100 - 1,200 FEET [ 30 - 360 M]
Tu be D ia m e t e r :
Range: 3 - 4 I NCHES [ 75 - 100 MM]
Range: 2 - 15 TPH [ 2 - 13 TON/ H]
Range: 20 - 60 PCF [ 325 - 960 KG/ M3] ;
Default : * 50* PCF [ * 800* KG/ M3]


Roller conveyor for m oving firm flat- bot t om ed unit ROLLER
loads, ( e.g., drum s, pallet s and boxes) . I nclines or
declines should not be m ore t han 5o. Especially
suit able for conveying unit loads in a curved pat h.
Rollers support ed in fram e.
M a t e r ia l:
Range: 4 - 25 FEET [ 1.3 - 7.5 M]
Conve ye r W idt h:
Range: 12 - 20 I NCHES [ 300 - 500 MM]
Rolle r Spa cin g:
Range: 3 - 4 I NCHES [ 75 - 100 MM]
Screw conveyor for conveying granular or fine solids SCREW
horizont ally or up an incline. Screw conveyor capacit y,
however, decreases rapidly as t he angle of incline
increases. I ncludes m ot or, drive and helical screw in
U- shaped t rough.
The crew conveyor consist s of a helical screw inside

an enclosed U- shaped t rough. As t he screw rot at es,
t he m at erial is m oved forward. Screw conveyors are
inexpensive, easy t o m aint ain and can easily be m ade
dust- t ight .
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
CS- Carbon st eel
SS305- SS305
SS316- SS316
Range: 10 - 1,000 FEET [ 3.1 - 300 M]
Scr e w D ia m e t e r :
Range: 6 - 24 I NCHES [ 155 - 600 MM]
MAX: 100 PCF [ 1,600 KG/ M2]
Vibrat ing conveyor for m oving granular m at erials VI BRATI N G
horizont ally or on slight incline. I ncludes m ot or and
drive, carrying t rough, support base and drive
springs.
The m at erial being t ransport ed should have a high

frict ion fact or on st eel as well as a high int ernal
frict ion fact or. Mat erial m ust be dense so t hat air
resist ance will not ret ard t he flight of t he solid part icle
as it is t hrown forward, and t he m at erial should not
aerat e.


VI BRATI N G - cont inued
Friable m at erials can be handled because t he

m ovem ent of t he m at erial is gent le. The conveyor can
be m ade dust- t ight and m at erials of const ruct ion m ay
be used t o allow t he handling of m at erials at
t em perat ures up t o 2000 DEG F.
A vibrat ing conveyor consist s of a carrying t rough,

support ing base, drive springs and a drive syst em . The
drive syst em and springs im part an oscillat ing m ot ion
t o t he t rough which causes t he m at erial t o m ove
forward in a hopping m ot ion.
M a t e r ia l:
Pa n W idt h :
Range: 12- 36 I NCHES [ 300 - 900 MM]
Spaced bucket cent rifugal discharge elevat or includes CEN T BKT L
m ot or, drive and bucket cont ent s discharged by
cent rifugal m ot ion.
For t he vert ical lift ing of free- flowing fine or sm all lum p
m at erials such as coal, sand and dry chem icals. This
elevat or should not be used for m at erials t hat are
degraded by breakage or for fluffy m at erials.
This equipm ent it em consist s of evenly spaced bucket s

at t ached t o an endless belt or chain enclosed in a
support ing casing. This is called a cent rifugal
discharge elevat or because t he cont ent s of t he
bucket s are t hrown int o t he discharge chut e by
cent rifugal force as t he bucket rounds t he head shaft .
M a t e r ia l:
Range: 12 - 120 FEET [ 4 - 36 M]
Buck e t W idt h:
Range: 6 - 16 I NCHES [ 150 - 400 MM]
Range: 16 - 156 TPH [ 14.5 - 141 TON/ H]
MAX: 100 PCF [ 1,600 KG/ M3] ;
Default : * 50* PCF [ * 800* KG/ M3]


Cont inuous bucket elevat or, bucket s closely spaced CON T BKT L
wit h back of preceding bucket serving as gravit y
discharge chut e for dum ping bucket . I ncludes m ot or
and drive.
The slower speed and gent ler discharge m ake t his

t ype of elevat or m ore suit able for m at erials which are
degraded t hrough breakage, and for fluffy m at erials.
This equipm ent it em is t he sam e as t he spaced bucket

cent rifugal discharge elevat or except bucket s are
closely spaced wit h t he back of t he preceding bucket
serving as a discharge chut e for t he bucket wit h is
dum ping as it rounds t he head shaft . Close bucket
spacing allows t he sam e capacit y t o be achieved as
slower elevat or speeds.
Thus, bucket discharge is by gravit y rat her t han
cent rifugal force.
M a t e r ia l:
Range: 12 - 100 FEET [ 4 - 36 M]
Buck e t D e pt h:
Range: 8 - 24 I NCHES [ 200 - 600 MM]
Range: 40 - 216 TPH [ 36 - 195 TON/ H]
MAX: 100 PCF [ 1,600 KG/ M3] ;
Default : * 50* PCF [ * 800* KG/ M3]
Sanit ary horizont al conveyor S BELTCON V
M a t e r ia l:
* SS304* , SS316
Conve ye r le ngt h:
Range: 6 - 20 FEET [ 1.8 - 6 M]
Be lt w idt h: Available sizes:
18 I NCH [ 450 MM]
24 I NCH [ 600 MM]
30 I NCH [ 750 MM]
36 I NCH [ 900 MM]
Conve ye r t ype :
* I NSPC* - I nspect ion t ype conveyor
BI DI R- bi- direct ional t ype ( reversing belt conveyor)
D r ive r pow e r : Default * 1* HP
D r ive r t ype :
* WVRDC* - Washdown, VFD rat ed, direct drive, CS
WVCDC- Washdown, VFD cont rolled, direct drive, CS

Sanit ary vert ical conveyor S VERTI CAL
M a t e r ia l:
* SS304* , SS316
Vert ical lift ( + ) or drop ( + ) : MI N: - 40 FEET [ - 12.2 M] ;
MAX: 40 FEET [ 12.2 M] Difference in elevat ion
( negat ive)
18 I NCH [ 450 MM]
24 I NCH [ 600 MM]
30 I NCH [ 750 MM]
36 I NCH [ 900 MM]
Le ngt h of le a d- in se ct ion:
Default and MI N: * 2* FEET [ .6 M]
Lengt h of t he conveyor at feed end before lift or drop
Lengt h of lead- out sect ion: Default and MI N: * 2* FEET
[ .6 M]
Lengt h of t he conveyor at discharge end before lift or
drop
D r ive r pow e r :
Default * 1* HP
D r ive r t ype :
Sanit ary vibrat ory conveyor S VI BRATRY
M a t e r ia l:
* SS304* , SS316
Conve ye r le ngt h:
Range: 6 - 40 FEET [ 1.8 - 12.2M]
18 I NCH [ 450 MM]
24 I NCH [ 600 MM]
30 I NCH [ 750 MM]
36 I NCH [ 900 MM]
Be lt suppor t :
* NONE* - No belt support will be provided
BSUP- Belt support will be provided


S VI BRATRY - cont inued
Driver power: Default * 1* HP

Driver t ype:
Num ber of lane dividers: Default * 0* ; MAX: 2
Dewat ering screen:
* NONE* - De- wat ering screen pair not included
DWAT- De- wat ering screen pair included
Pneum at ic gat e:
* NONE* - Full- widt h pneum at ic screen not included
PNUM- Full- widt h pneum at ic screen included
Discharge t ype:
* NONE* - No discharge exist s
DROP- Drop- out t ype discharge
BI AS- Bias t ype discharge
Sanit ary incline conveyor S I N CLI N E
Mat erial: * SS304* , SS316

Lengt h of incline sect ion: MI N: 2 FEET [ .600 M] ;
MAX: 40 FEET [ 12.2 M]
Belt widt h:
Available sizes:
18 I NCH [ 450 MM]
24 I NCH [ 600 MM]
30 I NCH [ 750 MM]
36 I NCH [ 900 MM]
Lengt h of lead- in sect ion: Default and MI N: * 2* FEET
[ .6 M]
Lengt h of t he conveyor at feed end before lift or drop
Lengt h of lead- out sect ion: Default and MI N: * 2* FEET
[ .6 M]
Lengt h of t he conveyor at discharge end before lift or
drop
Driver power: Default * 1* HP
Driver t ype:

Cr a n e s ( CE)
Travelling bridge crane includes t rolley, hoist s, BRI D GE CRN
bridge, bridge rail, end t rucks and drivers; not
included are building crane support s or t ravelling
rails ( see Plant Bulk — St eel - Mill Building) t o
200 TONS [ 175 TON] .
M a t e r ia l:
Cr a n e Ca pa cit y:
Range: 5 - 200 TONS [ 5 - 175 TON]
I ncludes hoist t rolley and t rack beam t o 30 TONS H OI ST
[ 25 TON] .
M a t e r ia l:
Cr a n e Ca pa cit y:
Range: 0.5 - 30 TONS [ 0.5 - 25 TON]
Ele va t or s, Lift s ( EL)

Freight elevat or for lift ing personnel, equipm ent and FREI GHT
supplies in process buildings and open st eel
st ruct ures. Capacit y t o 10 TONS [ 10 TON] and 200
FEET [ 60 M] lift . I ncludes geared m ot or drive at 150
FPM [ 2750 M/ H] .
Ele va t or Ca pa cit y:
Range: 2 - 10 TONS [ 2 - 10 TON]
H e igh t :
Range: 20 - 200 FEET [ 7 - 60 M]
Elevat or for lift ing personnel and sm all t ools in process PASSEN GER
buildings and open st eel st ruct ures. Capacit y t o 5
TONS [ 5 TON] and 200 FEET [ 60 M] lift . I ncludes
geared variable st age drive at 2 00 FPM [ 3650 M/ H] .
Ele va t or Ca pa cit y:
Range: 1 - 5 TONS [ 1 - 5 TON]
H e igh t :
Range: 20 - 200 FEET [ 7 - 60 M]

Fe e de r s ( FE)
Volum et ric belt feeder t o 4800 CFH [ 135 M3/ H] . BELT
M a t e r ia l:
Fe e de r Ra t e :
Range: 120 - 4,800 CFH [ 3.5 - 135 M3/ H]
Bin act ivat or. BI N ACTVTR
M a t e r ia l:
D ia m e t e r :
Range: 3 - 15 FEET [ 1.0 - 4.5 M]
Rot ary vane feeder wit h diam et er t o 36 I NCHES [ 900 ROTARY
MM] . I ncludes m ot or and drive.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
CS- Carbon st eel
Rot a r y Fe e de r D ia m e t e r :
Range: 3 - 36 I NCHES [ 80 - 900 MM]
The m odel assum es 40 LBS/ CF for capacit y

relat ed calculat ions.
The m odel also assum es t hat each diam et er unit
has a m axim um volum et ric capacit y. For
exam ple, a 4 I NCH diam et er has 0.013 CF/ rev
and a 20 I NCH diam et er has 2.7 CF/ rev.
Th e m ode l ca lcu la t ion s h a n dle t h e follow in g
t w o ca se s:
I f Rat e ( LBS/ H) and RPM are not specified t hen:
For Dia < = 20, RPM= 45
For Dia > 20, RPM= 30
Assu m e 5 0 % fill, so Ra t e is:
CF/ Rev* RPM* 0.5* ( 40 LBS/ CF) * ( 60 Min/ Hr)
I f Ra t e is spe cifie d t h e n :
RPM = Rat e/ ( 40 LBS/ CF) / ( CF/ rev) / ( 60 Min/ Hr)
Horsepower is est im at ed fr om diam et er. For
exam ple, a 3 I NCH diam et er has 0.333 HP and a
30 I NCH diam et er has 5.0 HP.

Fe e de r s ( FE) - cont inued

Vibrat ing feeder. VI BRATI N G
( includes hopper)
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
CS- Carbon st eel
Le n gt h:
Range: 5 - 14 FEET [ 1.6 - 4.2 M]
Fe e de r W idt h:
Range: 12 - 72 I NCHES [ 3.5 - 1,800 MM]
Loss- in- weight . Gravim et ric weigh belt for free- flowing W T LOSS
feeding/ proport ioning of solids. I ncludes m ot or and
variable speed drive.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
Flow Ra t e :
Range: 5 - 2,400 LB/ H [ 2.3 - 1,085 KG/ H]
Sanit ary dum per. D UM PER
Lift s vat s, com bos, and t ubs. Heavy dut y st ainless

st eel const ruct ion is non- corrosive t o wit hst and rigors
of daily washdown. Mat erial of const ruct ion is SS316.
D um p he ight :
MI N: 3 FEET [ 0.914 M] ; MAX: 17 FEET [ 5.18 M] for
I NLI N lift , 14 FEET [ 4.26 M] for OFF lift .
Cont a ine r t ype :
* 55GD* - 55 GALLON [ 0.2 M3] drum
140GD- 140 GALLON [ 0.5 M3] drum
CTOTE- Corrugat ed t ot e
WOODC- Wood crat e
3642B- SS bin 36 x 42 I NCHES [ 914 x 1066 MM]
FBOX- Fiber box 18 x 18 x 36 I NCHES [ 457 x 457 x
914 MM]


D UM PER - cont inued
Lift t ype :
* I NLI N* - I nline hydraulic lift
OFF- Offset elect ric lift
Re t a in e r h old dow n :
* MAN* - Manual m echanism
AUTO- Aut om at ic m echanism
AUTOB- Aut om at ic m echanism and hydraulic box
ret ainer
H ydr a u lic pow e r pa ck :
* NONE* - Ext ernal hydraulic power pack
I NCL- Self- cont ained hydraulic power pack
Sanit ary bulk bag unloader SACK D UM P
Sa ck size :
* 1,500 LBS [ 681 KG] , MAX: 4,000 LBS [ 1,814 KG]
D ischa r ge t ype :
* GRAV* - Gravit y discharge
SCREW- Flexible screw conveyor
Cont r ol t ype :
* MAN* - Manual cont rol
LI W- Loss- in- weight cont rol
Fr a m e loa din g t ype :
* FORK* - Fork lift loading
HOI ST- Elect ric hoist and t rolley
Sanit ary screw feeder SAN SCREW
I ncludes a hopper wit h a screw feeder t o convey dry,

fine, or wet solids. The screw feeder is cont rolled as
specified by t he user. Mat erial of const ruct ion is
SS316.
Flow r a t e :
Ent er m ass rat e/ vol. rat e
MAX: 5600LB/ H [ 2540KG/ H] at 35PCF[ 560KG/ M3] -
DRY- VOL
Volum e t r ic r a t e :
Ent er m ass rat e or vol. rat e; MAX varies wit h densit y,
product and cont rol t ype.
MAX: 160 CFH [ 4.5 M3/ H]


SAN SCREW - cont inued
* 35 | PCF [ 560 | KG/ M3]
Pr odu ct t ype :
* FI NE* - Fine powders only
DRY- Dry part iculat es; fine, coarse powders
WET- Wet , dry part iculat es; fine, coarse
powder
Cont r ol t ype :
* VOL* - Volum et ric cont rol
LI W- Loss- in- weight cont rol
Ex t e nde d a uge r le ngt h:
* 12 | I NCHES [ 304 MM] * , MI N: 12 | I NCHES
[ 304 MM]
* WASH* - Washdown enclosure
EXPR- Explosion- proof enclosure
Sanit ary weigh belt feeder SAN BELT
Provides flow cont rol for food and ot her solid

m at erials not requiring t ot al m at erial
cont ainm ent . Mat erial of const ruct ion is SS316.
Flow Ra t e :
MAX: 90,000 LB/ H [ 40,800 KG/ H]
Required: ent er rat e or widt h.
Fe e de r W idt h:
Two available widt hs: 12 I NCHES [ 300 MM] , 24
I NCHES [ 600 MM] . Required: ent er rat e or
widt h.
* CLOSE* - Closed fram e unit
OPEN- Open fram e unit

H oist s ( H O)
5- speed elect ric hoist wit h m ot or driven t rolley. The H OI ST
t rolley suspends t he hoist from an I - beam . The hoist is
propelled along t he I - beam by t he m ot or driven
t rolley. An elect ric hoist used for repet it ive or
high- speed lift ing.
M a t e r ia l:
H oist Ca pa cit y:
Range: 1 - 12 TONS
[ 1 - 10 TON]
Single speed elect ric hoist , no t rolley. Used for 1 SPEED
repet it ive or high- speed lift ing.
M a t e r ia l:
H oist Ca pa cit y:
Range: 1 - 14 TONS
[ 1 - 12 TON]
5- speed elect ric hoist , no t rolley. Used for repet it ive or 5 SPEED
high- speed lift ing.
M a t e r ia l:
H oist Ca pa cit y:
Range: 1 - 13 TONS
[ 1 - 11 TON]
Hand hoist , geared m anual pull- chain driven t rolley. H AN D GT
For int erm it t ent service, especially m aint enance work.
M a t e r ia l:
H oist Ca pa cit y:
Range: 1 - 12 TONS [ 1 - 10 TON]
Hand hoist , m anually- pulled t rolley. The hoist is H AN D PT
m oved t o a new posit ion on t he I - beam by m anually
pulling t he t rolley. For int erm it t ent service, especially
for m aint enance work.
M a t e r ia l:
H oist Ca pa cit y:
Range: 1 - 12 TONS
[ 1 - 10 TON]

H oist s ( H O) - cont inued
Hand hoist , no t rolley. The hand hoist wit hout t rolley is H AN D N T
a port able lift ing device which is suspended from a
hook and operat ed by a hand chain. For int erm it t ent
service, especially for erect ion and m aint enance work.
M a t e r ia l:
Ca pa cit y:
Range: 1 - 18 TONS [ 1 - 16 TON]
Beam scale t o 2000 LBS [ 900 KG] . BEAM SCALE
M a t e r ia l:
Sca le Ca pa cit y:
Range: 300 - 2,000 LBS [ 135 - 900 KG]
Conveyor belt scale. BELT
M a t e r ia l:
Be lt W idt h:
Range: 18 - 72 I NCHES [ 450 - 1,800 MM]
Bench, dial, and beam t o 3000 LBS [ 1350 KG] . BEN CH
M a t e r ia l:
Sca le Ca pa cit y:
MAX: 3,000 LBS [ 1,350 KG]
Floor, dial, and beam full fram e t o 8000 LBS [ 3600 FULL FRAM E
KG] .
Floor, dial, and beam full fram e t o 8000 LBS [ 3600

KG] .
M a t e r ia l:
Sca le Ca pa cit y:
MAX: 8,000 LBS [ 3,600 KG]
Floor, dial, and beam sem i- fram e t o 8000 LBS [ 3600 SEM I FRAM E
KG] .
M a t e r ia l:
Sca le Ca pa cit y:
MAX: 8,000 LBS [ 3,600 KG]

Tank scale, weigh bridge and saddles 150000 LBS TAN K SCALE
[ 68000 KG] .
M a t e r ia l:
Sca le Ca pa cit y:
Range: 10,000 - 150,000 LBS [ 4,500 - 68,000 KG]
Track scale, for weighing rail cars t o 300 TONS [ 265 TRACK
TON] .
M a t e r ia l:
W e ight Ca pa cit y in Tons:
Range: 150 - 300 TONS [ 130 - 265 TON]
Truck scale, for weighing t rucks/ lorries t o 60 TONS TRUCK
[ 54 TON] .
M a t e r ia l:
Range: 30 - 60 TONS [ 25 - 54 TON]
Sanit ary floor scale - flush m ount ed SAN FLOOR
The sanit ary floor scale is a deck provided in a

fram e, locat ed inside a sm all pit so t hat t he t op
of t he scale is flush wit h t he floor. Weigh cells
and inst rum ent at ion in t he fram e m easure t he
weight and display it on a nearby local panel.
Mat erial of const ruct ion is st ainless st eel.
Sca le Ca pa cit y:
MAX: 10,000 LBS [ 4,500 KG]
Pla t for m Size :
3X3- 3x3 FEET [ 0.9x0.9 M] plat form
4X4- 4X4 FEET [ 1.2x1.2 M] plat form


SAN FLOOR - cont inued
Loca l digit a l in dica t or :

* I NCL* - I ncludes logical digit al indicat or
NONE- Rem ot e indicat or only
D e ck sur fa ce :
* PLAI N* - Glass bead sandbase
TREAD- Tread plat e
D e ck lift :
* AUTO* - Aut om at ic deck lift
NONE- No deck lift
Floor inst a lla t ion :
* NEW* - No floor alt erat ion necessary
EXI ST- Alt er t he exist ing floor

Sca le s ( S)
Beam scale t o 2000 LBS [ 900 KG] . BEAM SCALE
M a t e r ia l:
Sca le Ca pa cit y:
Range: 300 - 2,000 LBS [ 135 - 900 KG]
Conveyor belt scale. BELT
M a t e r ia l:
Be lt W idt h:
Range: 18 - 72 I NCHES [ 450 - 1,800 MM]
Bench, dial, and beam t o 3000 LBS [ 1350 KG] . BEN CH
M a t e r ia l:
Sca le Ca pa cit y:
MAX: 3,000 LBS [ 1,350 KG]
Floor, dial, and beam full fram e t o 8000 LBS [ 3600 FULL FRAM E
KG] .
M a t e r ia l:
Sca le Ca pa cit y:
MAX: 8,000 LBS [ 3,600 KG]
Floor, dial, and beam sem i- fram e t o 8000 LBS [ 3600 SEM I FRAM E
KG] .
M a t e r ia l:
Sca le Ca pa cit y:
MAX: 8,000 LBS [ 3,600 KG]
Tank scale, weigh bridge and saddles 150000 LBS TAN K SCALE
[ 68000 KG] .
M a t e r ia l:
Sca le Ca pa cit y:
Range: 10,000 - 150,000 LBS [ 4,500 - 68,000 KG]

Sca le s ( S) - cont inued

Track scale, for weighing rail cars t o 300 TONS [ 265 TRACK
TON] .
M a t e r ia l:
Range: 150 - 300 TONS [ 130 - 265 TON]
Truck scale, for weighing t rucks/ lorries t o 60 TONS [ 54 TRUCK
TON] .
M a t e r ia l:
Range: 30 - 60 TONS [ 25 - 54 TON]
Sanit ary floor scale - flush m ount ed SAN FLOOR
The sanit ary floor scale is a deck provided in a fram e,

locat ed inside a sm all pit so t hat t he t op of t he scale is
flush wit h t he floor. Weigh cells and inst rum ent at ion in
t he fram e m easure t he weight and display it on a
nearby local panel.

Sca le Ca pa cit y: MAX: 10,000 LBS [ 4,500 KG]
Plat form Size:

3X3 - 3x3 FEET [ 0.9x0.9 M] plat form
4X4 - 4X4 FEET [ 1.2x1.2 M] plat form
Local digit al indicat or:
* I NCL* - I ncludes logical digit al indicat or
NONE - Rem ot e indicat or only
Deck surface:
* PLAI N* - Glass bead sandblast ed
TREAD - Tread plat e
Deck lift :
* AUTO* - Aut om at ic deck lift
NONE - No deck lift
Floor inst allat ion:
* NEW* - No floor alt erat ion necessary
EXI ST - Alt er t he exist ing floor

1 4 Se pa r a t ion Equ ipm e n t ( G7 )

Cent r ifuges ( CT)
Dust Collect ors ( DC)
Filt ers ( F)
Separat ion Equipm ent ( SE)
Thickeners ( T)
Screens ( VS)
1 4 Se pa r a t ion Equ ipm e n t ( G7 ) 14-1

Ce n t r ifu ge s ( CT)
At m ospheric suspended basket . ATM SUSPEN
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
CS- Carbon st eel
D r ive r Pow e r :
Range: 2 - 30 HP [ 1.5 - 22 KW]
Aut om at ic bat ch filt ering cent rifuge t o 60 I NCHES BATCH AUTO

[ 1520 MM] .
M a t e r ia l: Default : * CS*
CS- Carbon st eel
SS316- SS316
HASTC- Hast elloy C
Ce n t r ifu ge dia m e t e r :
Range: 24 - 60 I NCHES [ 610 - 1,520 MM]
Ce n t r ifu ge ca pa cit y:
Range: 3 - 30 CF [ 0.085 - 0.84 M3]
14-2 1 4 Se pa r a t ion Equ ipm e n t ( G7 )

Ce n t r ifuge s ( CT) - cont inued.
Bat ch bot t om - suspended filt ering cent rifuge wit h BATCH BOTM
diam et er t o 48 I NCHES [ 1210 MM] .
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
CS- Carbon st eel
Range: 20 - 48 I NCHES [ 510 - 1,210 MM]
Bat ch bot t om - driven cent rifuge, t op unloading, TOP UN LOAD
explosion- proof m ot or wit h diam et er t o 56 I NCHES
[ 1420 MM] .
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
CS- Carbon st eel
RBLCS- Rubber- lined carbon st eel
SS316- SS316
HASTC- Hast elloy C
Ce n t r ifu ge ca pa cit y:
Range: 2 - 20 CF [ 0.06 - 0.56 M3]
Range: 18 - 56 I NCHES [ 460 - 1,420 MM]
Bat ch bot t om - driven cent rifuge, bot t om unloading, BOT UN LOAD
fixed speed hydraulic driver wit h diam et er t o 56
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * SS316*
Range: 12 - 56 I NCHES [ 305 - 1,420 MM]
Bat ch t op- suspended filt ering cent rifuge wit h diam et er BATCH TOP
t o 50 I NCHES [ 1260 MM] .
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
CS- Carbon st eel
RBLCS- Rubber- lined carbon st eel
Range: 20 - 50 I NCHES [ 510 - 1,260 MM]

Ce n t r ifuge s ( CT) - cont inued
High speed disk clarifier cent rifuge, st ack of rot at ing D I SK
conical disks t o short en sedim ent at ion pat h, bat ch
rem oval of solids and diam et er t o 20 I NCHES [ 500
MM] .
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
Range: 10 - 20 I NCHES [ 250 - 500 MM]
Reciprocat ing conveyor, wit h cont inuous filt ering RECI P CON V
cent rifuge for free- draining granular solids, horizont al
bowl, rem oval by reciprocat ing pist on and diam et er t o
50 I NCHES [ 1250 MM] .
M a t e r ia l:
Range: 15 - 50 I NCHES [ 375 - 1,250 MM]
M a t e r ia l:
Range: 20 - 50 I NCHES [ 500 - 1,250 MM]
Scroll conveyor wit h cont inuous filt ering cent rifuge, SCROLL CON
solids rem oval by scroll conveyor and diam et er t o 75
M a t e r ia l:
Range: 15 - 75 I NCHES [ 375 - 1,875 MM
M a t e r ia l:
Range: 15 - 50 I NCHES [ 375 - 1,250 MM]
Solid bowl wit h diam et er t o 54 I NCHES [ 1370 MM] . SOLI D BOW L
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
CS- Carbon st eel
SS316- SS316
Bow l dia m e t e r :
Range: 18 - 54 I NCHES [ 460 - 1,370 MM]
D ow l le n gt h :
Range: 28 - 132 I NCHES [ 720 - 3,350 MM]

Ce n t r ifuge s ( CT) - cont inued

Screen bowl wit h diam et er t o 54 I NCHES [ 1370 MM] . SCREEN BWL
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
CS- Carbon st eel
SS316- SS316
Range: 18 - 54 I NCHES [ 460 - 1,370 MM]
Bow l le ngt h:
Range: 28 - 132 I NCHES [ 720 - 3,350 MM]
High speed t ubular sedim ent at ion cent rifuge, bot t om TUBULAR
ent ry, bat ch solids rem oval and diam et er t o 6 I NCHES
[ 150 MM] .
The following rat es are shown t o assist in select ing t he

proper equipm ent it em , however, rat es out side t his
range m ay be input .
TPH = 110- 325, TON/ H = 91- 263.
M a t e r ia l:
Range: 4 - 6 I NCHES [ 105 - 150 MM]
Cont inuous filt rat ion vibrat ory cent rifuge wit h solids V I BRATORY
rem oval by vibrat ory screen for dewat ering of coarse
solids wit h screen diam et er t o 56 I NCHES [ 1420 MM] .
M a t e r ia l:
Scr e e n dia m e t e r :
Range: 48 - 56 I NCHES [ 1,220 - 1,420 MM]
I nvert ing filt er cent rifuge. I N VERTI N G
M a t e r ia l: Default : * SS316*
Ce n t r ifu ge dia m e t e r : Range: 12 - 52 I NCHES [ 305 -
1,320 MM]
Ce n t r ifu ge ca pa cit y: Range: 0.2 - 12 CF [ 0.0056 -
0.34 M3]

D u st Colle ct or s ( D C)
Cent rifugal precipit at or includes driver and CEN TRF PRE
int erconnect ing piping wit h flow rat e t o 10,000 CFM
[ 16,990 M3] .
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
Ga s flow r a t e :
Range: 500 - 10,000 CFM [ 850 - 16,990 M3/ H]
Clot h bay baghouse includes hopper bot t om , airlocks CLOTH BAY

and elect rical m ot or shakers. Clot h area t o 12,000 SF
[ 1,110 M2] .
Fabric filt ers are used for high efficiency 99+ % ,

cleaning of sm all part icles ( less t han one m icron) .
Fabric filt ers are an excellent choice where feed
condit ions m ay vary because efficiency is unaffect ed
by varying flowrat es, part iculat e loading, or part icle
size dist ribut ion. Baghouses are not a good choice if
t he gas cont ains free m oist ure or if condensat ion will
occur in t he baghouse. Baghouses are lim it ed t o a
m axim um t em perat ure of 550 DEG F.
Shaker t ype filt ers are generally used for:

• Low CFM
• Low part iculat e loading
• I nt erm it t ent operat ion.
Pulse t ype unit s are used for:

• Large CFM
• High part iculat e loading
• Cont inuous operat ion.
The “ clot h bay” dust collect or is com m only called a

baghouse or fabric filt er. Dust laden gas is duct ed int o
a rect angular ( sm all unit s m ay be cylindrical)
enclosure. The dirt y gas m ust pass t hrough clot h
t ubes or bags t o get out of t he baghouse. Baghouses
are charact erized by t he m et hod used t o clean t he
filt er bags. Two opt ions are available - shaker and
pulse t ype cleaning, which are a funct ion of t he air- t o-
m edia rat io.

D u st Colle ct or s ( D C) - cont inued
CLOTH BAY - cont inued
The air- t o- m edia rat io, also called t he air- t o- clot h

rat io, is t he CFM of gas passing t hrough one square
foot of filt er fabric. Shaker t ype baghouses are lim it ed
t o air- t o- m edia rat ios of less t han 4: 1. Dirt y gas flows
from t he inside t o t he out side of t he filt er bags in a
shaker t ype unit . I n order t o rem ove t he collect ed
dust , t he flow of dirt y gas is st opped and an elect ric
m ot or shakes t he bags.
Pulse t ype unit s have t heir filt er bags support ed over a

cylindrical wire cage and dirt y gas flows from t he
out side of t he bags t o t he inside. Pulse t ype unit s
operat e wit h air- t o- clot h rat ios from 4: 1 t o 15: 1. Filt er
bags are cleaned by inj ect ing a pulse of com pressed
air int o t he bags being cleaned. The pulse of air
expands t he bags violent ly and t hrows off t he dust
collect ed on t he bag’s out side surface. The pulse t ype
baghouse does not have t o be t aken off- line for
cleaning.
Wit h bot h t ypes of baghouse, t he dust is collect ed in

hopper bot t om s and rem oved t hrough an airlock.
The air- t o- m edia rat io, also called t he air- t o- clot h

rat io, is t he CFM of gas passing t hrough one square
foot of filt er fabric. Shaker t ype baghouses are lim it ed
t o air- t o- m edia rat ios of less t han 4: 1. Dirt y gas flows
from t he inside t o t he out side of t he filt er bags in a
shaker t ype unit . I n order t o rem ove t he collect ed
dust , t he flow of dirt y gas is st opped and an elect ric
m ot or shakes t he bags.
Pulse t ype unit s have t heir filt er bags support ed over a

cylindrical wire cage and dirt y gas flows from t he
out side of t he bags t o t he inside. Pulse t ype unit s
operat e wit h air- t o- clot h rat ios from 4: 1 t o 15: 1. Filt er
bags are cleaned by inj ect ing a pulse of com pressed
air int o t he bags being cleaned. The pulse of air
expands t he bags violent ly and t hrows off t he dust
collect ed on t he bag’s out side surface. The pulse t ype
baghouse does not have t o be t aken off- line for
cleaning.
Wit h bot h t ypes of baghouse, t he dust is collect ed in

hopper bot t om s and rem oved t hrough an airlock.


CLOTH BAY - cont inued
Today, m ost filt er bags are m anufact ured from

synt het ic fibers. The m at erials in m ost com m on use
are acrylics, nylon 6, nylon 66, “ nom ex” nylon,
“ Teflon,” polypropylene and polyest ers ( e.g.,
“ dacron” ) . The baghouses in t he syst em have
polyest er bags. Polyest er has m oderat e all- around
chem ical resist ance and good st rengt h and abrasion
resist ance. Polyest er m ay be used at a m inim um
cont inuous service t em perat ure of 300 DEG F.
M a t e r ia l:
Sur fa ce Ar e a :
Range: 100 - 12,000 SF [ 10 - 1,110 M2]
Flow r a t e :
Ent er surface area, flow rat e, or boiler capacit y ( coal-
fired boiler aplx. only)
Air / m e dia r a t io:
Range: 1 - 4 CFM/ SF [ 19 - 70 M2/ H/ M2]
Air t e m pe r a t ur e :
Boile r ca pa cit y:
Max: 3,400 MMBTU/ H [ 1,000 MEGAW]
Baghouse wit h inj ect ed pulsed air Com pressor for air PULSE SH KR
pulse inj ect ion not included.
M a t e r ia l:
Sur fa ce Ar e a :
Range: 100 - 6,000 SF [ 10 - 557 M2]
Flow Ra t e :
Max: 250,000 CFM [ 420,000 M3/ H]
Air / m e dia r a t io:
Range: 5 - 15 CFM/ SF [ 91 - 270 M3/ H/ M2]


Cyclone for gas/ solid separat ion. Diam et er t o 60 CYCLON E
I NCHES [ 1,500 MM] .
Collect ion efficiency varies wit h part icle size.
From t he t able above we see t hat cyclones are a good

choice for m edium size part icles. Cyclones can be
fabricat ed from a wide variet y of int ernals and can also
be refract ory lined. Therefore cyclones can be used for
t he rem oval of part icles from corrosive and/ or high
t em perat ure ( 1,800 DEG F) gas st ream s.
The cyclone has a cylindrically shaped upper sect ion

and long t apering conical lower sect ion. Dirt y gas
ent ers t he t op sect ion t hrough a t angent ial nozzle.
This im part s a swirling m ot ion t o t he gas. The
ent rained part icles are t hrown t o t he wall of t he
cyclone by cent rifugal force. The part icles descend by
gravit y along t he wall t o t he bot t om of t he cone where
t hey are discharged.
The gas spirals downward t o t he bot t om of t he cone

t hen reverses direct ion and m oves upward t o t he gas
exit at t he t op cent er of t he cyclone. I ncreasing t he
diam et er of a cyclone increases it s capacit y but
capacit y of a single cyclone is lim it ed t o about 50,000
CFM. When larger flowrat es m ust be handled several
cyclones are arranged in parallel.
M a t e r ia l Se le ct ion:
Default : * CS*
CS- Carbon st eel
D ia m e t e r :
Range: 3 - 60 I NCHES [ 75 - 1,500 MM]
Flow Ra t e :
Range: 70 - 40,000 CFM [ 120 - 67,900 M2/ H]
Pr e ssur e dr op:
Default : * 2.5* I N- H20 [ * 625* PA] t o * 27,000*
CFM [ * 45,870* M3/ H] ; or * 6* I N- H20 [ * 1,500* PA]
Air Te m pe r a t ur e :


Mult iple cyclone wit h flow rat e t o 20,000 CFM [ 33,980 M ULT CYCLO
M3/ H] .
M a t e r ia l:
Ga s flow r a t e :
Range: 900 - 20,000 CFM [ 1,530 - 33,980 M2/ H]
High volt age elect rical pr ecipit at or ELC H V OLT
Ga s flow r a t e :
Min: 600 CFM [ 1,020 M3/ H]
Required: gas flow rat e or boiler capacit y
( for coal- boiler applicat ion only)
Max: 3,400 MMBTU/ H [ 1,000 MEGAW]
Required: gas flow rat e or boiler capacit y ( for coal-
boiler applicat ion only)
Re m ova l e fficie ncy:
Min: 80.0% ; Max: 99.99%
Required: rem oval efficiency or part icle load ( for coal-
boiler applicat ion only)
Pa r t icle siz e ( m icr on s) :
Default : * 0.600* m icrons
Pa r t icle r e sist a nce x 1 0 E1 0 :
Default : * 2* OHM- I N [ * 5* OHM- CM]
SO3 Con ce n t r a t ion ( ppm ) : Default : * 4.50* ppm
Low volt age elect rical precipit at or ELC L V OLT
M a t e r ia l:
Ga s flow r a t e :
Range: 600 - 20,000 CFM [ 1,020 - 33,980 M3/ H]
Washer dust collect or W ASH ERS
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
Ga s flow r a t e :
Range: 600 - 20,000 CFM [ 1,020 - 33,980 M3/ H]

Filt e r s ( F)
Cart ridge filt er t o 1,200 GPM [ 75 L/ S] wit h 5 m icron CARTRI D GE
cot t on filt er.
Cart ridge filt ers are generally used as a final filt ering
elem ent for t he rem oval of sm all part icles, such as
pipe scale, down t o 10 m icrons
in size from a liquid st ream cont aining a low
concent rat ion of t hese solids.
A cart ridge filt er consist s of a t ank cont aining one or

m ore filt er elem ent s or cart ridges which are t ubes of
wound nat ural or synt het ic fibers. Liquid flows t hrough
t he cart ridges and t he suspended solids are t rapped
by t he fibers. As t he filt er get s dirt ier, pressure drop
builds t o a point where t he cart ridges m ust be
replaced. The cart ridges are disposable. They are not
cleaned and reused.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
CS- Carbon st eel
Range: 30 - 1,200 GPM [ 1.9 - 75 L/ S]
Pressure leaf- dry filt er wit h leaf area t o 600 SF [ 55 LEAF D RY
M2] .
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
CS- Carbon st eel
SS316- SS316
Sur fa ce a r e a :
Range: 50 - 600 SF [ 4.7 - 55 M2]
Pressure leaf- wet filt er wit h leaf area t o 600 SF [ 55 LEAF W ET
M2] .
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
CS- Carbon st eel
SS316- SS316
Sur fa ce a r e a :
Range: 50 - 600 SF [ 4.7 - 55 M2]

Filt e r s ( F) - cont inued

Aut om at ic plat e and fram e filt er wit h capacit y t o 50 CF PLATE
[ 1.4 M3] . FRAM
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * RBLCS*
RBLCS- Rubber- line CS
PPLCS- Polyprop. lined CS
SS316- SS316
Fr a m e ca pa cit y:
Range: 10 - 50 CF [ 0.3 - 1.4 M3]
Pla t e size :
Range: 36 - 48 I NCHES [ 900 - 1,200 MM] ;
Default : 48 I NCHES [ 1,2000 MM]
Disk Filt er. General Feat ures: The filt er is a vacuum ROTY D I SK
t ype ( from drop leg) , consist ing of segm ent ed disks
wit h polypropylene filt er bags, suct ion valve, vat
( opt ional) wit h st iffeners, discharge t rough, drive
m ot or, base plat e, rot or and bearing support . The
following variat ions are available.
St andard Disk Filt er ( for general chem ical indust ry) —

This filt er addit ionally includes a paddle agit at or for
t he vat , worm and gear reducer for filt er drum , air
blow discharge m echanism and cleaning showers.
Thickener ( as in pulp and paper m ills) — includes t he

general feat ures and in addit ion, has repulper, flushing
pipe, hood wit h m ount ing flange, inspect ion and
service doors, knock off and cleaning showers
( including nozzles, header, hoses, valves) . The filt rat e
valve ( double solut ion t ype) and t he drive reducer is a
helical gear.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
CS- Carbon st eel
SS316- SS316
RBLCS- Rubber lined CS
EPLCS- Epoxy lined CS
Applica t ion :
Default : * MD RATE*
LO RATE- Low filt rat ion rat e
MD RATE- Medium filt rat ion rat e
HI RATE- High filt rat ion rat e
THCKNR- Used as a t hickening device


ROTY D I SK - cont inued
Solid flow r a t e :
Ent er solid flow rat e or surface area.
Sur fa ce a r e a :
Range: 100 - 900 SF [ 10 - 80 M2]
Solids ha n dlin g r a t e :
Default : 0.30 TPD/ SF [ 0.12 TPH/ lM2]
N u m be r of disk s:
Min: 1; Default : * 3* .
Flowrat e of feed st ream
Percent of solids in t he feed st ream .
Range: 0.50 - 5.00; Default : * 15* .
Ta nk or va t m a t e r ia l:
Default : * NONE*
NONE- No vat will be provided
CS- Carbon st eel vat
SS316- St ainless st eel vat
Drum Filt er. General Feat ures: The filt er is a vacuum ROTY D RUM
t ype ( from drop leg) , m ult i com part m ent cylinder shell
wit h int ernal filt rat e piping wit h polypropylene filt er
clot h, feed box wit h inlet and drain nozzles, suct ion
valve, rake- agit at ed vat ( opt ional) wit h st iffeners,
discharge t rough, driver consist ing of rot or, drive
m ot or base plat e, worm , gear reducer and t wo pillow
block bearing wit h support s. I n addit ion t o t he
st andard filt er, t he following variat ions are available.
Thickener ( as in pulp and paper m ills) — includes t he

above general feat ures and, in addit ion, has repulper,
flushing pipe, hood wit h m ount ing flange, inspect ion
and service doors, knock off and cleaning showers
( including nozzles, header, hoses, valves) . The
dist inguishing feat ures are air- assist ed scraper
discharge, filt rat e valve ( double solut ion t ype) , st eel
filt er clot h and t he drive reducer is a helical gear.
Brown St ock and Bleach Washers — in addit ion t o t he

t hickener feat ures, t he washers have m ult iple showers
for washing.
Lim e Mud Filt er and Dregs Washer — essent ially

includes t he sam e general feat ures as t he general
washer, but wit h pre- coat for easier filt rat ion.


ROTY D RUM - cont inued
M a t e r ia l: Default : * CS*
CS- Carbon st eel
SS316- SS316
EPLCS- Epoxy lined CS
Applica t ion : Default : * MD RATE*
LO RATE- Low filt rat ion rat e
MD RATE- Medium filt rat ion rat e
HI RATE- High filt rat ion rat e
THCKNR- Used as a t hickening device
Solid flow r a t e :
Sur fa ce a r e a :
Range: 100 - 2,000 SF [ 10 - 185 M2]
Solids ha n dlin g r a t e :
Default : 0.50 TPD/ SF [ 0.20 TPH/ lM2]
N u m be r of disk s:
Min: 1; Default : * 3* .
Flowrat e of feed st ream
Range: 0.50 - 5.00; Default : * 20* .
Ta nk or va t m a t e r ia l: Default : * NONE*
NONE- No vat will be provided
CS- Carbon st eel vat
SS316- St ainless st eel vat
Scroll discharge cent rifugal filt er for dewat ering fine SCROLL
solids ( 0 t o 28 m esh) or m edium coarse solids ( .375
I NCH [ 10 MM] t o 28 m esh) .
M a t e r ia l:
Fe e d siz e se le ct ion :
FI NE- Fine solids
MEDI UM- Medium solids
Sewage filt er wit h area t o 600 SF [ 55 M2] . SEW AGE
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
Sur fa ce a r e a :
Range: 100 - 600 SF [ 10 - 55 M2]

Sparkler wit h area t o 110 SF [ 10 M2] . SPARKLER
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * SS316*
SS316- SS316
Sur fa ce a r e a :
Range: 8 - 110 SF [
0.75 - 10.2 M2]
Spa r k le r volu m e :
Range: 0.5 - 15 CF [ 0.02 - 0.4 M3]
Spa r k le r dia m e t e r :
Range: 18 - 33 I NCHES [ 450 - 825 MM]
Tubular fabric filt ers ( bank of t hree) wit h aut om at ic or TUBULAR
m anual cleaning/ backwashing. Flow rat e t o 3400 GPM
[ 210 L/ S] .
For filt ering liquid st ream s such as cooling t ower wat er

and t ank car loading lines. The wide select ion of filt er
m edia available allows part icles from 1 m icron t o
2,000 m icrons in size t o be rem oved. Because t ubular
filt ers can be backwashed, liquid st ream s wit h high
solids concent rat ions can be handled.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
CS- Carbon st eel
Range: 100 - 3,400 GPM [ 6.5 - 210 L/ S]
M e sh size :
Range: 60 - 700 MESH
M ode of ope r a t ion:
Aut om at ic cleaning and backwashing opt ion available.
Default : * NONE*
NONE- No aut o operat ion
AUTO- Aut o clan/ backwash
Whit e wat er filt er including cent rifugal screening W H I TEW ATER
basket , int ernal showers and dist ribut ors.
Maxim um flow varies: 4750 GPM [ 300 L/ S]
at 0.001 consist ency, 2500 GPM [ 157 L/ S] at 0.1.
Range: 0.001 t o 0.1; Default : 0.1


Com pressed gas filt er COM PRSGAS
Rem oves part iculat es from com pressed gas. Supplied
wit h st andard 10 m icron filt er.
Min: 0.25 PSI G [ 1.75 KPA] ; Max: 720 PSI G [ 4,965
KPA]
Specified inlet pressure dict at es m axim um gas flow
rat e and pressure drop.
Ga s flow r a t e a nd Pr e ssur e D r op:
Maxim um gas flow rat e, which varies wit h inlet
pressure ( see chart ) , is at st andard condit ions.
D e sign ga u ge pr e ssur e Ga s flow r a t e M AX*
I nle t
150 PSI G [ 1,033 KPA] 60,000 CFM [ 103,000 M3/ H]
275 PSI G [ 1,895 KPA 86,500 CFM [ 146,900 M3/ H]
720 PSI G [ 4,956 KPA] 155,000 CFM [ 263,000 M3/ H]
* at MAX Pressure Drop

Te m pe r a t u r e : Default : * 60* DEG F [ * 15.5* DEG C] ;
Max: 100 DEG F [ 37.5
DEG C] . Maxim um gas flow rat e is achieved at 60 DEG
F.
Pr e ssur e dr op: Range varies wit h t em perat ure and
inlet pressure. The following default s and MI N/ MAX
values are applicable only t o air at default t em perat ure
of 60 DEG F [ 15.5 DEG C] . For ot her gases and/ or
ot her t em perat ures, appropriat e m olecular weight and
t em perat ure correct ions will be applied t o t he pressure
drop.
D e fa ult MI N M AX
Design gauge pressure I nlet range of 0.25 PSI G [ 1.75 KPA] - 150 PSI G [ 1,033 KPA]
0.0175 psi 0.0175 psi 2.0 psi
[ 0.00012 N/ m m 2] [ 0.00012 N/ m m 2] [ 0.01379 N/ m m 2]
Design gauge pressure I nlet range of 150 PSI G [ 1,033 KPA] - 275 PSI G [ 1,895 KPA]
0.25 psi 0.25 psi 3.0 psi
[ 0.00172 N/ m m 2] [ 0.00172 N/ m m 2] [ 0.02068 N/ m m 2]
Design gauge pressure I nlet range of 275 PSI G [ 1,895 KPA] - 720 PSI G [ 4,956 KPA]
0.50 psi 0.50 psi 5.0 psi
[ 0.00345 N/ m m 2] [ 0.00345 N/ m m 2] [ 0.03447 N/ m m 2]

Default gas is air wit h a m olecular weight of 28.96.


Sanit ary inline m et al t rap M ETAL TRAP
Prot ect s against iron cont am inat ion and reduces

abrasive wear t o equipm ent by t rapping part icles via
gravit y and m agnet ic separat ing act ion. Mat erial of
const ruct ion is SS316.

added.
MI N: 2 I NCH [ 50 MM] , MAX: 4 I NCH [ 100 MM] .
St a n da r d size s:
I NCHMM
250
380
4100
Sanit ary flum ing reclaim reel RECL REEL
Som et im es used wit h a flum ing pum p and dewat ering

shaker. Wat er from t he shaker will be forwarded t o t he
flum ing reclaim reel so t hat t he reclaim reel can
rem ove solids t hat weren’t rem oved by t he shaker.
Flum in g r a t e :
MAX: 1,200 GPM [ 75 L/ S]
D ist r ibu t ion h e a de r :
NONE- Not included
* I NCL* - I ncluded
Cover opt ion:
I NCL- I ncluded
Culinary ( st erile) air filt er SAN AI R
Keeps rust and ot her such m at t er out of t he product .

Air flow r a t e :
Ent er act ual flow rat e or pipe size; MAX: 4340 CFM
[ 7373M3/ H] at 100 PSI G [ 689.4KPA] .
MI N: 0.5 I NCH [ 15 MM] , MAX: 8 I NCH [ 200 MM]
I NCHMM
0.515
125


SAN AI R - cont inued
250
380
4100
6150
8200
MI N: 100 PSI G [ 680 KPA]
* 1* , MI N: 1, MAX: 3
Sanit ary pipe filt er SAN PI PE
Rem oves fine part icles from a given liquid or gas.

MI N: 1 I NCHES [ 25 MM] , MAX: 4 I NCHES [ 100 MM] .
- For size LONG and t ype I NLI N, range is 1.5 I N
[ 40MM] - 3 I NCHES [ 75 MM] .
- For t ype BASKT, MI N is 2 I NCHES.
I NCHES MM
1.0 25
1.5 40
2.0 50
2.5 65 ( not available for BASKT)
3.0 80
4.0 100 ( not available for I NLI N)
St yle :
* I NLI N* - I n- line filt er
BASKT- Basket filt er - for dia. > = 2 I NCHES [ 50 MM]
I f pipe diam et er is 4 I NCHES [ 100 MM] , BASKT is t he
only available t ype. Ot herwise, default is I NLI N.
Body size :
* SHORT* - Short body
LONG- Long body


Sanit ary filt er press SAN PRESS
Takes in liquid t hrough int ernal port s locat ed in every

fram e and t he t wo heads, t hen passes t he liquid
t hrough t he filt er m edia and int o t he plat es, and finally
releases t he liquid t hrough t he head.
Any t wo m ust be ent ered: t ot al area, plat e size,
num ber of plat es. The t hird is com put ed accordingly.
SS304, * SS316*
Tot a l pla t e a r e a :
The m axim um t ot al area, ent ered in square feet ( SF)
or square m et ers ( M2) , depends on t he plat e t ype and
plat e size, and is int ernally calculat ed and checked.
Pla t e size :
Available sizes of round plat es: Flow D ia gr a m
I NCHES MM
12 300
18 450
24 600
Available sizes of square plat es:

I NCHES MM
12 7/ 8 300
18 7/ 8 450
24 600
N ot e :24 I NCH ( 600 MM) plat e size available for
HYDRL ( hydraulic) closure t ype only.


SAN PRESS - cont inued
N um be r of pla t e s:
The m axim um num ber of plat es depends upon t he
plat e size:
Pla t e Size M AX N o.
Squa r e Round of Pla t e s
12 I NCH [ 300 MM] 12 7 / 8 I NCH [ 300 MM] 15
18 I NCH [ 450 MM] 18 7 / 8 I NCH [ 450 MM] 25
24 I NCH [ 600 MM] 24 I NCH [ 600 MM] 40
Pla t e t hick ne ss:

* 1 I NCH [ 25 MM] * ; MI N: 1 I NCH [ 25 MM] ; MAX: 2
I NCHES [ 50 MM] . These ( t hat is, t he MI N and t he MAX
values) are t he only st andard plat e t hicknesses
available.
H e a d a nd st a nd m a t e r ia l:
CS- Carbon st eel
Pla t e t ype :
* ROUND* - Round plat es
SQUAR- Square plat es
Fe e d pu m p t ype :
* PD * - Posit ive displacem ent pum p
CNTRF- Cent rifugal pum p
NONE- No feed pum p included
H ydr a ulic closur e :
* HYDRL* - Hydraulic closure
MANUL- Manual closure ( not available for 24 I NCH
[ 600 MM] plat e size)


Culinary ( st erile) st eam filt er SAN STEAM
Used prim arily for cleaning fact ory or plant st eam t o

reduce t he levels of boiler feed chem icals, rust , pipe
scale, and ot her cont am inat es. Mat erial of const ruct ion
is SS316.
Flow r a t e :
MI N: 215.0 LB/ H [ 97.5 KG/ H] ; MAX: 36,100 LB/ H
[ 16,375 KG/ H] . The Minim um / m axim um flow rat es are
com put ed and depend upon t he st eam pressure. Those
given above are at t he default st eam pressure of 100
PSI G [ 680 KPA] .
Ent er eit her flow rat e or pipe diam et er.

MI N: 0.75 I NCHES [ 20 MM] ; MAX: 8 I NCHES [ 200
MM] . St andard sizes are shown under Filt e r
dia m e t e r.
Ent er eit her flow rat e or pipe diam et er.
Body D ia m e t e r : Det erm ined by Pipe Diam et er.
Pipe dia m e t e r Filt e r body dia m e t e r

I n ch - Pou n d M e t r ic I nch- Pound M e t r ic
0.75 I NCHES 20 MM 1.5 I NCHES 38.1 MM
1 I NCHES 25 MM 2.5 I NCHES 63.5 MM
2 I NCHES 50 MM 4 I NCHES 101.6 MM
8 I NCHES 200 MM 16 I NCHES 406.4 MM
Body le ngt h:
I f pipe diam et er is ent ered, syst em select s a filt er body
lengt h from t he above t able. I f user ent ers a lengt h, it
is print ed, but t he underlying design value is st ill
provided by t he t able.
St e a m pr e ssu r e - ga uge :
* 100 PSI G [ 680 KPA] *


Sanit ary pipe st rainer SAN STRAI N
Rem oves large part icles as a process st ream passes

t hrough t he st rainer ’s perforat ed plat e or screen m esh.
MI N: 1 I NCH [ 25 MM] , MAX: 4 I NCHES [ 100 MM] , wit h
t he following except ions:
- For BASKT st yle, MI N is 2 I NCHES [ 50 MM] .
- For size LONG and I NLI N st yle, MAX is 3 I NCHES
[ 80MM] .
I NCHMM
125
1.540
250
2.5* 65*
380
4100
* BASKT st yle is not available in t his size
St yle :
* I NLI N* - I n- line filt er
BASKT- Basket filt er - for dia. > = 2 I NCHES [ 50 MM] .
Not available for 2.5 I N [ 65 MM] pipe diam et er.
N ot e : for pipe diam et er of 4 I NCHES [ 100 MM] ,
BASKT is t he only available st yle; ot herwise, t he
default st yle is I NLI N.
Body size :
* SHORT* - Short body
LONG - Long body
Configu r a t ion :
* SI NGL* - Single filt er
TWI N- Twin filt ers

Filt e r Se dim e n t Re m ova l SEDI MENT REMOVAL
Cart ridge filt er t o 1,200 GPM [ 75 L/ S] wit h 5 m icron
cot t on filt er.
Cart ridge filt ers are generally used as a final filt ering
elem ent for t he rem oval of sm all part icles, such as
pipe scale, down t o 10 m icrons in size from a liquid
st ream cont aining a low concent rat ion of t hese solids.
A cart ridge filt er consist s of a t ank cont aining one or

m ore filt er elem ent s or cart ridges which are t ubes of
wound nat ural or synt het ic fibers. Liquid flows t hrough
t he cart ridges and t he suspended solids are t rapped by
t he fibers. As t he filt er get s dirt ier, pressure drop
builds t o a point where t he cart ridges m ust be
replaced. The cart ridges are disposable. They are not
cleaned and reused.
Def.: m at 'l select ion from design t em p.( Ref. proj .
equipm ent design basis) . Specify backing plat e
m at 'l if clad plat e
Default : * CS*
CS - Carbon st eel
SS - St ainless st eel
A516
A515
A204C - C- .5Mo
A387B - 1Cr - .5Mo
SS304 - SS304
SS316 - SS316
SS321 - SS321
SS347 - SS347
304L - 304L
316L - 316L
NI - Nickel
I NCNL - I nconel
MONEL - Monel
HAST - Hast elloy
TFELS - Teflon lined CS
GSLCS - Glass lined CS
CS... - See list of carbon st eel m at erials
H-T STL... - See list of heat t reat ed st eel m at erials
LOW ALLOY STL... - See list of low alloy st eel
m at erials
HI ALLOY STL... - See list of hi alloy st eel m at erials
NON FERROUS... - See list of non- ferrous m at erials
LI NED CS MATLS... - See list of lined st eel m at erials
- cont inued on next page-

Se dim e nt Re m ova l Filt e r - cont inued -
allowance.
m at erials.
D e fa ult ga uge pr e ssur e :
worst case.
Default : pressure design.
worst case.
Default : pressure design.
Default : 650 DEGF[ 340 DEGC] ferrous m at 'l; 250
DEGF[ 120 DEGC] m at 'l;
Default : Design t em perat ure
Sk ir t h e igh t :
Min > 0
Skip if legs reqd, ent er 0.0 if hung in OPEN
st ruct ure; default 1.5 x diam et er
Sk ir t t hick ne ss:
Min > 0
Default : syst em calculat ed;
Min 0
Skip if skirt reqd, ent er 0.0 if hung in OPEN
st ruct ure; default 4 FEET [ 1.25 M]
Fluid volu m e :
Min: 0
Max: 100
Default : 20
For seism ic design; fluid volum e as a % of vessel
volum e ( wat er assum ed) .
Min: 0
Default : 0
Specify an allowance for int ernals as a percent
of basic vessel weight .
- cont inued on next page-

Se dim e nt Re m ova l Filt e r - cont inued -
Min: 50
Max: 100
ASME/ JI S/ DI N only, where allowed for t hin wall
vessels; default : Area Basis.
Min: 0
Default : 1
H e a d t ype :
ELLI P - 2: 1 Ellipsoidal
Min: > 0
allowance.
Min: > 0
allowance.
Defines desired diam et er as I D or OD, default - see
Area Design Basis.

Se pa r a t ion Equ ipm e n t ( SE)
Cent rifugal cleaners/ wet cyclones used for rem oval of PULP STOCK
cont am inant s in fluids using cent rifugal force. I ncludes
t he body, support ing legs, t wo rej ect valves per
cyclone, rej ect cham ber/ grit pot , aut om at ic or m anual
cont rol of rej ect ed m at erials and a header for m ult iple
cyclones. Separat e m at erial specificat ions are allowed
for t he t op and conical sect ion. Sizing and scaling
feat ures allow cont am inant s t o be separat ed by size
and densit y/ t ype. Linear or radial configurat ions are
available.
M a in se ct ion m a t e r ia l:
Default : * SS316*
SS316- SS316
316L- 316 L
CS- Carbon st eel
CERML- Light ceram ic liner on CS
CERMM- Medium ceram ic liner on CS
CERMH- Heavy ceram ic liner on CS
CERMV- Very heavy ceram ic liner on CS
ABRPL- Abrasion resist ant plat e
REPRB- Replaceable rubber liner on CS
LS304- Replaceable SS304 on CS
Cyclone dia m e t e r :
Ent er diam et er or liquid flow rat e.
Range: 4 - 30 I NCHES [ 100 - 750 MM]
Ent er diam et er or liquid flow rat e.
Applica t ion :
Default : * AUTO*
AUTO- Aut om at ic cleaner discharge
MANL- Manual cleaner discharge
Configu r a t ion :
Default : * LI N*
LI N- Linear m anifold
RAD- Radial m anifold
N u m be r of cyclon e s pe r m a nifold:
Default : * 1*
Cone se ct ion m a t e r ia l:
Default : * SS316*
SS316- SS316
316L- 316 L
CS- Carbon st eel

Se pa r a t ion Equipm e nt ( SE) - cont inued
PULP STOCK - cont inued
CERML- Light ceram ic liner on CS

CERMM- Medium ceram ic liner on CS
CERMH- Heavy ceram ic liner on CS
CERMV- Very heavy ceram ic liner on CS
CERMC- Ceram ic
ABRPL- Abrasion resist ant plat e
REPRB- Replaceable rubber liner on CS
Cont a inm e n t size :
Default : * MEDI UM*
SMALL- Sm all debris, less t hen 40 m icrons
MEDI UM- Medium debris, 40 - 400 m icrons
LARGE - Large debris, 400 - 4000 m icrons
Cont a inm e n t de nsit y:
Default : * MEDI UM*
LI GHT - Light weight debris: asphalt , sand, ink
MEDI UM- Medium weight debris: clay, heavy sand
HEAVY- Heavy weight debris: m et al clips, foil
VHEAVY- Very heavy debris: nut s, bolt s, rock
Wat er- only cyclones for separat ion of light and heavy W ATER CYCL
m inerals or part icle size separat ion. Cyclones m ay be
linear or radial m anifold and m ay be lined wit h
replaceable liners. Cyclone diam et er t o 30 I NCHES
[ 760 MM] .
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
CS- Carbon st eel
CERML- Light ceram ic liner
CERMM- Medium ceram ic liner
CERMH- Heavy ceram ic liner
CERMV- Very heavy ceram ic liner
ABRPL- Abrasive resist ant plat e
REPRB- Replaceable rubber lining
LS304- Replaceable SS304 lining
LS316- Replaceable SS316 lining
Cyclone dia m e t e r :
Diam et er is for individual cyclone, group m anifolding -
linear or radial. Range: 4 - 30 I NCHES [ 105 - 760 MM]
Configu r a t ion :
Default : * LI N*
LI N- Linear m anifold
RAD- Radial m anifold

Se pa r a t ion Equipm e nt ( SE) - cont inued

Oil- wat er separat or - API t ype. OI L W ATER
M a t e r ia l:
Maxim um flow ( see Configurat ion) less Specific
Gravit y increase. For exam ple, for BOX 135 GPM [ 8.5
L/ S] at 0.965. Min: 25 GPM [ 16 L/ S]
D ia m e t e r or w idt h:
Range: 4 - 8 FEET [ 1.22 - 2.40 M]
Le n gt h:
Range: 20 - 40 FEET [ 6.1 - 12.0 M]
Configu r a t ion :
Default : * BOX*
RND- Round- m ax flow 545 GPM [ 34 L/ S] at 0.85 SG
BOX- Box - m ax flow 700 GPM [ 44 L/ S] at 0.85 SG
Oil specific gravit y: Range” 0.85 - 0.97; Default :
* 0.92*

Th ick e n e r s ( T)
Thickeners are used in m any solid/ liquid separat ion TH I CKEN ER
processes and consist of a slow- m oving rake
m echanism rot at ing in a t ank. The unit includes feed
well, bridge, drive head ( wit h opt ional overload alarm
syst em ) , and a drive consist ing of worm , gear and
m ot or. An opt ional flocculat or m echanism wit h
flocculat ion cham ber, paddles and flocculat or drive
wit h reduct ion gear and m ot or can be included.
Addit ional st orage capacit y for t he t ank can be
specified for special applicat ions such as green liquor
clarificat ion, whit e liquor clarificat ion or lim e m ud
washing; as used in paper m ill operat ions. I f only a
t hickener m echanism is needed, t he t ank can be
excluded.
Applica t ion :
Default : * STANDARD*
STANDARD- St andard t hickener/ clarifier
PRM- ETP- Prim ary clarifier usually for effluent
SEC- ETP- Secondary clarifier usually for effluent
GRN- LQ- Green liquor clarifier for pulp/ paper
WHI TE- LQ- Whit e liquor clarifier for pulp/ paper
LI MMUD- Lim e m ud washer for pulp and paper m ills
Ra k e a nd m e cha nism m a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
CS- Carbon st eel
SS304- SS304
SS316- SS316
MONEL- Monel
RUBCV- Rubber covered CS
Ta n k or va t m a t e r ia l:
Tank m at erial required t o obt ain t ank cost , leave blank
for t hickener m echanism only.
CS- Carbon st eel
SS304- SS304
SS316- SS316
MONEL- Monel
RUBCV- Rubber covered CS
Ent er t ank capacit y or t ank dim ensions.
Range: 9.5 - 400 FEET [ 3.0 - 12.0 M]
Ve sse l he ight :
Liquid volum e :

Th ick e n e r s ( T) - cont inued
TH I CKEN ER - cont inued
Addit iona l ca pa cit y:

Ext ra st orage in addit ion t o basic t ank capabilit y.
Default : * 0.0* GALLONS [ * 0.0 M3] .
Flocculat or required: Default : * NO*
NO- No flocculat ion required
YES- Flocculat or m echanism required
Br idge t ype :
Default : * FULL*
FULL- Full lengt h bridge 100 FEET [ 30 M] m axim um
SEMI - Sem i- bridge for 100 FEET [ 30 M] diam et er
TRCTN- Tract ion t ype clarifier on sem i- bridge
D r ive he a t t ype :
Default : * DH- STD*
DH- STD- St andard drive head t o 30 FEET [ 9 M]
diam et er DH- HD- Heavy dut y drive - large diam et er,
t hick sludge DH- HDA- Heavy dut y, overload alarm ,
lift ing device
Default : 190 DEG F [ 88 DEG C] for green liquor; else
68 DEG F [ 20 DEG C] .
m echanism weight . Default : * 0.0*
Default : * 1*
Max: 480 I NCHES [ 1,200 MM] ;

Scr e e n s ( VS)
Rect angular, circular.
Rect angular single deck, open or enclosed. ON E D ECK
Rect angular double deck, open or enclosed. TW O D ECK
Rect angular t riple deck, open or enclosed. TH REE D ECK
M a t e r ia l:
Le n gt h:
Range: 6 - 24 FEET [ 2.0 - 7.25 M]
W idt h :
Range: 3 - 8 FEET [ 1.0 - 2.25 M]
Configu r a t ion :
Default : * OPEN*
OPEN- No duct enclosure
Circular single deck. SI FTER 1
Circular double deck. SI FTER 2
Circular t riple deck. SI FTER 3
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
CS- Carbon st eel
SS304- SS304
SS316- SS316
Scr e e n dia m e t e r :
Range: 18 - 60 I NCHES [ 450 - 1,5000 MM]
Sur fa ce a r e a :
Range: 1.5 - 18 SF [ 0.2 - 1.7 M2]
Rect angular hum m er- t ype for fine separat ion; 1, 2 or HUMMER
3 decks.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
CS- Carbon st eel
Sur fa ce a r e a :
Range: 10 - 80 SF [ 1.0 - 7.4 M2]
N u m be r of de ck s:
Range: 1 - 3

Scr e e n s ( VS) - cont inued
Low consist ency bow screen is used for fiber LD STOCK
collect ion in a paper m ill.
The unit consist s of a screen surface m ount ed on
a fram e curvilinear in shape, wit h inlet nozzle,
discharge nozzle( s) and a collect ion cham ber.
The aut om at ic feat ure includes solenoids, t im ers
and an air cylinder for back- flushing and
cleaning.
Scr e e n m a t e r ia l:
Default : * SS*
CS- Carbon st eel
Ent er capacit y or screen surface area.
Surface area:
Fr a m e m a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
CS- Carbon st eel
0.60 - 2.00; Default : * 0.80*
Mechanical bar screens are t he first st age of screening BAR
used in an effluent t reat m ent syst em . These are wide
m esh screens m ade from m et al rods/ flat s welded ont o
a fram e.
Scr e e n m a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
CS- Carbon st eel
Sur fa ce a r e a :
Pressure screen used for fine screening of PRESSURE
cont am inant s in a paper m ill.
I ncludes shell for screen basket housing, rot or, foil

blades, wat er lubricat ed packing box wit h packing
seals, V- belt drive wit h belt s, m et al guard and m ot or.


PRESSURE - cont inued
Ba sk e t m a t e r ia l:
Default : * SS316*
CS- Carbon st eel
SS304- SS304
SS316- SS316
She ll m a t e r ia l:
Default : * SS316*
CS- Carbon st eel
SS304- SS304
SS316- SS316
Ent er capacit y or diam et er and lengt h.
Ba sk e t dia m e t e r :
Min: 60 I NCHES [ 150 MM]
Ba sk e t he ight :
Min: 60 I NCHES [ 150 MM]
D r ive r pow e r :
D e sign ga u ge pow e r :
Default : * 15* PSI G [ * 150* MM]
Se a l t ype :
Default : * MECH*
PACK- Packing
MECH- Mechanical seal
Sanit ary flum ing dewat ering shaker SH AKER
Vibrat ory conveyor wit h screen for dewat ering fruit s

and veget ables t hat have been carried by wat er-
t ransport up t o t his point in t he food pum ping syst em .
The spreader ( which is included by default , but can be

excluded by select ing NONE in t he “ Spreader opt ion”
field) reduces t he velocit y of t he wat er by spreading
t he wat er and product ont o t he dewat ering shaker.

added.


SH AKER - cont inued
Scr e e n size :
24X60- 2x24 I NCHES [ 609 MM] x 30 I NCHES [ 762
MM] screens
36X60- 2x36 I NCHES [ 914 MM] x 30 I NCHES [ 762
MM] screens
Required t o ent er at least one of t he following: size,
flum ing rat e or solids capacit y.
Flum in g r a t e :
MAX: 500 GPM [ 31 L/ S]
Solids ca pa cit y:
MAX: 30,000 LB/ H [ 13,500 KG/ H]
Spr e a de r opt ion :
NONE- Not included
* I NCL* - included

1 5 Ut ilit y Se r vice Syst e m s ( G6 )

Cooling Towers ( CTW)
St eam Boilers ( STB)
Heat ing Unit s ( HU)
Refrigerat ion Unit s ( RU)
Elect r ical Generat ors ( EG)
Wat er Treat m ent Syst em s ( WTS)
1 5 Ut ilit y Se r vice Syst e m s ( G6 ) 15-1

Coolin g Tow e r s ( CTW )
Cooling t ower includes fans, drivers, concret e basin COOLI N G
and field erect ion; does not include pum ps and piping.
Min: 1,000 GPM [ 65 L/ S]
Te m pe r a t ur e r a nge :
10 - 50 DEG F [ 6 - 27 DEG C] ;
Appr oa ch gr a die n t :
Range: 5 - 22 DEG F [ 3 - 12 DEG C] ;
W e t bu lb t e m pe r a t u r e :
Range: 60 - 82 DEG F [ 16 - 28 DEG C] ;
Le n gt h e a ch h e a de r :
15-2 1 5 Ut ilit y Se r vice Syst e m s ( G6 )

Coolin g Tow e r s ( CTW ) - cont inued
Cooling t ower includes fans, drivers, concret e basin, COOLI N G W P
t wo cooling wat er pum ps, m ot or drivers,
inst rum ent at ion for t ower and inhibit ion syst em ( less
t anks and inhibit ion pum ps) , and field erect ion of
cooling t ower.
Min: 1,000 GPM [ 65 L/ S]
Range: 10 - 50 DEG F [ 6 - 27 DEG C] ;
Range: 5 - 22 DEG F [ 3 - 12 DEG C] ;
Range: 60 - 82 DEG F [ 16 - 28 DEG C] ;
Le n gt h e a ch h e a de r :
Fact ory assem bled cooling t ower including fans, PACKAGED
drivers and basins.
Range: 150 - 6,000 GPM [ 9.5 - 375 L/ S]
Range: 5 - 50 DEG F [ 3 - 27 DEG C] ;
Default : * 15* DEC F [ * 8* DEG C]
Range: 5 - 22 DEG F [ 3 - 12 DEC C] ;
Range: 60 - 82 DEG F [ 16 - 28 DEG C] ;
N u m be r of ce lls:
Default : * 1*

St e a m Boile r s ( STB)
Packaged boiler unit includes forced draft fans, BOI LER
inst rum ent s, cont rols, burners, soot- blowers,
feedwat er deaerat or, chem ical inj ect ion syst em , st eam
drum , m ud drum and st ack. St eam capacit y t o
800,000 LB/ H [ 362,000 KG/ H] . Shop assem bled.
M a t e r ia l:
Boile r flow r a t e :
Range: 10,000 - 800,000 LB/ H
[ 4,540 - 362,000 KG/ H]
Range: 250 - 600 PSI G
[ 1,725 - 4130 KPA] ; Default : * 250* PSI G [ * 1,725*
KPA]
Supe r he a t :
For sat urat ed st eam ent er 0.0 degrees, else, m inim um
superheat 100 DEG F [ 55 DEG C] . Max: 300 DEG F
[ 165 DEG C] ; Default : * 100* DEG F [ * 55* DEG C]
GAS- Gas fuel
OI L- Oil fuel
Field erect ed boiler unit includes forced draft fans, STM BOI LER
inst rum ent s, cont rols, burners, soot- blowers,
feedwat er deaerat or, chem ical inj ect ion syst em ,
st ruct ural st eel plat form s, st eam drum , m ud drum and
st ack wit h st eam capacit y t o 2,220,000 LB/ H [ 997,000
KG/ H] . Oil fired. Econom izer for large capacit ies.
M a t e r ia l:
Boile r flow r a t e :
Range: 40,000 - 2,200,000 LB/ H
[ 18,2000 - 997,000 KG/ H]
Max: 1,000 PSI G [ 6,890 KPA] ;
Default : * 400* PSI G [ * 2,700* KPA]
Supe r he a t :
Max: 300 DEG F [ 165 DEG C] ;

H e a t in g Un it s ( H U)
Process heat er t ype dowt herm unit t o 40 MMBTU/ H CYLI N D ER
[ 11.5 MEGAW] .
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
D ut y:
Max: 40 MMBTU/ H [ 11.5 MEGAW]
Max: 6,000 PSI G [ 40,000 KPA] ;
Default : * 500* PSI G [ * 3,500* KPA]
Max: 1,500 DEG F [ 815 DEG C] ;

Re fr ige r a t ion Un it s ( RU)
Cent rifugal com pression refrigerat ion unit produces CEN T COM PR
chilled wat er cooling m edium for circulat ion. I ncludes
cent rifugal com pressor, driver, condenser, cont rols,
int erconnect ing piping, refrigerat ion capacit y t o 3,000
TONS [ 10,500 KW] and field erect ion.
M a t e r ia l:
Re fr ige r a t ion ca pa cit y:
Range: 50 - 3,000 TONS- REF
[ 180 - 10,500 KW]
Eva por a t or t e m pe r a t u r e :
Range: - 40 - 40 DEG F [ - 40 - 5 DEG C]
Mechanical com pression refrigerat ion unit produces M ECH AN I CAL
liquified refrigerant for circulat ion. I ncludes
reciprocat ing com pressor, driver, wat er cooled
condenser, cont rols, int erconnect ing piping,
refrigerat ion capacit y t o 500 TONS [ 1,750 KW] and
field erect ion.
M a t e r ia l:
Re fr ige r a t ion ca pa cit y:
Range: 4 - 500 TONS- REF [ 15 - 1,750 KW]
Eva por a t or t e m pe r a t u r e :
Range: - 80 - 40 DEG F [ - 60 - 5 DEG C]

Ele ct r ica l Ge n e r a t or s ( EG)
Port able st andby diesel generat or, skid- m ount ed t o PORTABLE
800 KW.
Used prim arily as a st andby unit t o supply elect rical

power in t he event of an int errupt ion of t he m ain
power supply. Diesel generat or set s can also be
operat ed cont inuously.
I ncludes a volt age regulat or—3 phase sensing wit h

volt s- per- hert z; aut o st art- st op m odule; elect ric
hourm et er; and volt m et er.
Also used as a st andby for cont inual elect rical service

during t he int errupt ion of norm al power.
Fuel st op power in accordance wit h I SO 3046/ 1, DI N

6271, BS 5514, and I SO 8528. Rat ings are based on
SAE J1349 st andard condit ions. These rat ings also
apply at I SO 3046/ 1, DI N 6271 and BS 5514 st andard
condit ions. No generat or set durat ion required below
55 DEG C ( 131 DEG F) .
M a t e r ia l:
Out pu t KW :
Range: 10 - 800 KW
Turbo- generat or includes condensing st eam t urbine TURBO GEN
and cooled elect ric generat or. St eam at 850 PSI G
[ 5,860 KPA] and 900 DEG F [ 482 DEG C] , exhaust at
2.5 in HG [ 8.4 KPA] and capacit y t o 100,000 KVA.
Used for t he cont inuous generat ion of elect rical

power.
M a t e r ia l:
Out pu t KVA:
Range: for st eam , 800 - 100,000 KVA; for gas,
800 - 260,000 KVA.
D r ive r t ype :
* St eam * , Gas.

W a t e r Tr e a t m e n t Syst e m s
( W TS)
Dem ineralizing syst em . Two- st age ion exchange unit . D EM I N ERAL
First st age convert s m et al salt s t o acid and second
st age anion exchange rem oves acids. Opt ional
aut om at ic degasificat ion of oxygen and carbon
dioxide.
M a t e r ia l:
Range: 150 - 15,000 GPH [ 0.6 - 56.5 M3/ H]
M ode of ope r a t ion:
Default : * NONE*
NONE- No aut o operat ion
AUTO- Aut o degas CO2 + O2
Soft ening t reat m ent syst em for boiler feedwat er SOFTEN I N G
consist s of hot lim e process soft ener, filt ers, Zeolit e
soft eners, associat ed piping and inst rum ent s.
M a t e r ia l:
10,000 - 50,000 GPH [ 38 - 189 M3/ H]
Aerat ors are used in aerat ion of effluent . The unit AERATOR
consist s of a drive m ot or, coupling, guard, rot or shaft
and im peller. Ot her feat ures vary depending upon t he
t ype as given below:
High Speed Float ing — general aerat or wit h pont oons.
Low Speed Float ing — in addit ion t o t he gear box for

speed reduct ion, pont oons are included for float ing.
Low Speed Fixed — speed reduct ion by m eans of gear

box.
M a t e r ia l:
* CS* - Carbon st eel316L- 316L
SS304- SS304NI - Nickel
SS316- SS316I NCNL- I nconel
SS321- SS321MONEL- Monel
SS347- SS347HAST- Hast elloy
304L- 304LTI - Tit anium

Water Treatment Systems (WTS) - continued
AERATOR - cont inued
Ae r a t or t ype :
Default : * LSFI ELD*
LSFI XED- Low speed fixed aerat or
LSFLOT- Low speed float ing t ype aerat or
HSFLOT- High speed float ing t ype aerat or
Ae r a t ion ca pa cit y:
Capacit y is m ass of O2 per hour. Ent er capacit y or
im peller diam et er and power.
Ent er capacit y or im peller diam et er and driver power.
Driver power:
Ent er capacit y or im peller and driver power;
Range: 1.0 - 150.0 HP [ 0.75 - 112 KW]
D r ive r spe e d:
N u m be r of pon t oons:
Default : 3 for LSFLOT, 1 for HSFLOT, and none for
LSFI XED.

1 6 Fla r e s a n d St a ck s ( G6 )

Flares ( FLR)
St acks ( STK)
1 6 Fla r e s a n d St a ck s ( G6 ) 16-1
Fla r e s ( FLR)
A flare syst em is com posed of several par t s: a flar e t ip, a seal, an ignit ion
syst em , a knock- out drum and a riser st ack.
The flare t ip m ay be eit her sm okeless or non- sm okeless. Sm okeless flare t ips
have nozzles for inj ect ing st eam at t he exit of t he t ip. The high velocit y st eam
inspirat es air int o t he flam e result ing in m or e com plet e com bust ion and
t herefor e no sm oke. Non- sm okeless flare t ips do not have t hese st eam
inj ect ion nozzles.
Flares are also classified as cont inuous and em ergency. Cont inuous flares
handle a cont inuous and st eady flow of flar e gas. Em ergency flares are
designed t o safely burn a sudden large release of com bust ible gases t hat are
not norm ally vent ed. Cont inuous flares are norm ally sm okeless and
em er gency flares non- sm okeless.
The flare seal is a device for prevent ing air fr om diffusing down t he st ack and
creat ing a com bust ible m ixt ure wit h t he flare gas inside t he st ack. Flare gas is
ignit ed at t he exit of t he flare t ip by one or m ore pilot s. Should any of t hese
pilot s go out , t he ignit ion syst em would reignit e t hem .
The flare vendor would supply all of t he above com ponent s for a new
inst allat ion. The vendor m ay also be request ed t o supply a knock- out drum .
This device disengages ent rained liquid from t he flare gas. I f t his liquid is not
rem oved, it t ravels up t he st ack, is ignit ed and falls flam ing t o t he ground
creat ing a fire hazard. I f t he flare is elevat ed, t he final com ponent of t he flar e
syst em is t he riser st ack. The st ack is charact erized by it s m et hod. A ground
flare requires no st ack.
The diam et er of t he flare t ip and t he height of t he st ack t hat support s it ( if it is
an elevat ed flar e) is calculat ed using form ulas t hat t ake int o account process
condit ions and safet y considerat ions. The diam et er of t he flare t ip is calculat ed
using t he following form ula:
D = sqrt ( w/ adfv)
where sqrt indicat es t he square root and:
D = t ip diam et er of t he flare: I NCHES [ MM]
w = m ass flowrat e of t he flare gas: LB/ H [ KG/ H]
f = exit velocit y / sonic velocit y of t he flare gas
d = densit y of t he flare gas: PFC [ KG/ M3]
v = sonic velocit y of t he flare gas, calculat ed using sqrt ( cT/ M) : FPS [ M/ S]
M = m olecular weight of t he flare gas
T = absolut e t em perat ure of t he flare gas: DEG R [ DEG K]
P = absolut e pressure of t he flare gas: ( 14.7 + PSI G) [ 101.3 + KPA]
a = 19.6 in I - P unit s = 0.0027123 in METRI C unit s.
R = 10.73 in I - P unit s = 8.3145 in METRI C unit s
c = 59682 in I - P unit s = 107427 in METRI C unit s
The t ot al height of t he st ack is calculat ed using t he following form ula:
H = Y - 40D
16-2 1 6 Fla r e s a n d St a ck s ( G6 )
where:
H = st ack height , including flare t ype: FEET [ M]
D = flare t ip diam et er: FEET [ M]
and:
Y = sqrt [ ( EQwk/ 4 q) - x 2 ]
where:
E = em issivit y of t he flam e ( see form ula on page 16- 4)
Q = heat cont ent of t he flar e gas: BTU/ LB [ KG/ KG]
w = m ass flowrat e of t he flare gas: LB/ H [ KG/ H]
k = 1.0 in I - P unit s, 0.8306 in METRI C unit s
q = allowable radiat ion int ensit y: BTU/ SF/ H [ W/ M2]
x = radius of allowable radiat ion int ensit y ( see form ula on page 16- 4) :
FEET [ M]
For flare t ypes GUYED and DERRI CK, and for self- suppor t ed st acks ( SELF-
SUPP) 40 FEET [ 12 M] or less in height , t he lengt h of t he bot t om sect ion ( L) is
t he t ot al st ack height . For self- support ed st acks great er t han 40 FEET [ 12 M]
in height , t he lengt h of t he bot t om sect ion is det erm ined from a considerat ion
of t he load requirem ent s.
Em issivit y of t he flam e:
E = ( 0.048) sqrt ( M)
where:
sqrt = square root
E = em m issivit y of t he flam e
M = m olecular weight of t he flare gas
Radius of allowable radiat ion int ensit y:

X = ( c) sqrt ( QW/ 10 5 )
where:
X = radius of allowable radiat ion int ensit y: FEET [ M]
Q = heat cont ent of flare gas: BTU/ LB [ KJ/ KG]
W = m ass flowrat e of flare gas: LB/ H [ KG/ H]
c = 0.58 in I - P unit s, 0.5647 in METRI C unit s
The diam et er and t hickness of t he flare st ack is det erm ined by st ruct ural considerat ions
such as loadings and m et hod of support .

Derrick- support ed flare st ack includes st ack, support D ERRI CK
st ruct ure, flare t ip, m olecular seal and ignit ion syst em .
Design based upon process condit ions or given sizes.
Derricks are used t o support t all st acks. Generally,

derrick support ed flare st acks are cheaper t han self-
support ing st acks at height s above 200 FEET [ 60 M] .
Derricks are used inst ead of guyed st acks when land is
lim it ed.
S he ll m a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
CS- Carbon st eel
Ga s m a ss flow r a t e :
Ent er eit her m ass flow rat e or diam et er and lengt h
( height ) of flare.
For single diam et er st acks, ent er dim ensions in bot t om
sect ion dat a.
H e igh t Bot t om se ct ion :
sect ion dat a.
D ia m e t e r M iddle se ct ion:
sect ion dat a.
H e igh t M iddle se ct ion:
sect ion dat a.
D ia m e t e r Top se ct ion :
sect ion dat a.
Fla r e s ( FLR) - cont inued
D ERRI CK - cont inued
H e igh t Top se ct ion :

For single diam et er st acks, ent er
dim ensions in bot t om sect ion dat a.
Ga s t e m pe r a t u r e :
Default : * 40*
For single diam et er st acks, ent er
dim ensions in bot t om sect ion dat a.
Th ick ne ss M iddle se ct ion :
sect ion dat a.
sect ion dat a.
Pe r ce nt sonic ve locit y a t e x it :
Ent er t he gas exit velocit y as a percent of sonic
velocit y. Default : * 20*
Fla r e t ype :
Default : * SMOKELESS*
SMOKELESS- St andard sm okeless flare
AI R ASSI ST- Air assist ed sm okeless flare
NONSMOKE- Non- sm okeless flare
Ra dius r a dia t ion int e nsit y:
Minim um radius at which a person would be exposed
t o t he allowable radiat ion.
Allow a ble r a dia t ion int e nsit y:
Allowable radiat ion int ensit y at t he specified m inim um
radius. Default : * 1,500* BTU/ H/ SF [ 4,500 W/ M2]
Ga s he a t cont e n t :
Default : * 20,000* BTU/ LB [ * 46,500* KJ/ KG]
Guyed flare st ack includes st ack, support s, flare t ip, GUYED
m olecular seal and ignit ion syst em . Design based upon
process condit ions or given sizes.
This is generally t he least expensive support syst em

for flare st acks over 50 FEET t all. However, a large
unobst ruct ed area around t he st ack m ust be provided
so t hat t here will be no int erference wit h t he guy wire.
Default : * CS*
CS- Carbon st eel

GUYED - cont inued
sect ion dat a. Max: 96 I NCHES [ 2,400 MM]
sect ion dat a.
sect ion dat a.
sect ion dat a.
Default : * 40*
Thickness Bot t om sect ion: For single diam et er st acks,
ent er dim ensions in bot t om sect ion dat a.
Thickness Middle sect ion: For single diam et er st acks,
Thickness Top sect ion: For single diam et er st acks,
Percent sonic velocit y at exit : Ent er gas exit velocit y as
a percent of sonic velocit y. Default : * 20* .
Fla r e t ype :
Allowable radiat ion int ensit y: Allowable radiat ion
int ensit y at t he specified m inim um radius. Default :
* 1,500* BTU/ H/ SF [ * 4,500* W/ M2]

Self- support ed flare st ack includes st ack, flare t ip, SELF SUPP
m olecular seal and ignit ion syst em ; one, t wo or t hree
segm ent s of different lengt h and diam et er.
This flare is generally used for st ack height s up t o 50

FEET and when t he availabilit y of land does not perm it
guyed st acks, self- support ing st acks are cheaper t han
derrick support ed st acks for st ack height s up t o 200
FEET [ 60 M] .
Default : * CS*
CS- Carbon st eel
sect ion dat a.
sect ion dat a.
sect ion dat a.
Default : * 40*
Thickness Bot t om sect ion: For single diam et er st acks,
Thickness Middle sect ion: For single diam et er st acks,
Thickness Top sect ion: For single diam et er st acks,
Ent er gas exit velocit y as a percent of sonic velocit y.
Default : * 20* .

SELF SUPP - cont inued
Fla r e t ype :
radius. Default : * 1,500* BTU/ H/ SF [ * 4,500* W/ M2]
Horizont al ground flare includes flare t ip and horizont al H ORI ZON TAL
st ack ( 30 FEET [ 10 M] ) only; burn pit not included.
Design based upon process condit ions or sizes.
This is an inexpensive flaring arrangem ent if land is

plent iful and cheap.
Default : * CS*
CS- Carbon st eel
Le ngt h Bot t om se ct ion:
sect ion dat a.
Le n gt h M iddle se ct ion :
sect ion dat a.

H ORI ZON TAL - cont inued
Le n gt h Top se ct ion :
sect ion dat a.
M ole cula r w e ight : Default : * 40*
sect ion dat a.
Th ick ne ss M iddle se ct ion :
sect ion dat a.
sect ion dat a.
Ent er gas exit velocit y as a percent of sonic velocit y.
Default : * 20* .
Fla r e t ype : Default : * SMOKELESS*
radius. Default : * 1,500* BTU/ H/ SF [ * 4,500* W/ M2]
Recuperat ive t herm al oxidizer for low concent rat ion TH RM OX LC
non- chlorinat ed wast e gas.
M a t e r ia l:
St a n da r d ga s loa d r a t e :
Low concent rat ion non- chlorinat ed wast e gas; burner,
box, st ack, exchanger blower. Max: 20,000 CFM
Default : * 13.00* BTU/ CF [ * 484* KJ/ M3]
Ga s ox yge n con t e n t :
Min: 0.0; Default : * 14.00*

Vapor cont rol flare for st orage and loading. I ncludes STORAGE
st ack, burners, seal drum , flare, sensors, et c.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
St a n da r d ga s loa d r a t e :
Max: 12,000 GPM [ 775 L/ S]
Min: 50 BTU/ CF [ 1,860 KJ/ M3] ;
Default : * 50* BTU/ CF [ 1860 KJ/ M3]
St a ck s ( STK)
St ack height t o 200 FEET [ 60 M] and diam et er t o 60 STACK
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
CS- Carbon st eel
H e igh t :
Range: 30 - 200 FEET [ 10 - 60 M]
D ia m e t e r :
Range: 24 - 96 I NCHES [ 600 - 2,400 MM]
1 7 I n t r odu ct ion t o Pla n t
Bu lk s ( G6 )

I nt roduct ion t o Plant Bulks
List of Plant Bulks
1 7 I n t r odu ct ion t o Pla n t Bu lk s ( G6 ) 17-1

I n t r odu ct ion t o Pla n t Bu lk s
Plant bulk it em s are t hose m at erials or non- pr ocess equipm ent it em s t hat
provide support or services t o process equipm ent wit hin a unit area, such as
yard pipe and duct , concret e t anks, pipe rack, inst rum ent panels, elect rical
cable t rays, insulat ion and paint .
List of Pla n t Bu lk s
The following is a list of plant bulks by chapt er. The plant bulk descript ions in
Chapt ers 18 t hrough 24 include som e of t he ent ry fields for defining plant
bulks. The descript ions include t he m inim um and m axim um values and t he
default s. Default values appear bet ween ast erisks ( * ) .
17-2 1 7 I n t r oduct ion t o Pla n t Bu lk s ( G6 )

Ch a pt e r 1 8 : Pipin g
- YARD PI PE Above grade or buried yard piping
- PI PE Above grade or buried piping
- UTI L PI PE Ut ilit y pipe and ut ilit y st at ions
- RCON PI PE Buried concret e pipe
- DUCT RD Round duct wit h hangers
- DUCT SQ Square duct wit h hangers
- EQPT TRACE Fluid heat t racing for equipm ent
- PI PE TRACE Fluid heat t racing for pipe
- LAUNDER SQ Square or rect angular launders
- LAUNDER RD Half round launders
- COAT WRAP Coat ing and wrapping of buried pipe
- HOT TAP Hot t ap of product ion pipe for branch
- SCRAPER LR Perm anent scraper launcher and receiver
- WELL HEAD Pipe, valve and fit t ings at a well head
- HDPE High densit y polyet hylene pipe, fusion bonded
- SPRNK Sprinkler syst em ( wat er / wat er+ foam )
- FOAM Foam fire syst em s
- SPHOS St andpipe and hose fire syst em s
- WSHWR Em ergency eyewash and shower unit s
- FLO PANEL Sanit ary flow diversion panel
Ch a pt e r 1 9 : Civil
- ABVGR TANK Above grade concret e t ank
- BELGR TANK Below grade concret e t ank
- CONCRETE Foundat ions, slabs, ot her concret e it em s
- SCAFFOLD Scaffold erect ion and dism ant ling
- TRENCH Drainage t rench for paved areas
- CONTAI NMNT Tank cont ainm ent - concret e paving, wall
- DI KE MEMBR Tank cont ainm ent - dike and geom em brane
- YARD PI PE Above grade or buried yard piping
- PI PE Above grade or buried piping
- HDPE High densit y polyet hylene pipe, fusion bonded
- RCON PI PE Buried concret e pipe
- BUI LDI NG Building
- LI NI NG Organic, m et allic, abrasion resist . lining
- PI PE RACK Pipe rack
- PI PE SUPPT Tee or bent t ype pipe sleepers

Ch a pt e r 2 0 : St e e l
- OPN STL ST Open st eel st ruct ure
- PI PE RACK Pipe rack
- PI PE SUPPT Tee or bent t ype pipe sleepers
- MI LL BLDG Mult iple- bay m ill building
- PLATFORM Elevat ed access plat form - com plet e
- GALLERY Gallery for pipe, conveyor, personnel
- TRNS TOWER Conveyor t ransfer t ower
- GRATE St eel grat e - less support st ruct ure
- LADDER St eel ladders
- STAI R St airs wit h grat e, t reads and handrail
- MI SC STEEL Miscellaneous st eel it em s
- FABR PLATE Fabricat ed st eel plat e it em s
- SI DI NG Siding and roofing for st eel st ruct ures
- SAN PLATFM Sanit ary plat form
Ch a pt e r 2 1 : I n st r u m e n t a t ion
- I NST PANEL I nst rum ent panel - analog
- I NST TRAY I nst rum ent cable t ray
- I NST WI RE I nst rum ent elect ronic t ransm ission wire
- PNU TUBI NG I nst rum ent pneum at ic t ubing runs
- THCPL WI RE Therm ocouple wire runs
- JUNC BOX I nst rum ent j unct ion box
- MULTI CONT Mult ifunct ion cont rollers
- HL PI U High energy level process int erface unit
- LL PI U Low energy level process int erface unit
- DATA HI WAY Dat a highway cable
- OPER CENT Operat or cent er

Ch a pt e r 2 2 : Ele ct r ica l
General
- ELEC CABLE Elect rical power cable run ( 3 or 4 wire)

- CONDUI T Elect rical conduit
- ELEC TRAY Elect rical cable t ray
- EQPT TRACE Elect rical t racing for equipm ent
- PI PE TRACE Elect rical t racing for pipe
- GRND GRI D Ground grid
- AREA LI GHT Area light ing on poles
- CTRL CABLE Elect rical cont rol cable runs ( 600 v)
- DEEP ANODE Group of anodes in deep well
- GALV ANODE I ndividual galvanic anode
- SURF ANODE Group of anodes in shallow surface bed
- POT TEST Pot ent ial m easurem ent t est st at ion
- RECTI FI ER Transform er/ rect ifier
- SOLAR PANL Solar panel wit h st orage bat t eries
- EMER LI GHT Em ergency light wit h bat t ery
- CABLE DUCT Underground cable duct
Subst at ion
- BUS DUCT Bus duct

- TRANSFORM Elect rical t ransform er: 1 or 2 t ap
- OI L C BRKR Oil circuit breakers
- DI SCNCT SW Disconnect swit ch
- POLE LI NE Power pole lines
- SUBSTN STL St eel for subst at ion st ruct ure
- BREAKER Current breaker: m ain, feeder, t ie
- MCC Mot or cont rol cent er
- SWI TCH BRD Swit ch board
- AC DC TRAN AC/ DC Transform er
- PKG TRANSF Package t ransform er wit h panel
- EM PWR SET Em ergency diesel generat or
- UPS Unint errupt ed power supply
- PF CORRECT Power fact or connect ion capacit or

Ch a pt e r 2 3 : I n su la t ion a n d Fir e poofin g
- I NSUL AREA General area insulat ion
- I NSUL PI PE Pipe insulat ion
- FI REP AREA General area fireproofing
- FI REP SSTL St ruct ural st eel fireproofing
Ch a pt e r 2 4 : Pa in t
- PAI NT AREA General area paint ing
- PAI NT PI PE Pipe paint ing
- PAI NT SSTL St ruct ural st eel paint ing

1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 )

Piping Plant Bulks
How I carus Calculat es I nsulat ion Lengt h on Piping
Trapping Dist ances ( St eam )
Pipe Tem perat ure Procedure
Pipe I nsulat ion Mat erial Procedure
Pipe I nsulat ion Thickness Procedure
Pipe Paint Procedure
No. of Paint Coat s Procedure
Pipe Diam et ers
Pipe Schedule
St andard Equat ions for Pipe Diam et er ( Old)
St andard Equat ions for Pipe Diam et er ( New)
Ut ilit y Piping Services
Ut ilit y St at ion Diagram
Default Piping Mat erials
Pipe Mat erials - Ferrous Mat erials
Carbon St eel
API Pipe
High Alloy St eel
Pipe Mat erials - Non- Ferrous Mat erials
Non - Ferrous Mat erials
Plast ic and Resin Mat erials
Lined St eel Pipe
Spool Types
Rem ot e & Field Shop Piping Procedures for Various Mat erials
Rem ot e Shop Piping Procedures
Sm all Bore Piping Procedures
I carus’ Pipe Fabricat ion, Erect ion and Test ing Procedures
1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 ) 1
Valve and Fit t ing Opt ions for I nst allat ion Bulk Piping
Valve Trim Specificat ions
2 1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 )
Pipin g Pla n t Bu lk s
Piping plant bulks include t ransfer lines, ut ilit y piping, duct and t ubed t racing.
Transfer lines, yard pipe runs, above/ below grade YARD PI PE
I nsulat ed and t raced pipe runs.
For above- grade piping, hangers are supplied, but

support st eel, pipe racks, et c. m ust be specified
elsewhere.
I f buried pipe is specified, t renching, coat ing,

wrapping, sand bed and backfilling is provided.
Cust om pipe spe c:

Ent er eit her Cust om Pipe Spec ( see Design Basis) or
Mat erial, not bot h.
Mat erial, not bot h. See piping m at erials list ed lat er in
t his chapt er. Default : * CS* .
Le n gt h:
Min: 1.0 FEET [ 0.35 M]
Range: 0.5 - 72 I NCHES DI AM [ 15 - 1,800 MM DI AM]
Default : det erm ined from Cust om Pipe Spec or 150
PSI G [ 1,000 KPA] .
Default : det erm ined from Cust om Pipe Spec or 68 DEG
F [ 20 DEG C] .
Pipe t h ick n e ss:
Leave blank if schedule is specified.
Pipe sche du le or ga u ge :
Leave blank if t hickness is specified.
STD - St andard wall pipe 100 - Pipe schedule

XS - Ext rast rong pipe 120 - Pipe schedule
XXS - Double ext rast rong 140 - Pipe schedule
5 - Pipe schedule 160 - Pipe schedule
1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 ) 3
Pipin g Pla n t Bu lk s - cont inued
YARD PI PE - cont inued
10 - Pipe schedule 7G - SS gauge pipe only

20 - Pipe schedule 10G- SS gauge pipe only
30- Pipe schedule 11G - SS gauge pipe only
80- Pipe schedule
Fla n ge cla ss:
Default : det erm ined from cust om spec or pipe
m at erial, t em perat ure and pressure.
150- Class 150
300- Class 300
600- Class 600
900- Class 900
1500- Class 1500
2500- Class 2500
125- Class 125 WOG
250- Class 250 WOG
Configu r a t ion :
Default : * ABOVE*
ABOVE- Above- grade
BURI ED- Buried
D e pt h bur ie d pipe :
Below grade dept h t o t op of pipe for buried pipe only.
This is t he dist ance from grade level t o t he t op of t he
buried pipe. The t rench dept h is det erm ined by t he
below grade dept h, t he pipe diam et er and sand bed ( 6
I NCHES [ 150 MM] in dept h) . Range: 24 - 120 I NCHES
[ 600 - 3,000 MM] . The default value will be t aken as
36 I NCHES [ 1,000 MM] m inim ally, or t he dept h of
foot ings specified for general civil dat a.
Bur ie d D e pt h:
Default : 36 I NCHES [ 1,000 MM]
Spe cia l pipe de scr ipt ion:
I nsulat ion, t racing, j acket ing opt ions. Default :
* NONE*
PPROT- Personnel prot ect ion insulat ion. The syst em
will generat e 1.00 I NCH of personnel prot ect ion for
100 percent of t he pipe. This opt ion can be used in
conj unct ion wit h t he Pe r sonne l pr ot e ct field, which
allows t he user t o t ell t he syst em how m uch pipe t o
insulat e.
For inst ance, if t he user only needs 25 FEET of a 100
FEET run of pipe t o be personnel prot ect ed, t he user
can input t he percent age in t he Pe r son n e l pr ot e ct
field. The syst em would generat e 25 FEET plus wast e.
4 1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 )

The t hickness of t he personnel prot ect ion insulat ion

generat ed will always be 1.00 I NCH.
AC-T- Ant i- condensat ion insulat ion/ t ube t racer

AC- E- Ant i- condensat ion insulat ion/ elec t racer
FP-T- Freeze prot ect ion insulat ion/ t ube t racer
FP- E- Freeze prot ect ion insulat ion/ elec t racer
FULL- Fully j acket ed pipe ( see illust rat ion)
EXPD- Exposed- weld j acket ed pipe ( see illust rat ion)
T- SP- Spiral t raced/ t ube conn./ no cem ent
T- SPC- Spiral t raced/ t ube conn./ heat cem ent
P- SP- Spiral t raced/ pipe conn./ no cem ent
P- SPC- Spiral t raced/ pipe conn./ heat cem ent
T- LO- Longit . t raced/ t ube conn./ no cem ent
T- LOC- Longit . t raced/ t ube conn./ heat cem ent
P- LO- Longit . t raced/ pipe conn./ no cem ent
P- LOC- Longit . t raced/ pipe conn./ heat cem ent
E-AMB- Elect rical t raced/ am bient t em p cont rol
E- PRO- Elect rical t raced/ process t em p cont rol
STAND- St andard heat or cold insulat ion
St eam supply pressure for t raced or j acket ed pipe
only. Default : * 25* PSI G [ * 175* KPA]
E- Tr a ce m a int e n a nce t e m pe r a t u r e :
For elect rical t racing - process m aint enance
t em perat ure; Max: 250 DEG F [ 120 DEG C] over
am bient . Default : 220 DEG F [ 105 DEG C]
W e ld X- r a y% :
Min: 100; Default : See Area Design Basis.
N u m be r of e lbow s: Default : * 0*
N u m be r of r e du ce r s: Default : * 0*
N u m be r of t e e s: Default : * 0*
N u m be r of fla n ge s:
Ent er num ber of flanges in addit ion t o t hose for valves.
Default : * 0*
N u m be r of blinds: Default : * 0*
N um be r of spe ct a cle blinds: Default : * 0*
N u m be r of t hr e a dle ss: Default : * 0*
N u m be r of ga t e va lve s: Default : * 0*
N um be r of globe va lve s: Default : * 0*
1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 ) 5

N um be r of ba ll va lve s: Default : * 0*
N um be r of but t e r fly va lve s: Default : * 0*
N u m be r of ch e ck va lve s: Default : * 0*
N u m be r of con t r ol va lve s:
Size: sam e as pipe size t o 4 I NCHES [ 100 MM] ,
sm aller t han pipe ot herwise. Default : * 0* . See
“ Cont rol Valve Opt ions” in Chapt er 21 for default size
reduct ions.
N u m be r of sa fe t y va lve s: Default : * 0*
N um be r of r e gula t ing va lve s: Default : * 0*
N u m be r of a n gle va lve s: Default : * 0*
N um be r of plug va lve s: Default : * 0*
N um be r of or ifice pla t e s: Default : * 0*
N o. Kn ife Ga t e Va lve : Default : * 0*
Pe r sonn e l pr ot e ct :
Personnel prot ect ion percent coverage.
For exam ple, if out of 50 FEET run of pipe, 12.5 FEET
needs personnel prot ect ion, ent er “ 25” in t his field.
The syst em will t hen generat e 12.5 FEET of personnel
prot ect ion plus wast e. The t hickness of t he personnel
prot ect ion insulat ion generat ed will always be 1.00
I NCH. Default : * 100* .
N ot e : You m ust select PPROT in t he Spe cia l Pipe
D e scr . field before t he syst em will use t he personnel
prot ect ion.
Cont r ol va lve m inim um cla ss:
For fluid cont rol valves only. Default : * 3* .
3- Minim um 300 class fluid cont rol valve
Con t r ol va lve r e du ce d size :
Fluid posit ioning CV only. Default : reduced 0 t o 4 line
sizes based on size.
L- Line size cont rol valves
R- St andard size cont rol valves
Above grade or buried piping PI PE
Mat erial, not bot h. Default : from cust om spec,
connect ed equipm ent or CS.
Pipe le n gt h :
Min: 1.0 FEET [ 0.35 M]
Range: 0.5 - 72 I NCHES DI AM [ 15 - 1,800 MM DI AM]
6 1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 )
PI PE - cont inued PI PE
Fluid ph a se :
* G* - Gas
L- Liquid
S- St eam
( ent er desired flow rat e below)
Ent er diam et er or liquid flow rat e or gas flow rat e.
Ga s flow r a t e :
Ent er diam et er or liquid flow rat e or gas flow rat e.
Fluid de nsit y:
Default based on fluid phase:
Gas Phase: 0.0674 PCF [ 1.08 KCM]
Liquid Phase: 62.4 PCF [ 1000 KCM)
St eam Phase: Calculat ed as t he inverse of specific
volum e, which is calculat ed from design pressure and
t em perat ure as described under “ St eam Lines” in t he
St andard Equat ions for Pipe Diam et er sect ion.
Fluid viscosit y:
Default based on fluid phase:
Gas phase: 0.025 CPOI SE ( 0.025 m illipascal- second)
Liquid Phase: 1.0 CPOI SE ( 1.0 m illipascal- second)
St eam Phase: Calculat ed using an int ernal funct ion of
design pressure and design t em perat ure in which, for
a design pressure of 150 PSI G ( ~ 1000 KPA) and a
design t em perat ure of 250 DEG F ( 120 DEG C) ,
default value is calculat ed t o be 0.013 CPOI SE.
PSI G [ 1,000 KPA] .
DEG F [ 20 DEG C] .
Default : sam e as design t em perat ure.
- Cont inued on next page-
1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 ) 7

PI PE - cont inued
Pipe sche du le or ga u ge :
Ent er t hickness or schedule/ gauge, not bot h. Default :
calculat ed from m at erial t em perat ure, pressure.
STD- St andard wall pipe100- Pipe schedule
XS- Ext rast rong pipe120- Pipe schedule
XXS- Double ext rast rong140- Pipe schedule
5- Pipe schedule160- Pipe schedule
10- Pipe schedule7G- SS gauge pipe only
80- Pipe schedule
Va lve s a nd fit t ings:
Ent er t ype and quant it y of each valve and fit t ing
required for t his line.
Pipe t ype :
CS and SS only. Default : cust om / m at erial spec if
ent ered, or else welded.
W- Welded pipe
S- Seam less pipe
Fla nge t ype :
Default : see proj ect design basis
W- Weld- neck
S- Slip- on
B- Lap flanges and st ub t o 12 I NCHES ( 300 MM) , or
else weld- neck
N ot e : When Flange Type " Lap Flange + St ub" is used,
t here is a line it em called " FLG BU" in t he it em
descript ion in t he report , which includes t he cost for
bot h t he backup flange and t he st ub.
Fla n ge cla ss:
Default : det erm ined from cust om spec or pipe
m at erial, t em perat ure and pressure.
150- Class 150
300- Class 300
600- Class 600
900- Class 900
1500- Class 1500
2500- Class 2500
125- Class 125 WOG
250- Class 250 WOG
8 1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 )

PI PE - cont inued
Be nd for e lbow :
Subst it ut e pipe bends for any specified elbow ( up t o
12 I NCH [ 300 MM] pipe only) .
* E* - Elbow
B- Bend inst ead of elbowBr a n ch for t e e :
Subst it ut e fabricat ed branch nozzles for any specified
t ees.
* T* -Tee
B- Branch
Pipe conn e ct or t ype :
SW- Socket weld connect ions; m ax: 2 I NCHES ( 50
MM)
SB- Screw and backweld; m ax: 2 I NCHES ( 50 MM)
SC- Screw ( no backweld) ; m ax: 2 I NCHES ( 50 MM)
WF- Weld pipe / flange valves
WW- Weld pipe / weld valves; m in: 2 I NCHES ( 50 MM)
VC- DI Vict aulic couplings
VS- SS Vict aulic couplings
PF- Press fit swage couplings; m ax: 2 I NCHES ( 50
MM)
TC- Tri- clover sanit ary; m ax: 4 I NCHES ( 100 MM)
CB- Cherry- Burrel sanit ary; m ax: 4 I NCHES ( 100 MM)
N u m be r of w e lds:
Default : det erm ined from pipe lengt h and com binat ion
of valves and fit t ings
Con t r ol va lve r e du ce d size :
Fluid cont rol valve only; default : reduced 0- 4 sizes
except BVO and sanit ary valves
L- Line size cont rol valves
R- St andard size cont rol valves
Cont r ol va lve m inim um cla ss:
For fluid cont rol valves only. Default : * 3* .
W e ld X- r a y:
C- Piping st ress relief if code requires
Y- St ress relieve all piping
N- No piping st ress relief required
Spe cia l pipe de scr ipt ion:
Default : * NONE*
1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 ) 9
PI PE - cont inued
STAND- St andard heat or cold insulat ion

PPROT- Personnel prot ect ion insulat ion. The syst em
will generat e 1.00 I NCH of personnel prot ect ion for
100 percent of t he pipe. This opt ion can be used in
conj unct ion wit h t he Pe r son ne l pr ot e ct ion field,
which allows t he user t o t ell t he syst em how m uch
pipe t o insulat e. For inst ance, if t he user only needs 25
FEET of a 100 FEET run of pipe t o be personnel
prot ect ed, t he user can input t he percent age in t he
Pe r sonn e l pr ot e ct ion field. The syst em would
generat e 25 FEET plus wast e. The t hickness of t he
personnel prot ect ion insulat ion generat ed will always
be 1.00 I NCH.
AC-T- Ant i- condensat ion insulat ion/ t ube t racer
AC- E- Ant i- condensat ion insulat ion/ elec t racer
FP-T- Freeze prot ect ion insulat ion/ t ube t racer
FP- E- Freeze prot ect ion insulat ion/ elec t racer
FULL- Fully j acket ed pipe ( see illust rat ion)
EXPD- Exposed- weld j acket ed pipe ( see illust rat ion)
T- SP- Spiral t raced/ t ube conn./ no cem ent
T- SPC- Spiral t raced/ t ube conn./ heat cem ent
P- SP- Spiral t raced/ pipe conn./ no cem ent
P- SPC- Spiral t raced/ pipe conn./ heat cem ent
T- LO- Longit . t raced/ t ube conn./ no cem ent
T- LOC- Longit . t raced/ t ube conn./ heat cem ent
P- LO- Longit . t raced/ pipe conn./ no cem ent
P- LOC- Longit . t raced/ pipe conn./ heat cem ent
E-AMB- Elect rical t raced/ am bient t em p cont rol
E- PRO - Elect rical t raced/ process t em p cont rol
E- Tr a ce m a int e n a nce t e m pe r a t u r e :
For elect rical t racing - process m aint enance
t em perat ure. Default : 392 DEG F [ 200 DEG C] for M
series cable and 220 DEG F [ 105 DEG C]
for self- regulat ing cable. Max: 250 DEG F [ 120 DEG C]
for self- regulat ing cable and 1049 DEG F [ 565 DEG C]
for MI cable over low am bient t em perat ure.
10 1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 )

PI PE - cont inued
E- t r a ce ca ble t ype : Use A series t o 120 DEG F[ 48

DEG C] , P series t o 250 DEG F[ 120 DEG C] and M
series t o 1049 DEG F [ 565 DEG C] over low am bient
t em perat ure.
3A 3 W/ FT ( 10 W/ M) Chem elex BTV2- CT cable
10A 10 W/ FT( 33 W/ M) Chem elex BTV2- CT cable
5P 5 W/ FT ( 16 W/ M) Chem elex XTV2- CT cable
M2 - 600V, dual conduct or MI cable, 9 OHM/ FT [ 29.5
OHM/ M]
M4 - 600V, dual conduct or MI cable, 4.14 OHM/ FT
[ 13.6 OHM/ M]
[ 3.77 OHM/ M]
[ 1.66 OHM/ M]
[ 0.656 OHM/ M]
[ 0.328 OHM/ M]
[ 0.184 OHM/ M]
[ 0.0922 OHM/ M]
[ 0.042 OHM/ M]
[ 0.016 OHM/ M]
E- t r a ce ca ble ca t e gor y:
Default : * S* , self- regulat ing cable
Select M for MI t racing cable or S for self- regulat ing
t racing cable.
H e a t t r a ce fluid:
STM- St eam t rapped
OTHR- Ot her fluid / no t raps
Valve packing or seal:
* S* - St andard valve packing
E- Environm ent al ( double st em )
B- Bellows seal SV/ GL/ GA else environm ent al
packing
1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 ) 11

PI PE - cont inued
Pipe sa ndbla st pe r ce n t of a r e a :
Default : 100% ; see design basis
Pipe insula t ion t hick ne ss:
Default from insulat ion schedule and unit area specs
( see m inim um insulat ion t em perat ure)
Pipe insula t ion j a ck e t t ype :
Default : see proj ect design basis; AL, SS, CS.
Pipe insula t ion t ype :
CA- Calcium silicat e
MW- Mineral wool
FG- Foam - glass
Pe r sonn e l pr ot e ct ion :
Personnel prot ect ion percent coverage.
For exam ple, if out of 50 FEET run of pipe, 12.5 FEET
needs personnel prot ect ion, ent er “ 25” in t his field.
The syst em will t hen generat e 12.5 FEET of personnel
prot ect ion plus wast e. The t hickness of t he personnel
prot ect ion insulat ion generat ed will always be 1.00
I NCH. Default : see unit area pipe specs.
N ot e : You m ust select PPROT in t he Spe cia l Pipe
D e scr . field before t he syst em will use t he personnel
prot ect ion.
Pipe inst a lla t ion opt ion:
Default : above ground pipe or support s on rack
( specified elsewhere)
* A* - Above ground piping
B - Buried piping
D e pt h bur ie d pipe :
Min: 24.0 I NCHES [ 600.0 MM] ; Max: 120 I NCHES
[ 3000.0 MM] . Below grade dept h t o t op of pipe for
buried pipe only. Default : syst em calculat ed.
St e a m ga u ge pr e ss:
Max: 25 PSI G [ 175 KPA] . St eam supply pressure for
t raced or j acket ed pipe.
12 1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 )

PI PE - cont inued
Pipe r ou t in g t ype :
Specify pipe rout ing t ype t o be used from t he ext ernal
fit t ing specs file specified at t he design basis level ( see
your soft ware user ’s guide for inst ruct ions on where t o
specify t he file nam e) .
AGU- Above ground unit piping
AGR- Above ground rack piping
UGU- Under ground unit piping
MRP- Machine room piping
OTP- Miscellaneous piping
Once a pipe rout ing t ype is specified, t he syst em uses

t he dat a in t he ext ernal fit t ing specs file for t he valve
rules, fit t ing rules, horizont al allowance, vert ical
allowance and t he diam et er size definit ion. Pipe
rout ing t ype is m eant t o refer t o t he locat ion of t he
piping. However, t he above descript ions are for
reference only; using t he fit t ing specs file, t he user
cont rols t he cont ext of t he rules and can assign
m eaning at his discret ion.
The available fit t ing specs files are list ed in t he
PI PEDATA.SET file t hat t he user places in t he m ain
PI DS folder: [ I carus soft ware folder] \ PI DS. The user
set s up t his file by copying t he PI PEDATA.SET provided
in t he [ I carus soft ware folder] \ New Files\ dat \ pids
folder t o t he m ain PI DS folder. The user can edit t he
PI PEDATA.SET file in a t rue t ext edit or, such as
Not epad, adding fit t ing specs files sim ply by t yping in
t he file nam es.
I f t he user has not set up t his file, t hen t he syst em
will look for a file called FI TSPC.DAT. I f available, t his
file will be used as t he fit t ing specs file. I f not , a set of
default rules will be used. A default FI TSPC.DAT file is
available at [ I carus soft ware folder] / New Files/ dat /
pids. This file can be copied, edit ed, and used as a
basis for alt ernat e fit t ing specs files. Fit t ing specs files
m ust be list ed in t he PI PEDATA.SET file and placed in
t he m ain PI DS folder.
See Figure FI TSPC.DAT for an illust rat ion explaining

t he dat a in t he FI TSPC.DAT file.
1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 ) 13

PI PE - cont inued
Fit t ing r ule s a pplica t ion:

Select whet her t o use t he fit t ing rules.
Y- Use fit t ing rules for t he t ype of piping
N - Do not use fit t ing rules
Fit t ing and valve rules are specified in t he ext ernal
fit t ing specs file ( see illust rat ion on following page) ,
select ed at t he proj ect design basis level. Fit t ing and
valve codes are available in Valve and Fit t ing Opt ions
for I nst allat ion Bulk Piping in t his chapt er. You put in
t he num ber of each valve and fit t ing t ype per 100 feet
( 30 m et ers) . The lengt h used in t hese calculat ions is
aft er t he horizont al and vert ical adj ust m ent s have
been account ed for.
Va lve r u le s a pplica t ion :
Select whet her t o use t he fit t ing and/ or valve rules.
Y- Use valve rules for t he t ype of piping
N - Do not use valve rules
Fit t ing and valve rules are specified in t he ext ernal
fit t ing specs file ( see illust rat ion on following page) ,
select ed at t he proj ect design basis level. Fit t ing and
valve codes are available in Valve and Fit t ing Opt ions
for I nst allat ion Bulk Piping in t his chapt er. Users put in
t he num ber of each valve and fit t ing t ype per 100 feet
( 30 m et ers) . The lengt h used in t hese calculat ions is
aft er t he horizont al and vert ical adj ust m ent s have
been account ed for.
14 1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 )
Figur e FI TSPC.D AT
1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 ) 15
N ot e : The user specifies four set s of diam et er sizes, and four set s of fit t ing/
valve rules for each rout ing t ype. The user specifies only one set of allowance
rules per rout ing t ype.
N ot e : THe user is not lim it ed t o t he first eight colum ns for fit t ings or t o t he
last eight colum ns for valves; t his is j ust t he suggest ed use of t he colum ns.
The t ot al percent age dist ribut ion should equal 100, but does not need t o be -
t he syst em will not crash if t he dist ribut ion is not 100% .
Always edit t he FI TSPC.DAT file using a t r ue t ext edit or such as Not epad or
EDI TPLUS ( shareware) .
To use a specific fit t ing specs file, add it t o PI PEDATA.SET and m ove it t o t he /
PI DS direct ory. Then, select it at t he base level ( see soft ware’s user guide) . To
use t his file wit h piping, add t he above/ below grade pipe it em ( PI PE) and
select one of t he piping rout ing t ypes in t he form . Once t he rout ing t ype is
select ed, t he syst em will use t he file for t his piping it em .
The user m ay select alt ernat ive fit t ing specificat ion files by changing t he fit t ing
specificat ion file nam e at t he design basis level.
16 1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 )

PI PE - cont inued
H or izon t a l a llow a n ce :
Select whet her t o use horizont al allowance.
Y- Use horizont al allowance for t he t ype of piping
N- Do not use horizont al allowance
Horizont al allowance is specified for each piping
rout ing t ype in t he ext ernal fit t ing specificat ion file. An
ent ry of “ 100” m eans t he syst em will not adj ust t he
input lengt h, whereas an ent ry of “ 150” will increase
t he input lengt h by 50 percent .
Ve r t ica l a llow a nce :
Select whet her t o use vert ical allowance.
Y- Use vert ical allowance for t he t ype of piping
N - Do not use vert ical allowance
Vert ical allowance is specified for each piping rout ing
t ype in t he ext ernal fit t ing specificat ion file. An ent ry of
“ 100” m eans t he syst em will not adj ust t he input
lengt h, whereas an ent ry of “ 150” will increase t he
input lengt h by 50 percent .
Pr im a r y e quipm e nt use r t a g:
User t ag of t he prim ary ( i.e., upst ream ) equipm ent t o
which t his pipe is connect ed. Default : NONE.
Pr im a r y e quipm e nt conne ct ion:
Connect ion locat ion of t he pipe on t he prim ary ( i.e.,
upst ream ) equipm ent ; Default : not connect ed
< Blank> .
< Blank> - not connect ed t o any equipm ent
S- connect ed t o shell of equipm ent
U- connect ed t o t ube side of equipm ent
J- connect ed t o j acket of equipm ent
B- connect ed t o bot t om of double diam et er t ower
T- connect ed t o t op of double diam et er t ower
Se conda r y e quipm e nt use r t a g:
User t ag of t he secondary ( i.e., downst ream )
equipm ent t o which t his pipe is connect ed. Default :
NONE.
Se conda r y e quipm e nt conne ct ion:
Connect ion locat ion of t he pipe on t he secondary ( i.e.,
downst ream ) equipm ent ; Default : not connect ed
< Blank> .
< Blank> - not connect ed t o any equipm ent
S- connect ed t o shell of equipm ent
U- connect ed t o t ube side of equipm ent
J- connect ed t o j acket of equipm ent
B- connect ed t o bot t om of double diam et er t ower
T- connect ed t o t op of double diam et er t ower
1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 ) 17
Ja ck e t Pipe I llust r a t ions
You can select j acket ing for PI PE and YARD PI PE under Special Pipe
Descript ion.
18 1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 )

Ut ilit y service lines, st at ions: st andard configurat ion UTI L PI PE
Ut ilit y headers: runs of pipe providing up t o 15
different services. Ut ilit y st at ion: short runs of sm all-
bore pipe providing local air, wat er, st eam and
condensat e drain services.
See piping m at erials list ed lat er in t his chapt er.
Default : * CS* ( Carbon st eel) .
N u m be r u t ilit y st a t ion s:
A ut ilit y st at ion consist s of t hree 100 FEET [ 30 M] lines
of 1 I NCHES [ 25 MM] diam et er pipe for air, wat er and
st eam service, and one 50 FEET [ 15 M] condensat e
line of 0.75 I NCHES [ 20 MM] diam et er.
Default : * 1* . Ent er “ 0.0” t o exclude all ut ilit y st at ions.
Le n gt h pa r a m e t e r :
Pipe lengt hs = 1 x lengt h param et er, except firewat er
loop/ lat . = 2 x, hp st eam = 0.5 x. Default : 100 FEET
[ 30 M] .
Ut ilit y st a t ion dr op le ngt h:
Applies t o all ut ilit y st at ions described above.
Default : 100 FEET [ 30 M] for air, wat er, and st eam
service and 50 FEET [ 15 M] for condensat e ret urn.
H e a de r dia m e t e r sym bol:
Diam et er sym bol defines size of any line not specified.
See Ut ilit y Piping Services lat er in t his chapt er.
L- Low/ sm all diam et er
M- Medium diam et er
H- High/ large diam et er
V- Very large diam et er
Fir e w a t e r loop dia m e t e r :
Default : det erm ined by diam et er sym bol, ent er 0.0 t o
delet e if diam et er sym bol set .
Fir e w a t e r la t e r a l dia m e t e r :
Pot a ble w a t e r h e a de r dia m e t e r :
delet e if diam et er sym bol set . Line will be insulat ed
based on locat ion:
US - uninsulat ed,
UK - insulat ed.
Coolin g w a t e r supply dia m e t e r :
based on locat ion: US - uninsulat ed, UK - insulat ed.
1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 ) 19
UTI L PI PE - cont inued
Cool w a t e r r e t u r n dia m e t e r :
base on locat ion: US - uninsulat ed, UK - insulat ed.
Low Pr e ssur e ( LP) st e a m he a de r dia m e t e r :
M e dium Pr e ssur e ( M P) st e a m he a de r dia m e t e r :
H igh Pr e ssur e ( H P) st e a m he a de r dia m e t e r :
Conde nsa t e r e t ur n dia m e t e r :
Pla nt a ir he a de r dia m e t e r : Default : det erm ined by
diam et er sym bol, ent er 0.0 t o delet e if diam et er
sym bol set .
I n st r u m e n t a ir h e a de r dia m e t e r :
Fue l ga s h e a de r dia m e t e r : Default : det erm ined by
diam et er sym bol, ent er 0.0 t o delet e if diam et er
sym bol set .
I n e r t ga s h e a de r dia m e t e r :
Che m ica l se w e r dia m e t e r :
Fla r e h e a de r dia m e t e r :
Buried concret e pipe, m anholes, elbows, t ees: t rench, RCON PI PE
backfill I ncludes t renching and backfilling.
D ia m e t e r :
Range: 12 - 98 I NCHES [ 300 - 2,450 MM]
N u m be r of m a n hole s: Default : * 0*
20 1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 )
Process duct work, round D UCT RD
St iffeners and support hangers are designed, but
support st eel, racks, et c. m ust be specified elsewhere.
D uct m a t e r ia l:
Default : * GALV*
GALV- Galvanized CS
CS- Carbon st eel
AL- Alum inum
D uct dia m e t e r :
I f t he duct capacit y is specified, t he duct dim ension is
det erm ined from t he capacit y and t he gas velocit y. The
velocit y m ay be specified, or t he syst em uses a
variable velocit y bet ween 2000 and 4000 FPM [ 36600
- 72100 M/ H] depending on t he specified pressure.
The calculat ed duct dim ension is rounded t o a
st andard size.
D uct de sign pr e ssu r e :
Should be specified ( indicat e + or - ) for design of duct
t hickness and st iffeners; - 60 - 60 I NCHES H2O
[ 114,930 - 14,930 PA] . Default : * - 20* I NCHES H2O
[ * - 4,980* PA] .
D uct ga uge :
Leave blank if t hickness is ent ered; ent er t hickness if
t hicker t han 8 gauge. Range: 8 - 30.
D uct w a ll t hick ne ss:
Default : det erm ined by size and pressure, leave blank
if duct gauge num ber ent ered.
D uct cla ss:
The duct class indicat es t he quant it y and abrasiveness
of part iculat e m at erial. Default : * 1* .
1 - Non- abrasive applied.
2- Mod- abras./ lo concern.
3- Hi- abras.lo concern.
4- Hi- abras./ hi concern.
Configu r a t ion :
Seam configurat ion; applies t o class 1 duct only.
Default : * LONG*
LONG- Longit udinal seam
SPI R- Spiral seam
D uct insula t ion t hick ne ss:
Default : 0.0 I NCHES [ 0.0 MM] .
Pa r t icle de n sit y:
Densit y of concent rat ed part iculat es for duct classes 2,
3 and 4. Default : * 25* PCF [ * 400* KG/ M3] .
1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 ) 21

D UCT RD - cont inued
St iffe n e r size :
Default : size and spacing det erm ined from duct
pressure, dim ensions and t hickness.
St iffe n e r spa cing:
Suppor t w e ight :
Hanger weight ( each) ; support st eel, racks, et c. m ust
be specified elsewhere. The syst em det erm ines t he
support weight based on st andard spacing
of 12 FEET [ 3.5 M] and t he duct loads. The calculat ed
weight and spacing m ay be replaced wit h an input
weight and spacing.
Suppor t spa cin g: Default : * 12* FEET [ * 3.5* M] .
N u m be r of da m pe r s: Default : * 0*
N u m be r of a cce ss door s: Default : * 0*
N um be r Fle x ible conne ct ion: Default : * 0*
Process duct work, square D UCT SQ
St iffeners and support hangers are designed,

but support st eel, racks, et c. m ust be specified
elsewhere.
D uct m a t e r ia l:
Default : * GALV*
GALV- Galvanized CS
CS- Carbon st eel
AL- Alum inum
D uct w idt h:
I f t he duct capacit y is specified, t he duct dim ension is
det erm ined from t he capacit y and t he gas velocit y.
The velocit y m ay be specified, t he syst em uses a
variable velocit y bet ween 2000 and 4000 FPM [ 36600
- 73100 M/ H] depending on t he specified pressure.
The calculat ed duct dim ension is rounded t o a
st andard size.
22 1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 )
DUCT SQ - cont inued
D uct de sign pr e ssu r e :

Should be specified ( indicat e + or - ) for design of duct
t hickness and st iffeners. - 60 - 60 I NCHES H2O [ -
14,930 - 14,930 PA] .
Default : * - 20* I NCHES H2O [ * - 4,980* PA] .
D uct ga uge :
Leave blank if t hickness is ent ered; ent er t hickness if
t hicker t han 8 gauge. Range: 8 - 30.
D uct w a ll t hick ne ss:
Default : det erm ined by size and pressure, leave blank
if duct gauge num ber ent ered.
D uct cla ss:
The duct class indicat es t he quant it y and abrasiveness
of part iculat e m at erial. Default : * 1* .
1 - Non- abrasive applied.
2- Mod- abras./ lo concern.
3- Hi- abras.lo concern.
4- Hi- abras./ hi concern.
D uct insula t ion t hick ne ss: Default : 0.0 I NCHES [ 0.0
MM] .
Pa r t ica l de n sit y: Densit y of concent rat ed part iculat es
for duct classes 2, 3 and 4. Default : * 25* PCF [ * 400*
KG/ M3] .
St iffe n e r size :
St iffe n e r spa cing:
Suppor t w e ight :
Hanger weight ( each) ; support st eel, racks, et c. m ust
be specified elsewhere. The syst em det erm ines t he
support weight based on st andard spacing of 12 FEET
[ 3.5 M] and t he duct loads. The calculat ed weight and
spacing m ay be replaced wit h an input weight and
spacing.
Suppor t spa cin g: Default : * 12* FEET [ * 3.5* M] .
N u m be r of da m pe r s: Default : * 0*
N u m be r of a cce ss door s: Default : * 0*
N um be r Fle x ible conne ct ion: Default : * 0*
1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 ) 23

Fluid heat t racing exist ing equipm ent EQPT TRACE
The it em of equipm ent and it s insulat ion are not

included; t hese are assum ed t o be specified elsewhere
in t he proj ect .
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CU*
CU- Copper
Tr a ce r t ube le ngt h:
This is t he t ot al lengt h of 0.5 I NCHES O.D. t ubing
required t o heat t race an it em specified elsewhere in
t he est im at e. This lengt h does not include t he run t o
and from supply and ret urn headers, as t hese lengt hs
are specified in t he Dist ./ Supply Header and t he Dist ./
Ret urn Header fields.
Tr a cin g sym bol:
T- SP- Traced: t ube conn. - spiral t racer - no cem ent
T- SPC- Traced: t ube conn. - spiral t racer - wit h cem ent
P- SP- Traced: pipe conn. - spiral t racer - no cem ent
P- SPC- Traced: pipe conn. - spiral t racer - wit h cem ent
D ist a n ce t o supply he a de r :
Dist ance specified is from t raced equipm ent it em t o
supply and ret urn headers. The headers are not
included in t his it em , but are specified by t he user
elsewhere in t he est im at e for Area Pipe Specificat ions
or as a separat e bulk it em descript ion. Min: 5.0 FEET
[ 1.6 M] ; Default : * 25* FEET [ * 7.5* M] .
D ist a nce t o r e t ur n he a de r :
Dist ance specified is from t raced equipm ent it em t o
supply and ret urn headers. The headers are not
included in t his it em , but are specified by t he user
elsewhere in t he est im at e for Area Pipe Specificat ions
or as a separat e bulk it em descript ion. Min: 5.0 FEET
[ 1.6 M] ; Default : * 25* FEET [ * 7.5* M] .
Default : * STM*
STM- St eam heat ing m edium
OTHR- Ot her heat ing m edium
Default : * 25* PSI G [ * 175* KPA] .
24 1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 )

Fluid heat t racing for exist ing pipe runs PI PE TRACE
0.5 I NCHES O.D. t ubing applied t o exist ing pipe. The

t raced pipe and it s insulat ion are not included; t hese
are assum ed t o be specified elsewhere in t he proj ect .
An insulat ion adj ust m ent is included t o account for
t racers and t racer connect ions t o headers.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CU*
CU- Copper
Tr a ce d pipe le n gt h :
The pipe being t raced is not included, but m ust be
specified elsewhere.
Tr a ce d pipe dia m e t e r :
The pipe being t raced is not included, but m ust be
Tr a cin g sym bol:
T- SP- Traced: t ube conn. - spiral t racer - no cem ent
T- SPC- Traced: t ube conn. - spiral t racer - wit h cem ent
P- SP- Traced: pipe conn. - spiral t racer - no cem ent
P- SPC- Traced: pipe conn. - spiral t racer - wit h cem ent
T- LO- Traced: t ube conn. - longit . t racer - no cem ent
T- LOC- Traced: t ube conn. - longit t racer - wit h cem ent
P- LO- Traced: pipe conn. - longit t racer - no cem ent
P- LOC- Traced pipe conn. - longit t racer - wit h cem ent
D ist a n ce t o supply he a de r :
Dist ance specified is from t raced pipe t o supply or
ret urn header. Min: 5 FEET [ 1.6 MM] ; Default : * 25*
FEET [ * 7.5* M] .
D ist a nce t o r e t ur n he a de r :
Dist ance specified is from t raced pipe t o supply or
ret urn header. Min: 5 FEET [ 1.6 MM] ; Default : * 25*
FEET [ * 7.5* M] .
Default : * STM*
STM - St eam heat ing m edium
OTHR - Ot her heat ing m edium
Default * 25* PSI G [ * 175* KPA] . ( See “ Trapping
Dist ances” t ables.)
1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 ) 25
Tr a ppin g D ist a nce ( St e a m )
Tr a ce d Pr oce ss Lin e 2 5 PSI G 1 5 0 PSI G 2 0 0 PSI G N o. of 0 .5 I N CH
Siz e [ 1 7 5 KPA] [ 1 0 5 0 KPA] [ 1400 [ 1 2 .7 M M ] O.D .
KPA] Tr a ce r s pe r Line
0.50 I NCHES 150 FEET 250 FEET 300 FEET 1 OR 2

[ 12.7 - 25.4 MM] [ 45.72 M] [ 76.20 M] [ 91.44]
1.25 - 1.50 I NCHES 130 FEET 200 FEET 230 FEET 1 OR 2
[ 31.75- 38.10 MM] [ 39.62 M] [ 60.96 M] [ 70.10 M]
2.00 I NCHES 120 FEET 180 FEET 200 FEET 1
50.80 MM] [ 36.57 M] [ 54.86 M] [ 60.96 M]
2.50 - 3.00 I NCHES 100 FEET 150 FEET 190 FEET 1
[ 63.50 - 76.20 MM] [ 30.48] [ 45.72 M] [ 57.91 M]
3.50 - 4.00 I NCHES 150 FEET 240 FEET 270 FEET 1
[ 88.90 - 101.60 MM] [ 45.72 M] [ 73.15 M] [ 82.29 M]
- - - -
240 FEET 350 FEET 400 FEET 2
[ 73.15 M] [ 106.68 M] [ 121.92 M]
over 4.00 I NCHES 120 FEET 200 FEET 210 FEET 1
[ over 101.60 MM] [ 36.57 M] [ 60.96 M] [ 64.00 M]
- - - -
[ 60.96 M] [ 91.44 M] [ 103.63 M]
- - - -
[ 76.20 M] [ 109.72 M] [ 128.01 M]
STEAM Tr a cin g - N u m be r of Tr a ce r s Pe r Lin e

Tr a ce d Pr oce ss Line N o. of 0 .5 I N CH [ 1 2 .7 M M ]
Size ( I N CH ES) O.D . Tr a ce r s pe r Line
< 3 1
> to < 8 2
> 8 3
26 1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 )
Tr a ppin g D ist a nce ( St e a m ) - cont inued
H ow I ca r u s Ca lcu la t e s I n su la t ion Le n gt h on
Pipin g
All pipe insulat ion is calculat ed and report ed as st raight run equivalent lengt h.
The final lengt h is calculat ed by adding t he specified lengt h of st raight run
pipe, plus st raight run equivalent lengt hs for fit t ings ( 4 FEET [ 1.22 M] / fit t ing)
and valves ( 7 FEET [ 2.13 M] / valve) , plus an overall 5% allowance for wast age.
The final equat ion in l- P is:
[ pipe lengt h + ( fit t ing count * 4) + ( valve count * 7) ] * 105%
Ex a m ple ca lcu la t ion s:
Spe cifie d Re por t e d Le ngt h
1 0 0 FEET [ 3 0 .5 M ] 4 I N CH pipe + FEET M

0 fit t ings, 0 valves 105 32
1 FL, 0 valves 109 33
0 fit t ings, 1 GA ( t his creat es 2 m at ching FL) 121 37
1 FL, 1 GA 125 38
1 FL, 3 EL, 1 GA 138 42
1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 ) 27
28 1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 )
1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 ) 29
30 1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 )
1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 ) 31
32 1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 )
1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 ) 33

Launders, half- round, rubber lined LAUN D ER RD
St eel launder lined wit h 0.25 I NCHES [ 6.0 MM] nat ural
rubber.
Mat erial is RBLCS ( Rubber- lined carbon st eel)
Cove r Type :
Default : * NONE*
COVRD- Plat e cover
NONE- No cover
Launders, square/ rect angular, rubber lined LAUN D ER SQ
St eel launder lined wit h 0.25 I NCHES [ 6.0 MM]
nat ural rubber.
Mat erial is RBLCS ( Rubber- lined carbon st eel)
Cove r Type :
Default : * NONE*
COVRD- Plat e cover
NONE- No cover
Coat and wrap pipe for burial: m anual or m achine COAT W RAP
Applicat ion m ay be by hand or m achine.
Applica t ion Sym bol:

HAND- Manual
MACH- Machine
Hot t ap: product ion line t o branch line H OT TAP
Split t ee or nipple, flange and valve provided; branch
m ust be specified elsewhere.
Available only in Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or and
I carus Process Evaluat or.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * GRBW*
GRBW- API 5L and 5LS Gr. B304LP- 304L
X42W- API 5LX Grade X42316P- SS316
X52W- API 5LX Grade X52316LP- 316L
X60W- API 5LX Grade X60321P- SS321
X65W- API 5LX Grade X65AL- Alum inum
A 53- A 53CU- Copper
A 106- A 106NI - Nickel
A333C- 3.5 NiMONEL- Monel
A335C- 1.25Cr - .5Mo - SiI NCNL- I nconel
304P- SS304
34 1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 )
H OT TAP - cont inued
Fla nge Cla ss:

Default : * 600*
150- Class 150
300- Class 300
600- Class 600
900- Class 900
1500- Class 1500
2500- Class 2500
125- Class 125 WOG
250- Class 250 WOG
Perm anent scraper launcher and receiver SCRAPER LR
A pair ( launcher and receiver) is provided for each
it em .
I carus Process Evaluat or.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * X52W*
X52W- API 5LLX-X52 welded
X42W- API 5LX-X42 welded
GRBW- API 5L - gr B/ 5LS welded
X52S- API 5LX-X52 seam less
X42S- API FLX-X42 seam less
GRBS- API 5L - gr B seam less
Fla nge Cla ss:
Default : * 600*
150- Class 150
300- Class 300
600- Class 600
900- Class 900
1500- Class 1500
2500- Class 2500
125- Class 125 WOG
250- Class 250 WOG
1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 ) 35
Pipe, valve, and fit t ings at well head W ELL H EAD
St andard valve and fit t ing configurat ion plus 70 FEET
[ 20 M] of pipe.
Aspen Process Econom ic Evaluat or.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * X52W*
X52W- API 5LLX-X52 welded
GRBW- API 5L - gr B/ 5LS welded
X42S- API FLX-X42 seam less
GRBS- API 5L - gr B seam less
Default : * 8* I NCHES DI AM [ * 200* MM DI AM]
Type of w e ll:
Default : * PROD*
PROD- Product ion well
I NJEC- I nj ect ion well
Sprinkler fire syst em ( wat er / wat er+ foam ) SPRN K
* A 53* , 304P, 316P
Out le t a r r a nge m e nt :
* PLANE* - Out let devices arranged over planar area
ARRAY- Out let devices arranged over equipm ent area
D ia m e t e r or le n gt h : I f out let arrangem ent is PLANE,
wit h devices arranged over planar area, ent er t he
plane area; if out let arrangem ent is ARRAY, wit h
devices arranged over equipm ent area, ent er t he
com ponent lengt h or diam et er.
W idt h: I f out let arrangem ent is PLANE, wit h devices
arranged over planar area, ent er t he widt h of t he
plane area; if out let arrangem ent is ARRAY, wit h
devices arranged over equipm ent area, ent er t he
com ponent widt h. Default : sam e as D ia m e t e r or
le ngt h.
H e igh t :
For ARRAY out let arrangem ent only, ent er height of
out let configurat ion. Default : * 20* FEET [ * 6* M] .
36 1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 )

SPRN K - cont inued
N um be r of le ve ls:
for PLANE out let arrangem ent only, ent er num ber of
levels or floors having t he indicat ed dim ensions.
Default : * 1* .
N u m be r of spr ink le r s:
Default based on hazard t ype and area dim ensions.
Sprinkler locat ion:
* OUT* - out door inst allat ion
I N- indoor inst allat ion
Hazard t ype:
* EFLH* - Ext inguished fire - light hazard occupancy
EFOH1- Ext inguished fire - ordinary hazard grp 1
EFOH2- Ext inguished fire - ordinary hazard grp 2
EFXH1- Ext inguished fire - ext ra hazard grp 1 occup
EFXH2- Ext inguished fire - ext ra hazard grp 2 occup
EPXH2- Exposure prot . - ext ra hazard grp 2 occup
CBXH2- Cont rol burning - ext ra hazard grp 2 occup
PFXH2- Fire prevent ion - ext ra hazard grp 2 occup
Syst e m t ype :
* WSPNK* - Wat er sprinkler
WSPRY- Wat er spray
FSPNK- Foam sprinkler
FSPRY- Foam spray
Pipe syst em t ype:
* DRSYS* - Dry pipe syst em
WTSYS- Wet pipe syst em
DPPNU- Deluge sys/ pilot head/ pneum at ic act uat or
DPHYD- Deluge sys/ pilot head/ hydraulic act uat or
DELEC- Deluge sys/ elect ric act uat or
D e t e ct or t ype :
* SPRKR* - Aut om at ic sprinkler det ect or
FXTMP- Fixed t em perat ure det ect or
R- O- R- Rat e of rise t em perat ure det ect or
SMKAL- Sm oke alarm det ect or
NONE- No det ect ors inst alled
1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 ) 37

SPRN K - cont inued
Applica t ion de nsit y:

Max: 1.00 GPM/ SF [ 0.650 L/ S/ M2]
Volum e of wat er/ foam required per unit area. Default
based on hazard/ class.
Cove r a ge a r e a pe r spr ink le r :
Max: 400 SF [ 37.0 M2]
N u m be r of h ose st a t ion s: Default : 0
N u m be r of h ydr a nt s: Default : 0
Foa m con ce n t r a t ion : Default : 3% ; Max: 100% ; for
foam Syst e m t ype only
Foa m t a nk opt ion :
* NONE* - No foam st orage t ank required
BALPR- Tank wit h balanced pressure proport ioning
PRTNK- Tank wit h pressure proport ioning
ARPMP- Tank wit h around t he pum p proport ioning
Ta n k de sign ga u ge pr e ssur e :
Default : * 15* PSI G [ * 100* KPA] ; for foam syst em s
only
Ta n k t e m pe r a t u r e :
Default : * 68* DEG F [ * 20* DEG C] ; for foam syst em s
only
Pipe sizin g m e t h od:
* HYDLC* - Hydraulic pressure drop calculat ions
PSCHD- Schedule of pipe sizes vs. num ber of
sprinklers
Foam fire syst em s FOAM
* A 53* , 304P, 316P.
Out le t a r r a nge m e nt :
* PLANE* - Out let devices arranged over planar area
ARRAY- Out let devices arranged over equipm ent area
D ia m e t e r or le n gt h :
I f out let arrangem ent is PLANE, wit h devices arranged
over planar area, ent er t he plane area; if out let
arrangem ent is ARRAY, wit h devices arranged over
equipm ent area, ent er t he com ponent lengt h or
diam et er.
W idt h :
I f out let arrangem ent is PLANE, wit h devices arranged
over planar area, ent er t he widt h of t he plane area; if
out let arrangem ent is ARRAY, wit h devices arranged
over equipm ent area, ent er t he com ponent widt h.
Default : sam e as D ia m e t e r or le ngt h .
38 1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 )

FOAM - cont inued
H e igh t : For ARRAY out let arrangem ent only, ent er

height of out let configurat ion. Default : * 20* FEET
[ * 6* M] .
N u m be r of le ve ls:
Default : 1.00; for PLANE out let arrangem ent only,
num ber of levels or floors having t he indicat ed
dim ensions.
N u m be r of foa m ou t le t s:
Default based on area size.
Syst e m t ype :
* LOEXP* - Low expansion foam syst em
MDEXP- Medium expansion foam syst em
HI EXP- High expansion foam syst em
Pipe syst e m t ype :
* DRFXP* - Dry pipe syst em
WTFXP- Wet pipe syst em
DLFXP- Deluge syst em
PORT- Port able syst em wit h nozzle
Foa m de live r y opt ion :
FCHMB- Foam cham bers
MONTR- Monit ors
* NOZLE* Nozzles
HNDLN- Hand lines
SPRKR- Sprinklers
Applica t ion de nsit y:
Volum e of wat er/ foam required per unit of area.
Default based on hazard/ class.
N u m be r of h ose st a t ion s: Default : 0
N u m be r of h ydr a nt s: Default : 0
Foa m con ce n t r a t ion :
Default : 3.00% ; Max: 100%
Foa m t a nk opt ion :
* NONE* - No foam st orage t ank required
BALPR- Tank wit h balanced pressure proport ioning
PRTNK- Tank wit h pressure proport ioning
ARPMP- Tank wit h around t he pum p proport ioning
Ta n k de sign ga u ge pr e ssur e :
Ta n k t e m pe r a t u r e :
1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 ) 39
St andpipe and hose fire syst em s SPH OS
* A 53* , 304P, 316P
Le n gt h:
Area lengt h for det erm ining num ber of hoses
W idt h:
Area widt h for det erm ining num ber of hoses; default :
sam e as lengt h
N u m be r of le ve ls:
Default : 1.00; num ber of levels or floors having t he
indicat ed dim ensions.
Syst e m t ype :
* C- I * - Class I st and pipe and hose syst em
C- I I - Class I I st and pipe and hose syst em
C- I I I - Class I I I st and pipe and hose syst em
N u m be r of h ose s:
Default based on class and area dim ensions
Pipe syst e m t ype :
* DRAUT* - Aut om at ic dry syst em ; Class I only
DRSMA- Sem i- aut om at ic dry syst em ; Class I only
DRMNL- Manual dry syst em ; Class I only
WTAUT- Aut om at ic wet syst em
WTMNL- Manual wet syst em
M in im um flow pe r h ose :
Max: 1,250.0 GPM [ 78.0 L/ S] ;
Default : for C- I , C- I I I , 500 GPM [ 31 L/ S] ; for C- I I ,
100 GPM [ 6.3 L/ S]
N u m be r of h ydr a nt s:
Default : 0
Em ergency eyewash and shower unit s W SH W R
* A 53* , 304P, 316P
N u m be r of w a sh un it s:
Default : 0
Ent er t he num ber of wash unit s ( t ype specified below
in W a sh unit t ype field) t o be included at t he
eyewash st at ion.
N u m be r of sh ow e r un it s:
Default : 0
Ent er t he num ber of full- body showers.
N u m be r of com bin e d u n it s:
Default : 0
40 1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 )

W SH W R - cont inued
When a quant it y is specified, t his com binat ion unit

provides a com binat ion full- body shower and wash unit
( t ype specified below in W a sh unit t ype field) .
N u m be r of n ozzle s pe r sh ow e r :
Default : 1; Max: 12
Ent er t he num ber of nozzles per shower unit .
Le n gt h su pply pipe :
Default : * 50.0* FEET [ * 50.0* M]
W a sh unit t ype :
EYE1- single out let eyewash unit
* EYE2* - double out let eyewash unit
FACE- face wash unit
COMB- com binat ion eye and face wash unit
D r a in r e quir e m e nt :
* YES* , NO
High densit y polyet hylene pipe, fusion bonded H D PE PI PE
Pipe le n gt h :
Min: 1.0 FEET [ 0.35 M]
2- 54 I NCHES DI AM [ 50- 1350 MM DI AM]
Default : based on SDR and t em perat ure
Te m pe r a t u r e : Default : 73 DEG F [ 23 DEG C]
Configu r a t ion : * BURI ED* , ABOVE
D e pt h of bu r ie d pipe :
24- 120 I NCHES [ 600- 3000 MM]
N u m be r of Elbow s: Default : * 0*
N u m be r of Re duce r s: Default : * 0*
N um be r of W ye s: Default : * 0*
N u m be r of Ye s: Default : * 0*
N um be r of Blinds: Default : * 0*
Sanit ary flow diversion panel FLO PAN EL
Panel consist s of pipe wit h swivelling elbow ( m ust be

posit ioned m anually) used t o divert flow t o one of four
pipes. I f included, proxim it y sensor ident ifies posit ion of
elbow. Quick disconnect s are used t o connect elbow wit h
downst ream pipe. Used in t he sanit ary indust ry.
Panel enclosures are st ainless st eel for sanit at ion.
Cust om Pipe Spe c: ent er eit her Cust om Pipe Spec ( see
Design Basis) or m at erial, not bot h. Default : 304 PS
1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 ) 41

FLO PAN EL - cont inued
M a t e r ia l:
* 304PS* - SS304, sanit ary grade pipe m at erial
316PS- SS316, sanit ary grade pipe m at erial
Mat erial select ion is for piping ( wet t ed part ) only;
enclosure m at erial is SS316.
St andard pipe diam et ers bet ween1.50 I NCHES [ 40.0
MM] and 4.00 I NCHES [ 100 MM]
Pa ne l t ype :
* DWALL* - Double wall t ype panel
SWALL- Single wall t ype panel
N o. st a t ion s/ pa n e l:
MI N: * 2* ; MAX: 8
Pr ox im it y se n sor s:
NO- No proxim it y sensors will be provided
* YES* - Proxim it y sensors will be provided
Cla m p conne ct ions:
select clam p connect ion t ype for front ( U- bend) side
* CB* - Cherry- Burrel couplings
TC- Tri- Clover couplings
N o. of e x t r a U- be nds:
Default : * 0*
Fe r r u le s on ou t le t :
* NO* - No ferrule will be provided
YES- Ferrules will be provided
Clam p t ype for back side is t he sam e as front side
when ferrules are provided.
42 1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 )
Pipe D ia m e t e r s
(Inch - Pound diameters are for ANSI B36.19)
I N CH ES MM
0.5 1 15 1
.75 20
1 25
1.25 1 32
1.51 40 1
2 50
2.5 1 65 1
3 80
3.5 1 90 1
4 100
51 125 1
6 150
8 200
10 250
12 300
14 350
16 400
18 450
20 500
24 600
30 750
36 900
42 1050
48 1200
54 2 1350 2
60 2 1500 2
72 2 1800 2
84 2 2100 2
96 2 2400 2
108 2 2700 2
120 2 3000 2
1
Non- st andard pipe sizes are not creat ed by m odels unless specified.
2
Elbows and t ees are fabricat ed from like- diam et er pipe. Est im at e includes m ore
welds t o fabricat e fit t ings.
N ot e : Pipe diam et ers great er t han 72 2 ( 1800 m m ) are only available for Plant Bulk
Pipe I t em s. These larger diam et ers cannot be specified in pipe it em det ails or yard
pipe form s.
1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 ) 43
Pipe Sche dule
Use ANSI B36.10 for all m at erials, all count ry locat ions.
Ex ce pt ion s:
Ja pa n - does have schedule 20SS 0.5 - 12 I NCHES diam et er.
Ja pa n - schedule 40, 60, 80, and 100SS > 20 I NCHES diam et er is
m uch t hinner.
St a n da r d Equ a t ion s for Pipe

D ia m e t e r ( Old)
Liquid Line s Slur r y Line s
GPM Ra n ge Ve locit y GPM Ra nge V e locit y
0 - 90 7 0 - 3000 3
91 - 250 8 3001 - 5000 5
251 - 500 9 5001 - 7000 7
501 - 1000 10 > 7000 8
1001 - 2000 11
2001 - 3000 12
3001 - 4000 13
> 4000 14
Diam et er = 0.6384* ( GPM/ Velocit y) * * 0.5
I F ( Diam et er > 4.0) THEN
Diam et er = Diam et er - 1.00
ELSE
Diam et er = Diam et er - 0.25
Ga s Lin e s
Minim um Flowrat e = 100000.0 for velocit y calculat ions
Maxim um Flowrat e = 1.0E07 for velocit y calculat ions
Flow r a t e Ve locit y
LBS/ H R FPS
Velocit y= Log- Log X1 = 1.0E05 Y1 = 30.0
X2 = 1.0E07 Y2 = 100.0
Specific Volum e = 10.73* ( Fahrenheit + 460.0) / ( Molewt * ( Pressure+ 15.0) )
Diam et er = 0.226* ( ( Flowrat e* Specific Volum e) / Velocit y) * * 0.50
I F ( Diam et er > 18.0) Use one pipe size sm aller
44 1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 )
St e a m Line s
Minim um Flowrat e = 10000.0 for velocit y equat ions
Maxim um Flowrat e = 1.0E06 for velocit y equat ions
Flow r a t e Ve locit y
LBS/ H R FPS
Velocit y = Log- Log X1 = 1.0E04 Y1= 20.0
X2 = 1.0E06 Y2= 100.0
Tem pSt eam = 100.0* ( Pressure+ 30.0) * * 0.25
SpecificVolum e = 0.596* ( Tem pSt eam + 460.0) / ( Pressure+ 15.0)
Diam et er = 0.226* ( Flowrat e* SpecificVolum e/ Velocit y) * * 0.50
I F ( Diam et er > 18.0) Use one pipe size sm aller
St a n da r d Equ a t ion s for Pipe D ia m e t e r ( Old) - cont inued

Re lie f Lin e s
SQ I N CH ES D I AM I N CH ES
0.196 1.0
1.287 2.0
2.853 3.0
6.38 4.0
16.0 6.0
26.0 8.0
1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 ) 45
St a n da r d Equ a t ion s for Pipe
D ia m e t e r ( N e w )
The “ new” line sizing m odels are charact erized by a m axim um pipe velocit y
crit erion and a m axim um pressure drop crit erion, as list ed below:
Pa r a m e t e r Equa t ion Re m a r k s
Pipe Velocit y V ≤ Vm a x V = flow Velocit y;
Vm ax = m axim um velocit y given below;
Pressure Drop ( psi ΔP ⁄ 100 ≤ ΔPm a x ΔPm a x is t he allowable m axim um pressure

per 100 ft .) drop per 100ft , given below
Applica t ion M a x im um M a x im u m Pr e ssu r e D r op Pe r 1 0 0 ft .

Ve locit y
46 1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 )
Liquid Lines V m a x = 100 ⁄ p 10.5 ΔPm a x = 1 psi
Where:
Vm ax = Maxim um
allowable velocit y -
liquid ( FT/ S)
A = Maxim um
velocit y m ult iplier -
liquid( FT/ S)
Default = 100
B = Maxim um
velocit y exponent -
liquid
Default = 0.5
Pl = Pressure -
liquid( Psia)
B
Vm ax = A/ Pl
Gas Lines V m a x = 100 ⁄ p v0.5 ΔPm a x = 0.224 + 0.00172 P + 0.0000034 P2

where P is t he operat ing pressure in psia.
St eam Lines V m a x = 100 ⁄ p s0.5 ΔPm a x = 1 psi
Cent rifugal Pum p V m a x = 5 ft / s ΔPm a x = 1 psi

Suct ion
PD & Gear Pum p V m a x = 1.5 ft / s ΔPm a x = 1 psi

Suct ion
All Pum p Discharge Table as a funct ion ΔPm a x = 3 psi

of Pipe Diam et er
Tower Reboiler V m a x = 3 ft / s
1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 ) 47
St a n da r d Equ a t ion s for Pipe D ia m e t e r ( N EW ) - cont inued
Nam e Equa t ion
Flare St ack inlet header V
m a x = 0.75* Sonic Velocit y
d= 12* ( 4* gpm / ( X* 7.481* 60* Vm ax ) ) 0.5

Pipe Diam et er Liquid
d= 0.226* ( flowrat e* specificvolum e/ Vm ax ) 0.5

Vapor* *
Where:
Vm ax = Maxim um allowable velocit y - liquid ( FT/ S)
A = Maxim um velocit y m ult iplier - liquid( FT/ S)
Default = 100
B = Maxim um velocit y exponent - liquid Default = 0.5
Pl = Pressure - liquid( Psia)
B
Vm ax = A/ Pl
Frict ion Fact or f= 2* [ ( 8/ NRE) 12 + 1/ ( C1 + C2 ) 1.5 ] 0.0833

Vapor/ Liquid
where:
C1= { 2.457* ln[ 1/ ( ( 7NRE) 0.9 + ( 0.27* ( ε / ( d/ 12) ) ) ) ] } 16
C2= ( 37530/ NRE) 16
( d ⁄ 12 ) v ρ
N RE = --------------------------
µ
ε ( abs. roughness) = 0.00015ft ( Com m ercial st eel/ wrought
iron)
v ( liquid velocit y) = 0.4085* gpm / d 2
v ( vapor velocit y) = 0.051076* flowrat e* specificvolum e/ d 2
ρ ( liquid densit y) = lb/ ft 3
µ ( liquid viscosit y) = cP* 6.7197* 10 - 4
d = pipe I D, inches
Frict ional pressure drop ΔP 100 ( 2 f ρv 2 )

( psi per 100 ft ) -------- = ------------------------
100
g c  -----  144
d
Vapor/ Liquid  12 
Vapor Densit y ρ = ( ( Pi + 14.696) * MW) / ( 10.73* ( Ti + 460) )

where:
Pi = Operat ing Pressure, psig
Ti = Operat ing Tem perat ure, o F
MW= Molecular Weight
48 1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 )
St a n da r d Equ a t ion s for Pipe D ia m e t e r ( N EW ) - cont inued
Nam e Equ a t ion
Vapor Viscosit y µ g = K* 10- 4* EXP( X* ρ s y )

where:
1.5
( 9.4 + 0.02MW ) ( T i + 460 )
K = ------------------------------------------------------------------------
209 + 19MW + ( T i + 460 )
X= 3.5+ ( 986/ Ti + 460) + 0.01* MW
y= 2.4 – 0.2* X
ρ s , St andard densit y= ( MW/ 28.97) * 0.0764*
( 520/ 14.696) * ( Pi + 14.696) / Ti + 460) * 1/ 62.428
Pressure Drop –6 2
ΔP 100 ( 3.36 ×10 )f ( f l o w r a t e ) -
--------- = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
St eam 100 (ρd )
5
 2
 1 
Frict ion Fact or, St eam f =  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  ----------------------------------------------
– 2 Lo g ( ε ⁄ ( d ⁄ 12 ) )  Lo g ( ε ⁄ ( d ⁄ 12 ) ) 
----------------------------------------
  3.7 – ( 5.02 ⁄ N RE )   3.7 + ( 13 ⁄ N RE )  
where:
( d ⁄ 12 ) v ρ
N RE = --------------------------
µ
1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 ) 49
M a x im u m Flow Ve locit y a s a fu n ct ion of
Pipe D ia m e t e r for Pu m p D isch a r ge ( Flu id
Spe cific Gr a vit y = 1 )
Pipe D ia m e t e r ( in ch e s) M a x im u m Ve locit y ( fps)
1 10.5
1.5 11.0
2 11.1
3 11.3
4 11.6
6 12.0
8 12.2
10 12.4
12 12.5
14 12.6
16 12.7
18 13.0
20 13.1
50 1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 )
Ut ilit y Pipin g Se r vice s
Ut ilit y headers are sized based upon t he following:
• The Ut ilit y Header Diam et er Sym bol ( L,M,H,V) as specified for Plant Bulk Ut ilit y
Piping will give diam et ers for each service as t abulat ed in t he following t able.
• By specifying t he desired diam et er for t hat service. I f t he Ut ilit y Header Sym bol is
designat ed, t hen a run of each service line is provided by t he syst em in default of a
non- specified diam et er. The default diam et er corresponding t o t he service t ype is
list ed in t he t able below.
A user- specified diam et er for a service header overr ides t he diam et er
associat ed wit h t he Ut ilit y Header Diam et er Sym bol. Ser vice header s m ay be
om it t ed by:
• Specifying “ 0.0” diam et er for t he undesired service.
• Om it t ing t he Ut ilit y Diam et er Sym bol, whereby only diam et er- specified headers are
provided.
• These it em s are cost account ed t o t he sam e COA’s as process piping.
Se r vice N om ina l Pipe D ia m e t e r : I N CH ES [ M M ]

D ia m e t e r Sym bol
Sym bol Type L M H V -
W ater
F ( b) Firewat er - loop 6[ 150] 8[ 200] 12[ 300] 16[ 400] excluded
F ( b) Firewat er - lat eral 4[ 100] 6[ 150] 6 [ 150] 6 [ 150] excluded
P Pot able wat er 2 [ 50] 2 [ 50] 4 [ 100] 6 [ 150] excluded
C Cooling wat er and ret urn line 6[ 150] 8[ 200] 12[ 300] 14[ 350] excluded
St e a m *
L ( i) Low pressure st eam 3 [ 80] 4[ 100] 8[ 200] 12[ 300] excluded
M ( i) Medium pressure st eam 3 [ 80] 4[ 100] 8[ 200] 12[ 300] excluded
H ( i) High pressure st eam 3 [ 80] 4[ 100] 6[ 150] 8 [ 200] excluded
Air
P Plant air 2 [ 50] 3 [ 80] 4[ 100] 6[ 150] excluded
I I nst rum ent air 2 [ 50] 2 [ 50] 3 [ 80] [ 100] excluded
Ga s
F Fuel gas 2 [ 50] 2 [ 50] 4[ 100] 6[ 150] excluded
I I nert gas 2 [ 50] 2 [ 50] 4[ 100] 6[ 150] excluded
Ot he r
CS ( b) Chem ical sewer 8[ 200] 10[ 250] 12[ 300] 14[ 350] excluded
FL Flare line 10[ 250] 14[ 350] 16[ 400] 24[ 600] excluded
US Ut ilit y st at ion ( see diagram ) 1 [ 25] 1 [ 25] 1 [ 25] 1 [ 25]
* One condensat e ret urn line is provided upon select ion of any com binat ion of st eam
services.
( b) Buried
( i) I nsulat ed
1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 ) 51
Ut ilit y St a t ion D ia gr a m
N ot e : The drop lines are 1 I NCH [ 25 MM] in diam et er for air/ wat er/ st eam and
0.75 I NCH [ 20 MM] for condensat e line. The lengt hs are 100 FEET [ 30 M] for
air, wat er, and st eam service and and 50 FEET [ 15 M] for condensat e line by
default . Lengt h can be changed by specifying ut ilit y st at ion dr op lengt h.
52 1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 )
D e fa u lt Pipin g M a t e r ia ls
Equ ipm e n t Fa br ica t ion Te m pe r a t u r e Ra n ge * Pipin g M a t e r ia l Sym bol
M a t e r ia ls F C
Aspe n I n - Pla n t Cost Est im a t or
All Mat erials all all A 106 ( up t o 2 I NCHES [ 50 MM]
A 53 ( 2 I NCHES [ 50m m ] and larger)
Aspe n Pr oj e ct Econ om ic Eva lu a t or
All carbon and Low Alloy - 425 t o 051 - 253 t o - 46 304P
St eel - 50 t o - 21 - 45 t o - 29 A333A
- 20 t o 650 - 28 t o 343 A 106 ( up t o 2 I NCHES [ 50 MM]
- 20 t o 650 - 28 t o 343 A 53 ( 2 I NCHES [ 50 MM] and larger)
651 t o 1000 344 t o 537 A335C
1000 t o 1200 538 t o 648 A335F
1201 t o 1500 649 t o 815 304P
Clad Vessels Mat erial corresponding t o process-
side cladding m at erial.
Lined Vessels: Brick or all all Carbon st eel - see above
m onolit hic lined
Lined Vessels: rubber lined all all RBLCS
Lined Vessels: organic all all TFELS
( except rubber) , glass, lead
zinc lines
High Alloy St eel ( St ainless) - 425 t o 650 - 252 t o 343 304P
651 t o 1500 344 t o 815 316P
Alum inum - 425 t o 650 - 253 t o 148 AL
651 t o 1500 - 28 t o 204
Copper and Copper Alloys; - 20 t o 400 - 28 t o 204
Except for HE and RB HE CU
and RB only Carbon St eel - see above
HASTELLOY all all HAST
I NCONEL all all I NCNL
KARBATE ( graphit e) all all TFELS
MONEL all all MONEL
Nickel all all N
Tit anium all all TI
Epoxy/ Polypropylene ( PPL) all all TFELS
Wood all all 316P
The m axim um t em perat ure for any pipe m at erial will not exceed t he m axim um t em perat ure for
t he corresponding plat e m at erial list ed in Chapt er 28.
1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 ) 53
Pipe M a t e r ia ls - Fe r r ou s
M a t e r ia ls
Ca r bon St e e l
( COA 3 1 0 - 3 1 9 )
Syst e m ASTM BS JI S DI N Com posit ion Re com m e n de d Le n gt h
M a t e r ia l M a x im u m Type * *
Sym bol Te m pe r a t u r e
D e gr e e s*
F C
A 53 or CS A- 53 3601 G3454 17172 1100 593 1
( B) ERW410 STPG St E240.7
G3452
SGP
GALV ( B) ERW410 STPG St E240.7 Galvanized CS 1100 593 1
G3452
SGP
A 106 or CS A - 106 3602 G3456 17175 1100 593 1
( B) HFS410 STPT St 45.8
A333A A- 333 3603 G3460 SEQW- 680 1100 593 1
( 6) 410LT50 STPL380 TTSt 35N
* The m axim um t em perat ure for any pipe m at erial will not exceed t he m axim um t em perat ure for
* * See Lengt h Types.
API Pipe
( COA 3 1 0 - 3 1 9 )
D e gr e e s*
F C
GRBW* * * 5L/ 5LS 3601 G3454 17172 1100 593 1
ERW410 STPG St E240.7
X42W 1100 593 1
X52W 1100 593 1
X60W 1100 593 1
X65W 1100 593 1
X70W 1100 593 1
* * * For GRBS ( GR.B seam less) , select GRBW ( GR.B welded) as t he syst em m at erial sym bol and
t hen select “ Seam less” in t he Pipe Type Field.
54 1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 )
Low a n d I n t e r m e dia t e Alloy St e e l
( All COA 3 2 0 - 3 2 9 , e x ce pt A# # C COA 3 1 0 - 3 1 9 )
D e gr e e s*
F C
A- 3 3 5 3 6 0 4 G3 4 5 8 1 7 1 7 5
A335B ( 12) 620- 440 STPA22 13CrMo44 1Cr - .5Mo 1200 648 1
A335C ( 11) 621 STPA23 13CrMo44 I .25CR- .5Mo- Si 1200 648 1
A335D ( 22) 622 STPA24 10CrMo910 2.25Cr- 1Mo 1200 648 1
A335F ( 5) 625 STPA25 12CrMo195G 1200 648 1
Low Te m pe r a t ur e Se r vice M in. Te m p
A- 3 3 3 3 6 0 3 G3 4 6 0 SEW 6 8 0 F C
A333C ( 3) 503LT100 STPL450 10Ni14 3.5Ni - 150 - 101 1
1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 ) 55
H igh Alloy St e e l
( COA 3 2 0 - 3 2 9 )
D e gr e e s*
F C
304P A- 312 3605 G3459 2462 18Cr- 8Ni 1500 815 1
TP 304 304S18 SUS304TP X5CrNi1810
304LP A312 3605 G3459 2462 18Cr- 8Ni 1500 815 1
TP 304L 304S14 SUS304LTP X2CrNi1911
316P A- 312 3606 G3459 2462 16Cr- 12Ni- 2Mo 1500 815 1
TP 316 316S18 SUS316TP X5CrNiMo17122
316LP A- 312 3605 G3459 2462 16Cr- 12Ni- 2Mo 1500 c 1
TP 316L 316S14 SUS316LTP X2CrNiMo17132
317LP A- 312 SUS317LTP 18Cr- 13Ni- 3Mo 1500 1500 1
TP 317L
321P A- 312 3605 G3459 2462 18Cr- 10Ni-Ti 1500 815 1
TP 321 321S18 SUS321TP X6CrNiTi1810
6MOP A- 312 3605 G3459 2463 20Cr- 18Ni- 6Mo 1382 750 1
TP 317L 316S22 SUS317LTP-A X2CrNiMo18143
Ga u ge Pipe ( Ve r y Ligh t W a ll)
304PG A- 312 3605 G3459 2462 18Cr- 8Ni 1500 815 2
TP 304 304S18 SUS304TP X5CrNi1810
316PG A- 312 3605 G3459 2462 16Cr- 12Ni- 2Mo 1500 815 2
Sa n it a r y Pipe ( Polish e d, Qu ick D iscon ne ct s)
304PS* * * A- 312 3605 G3459 2462 18Cr- 8Ni 1500 815 3
TP 304 304S18 SUS304TP X5CrNi1810
316PS* * * A- 312 3605 G3459 2462 16Cr- 12Ni- Mo 1500 815 3
* * * Maxim um 200 PSI G ( 1,379 KPAG)
56 1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 )
Pipe M a t e r ia ls - N on - Fe r r ou s
M a t e r ia ls
N on - Fe r r ou s M a t e r ia ls
( COA 3 3 0 - 3 3 9 )
Syst e m ASTM BS JI S DI N Com posit ion Re com m e nde d Le n gt h
M a t e r ia l M a x im u m Type *
Sym bol Te m pe r a t u r e *
D e gr e e s*
F C
AL B- 241 1474 H4080 1746 Alum inum 350 176 1
U.S t o 10 I NCHES [ 250 MM]
A96961 6061 A6061T
U.S above 10 I NCHES [ 250 MM] and all ot hers
CU B- 42 2871 H3300 1754 Copper 400 204 3
C10200 C103 C1020T OF- Cu
Ni B- 161 3074 H4552 17740 Nickel 600 315 3
N02200 NA11 NNCT Ni99.2 99Ni
MONEL B- 165 3074 H4552 17751 Monel 800 426 3
N04400 NA13 NCuT NiCu30Fe 67Ni- 30Cu
I NCNL B- 167 I nconel 1200 648 3
N06600 72Ni- 15Cr- 8Fe
TI B- 337 H4630 17850 Tit anium 600 315 3
R50400 TTP35
HAST B- 619 H4552 17751 Hast elloy 1250 676 3
N10276 NMCr NiMo16Cr15 54Ni- 16Mo- 15Cr
A 20 B- 464 Alloy 20 800 426 3
N08020 35Ni- 35Fe- 20Cr- Cb
ZR B- 658 Zirconium 700 371 3
R60702 99.2Zr
1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 ) 57
Pla st ic a n d Re sin M a t e r ia ls
( COA 3 5 0 - 3 5 9 )
Re com m e nde d
M a x im um
Te m pe r a t ur e
Syst e m
M a t e r ia l D EG F D EG C Le ngt h
M a t e r ia l Cla ss Pipe M a t e r ia l Sym bol F C Type *
Plast ics and Resins Fiberglass Reinforced * * FRP 260 125
Epoxy Resin
Polyvinyl Chloride, PVC 140 60 4

Maxim um 8 I NCHES [ 200
MM} diam et er
Chlorinat ed Polyvinyl CPVC 200 93 4

Chloride, Maxim um 8
I NCHES [ 200 MM] diam et er
* See below for Lengt h Types
* * Thickness/ schedule not adj ust able
Type Le n gt h
1 0 FEET 1 5 FEET 2 0 FEET 3 0 FEET
[ 3 M] [ 4 .6 M ] [ 6 .1 M ] [ 9 .1 M ]
1 < = 1.5 I NCHE > 1.5 I NCHE
2 All D
3 All D
4 All D
5 All D
58 1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 )
Lin e d St e e l Pipe
( COA 3 4 0 - 3 4 9 )
Lined piping of t he m at erials in t he following t able are developed irrespect ive
of t he equipm ent or pipe t em perat ure. The user m ust give considerat ion t o
t em perat ure- m at erial select ions for t hese m at erials, as t he syst em does not
produce a warning or error condit ion if t he recom m ended m axim um
t em perat ure is exceeded.
Re com m e n de d
M a x im um
Te m pe r a t u r e
Syst e m
M a t e r ia l D e gr e e s D e gr e e s Spool
Line d St e e l Sym bol F C Type *
Rem ot e shop fabricat ed carbon st eel pipe and
fit t ings, lined wit h:
Epoxy EPLCS 260 125 4
Glass GSLCS 450 230 2
Nat ural rubber, ( 1/ 4 I NCHES [ 6 MM] t hick RBLCS 175 80 4
Nit rile rubber ( 1/ 4 I NCHES [ 6 MM] t hick NI TRL 175 80
Hypalon rubber ( 1/ 4 I NCHES [ 6 MM] t hick HYPLN 175 80
But yl rubber ( 1/ 4 I NCHES [ 6 MM] t hick) BUTYL 175 80

Neoprene rubber ( 1/ 4 I NCHES [ 6 MM] t hick NEPNE 175 80
Ebonit e ( 1/ 4 I NCHES [ 6 MM] t hick EBONT 175 80
Cem ent CMLCS
Polypropylene PPLCS* 225 110 1
Polyvinylidene Fluoride ( KYNAR) PVDF* 275 135 1

Polyvinylidene Chloride ( SARAN) PVDC 175 80 3
Fluorinat ed Et hylene Propylene ( FEP TEFLON) FEP 400 200 4
Polyt et rafluoroet hylene ( TFE TEFLON) TFELS* 450 230 1
Rem ot e shop fabricat ed st ainless st eel pipe TFESS* 450 230 1
and fit t ings, lined wit h:
Polyt et rafluoroet hylene ( TFE TEFLON)

* Can use bends up t o 4 I NCHES inst ead of elbows.
Spool Type s
Spool Spool D ia m e t e r D e fa ult Spool M a x im u m Spool
Type Le n gt h Le n gt h
1 All 20 FEET [ 6.1 M] 40 FEET [ 12 M]
2 < = 1 I NCH 2 FEET [ 0.6 M] 2 FEET [ 0.6 M]
> 1 and < 2 I NCH 6 FEET [ 1.9M] 6 FEET [ 1.9M]
> 2 I NCH 10 FEET [ 3.1M] 10 FEET [ 3.1M]
3 All 10 FEET [ 3.1M] 10 FEET [ 3.1M]
4 All 20 FEET [ 6.1 M] 20 FEET [ 6.1 M]
1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 ) 59
I carus syst em s aut om at ically include t wo flanges per spool.
For yard pipe ( Plant bulks - YARD PI PE) , specifying t he num ber of flanges
overrides t he default . An error m essage appears if t he num ber of flanges you
specified causes t he spool piece t o exceed t he m axim um lengt h for t hat
part icular spool piece t ype and diam et er.
For inst allat ion bulk piping ( Com ponent - Pipe I t em Det ails) , specifying t he
num ber of flanges overrides t he default . I f t he num ber of flanges specified
causes t he spool piece t o exceed t he m axim um lengt h for t hat part icular spool
piece t ype and diam et er, t he default spool lengt h is used. However, t he syst em
will not generat e a m essage t hat t here are t oo few flanges.
The spool pieces are shipped pre- flanged and ready for bolt- up t o valves and
flanged fit t ings in t he field.
The following is a yard pipe exam ple:
Ya r d Pipe Ex a m ple :
20 FEET [ 61 M] Yard Pipe 10 I NCHES diam et er TFELS ( m at erial)
Syst em generat es: 10 sect ions 20 flanges
Spool lengt h = 20 FEET [ 6.1 M]
200 FEET [ 61 M] Yard Pipe 10 I NCHES diam et er TFELS ( Mat erial)
User ent ers: 10 flanges
Syst em generat es: 5 Sect ions 10 flanges
Spool lengt hs = 40 FEET [ 12 M}
200 FEET Yard Pipe 10 I NCHES diam et er TFELS ( Mat erial)
User ent ers: 8 flanges
Syst em generat es:
“ ERROR: Too few flanges on t his run of pipe”
Syst em cannot generat e t his run of year pipe. When t he user ent ers ‘8 flanges,’ t he
syst em t ries t o break t he yard pipe int o 4 sect ions ( Spools) :
The Spool Type Chart indicat es t hat TFELS is a Type 1 spool and cannot exceed a
m axim um lengt h of 40 FEET [ 12 M] on a single spool piece; t herefore, t he syst em
generat es an error m essage.
60 1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 )
Ya r d Pipe Ex a m ple - cont inued
To de t e r m ine t h e m in im um n um be r of fla nge s on a spool pie ce of ya r d pipe :

1) Det erm ine t he lengt h of t he pipe.
2) Det erm ine t he Spool Type.
3) Look at t he m axim um lengt h of spool for t he spool t ype.
Calculat e:
Minim um Num ber of flanges = ( Lengt h of Pipe / Maxim um Lengt h) x2
Exam ple:
Mat erial = TFELS Spool Type = 1
Lengt h = 200 FEET [ 61 M] Maxim um spool lengt h = 40 FEET [ 12.2 M]
The m inim um num ber of flanges a user could ent er for t his run of pipe is:
( 200 FEET / 40 FEET) x 2 = ( 5 ) x 2 = 10 flanges
[ 61.96 M/ 12.2 M] x 2 = [ 5.000] x 2 = 10 flanges
Ent ering fewer t han 10 flanges will generat e an error in your est im at e.
N ot e : Odd sizes will round up t o t he next int eger.
Mat erial = TFELS Spool Type = 1
Lengt h = 208 FEET [ 63.4 M] Maxim um spool lengt h = 40 FEET [ 12.2 M]
( 208 FEET / 40 FEET) x 2 = ( 5.2 ) x 2 = 11 flanges
( rounds up t o t he next int eger)
[ 63.4 M / 12.2 M] x 2 = ( 6 ) x 2 = 12 flanges
Ent ering fewer t han 12 flanges will generat e an error in t he est im at e.
GB 1 5 0 Pipe M a t e r ia ls
I ca r us GB M a t e r ia l GB M a t e r ia l I nternal I nternal
M a t e r ia l St a n da r d D e signa t ion Pr e ssur e Pr e ssur e
Sym bol M a x Te m p M a x Te m p
( D e g F) ( D e g C)
A 53 GB/ T 13793 20 662 350
A 106 GB/ T 8163- 2008 20 842 450
A333A GB 6479 16Mn 887 475
A335B GB 5310- 2008 15CrMo 1022 550
A335C GB 5310- 2008 12Cr1MoVG 1067 575
A335D GB 5310- 2008 12Cr2Mo 1067 575
A335F GB 6479 1Cr5Mo 1112 600
304P GB/ T 12771- 2008 06Cr19Ni10 1292 700
304PS GB/ T 12771- 2008 06Cr19Ni10 1292 700
304LP GB/ T 12771- 2008 022Cr19Ni10 797 425
304PG GB/ T 12771- 2008 06Cr19Ni10 1292 700
316P GB/ T 12771- 2008 06Cr17Ni12Mo2 1292 700
316PS GB/ T 12771- 2008 06Cr17Ni12Mo2 1292 700
316LP GB/ T 12771- 2008 022Cr17Ni12Mo2 842 450
316PG GB/ T 12771- 2008 06Cr17Ni12Mo2 1292 700
317LP GB/ T 14976- 2008 06Cr19Ni13Mo3 842 450
321P GB/ T 12771- 2008 O6Cr18Ni11Ti 1292 700
1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 ) 61
62 1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 )
1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 ) 63
64 1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 )
I ca r u s’ Pipe Fa br ica t ion ,
Er e ct ion a n d Te st in g
Pr oce du r e s
Code of Account I ca r us Ope r a t ion W ha t is I nclude d
3 X2 FI ELD SH OP FAB HANDLE AND WELD PREP OPER.
( 312- CS, 322- SS, et c.)
Shop handling for fabricat ion Unload from t rain/ t ruck
int o shop st orage’ procure
m at erial for fabricat ion;
place com plet ed spools in
t em porary st orage.
Prepare for welding

Weld prep ( clean, pickle, et c.) ;
sm oot h weld ( deburr/
grind) , and cleanup
Pre- heat ing For t em perat ures up t o

400F [ 204C]
CUTTI NG PI PE
Flam e cut t ing Flam e cut pipe- plain end
Machine cut t ing Machine cut pipe - plain
end
BEVELI NG PI PE
Flam e beveling Flam e bevel pipe for
welding
Machine beveling Machine bevel pipe for
welding
WELDI NG ( shop)
But t weld Manual but t weld
Repair bad x- ray welds Dig out & re- weld bad X-
ray welds
FI ELD SHOP X- RAY Radiographic inspect ion
FI ELD SHOP STRESS RELI EF Local st ress, relieving
TESTI NG, MI SC. CLEANI NG
Clean & polish User specified
Ot her t est ing User specified
3X4 REMOTE SHOP FAB [ Operat ions sam e as Field Shop] [ Cost account ed as
( 3140CS, 324- SS, et c.) m at erial cost ]
1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 ) 65
I ca r u s’ Pipe Fa br ica t ion , Er e ct ion a n d Te st in g Pr oce du r e s - cont inued
Code of Account I ca r us Ope r a t ion W ha t is I nclude d
3X7 PI PE ERECTI ON ERECT SHOP FAB PI PE Handle and erect fabricat ed
( 317- CS, 327- SS, et c.) spool pieces; includes handle
and haul from st orage yard,
unload and rig in place and
align.
ERECT VALVE Field handle valves, orifice
unions, et c.
BOLT UP CONNECTI ONS Field at t ach flanges and do
bolt- ups
ERECT STRAI GHT RUN PI PE Sam e it em as Erect Shop Fab
Pipe
WELDI NG ( field)
Flam e cut t ing Sam e it em s as Field Shop Fab
Machine cut t ing Sam e it em s as Field Shop Fab
Flam e beveling Sam e it em s as Field Shop Fab
Machine beveling Sam e it em s as Field Shop Fab
But t weld Sam e it em s as Field Shop Fab
Repair bad X- ray welds Sam e it em s as Field Shop Fab
FI ELD X- RAY Sam e it em s as Field Shop Fab
FI ELD STRESS RELI EF Sam e it em s as Field Shop Fab
307 PREFAB PI PE REPAI R & ADJ PREFAB PI PE 10% of all shop m anhours
REWORK ( 12.5% in UK)
306 PI PI NG SYSTEM PI PE TESTI NG ( field only)
TESTI NG Hydrost at ic t est ing Prepare for t est ( place blinds &
blanks, open valves, support
it em s, air purge, et c.) ; t est
( fill, pressurize and m onit or
lines, soap t est j oint s) ; clean
up aft er t est ( drain lines,
rem ove t em porary it em s,
close valves, et c.)
66 1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 )
Va lve a n d Fit t in g Opt ion s for
I n st a lla t ion Bu lk Pipin g
Select ions of available valves and fit t ings on inst allat ion bulk piping are list ed
alphabet ically below, wit h t hose available for st andard piping m at erials list ed
separat ely from t hose available only for sanit ary piping m at erials. These
choices are available only on inst allat ion bulk piping ( Piping - Line I t em Det ail)
or when adding inst allat ion bulk piping t hr ough t he use of t he P&I D edit or on
Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or syst em s.
D e scr ipt ion Sym bol
For St andard Piping Mat erials ( all available piping m at erials
except 304PS and 316PS)
Angle valve AN
Ball valve BA
Blind BL
But t erfly valve BU
Check valve CH
DI or SS Vict aulic coupling ( Vict . Pipe only VS
Elbow EL
Expansion j oint ST
Ext ra drains* DR
Flange ( exclude valve flanges, set by syst em ) * * FL
Gat e valve GA
Globe valve GL
Knife gat e valve KN
None
Orifice plat e and union OP
Plug valve PL
Reducer RE
Regulat ing valve RV
Rupt ure disk RD
Safet y/ relief valve SV
Spect acle blind SB
St rainer ST
St eam t rap TP
Tee TE
Tem perat ure valve TV
Threadolet TL
1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 ) 67
Transit ion j oint at m at erial change TR
* * Drain is defined as a fit t ing assem bly com posed of t hree elbows, one
gat e valve, and 10 FEET ( 3 M) of 0.75 I NCH ( 20 m m ) pipe. However,
t he user can select t he diam et er, lengt h, num ber of fit t ings, and
t ype of fit t ings ( a m axim um of four different t ypes) at t he proj ect
level.
* Flange cost s include cost of gasket s and bolt s.
N ot e : Pipe Fit t ings for sizes great er t han 48” OD:
1. The fabricat ed fit t ing is assum ed t o require a lengt h of pipe
equivalent t o 2 t im es t he nom inal diam et er of t he pipe. For exam ple,
for a 54 inch diam et er pipe, t o fabricat e 1 elbow ( or 1 t ee) would
require 2* 54 inch = 108 inch or 9 ft of pipe.
2. The m at erial cost of t he fabricat ed elbow would equal t hat of 9 feet
of st raight lengt h pipe.
3. The m at erial cost report ed in t he line it em is m ult iplied by t he
num ber of elbows ( or t ees) specified by you. For exam ple, for 2
elbows ( 54 inch diam et er) , t he m at erial cost = 2* 9 ft = 18 feet of
st raight lengt h pipe.
4. The weight of each fabricat ed elbow ( or t ee) is sim ilarly t he weight
of st raight pipe of ( 2 t im es nom inal diam et er) lengt h.

For Sa n it a r y Pipin g M a t e r ia ls ( 3 0 4 PS a nd 3 1 6 PS) On ly
But t erfly valve - sanit ary, m ax 8 I N[ 200 MM] BU
Check valve - sanit ary, m ax 4 I N[ 100 MM] CH
Cross - sanit ary, m ax 8 I N[ 200 MM] CR
Elbow ( 45 degree) - sanit ary, m ax 8 I N[ 200 MM] 45
Elbow ( 90 degree) - sanit ary, m ax 8 I N[ 200 MM] EL
Flange - sanit ary ( exclude valve flanges) FL
Hose adapt er - sanit ary, m ax 4 I N[ 100 MM] HA
Pipe adapt er- sanit ary, m ax 4 I N[ 100 MM] PA
Quick- j oint conn. - sanit ary, m ax 4 I N[ 100 MM] QJ
Reducer ( concen.) - sanit ary, m ax 8 I N[ 200 MM] RE
Reducer ( eccen.) - sanit ary, m ax 8 I N[ 200 MM] ER
Safet y valve - sanit ary, m ax 4 I N[ 100 MM] SV
Swivel- j oint conn. - sanit ary, m ax 4 I N[ 100 MM] SJ
Tee - sanit ary, m ax 8 I N[ 200 MM] TE
Threadolet - sanit ary TL
* * Drain is defined as a fit t ing assem bly com posed of t hree elbows, one gat e
valve, and 10 FEET ( 3 M) of 0.75 I NCH ( 20 m m ) pipe. However, t he user can
select t he diam et er, lengt h, num ber of fit t ings, and t ype of fit t ings ( a
m axim um of four different t ypes) at t he proj ect level.
* Flange cost s include cost of gasket s and bolt s.
68 1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 )
Va lve Tr im Spe cifica t ion s
The valve t rim specificat ions in Aspen I carus cust om pipe specificat ions are
based on t he API - 600 specificat ion. The API - 600 specificat ions pert ain t o st eel
gat e valves only, but Aspen I carus ext ends t hese valve t r im specificat ions t o
apply t o gat e, globe and check valves. Aspen I carus has im plem ent ed a subset
of t he specificat ion based on t he dat a available. The t able below provides a
sum m ary of t he differences bet ween t he t rim choices. Please refer t o t he
specificat ion for furt her inform at ion.
Definition of Aspen Icarus Valve Trim Specifications

API - 6 0 0 Tr im N u m be r Tr im D e fin it ion Com m e n t s
TRI M 01 F6 Nom inal Trim Default t rim for all Carbon St eel
Gat e, Globe and Check valves
TRI M 02 SS 304 Trim Default Trim for all SS Gat e,

Globe and Check Valves
TRI M 05 Hard Faced Trim Cobalt- chrom ium alloy seat s
TRI M 08 F6 and Hard Faced
TRI M 09 Monel Trim Default for Monel valves
TRI M 10 SS 316 Trim Default for SS 316 Valves
TRI M 12 SS316 Trim + Hard faced
Not e t hat select ing a t rim t hat has a lower num ber t han t he default t rim for
t hat valve body m at erial will be ignored ( e.g., select ing TRI M 01 for a Monel
valve is not valid, you m ust select TRI M 09,10,12) . Also, t hese specs do not
apply t o cont rol valves.
Please cont act Aspen I carus if you are int erest ed in working wit h us t o ext end
t he list of choices t o address your requir em ent s.
1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 ) 69
70 1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 )
1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 ) 71
72 1 8 Pipin g ( G1 0 )
1 9 Civil ( G8 )

Civil Plant Bulks
Foundat ion Types
Typical St ruct ure Live Loads
Soil Types
Specifying Seism ic Dat a
Specifying Wind Loads
How I carus Calculat es Wind Load and Seism ic Shear
Exam ple of Equipm ent Foundat ion Design
Exam ple of Pile Foundat ion for an Equipm ent
1 9 Civil ( G8 ) 19-1
Civil Pla n t Bu lk s
Civil plant bulk it em s include concret e t anks, foundat ions and st ruct ures.

Concret e t anks: above grade, circular/ rect angular ABVGR TAN K
Sha pe sym bol:

I nside le ngt h or dia m e t e r :
Ent er lengt h for rect angular t anks or diam et er for
cylindrical t anks.
I n side w idt h :
Ent er lengt h for rect angular t anks, leave blank for
cylindrical t anks.
Fluid de nsit y: Default : * 62.4* PCF [ * 1,000* KG/ M3]
Fou n da t ion t h ick ne ss: Min: 4.0 I NCHES [ 100 MM]
W a ll t hick ne ss t op: Min: 4.0 I NCHES [ 100 MM]
W a ll t hick ne ss bot t om : Min: 4.0 I NCHES [ 100 MM]
Soil t ype : See “ Soil Types” lat er in t his chapt er.
19-2 1 9 Civil ( G8 )
Civ il Pla n t Bu lk s - cont inued
Concret e t anks: below grade, circular/ rect angular BELGR TAN K
Sha pe sym bol:

I nside le ngt h or dia m e t e r :
Ent er lengt h for rect angular t anks or diam et er for
cylindrical t anks.
I n side w idt h :
Ent er lengt h for rect angular t anks, leave blank for
cylindrical t anks.
Fluid de nsit y:
Default : * 62.4* PCF [ * 1,000* KG/ M3]
Fou n da t ion t h ick ne ss: Min: 4.0 I NCHES [ 100 MM]
W a ll t hick ne ss t op: Min: 4.0 I NCHES [ 100 MM]
W a ll t hick ne ss bot t om : Min: 4.0 I NCHES [ 100 MM]
H e igh t a bove gr ou nd:
Ent er height t hat wall proj ect s above grade. Default :
Top flush wit h grade * 0.0* .
Soil t ype :
See “ Soil Types” lat er in t his chapt er. I nclude
allowance ( m at erial and labor) for shoring if soil t ype
is SAND or poorer; full exposed surface and dept h is
shored. No equipm ent rent al included.
Concret e foundat ions, st ruct ures: 18 t ypes ( see CON CRETE
Foundat ion Types lat er in t his chapt er)
Various t ypes of concret e it em s. Mat erial quant it ies

are per it em .
I f using Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or, see Aspen
Capit al Cost Est im at or User ’s Guide, Chapt er 4,
“ Defining Report Groups, Areas, and Proj ect
Com ponent s,” for inform at ion on cust om izing
foundat ion dat a by using an ext ernal file t o define
foundat ion quant it ies, m anhours, and cost s.
Concr e t e qu a nt it y:
Ent er design quant it y, overpour will be added based
on it em t ype.
Fou n da t ion t ype :
See “ Foundat ion Types” lat er in t his chapt er.
Ex ca va t ion qu a nt it y: ‘Default : Excavat ion, form work
and rebar based on concret e quant it y and t ype.
Re ba r qua nt it y:
Default : Excavat ion, form work and rebar based on
concret e quant it y and t ype.
For m w or k qu a nt it y:
Default : Excavat ion, form work and rebar based on
concret e quant it y and t ype.
1 9 Civil ( G8 ) 19-3

CON CRETE - cont inued
Gr ou t qu a n t it y:
Default : * 0.0* CY [ * 0.0* M3] . Non- shrink grout .
An ch or s a n d e m be dm e nt s:
Default : = 0 if grout = 0; det erm ined from concret e
quant it y if ext ernal civil file exist s, or else det erm ined
from grout quant it y.
Se a lcoa t or lin e r t ype :
SC- Sealcoat
GM- St andard geosynt het ic m em brane
C1- Bent onit e clay liner - 1 m em brane
C2- Bent onit e clay liner - 2 m em branes
* NO* - No sealcoat or m em brane liner
Se a lcoa t or lin e r a r e a :
Default 0.0 SY
M e m br a n e t h ick n e ss:
Default 0.060 I NCHES [ 1.50 MM] ; Min: 0.020 I NCHES
[ 0.500 MM] ; Max: 0.120 [ 3.0 MM]
How I carus Calculat es t he foundat ion foot print surface area.

Conver t t o a square of equivalent size.
• Excavat ed foot print = equivalent square + allowance [ Widt h] for form work.
• Dept h of foot ing [ t o t he frost line] in your Proj ect Civil Design Basis = 1
FOOT
• Blinding slab covers t he foot print of t he equivalent- sized square.
N ot e : You can specify t he excavat ion slope in t he proj ect and area level civil
specs. By default , I carus calculat es excavat ion slope based on soil t ype.
19-4 1 9 Civil ( G8 )

Scaffold labor: erect , dism ant le SCAFFOLD
Tem porary t ubular st eel scaffold, rent al excluded.

Default plank area = L x W.
Concret e drainage t rench, grat e cover TREN CH
Ave r a ge in ve r t de pt h :
Tr e nch w idt h:
Tank cont ainm ent wit h concret e paving and CON TAI N M N T
surrounding wall wit h coat ing
D e pt h of pa ving:
W a ll he ight :
Default : * 3* FEET [ * 0.900* M]
W a ll t hick ne ss:
N u m be r of st a ir w a ys:
Access st airway over wall. Default : * 2* .
Se a lcoa t opt ion :
Default : * YES*
YES- Concret e sealer coat ing required
NO- No sealer coat ing
Tank cont ainm ent wit h diked area and geom em brane D I KE M EM BR
Cont a ine d le ngt h :

Lengt h, widt h and dept h of diked area.
Cont a ine d w idt h:
Lengt h, widt h and dept h of diked area.
1 9 Civil ( G8 ) 19-5
D I KE M EM BR - cont inued
Cont a ine d de pt h :
Lengt h, widt h and dept h of diked area. Default : * 6*
FEET [ * 1.80* M]
I m por t e d fill de pt h:
I m port ed fill for m em brane bedding and/ or prot ect ive
cover. Default : * 12* I NCHES [ * 300* MM]
Unit cost of fill:
I m port ed fill for m em brane bedding and/ or prot ect ive
cover. Default : * 0.0* currency/ CY [ * 0.0* currency/
M3]
M e m br a n e t h ick n e ss:
Range: 0.020 - 0.120 I NCHES [ 0.500 - 300 MM] ;
M e m br a ne line r t ype :
* GM* - St andard geosynt het ic m em brane liner
C1- Bent onit e clay liner - 1 m em brane
C2- Bent onit e clay liner - 2 m em brane sandwich
NO- No geosynt het ic m em brane liner
W idt h a t t op of dik e :
Default : 6 FT [ 1.8 M]
W idt h a t bot t om of dik e :
Default : 18 FT [ 5.5 M]
19-6 1 9 Civil ( G8 )

Above grade or buried yard piping YARD PI PE
See Chapt er 18, “ Piping”

Above grade or buried piping PI PE

High densit y polyet hylene pipe, fusion bonded H D PE

Buried concret e pipe RCON PI PE
Building BUI LD I N G
See Chapt er 26, “ Buildings”

Organic, m et allic, abrasion resist . lining LI N I N G
M a t e r ia l:
* EPLCS* - Epoxt resin lining
ASRSN- Asphalt resin lining
PHRSN- Phenolic resin lining
PVDF- Kynar sheet lining
TFELS- Teflon sheet lining
BUTYL - But yle rubber sheet 1/ 4 I NCH [ 6 MM]
NATRB- Nat ural rubber sheet 1/ 4 I NCH [ 6 MM]
NI TRL- Nit rile rubber sheet 1/ 4 I NCH [ 6 MM]
HYPLN- Hypalon rubber sheet 1/ 4 I NCH [ 6 MM]
NEPNE- Neoprene sheet 1/ 4 I NCH [ 6 MM]
CLEAD- Chem ical lead 16 PSF [ 80 KG/ M2]
I - ZN- I norganic zinc coat 3 MI L [ 0.08 MM]
ZNMZL- Flam e sprayed zinc 8 MI L [ 0.20 MM]
CERML- Ceram ic liner, light abrasion and im pact
CERMM- Ceram ic liner, m ed. abrasion, light im pact
CERMH- Ceram ic liner, hvy. abrasion, light im pact
CERMV- Ceram ic liner, hvy. abrasion, heavy im pact
ABRPL- Abrasion resist ant plat e 1 I NCH [ 25 MM]
REPRB- Replaceable rubber lining 1 I NCH [ 25 MM]
LS304- Replaceable SS304 plat e 1 I NCH [ 25 MM]
LS316- Replaceable SS316 plat e 1 I NCH [ 25 MM]
Lining adj ust m ent : * 4.00* ; MI N: 1.00; MAX: 10.0;
Adj ust m ent : 1= large flat area, 4= t ypical; 10= sm all
obst ruct ed area, congest ed space
1 9 Civil ( G8 ) 19-7
Pipe rack PI PE RACK
See Chapt er 20, “ St eel”
Tee or bent t ype pipe sleepers PI PE SUPPT
See Chapt er 20, “ St eel”

Open Concret e St ruct ure OPN CON ST
Precast or Cast - in- place concret e open st ruct ure. The

default st ruct ure t ype is Precast . St ruct ure can have
com binat ion of grat ing and concret e floor slab. I n
Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or, you can load equipm ent
int o an open st ruct ure by assigning t he st ruct ure and
t he equipm ent t he sam e St ruct ure Tag Num ber. See
chapt er 20, " Open St eel St ruct ure" .
Concret e st ruct ure t o support equipm ent s wit h t he

opt ion of cast - in- place or precast st ruct ure.
I ncludes colum ns, beam s, floor slab, grat ing, siding,
handrail and t oeplat es, st airways, light ing, elect rical
panelboard and supply wiring/ conduit .
The num ber of levels, if not specified is det erm ined

from t he t ot al height and a level- t o- level spacing of 15
FEET [ 4.5 M] .
The bay span and bay widt h represent t he t ypical

colum n spacing and is used t o det erm ine t he num ber
of colum ns and colum n load.
You can load equipm ent int o an open st ruct ure by

assigning t he st ruct ure and t he equipm ent , t he
sam e User Tage Num ber ( Refer Open st eel st ruct ure)
N u m be r of Floor s:
Default : based on st ruct ure height and approxim at e
floor height of 15 FEET [ 4.5M]
D ist r ibu t e d Loa d pe r Le ve l:
Default : 300 PSF [ 14 KN/ M2]
19-8 1 9 Civil ( G8 )
OPN CON ST - cont inued
St r u ct u r e Type :
* PREC * - Precast concret e st ruct ure
CONC - Cast- in- place concret e st ruct ure
Concr e t e Type :
Default : as specified in unit area civil specs.
Ba y spa n : Default : 20- 25 FEET [ 6- 7.6 M]
Ba y w idt h : Default : 20- 25 FEET [ 6- 7.6 M]
Default : 1 + 1 per 5000 SF [ 500 M2] of area per
floor
Floor sla b pe r ce nt of a r e a : Default : 75
Floor sla b t hick n e ss: Concret e slab t hickness.
Default : I f not specified, syst em calculat es
based on span and loading.
Floor grat e - percent of area: Default : 0
Gr a t ing t ype :
Default : grat ing t ype from area st eel specs
Siding per wall area: Default : 0
Siding t ype :
* CORR * - Corrugat ed siding
NSUL - insulat ed siding
W ind For ce Adj ust m e nt :
proj ect civil design specs. Default : 1
Se ism ic For ce Adj u st m e nt :
Addit ional adj ust m ent for seism ic force specified
in proj ect civil design specs. Default : 1
1 9 Civil ( G8 ) 19-9
Fou n da t ion Type s
Type Sym bol Type D e scr ipt ion
1 OCT+ PROJ Oct agon Slabs and Piers wit h Proj ect ion.
Founda t ion Typica l Applica t ion

2 OCTAGONL Oct agon Slabs and Piers wit hout Proj ect ion.

3 PAVI NG Area Paving.

4 MASSPOUR Mass Pours - Large Mat s, Pile Caps, and Ot her
Shapes - 25 CY [ 19 M3] m inim um .
19-10 1 9 Civil ( G8 )
Fou n da t ion Ty pe s - cont inued
5 SM BLOCK Sm all Blocks - Pum ps, Com pressors, 3 CY [ 2.3 M3]
or less.

6 LG BLOCK Large Blocks - Large Com pressors, Turbines 3- 25
CY [ 2.3- 1.9 M3] .

7 PI LE CAPS Pile Caps - 5 CY [ 3.8 M3] or less.

8 CONDUI T Conduit Envelope.

9 RI NG Circular Ring Foundat ion - For Large Tanks.
1 9 Civil ( G8 ) 19-11

10 BASI N Basins.

11 EL SLAB Elevat ed Slab.

12 COLM/ BM Colum ns and Beam s.

13 WALL Wall and Wall Foot ings.

14 GRI ND BM Grade Beam .
19-12 1 9 Civil ( G8 )

15 PI ER Piers.

16 FOOTI NG Colum n Foot ings, Sleepers.

17 BOX Valve Boxes, Manholes et c.

18 SLAB GRB Slab on grade.
1 9 Civil ( G8 ) 19-13
Typica l St r u ct u r e Live Loa ds
Typica l D ist r ibu t e d Re m a r k s
St r u ct u r e Loa ds
PSF [ KB/ M 2 ]
50.0 2.5 Minim um possible design loading.
150.0 7.0 Most ly access and plat form areas, m inor equipm ent
support and st airways
300.0 14.0 Designed for average elevat ed equipm ent support s,
plat form areas, and st airways; open const ruct ion used for
m ost of t he st ruct ure.
450.0 21.0 Designed for heavy equipm ent support s, crane or cat alyst
loading st ruct ures, som e covered const ruct ion ( m et al
siding for pot ent ial wind loads) , and out side freight .
600.0 28.0 Elevat ors ( lift s) ; equipm ent , cranes, elevat ors ( lift s) not
included.
Soil Type s
Soil Type
Soil Type Sym bol Soil Loa ding Soil D e nsit y
PSF KN / M 2 PCF KG/ M 3
Soft dry clay in t hick beds SOFT CLAY 2000 100 60 960
Firm dry clay FI RM CLAY 4000 200 70 1120
Wet Sand WET SAND 4000 200 120 1920
Sand m ixed wit h dry clay SAND+ CLAY 4000 200 85 1360
Dry com pact sand DRY SAND 6000 300 100 1600
Coarse com pact sand SAND 8000 400 90 1440
Com pact gravel GRAVEL 12000 600 95 1520
Soft friable rock or shale form at ion SOFT ROCK 16000 800 105 1680
Hardpan or com pact sandst one beds HARDPAN 20000 1000 106 1700
Medium rock or granit e form at ion MED- ROCK 30000 1400 108 1730
Hard rock form at ion HARD ROCK 80000 3800 110 1760
19-14 1 9 Civil ( G8 )
Spe cifyin g Se ism ic D a t a
There are four different ways t o specify seism ic dat a. Because t he syst em act ually uses
horizont al accelerat ion ( m easured in g: 0.17 m eans 17% of " g" ) t o get t he seism ic
load, t he m ost accurat e way of specifying your seism ic design requirem ent s is t o
specify t he accelerat ion value t o be designed for in t he H or izon t a l a cce le r a t ion field.
Ent ering Mercalli Num ber or UBC Zone is less accurat e because it forces t he syst em t o
est im at e accelerat ion using t he following t able.
UBC Zone M e r ca lli num be r Acce le r a t ion ( g)

0 1,2,3,4 0.017
1 5,6 0.075
2A ( A) 0.15
2B ( 2) 7 0.20
3 8 0.30
4 9,10,11,12 0.40
Using t he Ss and S1 param et ers provides very accurat e seism ic dat a as well, which you
can t hen t weak if you want using t he H or izon t a l a cce le r a t ion field.
I m por t a n t : Because I car us provides four m et hods of specifying seism ic dat a,
it is im por t ant t o not e t he hierarchy of t he m et hods.
1 Horizont al accelerat ion ( g)
2 UBC zone
3 Mercalli num ber
4 Ss
5 S1
Thus, for exam ple, t he SS and SS1 param et ers is used only if t he H or izont a l
a cce le r a t ion ( g) , UBC n u m be r and M e r ca lli zon e fields are blank.
Usin g t h e Ss a n d S1 pa r a m e t e r s t o spe cify

se ism ic da t a
Ss pa r a m e t e r :
• definit ion: t he Mapped Maxim um Considered Eart hquake ( MCE) ground
m ot ion of 0.2 sec Spect ral Response Accelerat ion ( 5% of Crit ical Dam ping)
• t he Ss param et er is locat ion specific and is det erm ined from a seism ic
ground m ot ion m ap including in t he ASCE 7 St andards
• see ht t p: / / eart hquake.usgs.gov/ hazards/ designm aps for online resources
t hat will provide t he value for t he Ss param et er based on t he version of
ASCE 7 and t he locat ion’s lat t it ude/ longit ude.
The Ss param et er ’s default is based on t he proj ect ’s count ry base as shown
below:
• US Count ry Base, S_s = 0.09
• UK Count ry Base, S_s = 0.29
• JP Count ry Base, S_s = 1.87
1 9 Civil ( G8 ) 19-15
• EU Count ry Base, S_s = 0.14
• ME Count ry Base, S_s = 0.11
S1 pa r a m e t e r :
• definit ion: t he Mapped Maxim um Considered Eart hquake ( MCE) ground
m ot ion of 1.0 sec Spect ral Response Accelerat ion ( 5% of Crit ical Dam ping)
• t he S1 param et er is locat ion specific and is det erm ined from a seism ic
ground m ot ion m ap including in t he ASCE 7 St andards
• see ht t p: / / eart hquake.usgs.gov/ hazards/ designm aps for online resources
t hat will provide t he value for t he S1 param et er based on t he version of
ASCE 7 and t he locat ion’s lat t it ude/ longit ude.
The S1 param et er ’s default is based on t he pr oj ect ’s count ry base as shown
below:
• US Count ry Base, S_1 = 0.04
• UK Count ry Base, S_1 = 0.11
• JP Count ry Base, S_1 = 0.75
• EU Count ry Base, S_1 = 0.06
• ME Count ry Base, S_1 = 0.04
I n order t o det erm ine t he seism ic ground accelerat ion for a given locat ion, t he
ASCE 7 st andards require t he following param et ers:
• Occupancy/ Risk Cat egory
• Soil Type
• Ss
• S1
I carus provides count ry- based default s for t he Soil Type, Ss and S1
param et ers. The Occupancy/ Risk Cat egory default is I I I . But t hese seism ic
param et ers can vary significant ly wit h in a given count ry. Ther efore, once t he
sit e locat ion is known, it is very im port ant t o updat e t he seism ic param et ers
for accurat e est im at ion purposes.
To obt a in a ccu r a t e loca t ion - spe cific pa r a m e t e r s:

1 Brow se t o t he int ernet sit e: h t t p:/ / e a r t hqua k e .u sgs.gov/ ha za r ds/
de sign m a ps/ .
2 Use one of t he following t hr ee t ools pr ovided at t he sit e:
• Java Ground Mot ion Param et er Calculat or
Use t his applicat ion t o look up Ss and S1 in accordance wit h ASCE 7- 05.
This applicat ion is applicable only t o U.S. st at es and t errit ories.
• U.S. Seism ic D e sign M a ps Web Applicat ion
Use t his applicat ion t o look up Ss and S1 in accordance wit h ASCE 7- 10.
This applicat ion is applicable only t o U.S. st at es and t errit ories.
• Worldwide Seism ic D e signM a ps Web Applicat ion
19-16 1 9 Civil ( G8 )
Use t his applicat ion t o look up Ss and S1 in areas out side t he U.S. st at es
and t errit ories. This dat a is obt ained from t he Global Seism ic Hazard
Assessm ent Program ( GSHAP) . You can use t his dat a wit h ASCE 7- 05 or
ASCE 7- 10.
Spe cifyin g W in d Loa ds

The current wind load design com plies wit h ASCE 7- 05. I t assum es an
im port ance fact or of 1.15, which corresponds wit h Occupancy Cat egory I I I ,
t he default value.
You can choose t he Occupancy cat egory at t he proj ect and area levels by using
t he ASCE 7 Occupa n cy/ Risk Ca t e gor y drop- dow n list . The I carus wind
design calculat ions det erm ine t he im port ance fact or based on t he select ed
cat egory.
Once you have select ed t he appr opriat e version of ASCE 7 and t he Occupancy/
Risk Cat egory t hat is suit able for t he proj ect , you should specify t he wind dat a
input fields as well, unless you deem t he default values ar e appropriat e for
your proj ect .
The Japan locat ion index, t he Wind force adj ust m ent , and t he Wind exposure
cat egory are not dependent on t he version of ASCE 7 select ed. However, it is
very im port ant t o specify eit her t he Wind velocit y or t he Wind load according
t o eit her ASCE 7- 05 or ASCE 7- 10. Bot h versions of ASCE 7 include wind speed
m aps, but t he wind velocit y and select ion crit eria vary.
ASCE 7- 05 uses wind speed m aps t hat are based on nom inal 3- second guest
speeds in m iles per hour at 33 feet above ground for Exposure C cat egory. I f
you specify an alt er nat ive exposur e cat egory, I carus adj ust s t he wind load
calculat ions as necessary.
ASCE 7- 10 uses wind speed m aps t at are also based on nom inal 3- second gust
wind speeds in m iles per hour at 33 feet above gr ound for Exposure C
cat egory. However, t he appropriat e m ap m ust be chosen based on t he
Occupancy Cat egory. Also, t he wind velocit ies are higher t han t hose found in
t he ASCE 7- 05 st andard. I carus does NOT adj ust t he wind velocit y based on
t he drop- down select ion of t he ASCE 7 Occupancy/ Risk Cat egory. I f you
specify an alt ernat ive exposure cat egory, I carus adj ust s t he wind load
calculat ions as necessary.
The Applied Technology Council provides a W in d Spe e d W e b Sit e t hat
provides sit e- specific wind speeds based on t he sit e’s lat it ude and longit ude at
h t t p:/ / a t cou n cil.or g/ w in dspe e d/ . However, wind speeds are available
only for U.S. st at es and t errit ories.
H ow I ca r u s Ca lcu la t e s W in d
Loa d a n d Se ism ic Sh e a r
1 ) W in d Ve locit y
The Wind Velocit y t o be ent ered is t he Basic Wind Speed which is t he 3- second
gust speed at 33 ft ( 10m ) above ground. I carus calculat es t he Wind Load
1 9 Civil ( G8 ) 19-17
profile along t he height based on t he ASCE St andard: Minim um Design Loads
for Buildings and Ot her St ruct ures. I carus uses a default Wind Exposure C and
a Wind Velocit y of 100 MPH [ 160 KMPH] at 33', which corresponds t o a Wind
load ( velocit y pressure qz) of 30 PSF.
N ot e : You can ent er t he Wind load dir ect ly in t he W in d loa d field.
qz = 0.00256 Kz Kzt V * V * I ( lb/ sq ft )
You can select Wind exposure [ B, C, D] and Default Wind Exposure is C.
Default Kzt = 1.0 and I m port ance fact or I = 1.15.
For Exposure " C" , Kz= 1.0 at 33'
For V = 100 MPH and Exposure " C"
qz= 0.00256* 1.0* 1.0* 100* 100* 1.15 = 29.5 PSF at 33': t his is t he default
pressure ( 30 PSF)
I carus develops t he Wind profile along t he height as in t he code and t hen
calculat e t he wind load along t he height .
2 ) Use of W in d For ce Adj u st m e n t ( de fa ult = 1 .0 )
I f you want t o m ake adj ust m ent s t o t he wind load or Kzt * I , it could be ent ered
in W in d For ce adj ust m ent as a fact or.
I carus also uses:
Gust effect fact or ( Gf ) = 1.0 for exposure C ( not 0.85)
Cf = 0.7 for Vert ical Vessels and 1.4 for st ruct ures
Addit ional I carus fact or: 1.10
Adj ust ed Pressure at 33' = qz* Cf * windadj * 1.10
3 ) Se ism ic a cce le r a t ion ( g) a n d Se ism ic For ce Adj u st m e n t
( de fa u lt = 1 .0 )
I carus use t he input value of t he H or izon t a l a cce le r a t ion field ( m easured in
g: 0.17 m eans 17% of " g" ) direct ly t o get t he Seism ic Shear. I n t he case of
equipm ent s, I carus uses an addit ional fact or of 1.1, I carus does not m ake any
ot her adj ust m ent s.
Seism ic Shear = Operat ing weight of Equipm ent * 1.10 * Seism ic accelerat ion
* Seism icForceAdj ust m ent .
N ot e : When t he Ja pa n loca t ion in de x field is specified wit h a Japanese
count ry base, a Japanese wind design is perform ed t hat is independent of t he
ASCE 7 wind design.
Ex a m ple of Equ ipm e n t

Fou n da t ion D e sign
Vessel Dia. = 8' Height = 20' Allowable soil pressure = 4000 psf, Wind speed
= 100 MPH
Syst e m Ca lcu la t ion s:
Wt of Vessel = 9300 lbs
Mom ent due t o wind = 124031 lb- ft
19-18 1 9 Civil ( G8 )
Top Area reqd. = 0.828* ( Dia + 2.0) * * 2 = 0.828* 10* 10 = 82.8 sf
frost ht = 4.0 ft
self wt of foot ing = t op area * ( frost + 1) * 150.0 = 82.8* 5.0* 150.0 = 62100
lbs
Tot al Weight = 9300 + 62100 = 71400 lbs
eccent ricit y = 124031/ 71400 = 1.737'
For t he exam ple above, and soil pressur e, we have Type 2 foot ing, c.s. area =
82.8 is sufficient .
This can be verified if we use t he form ula for square foot ing:
71400/ ( B* * 2) + 124031/ ( B* * 3 / 6) = 4000 Area = B* B
Concret e = 82.8* ( frost + 1) / 27 = 15.33 CY
For Type 2 Fou n da t ion:

Cont act Surface form work = 15.0 sf/ cy * 15.33 cy = 230 sf
Back- up- lum ber = 30.0 BF/ cy * 15.33 cy = 460 BF
Rebar quant it y = 70 # / cy * 15.33 cy / 2000 = 0.56 Tons
M a n hour s:
( need som e adj ust m ent based on t he quant it y unless ext ernal file is used)
Form work Fabr icat ion = 0.08 m h / sf * 230 sf = 18* adj . = 22
Form work I nst allat ion = ( 0.30* 0.83) * 230 = 57* adj . = 35
Form work St rip & Clean = ( 0.30* 0.17) * 230 = 12* adj . = 12
Rebar I nst allat ion = 16.0/ Ton * 0.56 = 9* adj .= 14
Pour & Finish Concret e = 2.0/ CY * 15.33 = 30.66* adj = 30
Ex a m ple of Pile Fou n da t ion for

a n Equ ipm e n t
Th is is a sa m ple ca lcu la t ion :
Process equipm ent : VT CYLI NDER
Vessel Diam et er = 12 feet Height = 20 feet
Wind Speed = 100 MPH
From Area Civil Specs for pile design:

Foot ing dept h ( frost height ) = 4 feet
Pile Design Requir em ent = PI LE; Pile Type = HP; Com pressive Capacit y= 90
t ons; Tensile capacit y = 45 t ons;
Driven Dept h = 60 feet ; Pile Spacing = 4 feet ; shear capacit y = 2 t ons
1 9 Civil ( G8 ) 19-19
Equipm ent Loading from Syst em :
Wt of Vessel = 20800 lbs
Wind Force = 12695 lbs
Mom ent due t o wind = 260237 lb- ft
base Area = 0.828* ( Dia + 2.0) * * 2 = 0.828* 14* 14 = 162.288 sf
Weight of Concret e = 133888 lbs
D.L. wit h vessel em pt y = Weight of Vessel+ Weight of Concret e +
Weight of Soil ( if t here is proj ect ion) = 20800+ 133888+ 0 = 154688 lbs
Weight of wat er ( w e assum e 50% full for pile design) = 70573 lbs
Maxim um Weight = Em pt y weight + weight of Wat er = 154688+ 70573 =

225261 lbs
Radius of Pile Group = ( diam et er - 1) / 2.0 = 5.5 ft
Minim um num ber of Piles = 4 ( For individual foundat ions like piperack, open
st eel t he m inim um is 2 per colum n)
Num ber of piles based on shear = ( 12695/ 2000) t ons / 2t ons= 4

Max. Num ber of piles possible based on spacing = 8
St art wit h 4 piles and t hen calculat e t he m axim um load per pile based on t he
Vert ical Load and Mom ent ( for
com pression w e use t he Maxim um weight , and for Tension we use t he weight
wit hout wat er, t he base m om ent
here is t he m om ent due t o wind) .
Checks whet her load per pile is less t han allowable load. I f it requires m ore
t han 8 piles, we t ry t o pr ovide a
inner circle of piles.
Num ber of piles required in t his case = 4
19-20 1 9 Civil ( G8 )
2 0 St e e l ( G6 )

St eel Plant Bulks
How I CARUS Generat es t he Num ber of Colum n St rut s
2 0 St e e l ( G6 ) 20-1
St e e l Pla n t Bu lk s
St eel plant bulks include st ruct ures, assem blies and com ponent s.

Open st ruct ure: colum ns/ girders/ beam s/ X- brace, OPN STL ST
grat e, st airs
I ncludes colum ns, girders, beam s, cross- bracing,
grat ing and colum n foot ings, handrail and t oeplat es,
and st airways. St airways are “ t hrough- going,”
m eaning each one ext ends from t he t op- m ost floor
level down t o t he grat e.
The default design is bolt ed fram e, for which bolt ed

connect ions are provided. The design is changed t o
rigid fram e if t he user chooses FEM or F as t he
Analysis Type, in which case a rigid connect ion is
provided.
The num ber of levels, if not specified, is det erm ined

from t he t ot al height and a level- t o- level spacing of 15
FEET [ 4.5 M] , rounded t o t he nearest whole num ber;
m inim um of one level.
The bay span and widt h represent t he t ypical colum n

spacing and is used t o det erm ine t he num ber of
colum ns and colum n load. The bay span is used t o size
t he support beam s, and bay widt h is used t o size t he
m ain girders connect ing t o t he colum ns.
20-2 2 0 St e e l ( G6 )
St e e l Pla nt Bu lk s - cont inued
OPN STL ST - cont inued
The m axim um num ber of open st eel st ruct ures in an

area is 10.
I n Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or, you can load

equipm ent int o an open st eel st ruct ure by assigning
t he st ruct ure and t he equipm ent t he sam e St ruct ure
Tag Num ber. The st ruct ure m ust be added t o t he area
before t he equipm ent , or else t he syst em will generat e
an error. However, when t he st ruct ures are evaluat ed,
t hey appear at t he end of t he area's det ailed design
dat asheet , equipm ent list , and det ailed bulks. The
syst em evaluat es t hem last because t he equipm ent
t hat goes in t he st ruct ures m ust be evaluat ed first
before t heir calculat ed weight s are added t o t he
st ruct ure's loading.
The flow chart on t he following page shows t he logic

for hanging equipm ent in st eel st ruct ures.
N u m be r of floor s:
Default : based on st ruct ure height and approxim at e
floor height of 15 FEET [ 4.5 M] .
D ist r ibut e d loa d pe r le ve l:
Default : * 300* PSF [ * 14.0* KN/ M2]
Ba y spa n :
Bay dim ensions det erm ine colum n spacing.
Default : 20- 25 FEET [ 6- 7.6 M] each way.
Ba y w idt h :
Bay dim ensions det erm ine colum n spacing.
Default : 20- 25 FEET [ 6- 7.6 M] each way.
Default : 1 + 1 per 5,000 SF [ 500 M2] of area per floor.
St r uct ur a l st e e l a na lysis:
S- Sim plified st ress analysis
F- 2D finit e elem ent rigid fram e analysis ( required if a
rigid fram e analysis wit h deflect ion check is desired)
Colu m n ba se opt ion :
FI XED- Rigid connect ion at colum n base.
* PI NNED* - Pinned connect ion at colum n base.
Floor gr a t e s pe r a r e a :
Default : * 75*
Gr a t ing t ype :
See “ Grat ing Types” lat er in t his chapt er.
Siding pe r w a ll a r e a :
Default : 0% ; Min.: 0% ; Max: 100%
2 0 St e e l ( G6 ) 20-3

OPN STL ST - cont inued
Siding t ype :
* CORR* - corrugat ed siding
I NSUL- insulat ed siding
Sla b t hick ne ss: Default : * 4* I NCHES [ * 100 MM] ;
Min: 2 I NCHES [ 50 MM] ; Max: 8 I NCHES. Concret e
slab t hickness over form ed shell deck, applicable if
slab% area > 0.
Floor sla b pe r ce nt of a r e a : Default : 0% ; Min: 0% ;
Max: 100% . Tot al of floor slab% area and floor grat e%
area m ust not be m ore t han 100% .
20-4 2 0 St e e l ( G6 )
2 0 St e e l ( G6 ) 20-5

St eel pipe rack: colum ns, beam s, X- brace, cat walk, PI PE RACK
st airs, ladders
I ncludes colum ns, lat eral and longit udinal m em bers,
cross- bracing, colum n foot ings, cat walks, handrail and
t oeplat es, st airs, and ladders ( caged if over 10 FEET [ 3
M] ) .
Main bent s have rigid connect ions bet ween beam s and
colum ns at odd num bered levels. Ot herwise all j oint s
are pinned connect ions. Colum n base m ay be rigid or
pinned connect ion. Piping loads are defined as
dist ribut ed load per level. An air cooler load can be
defined above t op level if required. Wide racks m ay
require a t hird colum n at t he m idpoint of t he beam s in
each bent . The height t o t he first level is defined
separat ely since it is usually bigger t han t he height
bet ween levels which is assum ed t o be uniform . ( A
sket ch of a t ypical pipe rack is locat ed on t he following
page.)
W idt h: * 20* FEET [ * 6.0* M] Max 120 FEET[ 36M]

H e igh t : * 20* FEET [ * 6.0* M] Max 60 FEET[ 18M]
N u m be r of le ve ls: * 1*
H e ight t o 1 st le ve l:
* 12.0* FEET; MI N: 8.00 FEET; MAX: 40 FEET[ 12M]
Pipe r a ck t ype :
* STEEL* - All st eel piperack
CONC- S- Concret e fram e and st eel sheet s.
CONC- P- Concret e fram e and precast conc. st rut s
PRECAST- All precast concret e piperack
St r uct ur a l st e e l a na lysis:
S- Sim plified st ress analysis
F- 2D finit e elem ent rigid fram e analysis
M a in be nt spa cing:
Default : * 20.0* FEET
Longit udinal colum n spacing along rack.
Thir d colum n opt ion:
Opt ion is for sm all racks. Racks wider t han 40 FEET
[ 12 M] get t hree colum n rows.
YES- Third colum n now required ( 2 bay rack)
NO- No t hird colum n ( 1 bay rack)
Colu m n ba se opt ion :
FI XED- Rigid connect ion at colum n base.
* PI NNED* - Pinned connect ion at colum n base.
- Cont inued on next page

-
20-6 2 0 St e e l ( G6 )

PI PE RACK - cont inued
D ist r ibut e d loa d pe r le ve l:

* 50* PSF [ * 2.5* KN/ M2]
Air coole r loa ding: * 0.0*
Air cool dist ribut ed load above t op rack level, if any.
Ca t w a lk w idt h: * 4.0* FEET [ * 1.2* M]
N um be r of ca t w a lk s: * 1* per level
N u m be r of la dde r s:
* 1* per 80 FEET [ 25 M] of lengt h; MI N: 2
N u m be r of st a ir w a ys: Default : * 0*
No. of braced bays: Num ber of braced bays along rack
lengt h. * 2* per 120 FEET [ 36M] ; MI N: 0.
Be a m st r ut s pe r colum n line :
Num ber of longit udinal st rut s per colum n.
* 1* per each t wo beam levels. See figure on page 30-
7 for explanat ion.
Be a m st r u t s pe r pipe le ve l:
Num ber of longit udinal st rut s/ beam per level/ bay.
Default : * 0* or, if beam lengt h is great er t han 24 FEET
[ 7 M] , * 1*
Ex clu de e nd be n t :
Exclude end bent s if t his is a segm ent of a rack t hat is
part of a longer rack.
* NO* - Do not exclude end bent s.
ONE- Exclude one end bent .
TWO- Exclude t wo end bent s.
M in im um be a m or colu m n w idt h:
* 12.0* I NCHES [ * 304* MM]
For concret e pipe rack only, default is calculat ed by t he
syst em . I f not , default is 12.0 I NCHES.
Concr e t e t ype :
For concret e pipe rack only, default is area civil dat a
for concret e st rengt h and cost .
2- St andard concret e ( Type B)
3- Higher grade concret e ( Type C)
4- Chem ical resist ant concret e ( Type D)
Gr a t ing t ype :
See “ Grat ing Types” lat er in t his chapt er
2 0 St e e l ( G6 ) 20-7
Sk e t ch of a Typica l Pipe Ra ck
20-8 2 0 St e e l ( G6 )
How ICARUS Generates the Number of Column Struts
Sy st e m Ge n e r a t e d Se t s:
Use r - En t e r e d Se t s:
D e fa u lt N u m be r of Colu m n St r u t s
I f a pipe rack has t he default num ber of levels ( 1) , t he default num ber of
colum n st rut s is also 1. For each addit ional t wo levels, t he default num ber of
colum n st rut s gr ows by 2; t herefore, t he default num ber of colum n st rut s m ay
best be underst ood as “ 1 per each 2 beam level”.
2 0 St e e l ( G6 ) 20-9
* User- ent ered values override syst em - generat ed values.

Pipe Truss Bridge PI PE TRUSS
A t russ st ruct ure wit h m ult iple levels which can span
longer areas. Wide Flange shapes are used for m ain
m em bers.
I ncludes colum ns, lat eral m em bers, longit udinal chord
m em bers, bracings and colum n foot ing.
( A sket ch of a t ypical pipe bridge is locat ed on t he
following page)
Tr uss W idt h:
Default : 20 FEET [ 6.0 M]
Tr uss H e igh t :
Levels bet ween t op and bot t om chord: Default : 0
H e ight t o bot t om chor d:
D ist r ib. Loa d/ Le ve l:
Default : 50 PSF [ 2.4 KN/ M2]
Ba y Le n gt h:
Truss lengt h det erm ine bay lengt h
Default : Around 8 FEET [ 2.4 M]
W ind For ce Adj ust m e nt :
Default : 1
Se ism ic For ce Adj u st m e nt :
Default : 1
20-10 2 0 St e e l ( G6 )

Pipe support s/ sleepers: bent or t ee, j ust above grade PI PE SUPPT
Series of individual st eel pipe support s for long runs of
pipe j ust above grade. The TEE t ype has one post wit h
concret e foot ing; t he BENT t ype has t wo post s wit h
concret e foot ings. CONS uses round concret e colum ns
wit h a st eel wide flange on t op connect ing t he
colum ns. Round form t ubes are used as form work for
t he concret e colum ns.
Suppor t t ype :
TEE- 1 st eel post wit h beam
BENT- 2 st eel post s wit h beam
CONT- Concret e t ee
CONS - 2 concret e colum ns wit h st eel beam
2 0 St e e l ( G6 ) 20-11

Mult iple- bay st eel m ill building: st ruct ural st eel, siding M I LL BLD G
St ruct ural st eel, crane beam s and rails, elevat ed grat e floors,
corrugat ed or insulat ed ext erior if applicable, foundat ions, light ing and
elect rical panelboard and supply wiring/ conduit .
The m ill building m odel designs a fram e t hat is specifically suit ed for a
part icular purpose — m ult iple bays where overhead cranes carry
m at erials along t he lengt h of t he building. The t erm “ Bay” in t his case
refers t o a port ion of t he building widt h.
The syst em assum es a cleared, level sit e; excavat ion is provided only
for grade slab and colum n foot ings. Ot her sit e work m ust be specified
using Sit e Developm ent .
M a in colum n spa cing:
Colum n spacing along t he lengt h of t he building.
Default : * 20* FEET [ * 6.0* M] .
Siding pe r w a ll a r e a :
Default : 100% roofing and specified% siding provided, except “ 0.0”
input delet es bot h.
Siding t ype :
Default : * CORR*
CORR- Corrugat ed siding
I NSUL- I nsulat ed corrugat ed siding
Slab- on- grade t hickness: Default : * 12* I NCHES [ * 300* MM]
D ist r ibut e d loa d le ve l: Default : * 200* PSF [ * 10* KN/ M2]
1 st Se ct ion ba y w idt h: First bay t ype, describes one or m ore
ident ical, adj acent bays.
1 st Se ct ion ba y h e igh t : First bay t ype, describes one or m ore
N um be r of ba ys 1 st Se ct ion: First bay t ype, describes one or m ore
ident ical, adj acent bays. Default : * 1*
20-12 2 0 St e e l ( G6 )
M I LL BLD G - cont inued
N u m be r of e le va t e d floor s 1 st Se ct ion:
First bay t ype, describes one or m ore ident ical, adj acent bays. Default :
* 0*
Cr a n e ca pa cit y pe r ba y 1 st Se ct ion : Bay t ype 1: Load for st ruct .,
crane rail, et c.; crane m ust be specified elsewhere. Default : * 0.0*
TONS [ * 0.0* TON]
Floor gr a t e pe r a r e a 1 st Se ct ion: First bay t ype, describes one or
m ore ident ical, adj acent bays. Default : * 100*
2 nd Se ct ion ba y w idt h : Second bay t ype, describes one or m ore
2 nd Se ct ion ba y h e igh t : Second bay t ype, describes one or m ore
N u m be r of ba ys 2 n d Se ct ion : Second bay t ype, describes one or
N um be r e le va t e d floor s 2 nd Se ct ion: Second bay t ype, describes
one or m ore ident ical, adj acent bays. Default : * 0*
Cr a n e ca pa cit y pe r ba y 2 nd Se ct ion: Bay t ype 2: Load for st ruct .,
crane rail, et c.; crane m ust be specified elsewhere. Default : * 0.0*
TONS [ * 0.0* TON]
Floor pe r a r e a 2 nd Se ct ion : Second bay t ype, describes one or m ore
3 r d Se ct ion ba y w idt h: Third bay t ype, describes one or m ore
3 r d Se ct ion ba y he igh t : Third bay t ype, describes one or m ore
N u m be r of ba ys 3 r d Se ct ion : Third bay t ype, describes one or m ore
N u m be r of e le va t e d floor s 3 r d Se ct ion: Third bay t ype, describes
one or m ore ident ical, adj acent bays. Default : * 0*
Crane capacit y per bay 3rd Sect ion: Bay t ype 3: Load for st ruct ., crane
rail, et c.; crane m ust be specified elsewhere. Default : * 0.0* TONS
[ * 0.0* TON]
Floor gr a t e pe r a r e a 3 r d Se ct ion: Third bay t ype, describes one or
Elevat ed access plat form s: colum ns/ beam s, rail, grat e, ladder PLATFORM
Elevat ed access plat form , wit h handrail, t oeplat e, grat ing, colum ns,
civil foundat ions, light ing and elect rical.
Pla t for m w idt h: * 6* FEET [ * 2* M]

N u m be r of la dde r s: Default : * 1*
H a ndr a il pe r ce nt : Default : * 100*
Floor gr a t e pe r a r e a : Default : * 100*
Gr a t ing: See “ Grat ing Types” lat er in t his chapt er.
2 0 St e e l ( G6 ) 20-13

St eel gallery st ruct ure for pipe, conveyors, walkways GALLERY
Gallery for piping, conveyors, elevat ed walkways, et c., foot ings,

light ing and elect rical included. May be specified in com binat ions of
t hree sect ion t ypes or as a single sect ion
t ype.
Ga lle r y h e igh t :
Max: 15 FEET [ 4.5 M] ; Default : * 9.0* FEET [ * 2.75* M]
D ist r ibu t e d loa d:
Default : * 100* PSF [ * 5.0* KN/ M2]
H e igh t gr a de se ct ion:
Grade sect ion has t his uniform , nom inal height for ent ire lengt h.
Default : * 6.0* FEET [ * 2.0* M] .
20-14 2 0 St e e l ( G6 )

GALLERY - cont inued
Le n gt h gr a de se ct ion :
Tot al lengt h is sum of grade, slope and above- grade lengt hs.
At least one is required.
H e ight slope se ct ion:
Slope sect ion varies from grade sect ion height t o t his designat ed
height .
Le n gt h slope se ct ion:
Tot al lengt h is sum of grade, slope and above- grade lengt hs. At least
one is required.
Above gr a de he ight :
Above ground sect ion varies from slope sect ion height t o t his
Above gr a de le ngt h:
Tot al lengt h is sum of grade, slope and above- grade lengt hs. At least
one is required.
Ga lle r y e n closu r e :
Default : * OPEN*
OPEN- No enclosure
ENCLOSED- Enclosed
Tow e r be n t spa cin g:
Tower ( bent ) spacing applies t o elevat ed sect ions only. Default : * 80*
FEET [ * 25* M] .
Ca n t ile ve r le n gt h :
Cant ilever lengt h m ay be specified only for t he end of an elevat ed
sect ion. Default : * 0* FEET [ * 0* M] .
N u m be r of w a lk w a ys: Default : * 2*
W a lk w a y w idt h: Default : * 54* I NCHES [ * 2,370* MM]
Gr a t ing: See “ Grat ing Types” lat er in t his chapt er.
Conveyor t ransfer t ower, square cross- sect ion TRN S
TOW ER
St eel t ower only; conveyors, hoppers and chut es m ust be specified
elsewhere.
Grat ing: See “ Grat ing Types” lat er in t his chapt er.
St eel grat e, less support st eel GRATE
Grat ing: Default : * CS* . See “ Grat ing Types” lat er in t his chapt er.
St eel ladders LAD D ER
Ladders great er t han 10 FEET [ 3 M] are aut om at ically caged.
La dde r Type :
Default : * CAGED*
CAGED- Caged ladder
NONE- Ladder wit hout cage
St eel st airs, wit h grat e t reads, handrail STAI R
2 0 St e e l ( G6 ) 20-15

Colum ns, beam s, bracing, bracket s M I SC STEEL
The st eel m em ber size is designat ed by it s weight per foot of lengt h.
St eel it em t ypes are colum ns, beam s, bracing and bracket s.
Connect ions are included; t he syst em increases t he cost by about 15%
t o account for connect ions.
St e e l t ype :
COLUM- Colum n
BEAM- Beam
BRACE- Bracing
BRAKT- Bracket
Fabricat ed, lined, st iffened plat e it em s for chut es, boxes, et c. FABR PLATE
Fabricat ed st iffened st eel plat e it em s ( e.g., boxes, chut es, hoods,

skirt s, et c.) . One or m ore replaceable abrasion resist ant lining t ypes
m ay be specified over port ions of t he plat e area.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * CS*
CS- Carbon st eel
SS304- SS304
SS316- SS316
Pla t e pe r a r e a it e m :
Tot al area of plat e excluding st iffeners.
Lining t hick n e ss Type 1 :
Lining t ype 1: t hickness m ay not be specified for ceram ic linings;
Default : * 1.0* I NCHES [ * 25* MM] .
Lining pe r pla t e a r e a Type 1 :
Lining t ype 1; Default : * 100*
Lining m a t e r ia l Type 1 :
Lining t ype 1. See “Abrasion Resist ant Linings; Replaceable” in Chapt er
28.
Lining pe r pla t e a r e a Type 2 :
Lining t ype 2; Default : * 0.0*
28.
Lining per plat e area Type 3: Lining t ype 3; Default : * 0.0*
28.
20-16 2 0 St e e l ( G6 )

Siding and roofing for st eel st ruct ures SI D I N G
Siding girt s and roof purlins are designat ed based on colum n spacing.
Corrugat ed st eel siding ( 18 gauge) is provided wit h t he opt ion of 1
I NCH [ 25 MM] insulat ion in sandwich panel.
Siding a r e a :
Siding and/ or roofing area is required. Default : * 0.0* SF [ * 0.0* M2]
Roofing a r e a :
Siding and/ or roofing area is required. Default : * 0.0 SF [ * 0.0* M2]
Main colum n spacing: Default : * 20* FEET [ * 6* M]
Siding t ype :
Default : * CORR*
CORR- Corrugat ed siding
I NSUL- I nsulat ed corrugat ed siding
Sanit ary plat form for equipm ent access SAN PLATFM
A polished, st ainless st eel plat form built t o sanit ary st andards, e.g.,
wit hout weld crevices or surfaces t hat collect st anding wat er.
Pla t for m h e igh t :
MAX: 12.0 FEET [ 3.60 M]
Pla t for m a r e a :
Required t o ent er t ot al plat form or lengt h and widt h for long
plat form s. I f area is given, t he program calculat es lengt h and widt h as
being t he square root of area, and bases it s design on t his inform at ion.
Pla t for m le ngt h :
Required t o ent er t ot al plat form or lengt h and widt h for long plat form s.
I f area is given, t he program calculat es lengt h and widt h as being t he
square root of area, and bases it s design on t his inform at ion.
Pla t for m w idt h:
Required t o ent er t ot al plat form or lengt h and widt h for long plat form s.
I f area is given, t he program calculat es lengt h and widt h as being t he
square root of area, and bases it s design on t his inform at ion.
Pla t for m de sign loa ding:
* 100* PSF [ * 5.00* KN/ M2]
General plat form design load for access/ walkway areas.
Equ ipm e nt pe r ce n t a r e a :
Percent of plat form area t hat support s equipm ent load.
Equ ipm e nt w e igh t :
Must be ent ered for t he program t o calculat e equipm ent access- sides.
N u m be r of e quipm e n t a cce ss side s: * 2* , MAX: 4.
Num ber of sides from which equipm ent accessed on plat form .
Gr a t ing pe r ce n t of a r e a : * 80.0*
2 0 St e e l ( G6 ) 20-17

SAN PLATFM - cont inued
Gr a t ing t ype :
FI BER- Fibergrat e 1.5 X 1.5 I N [ 40 X 40 MM]
SLI P 2- 1/ 8 I NCH [ 3 MM] SS304 slipnot plat e
SLI P 3- 3/ 16 I NCH [ 5 MM] SS304 slipnot plat e
* SLI P4* - 1/ 4 I NCH [ 6 MM] SS304 slipnot plat e
N u m be r of st a ir w a ys: * 1.00*
N u m be r of la dde r s: * 0*
N u m be r of colum ns
Le n gt h of h a ndr a il a n d t oe pla t e : FEET [ M]
Gr a t ing Type s
FG Fibergrat e
S2 1/ 8 I N [ 3 MM] SS slipnot plat e
CS 1 I N x 3/ 16 I N [ 25 MM x 5 MM] CS welded bar
CM 1 1/ 4 I N x 3/ 16 I N [ 32 MM x 5 MM] CS Welded Bar
CH 1 1/ 2 I N x 3/ 16 I N [ 38 MM x 5 MM] CS welded bar
CV 2.0 I N x 3/ 16 I N [ 50 MM x 5 MM] CS welded bar
C2 1/ 8 I N [ 3 MM] CS checker plat e
AS 1 I N x 3/ 16 I N [ 25 MM x 5 MM] AL welded bar
AH 1.5 I N X 3/ 16 I N [ 38 MM X 5 MM] AL welded bar
AV 2.0 I N x 3/ 16 I N [ 50 MM x 5 MM] AL welded bar
20-18 2 0 St e e l ( G6 )
2 1 I n st r u m e n t a t ion ( G1 0 )

I nst rum ent at ion Plant Bulks
Sensor Loop Descript ions
Pressure ( P)
Differ ent ial Pr essure ( DP)
Tem perat ur e ( T)
Flow ( F)
Level ( L)
Analyzers ( A)
Speed ( S)
Mot ion ( X) : Axial, Radial, Vibrat ion
Posit ion ( PN)
Weight ( W)
Elect r ical Conduct ivit y ( C)
Hand ( Manual Act ivat ion) ( H)
Field Mount ed Solenoid ( SL)
Typical Pressure I nst rum ent Pr ocess Hookup
Panel Act ion Descript ions
Panel Opt ion Descript ions
Fisher Cont rol Valve I nform at ion
Cont rol Valve Opt ions
Cont rol Valve Configurat ions
Air Supply Piping
Rem ot e Cont rol Type
Transm it t er Type
Overview of I nst rum ent at ion Report Det ails
Report Det ails for Analog/ Elect rical I nst rum ent at ion
Report Det ails for Analog/ Elect rical Pneum at ic I nst rum ent at ion
Report Det ails for Digit al/ Elect rical I nst rum ent at ion
Report Det ails for Digit al/ Elect rical Pneum at ic I nst rum ent at ion
2 1 I n st r um e n t a t ion ( G1 0 ) 21-1
I n st r u m e n t a t ion Pla n t Bu lk s
Conduit m a t e r ia l: Default : * GALV*
GALV- Galvanized rigid st eel conduit
EMT- Elect rical m echanical t ubing
AL- Alum inum
PVC- PVC plast ic conduit
PBON- PVC coat ed rigid st eel ( plast i- bond)
PVCA- PVC coat ed alum inum
FRE- Fiberglass
Ca ble Size :
* 14* , 12, 10 AWG; * 1.5* , 2.5, 4.0 MM2.
Rigid conduit , galvanized st eel, couplings, fit t ings and seals CON D UI T
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * GALV*
AL- Alum inum
FRE- Fiberglass
Conduit dia m e t e r :
Range: 0.5 - 6.0 I NCHES [ 15 - 150 MM]
N u m be r of fit t ings: Default : * 0*
N u m be r of con duit se a ls: Default : * 0*
I nst rum ent panel, elect ronic/ pneum at ic I N ST PAN EL
Pa ne l t ype :
ELC- Elect ronic panel
PNU- Pneum at ic panel
E/ P- Com bined elect ronic/ pneum at ic
21-2 2 1 I n st r u m e n t a t ion ( G1 0 )
I nst rum ent cable t ray I N ST TRAY
Tr a y w idt h:
Range: 6 - 36 I NCHES [ 150 - 910 MM] ;
D e fa u lt :
* 18* I NCHES [ * 450* MM]
Elect ronic signal wire: wire, arm ored wire, wire in conduit I N ST W I RE
Mat erial:
Default : * I M*
I M- I nsul., st andard wire
ARMOR- I M wit h int erlock arm or
RI GI D- I M in rigid conduit ( See Chapt er 22, Elect rical Plant Bulks,
CONDUI T, for a schem at ic of t he conduit )
PPM- Pluggable Pre- Molded wire ( fieldbus only)
N u m be r of con duct or se t s pe r ca ble :
Opt ional t wist ed pair or t riad in each wire set .
Range: 1 - 50.
Conduct or se t t ype :
Default : * PAI R*
PAI R- Pair
TRI AD- Triad
I nst rum ent pneum at ic m ult i- t ube bundle runs PN U TUBI N G
Num ber of t ubes per bundle: Range: 7, 12, or 19
I nst r u m e n t a t ion Pla n t Bu lk s - cont inued

Therm ocouple wire: wire, arm ored wire, wire in conduit TH CPL W I RE
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * TM*
TM- I nsul., solid wire
ARMOR- TM wit h int erlock arm or
RI GI D- TM in rigid conduit
N u m be r of con duct or se t s pe r ca ble :
Opt ional num ber of t wist ed pairs per cable.
Range: 1 - 36.
Conduct or t ype :
Default : * JX*
JX- I ron const ant an
KX- Chrom el alum el
TX- Copper const ant an
I nst rum ent j unct ion boxes: elect ronic, pneum at ic, JUN C BOX
t herm ocouple
Ju n ct ion box t ype :

EL50- Elect ronic - 50 conduct or
PL4 - 4 Drop pluggable brick ( Fieldbus only)
PL4S - 4 Drop pluggable brick wit h short circuit
prot ect ion ( Fieldbus only)

JUN C BOX - cont inued
PN19- Pneum at ic - 19 t ubes

TC50- Therm ocouple - 50 conduct or
SRSC- 3 Drop brick wit h spring clam p ( fieldbus only)
SRST- 3 Drop brick wit h screw t erm inal ( fieldbus only)
MB4- 4 Drop brick ( fieldbus only)
MB4S- Hawke I nt ernat ional 4 Drop brick wit h short- circuit prot ect ion
( fieldbus only)
MB8- 8 Drop brick ( fieldbus only)
MB8S- Hawke I nt ernat ional 8 Drop brick wit h short- circuit prot ect ion
( fieldbus only)
Default : * GP*
GP- General purpose
EXPR- Explosion proof
Operat or cent er: Honeywell TDC3000 OPER CEN T
Ope r a t or ce nt e r t ype :
Universal operat or cent er or local cent er for one dat a
hiway.
D e fa u lt : * UNI V*
UNI V- Universal cent er
LOCAL- Local cent er
N u m be r of ope r a t or displa y u n it s:
Num ber of operat or CRT ( Cat hode- Ray Tube
Term inals) , includes keyboards
N u m be r of H iw a y Ga t e w a ys:
Num ber of gat eways for dat a hiways.
N u m be r of I n dica t in g CRT:
Num ber of indicat ing CRT, no keyboard included.
N um be r of disk dr ive s:
Num ber of dual floppy disk drivers.
N um be r of e n gine e r ing k e yboa r ds:
Engineer ’s keyboard for display.

OPER CEN T - cont inued
N u m be r of LCN ca ble s:
Num ber of local cont rol net work cables.
H ist or y m odu le :
Hist ory m odule for t rend analysis.
Default : * NONE*
HI ST- Add hist ory m odule
NONE- No hist ory m odule
Mult ifunct ion cont rollers: analog/ digit al I , I C, S, A circuit s M ULTI CON T
Mult ifunct ion cont rollers for indicat ing and cont rol loops, and swit ch
and alarm circuit s.
The I nst rum ent at ion Plant Bulk it em s referred t o as Mult ifunct ion
cont rollers, High energy level process int erface unit s, and Low energy
level process int erface unit s are based on elem ent s of a Honeywell
TDC 2000/ 3000 process cont rol syst em .
A Mult ifunct ion cont roller consist s of a m et al cabinet ( 6 FEET t all [ 1.83
M] and 19 I NCHES [ 0.48 M] wide, cont aining 1 or m ore elect ronic
cont rollers wit h a power supply, analog and digit al I / O signal
processing cards m ount ed in elect ronic racks as depict ed in t he
following
drawing.

M ULTI CON T - cont inued
The m ult ifunct ion cont roller is program m ed from t he engineer ’s st at ion
in t he Operat or Cent er over a redundant , coaxial cable ( Dat a- highway
cable) . The cont roller polls t he
analog and digit al input cards which report t o it t o collect t he signals
t ransm it t ed by t he field sensors connect ed t o t hose cards. The
cont roller eit her passes t he signal up t o t he Operat or Cent er for
perm anent st orage in a Hist ory Module ( com put er st orage) and/ or
com pares t he m easured signal wit h t he program m ed set point and
generat es a correct ive com m and. This correct ive com m and is sent t o
out put cards which, in t urn, generat e
eit her an analog ( 4- 20m A for posit ioning cont rol valves) or digit al ( for
solenoids, on/ off valves) cont rol signal which is sent t o t he appropriat e
final cont rol elem ent in t he field.
The signals from and t o t he field int erface t o t he Mult ifunct ion
cont roller t hrough a j unct ion box on t he back plane of t he unit . Signals
are dist ribut ed wit hin t he unit over a dat a bus.
Elect ric power is required t o support all t he elect ronics and a cooling
fan on t op of t he unit . Bat t ery backup m ay be specified if it is
im port ant t hat t he cont roller not lose it s
abilit y t o cont rol t he processing in t he event of a power out age.
Redundant m ult ifunct ion cont rollers m ay be specified t o insure
cont inued cont rol even in t he event of a failure in t he prim ary
cont roller.
High and low energy level PI Us look sim ilar but have no cont rollers.
The High level PI Us are for analog input s only ( 4- 20m A) and provide
sim ple cont rol; t he Low level PI Us collect signals from t herm ocouple
and RTD loops.
There are 3 t ypes of t em perat ure t ransm it t ers available:

• RTD: resist ance t em perat ure det ect or.
• TC: t herm ocouple; t he only t im e t hat you can specify a TC
t ransm it t er t ype is when you specify Tem perat ure ( T) as t he
Process Variable.
• Filled syst em : liquid- filled.

M ULTI CON T - cont inued
The TDC2000/ 3000 cont roller handles 16 analog out put per cont roller.
The I / O cards handle t he following num ber of signals:
Signa l Type N o. I nput N o. Ou t pu t

Signa ls pe r Ca r d Sign a ls pe r Ca r d
Analog 8 4
Digit al 16 8
N u m be r of con t r olle r s:
One cabinet and power supply provided per t wo cont rollers.
Re du n da ncy:
Redundancy provides 1 backup cont roller for up t o eight prim ary
cont rollers.
Default :
* NONE*
RED- Redundancy required
NONE- No redundancy
N u m be r of a n a log in pu t ca r ds:
Num ber of I / O cards for analog input ( indicat ing) .
N u m be r of a n a log ou t pu t ca r ds:
Num ber of I / O cards for analog out put ( cont rol) .
N um be r of digit a l input ca r ds:
Num ber of I / O cards for digit al input ( alarm ) .
N u m be r of digit a l ou t put ca r ds:
Num ber of I / O cards for digit al out put ( swit ch) .
N um be r of ba t t e r y ba ck ups:
Num ber of backup bat t ery power supplies for m ult ifunct ion
cont rollers. Default : * 0*

High energy level process int erface unit s: I ndicat or, swit ch, alarm H L PI U
circuit s
N u m be r of digit a l in pu t ca r ds:
Ent er num ber of input cards required.
N u m be r of digit a l ou t pu t ca r ds:
Ent er num ber of o ut put cards required.
Low energy level process int erface unit s: LL PI U
Therm ocouple and RTD circuit s
Dat a- highway cable, redundant ( fiber opt ic) Coaxial or D ATA
fiber opt ic cables connect ing digit al cont rollers t o H I W AY
operat or cent ers.
M a t e r ia l se le ct ion:
Default : * COAX*
COAX- Coax cable
FI BER- Fiber opt ic cable
N um be r of t e r m ina t ions:
Min: 1; Default : * 2*
Default : * NONE*
NONE- None
COND- Conduit
Se n sor Loop D e scr ipt ion s
Pr e ssu r e ( p)
Se n sor Loop D e scr ipt ion Pr oce ss Pa n e l I n st r u m e nt Signa l
Type Va r ia ble Act ion Loca t ion Type
Sym bol ( 1) ( 2) ( 3)
1 Pressure Gauge, field m ount ed: P I LC none
Sensor elem ent t ypes
( default = ST) :
pipe fit t ings t o process ( ST) ,
gauge valves t o process ( FT)
draft gauge ( DG)
3 Pressure Cont roller: field m ount ed, P IC LC P
pipe and t ubing.
2 Pressure Transm it t er: P I LP e
field m ount ed, via pipe and t ubing. IC or
Sensor elem ent t ypes: RC CC
t ransm it t er wit hout seal ( TN) R1
t ransm it t er wit h seal ( TS) R2R3
st andard or m icroprocessor
4 Pressure Swit ch: P A LP e
field m ount ed, via pipe and t ubing. or
* NS* - No chem ical seal CC
CS- Wit h chem ical seal
6 Addit ional Cont rol Valve: P IC LP P
secondary cont rol valve for adding or or
t o anot her cont rol loop. CC e
1 For panel act ion, panel opt ion and cont rol valve opt ion, refer t o t he
applicable sect ion lat er in t his chapt er.
2 I nst rum ent Locat ion:
LC= local, on equipm ent or piping
LP= local panel
CC= cont rol cent er ( analog or digit al) .
3 Signal Type: e = elect ronic, p = pneum at ic.
D iffe r e n t ia l Pr e ssu r e ( D P)
Sym bol ( 1) ( 2) ( 3)
1 Different ial Pressure Gauge: DP l LC none
connect ed t o process via pipe and
t ubing.
2 Different ial Pressure Transm it t er: DP A LP p
connect ed t o process via pipe and or or
t ubing. CC e
Sensor elem ent t ypes:
t ransm it t er wit hout seal ( TN)
t ransm it t er wit h seal ( TS)
st andard or m ircoprocessor
4 Different ial Pressure Swit ch: DP A LP e
connect ed t o process via pipe and or
t ubing. CC
* NS* - No chem ical seal
CS- Wit h chem ical seal
6 Addit ional Cont rol Valve: DP lC LP p
t o anot her cont rol loop CC e
LP= local panel
Te m pe r a t u r e ( T)
Sym bol ( 1) ( 2) ( 3)
1 Tem perat ure indicat or T l LC none
Sensor elem ent t ypes:
TM- Dial t herm om et er wit h
t herm owell
TC- Therm ocouple t herm owell
3 Tem perat ure Cont roller: T lC LC p
filled syst em , wit h t herm owell
0 Test well: T none LC none
t herm owell and cap only
2 Tem perat ure t ransm it t er, wit h T l LP p
t herm owell lI C or or
Sensor elem ent t ypes ( default = RC CC e
FS) : R1
FS- Filled syst em R2
TC- Therm ocouple R3
RT- Resist ance t em perat ure
WB- Wet bulb t em perat ure
SM- Surface m ount ed
4 Tem perat ure Swit ch: wit h T A LP e
t herm owell, field- m ount ed or
CC
6 Addit ional Cont rol Valve T lC LP p
secondary cont rol valve or or
for adding t o anot her cont rol loop CC e
LP= local panel
Flow ( F)
Sym bol ( 1) ( 2) ( 3)
1 Flow I ndicat or F l LC none
2 Flow Transm it t er: F l lP e
lC or or
Sensor elem ent t ypes ( default = RC CC p
OP) : R1
OP- Orifice plat e and DP t ransm it t er R2
OS- Orifice plat e, DP t ransm it t er R3
and chem ical seals
VX- Vort ex m et er
MG- Magnet ic m et er ( st andard
or m icroprocessor)
MS- Mass flow m et er
NS- No sensing elem ent ,
t ransm it t er loop only ( NS)
UM- Ult rasonic m et er
TM- Turbine m et er
MR - Met er run wit h orifice plat e
RS- Met er run wit h orifice plat e
and chem ical seals
3 Flow Cont roller: orifice F lC LC p
plat e, field- m ount ed, connect ed t o
process via pipe, valves, t ubing
4 Flow Swit ch wit h orifice plat e: F A LP e
Sensor elem ent t ypes ( default FS) : or
FS- Flow swit ch ( FS) , CC
TS- Flow sensing and t ot alizing
swit ch
6 Addit ional Cont rol Valve: F C LP p
t o anot her cont rol loop CC e
LP= local panel
Le ve l ( L)
Sym bol ( 1) ( 2) ( 3)
1 Level I ndicat ors: L l LC none
Sensor elem ent t ypes ( default LG) :
LG- Level glass - reflex t ype
ext ernal st andpipe
SP- Level gauge - reflex t ype wit h
ext ernal st andpipe
BB- Level indicat or - bubble t ype
3 Level Cont roller: L lC LC p
displacem ent t ype
2 Level Transm it t er: L l LP e
Sensor elem ent t ypes ( default = lC or or
DS) : RC CC p
DS- Displacem ent t ype R1
DP- Different ial pressure R2
( st andard or m icroprocessor) R3
RS- DP wit h chem ical seals
TF- Tape/ float
UL- Single point Ult rasonic level
NL- Nuclear level
RD- Radar t ype
4 Level Swit ch:
Sensor elem ent t ypes ( default ( DS) :
DS- Displacem ent level swit ch- fluids
PD- Paddle t ype level swit ch- solids
VS- Vibrat ing ( t uning fork) swit ch
CD- Conduct ivit y ( m ax/ m in)
det ect ion swit ch
CS- Capacit ive t ype swit ch
6 Addit ional Cont rol Valve:
secondary cont rol valve for adding
t o anot her cont rol loop
LP= local panel
An a lyze r s ( A)
Se n sor Loop D e scr ipt ion Pr oce ss Pa ne l I n st r u m e nt Signa l
Sym bol ( 1) ( 2) ( 3)
2 Analyzers: A l LP e
Sensor elem ent t ypes ( default PH) : lC or
PH- pH indicat ing t ransm it t er OR- RC CC
ORP ( Oxidat ion Reduct ion Pot ent ial) R2
( Redox) t ransm it t er R3
O2- Oxygen analyzer ( up t o 4
sam ples)
BT- BTU t ransm it t er
CS- Consist ency analyzer
PL- Gas det ect ion% LEL ( incl.
elect ronics, rack)
HD- Gas det ect ion H2S ( incl.
elect ronics, rack
C2- C02 ( wit hout sam ple
condit ioning syst em )
VS- Viscosit y ( w/ o sam ple
CL- Color ( wit hout sam ple
FP- Flam e point ( w/ o sam ple
CP- Cloud point
SD- Sm oke densit y
FL- Flash point
SG- Specific gravit y ( liquid)
HV- Heat ing value ( incl. sam ple
condit ioning)
GC- Gas chrom at ograph ( 1 sam ple
point , 6 com p.)
HC- H2 and hydrocarbons ( w/ o
sam ple probe)
HS- H2S analyzer
H2- Hydrocarbon in wat er
HR- H2S/ S02 rat io
SO- Sulphur in oil
6 Addit ional Cont rol Valve: A lC LP p
t o anot her cont rol loop. CC e
applicable sect ion lat er in t his chapt er. I n st r u m e n t Loca t ion :
LP= local panel
Spe e d ( S)
Sym bol ( 1) ( 2) ( 3)
2 Speed I ndicat ing Transm it t er: S l LP e
elect ronic, lC or
non- cont act t ype RC CC
R1
R2
R3
4 Speed Swit ch: S A LP e
or
CC
LP= local panel
M ot ion ( X) : Ax ia l, Ra dia l, Vibr a t ion
Sym bol ( 1) ( 2) ( 3)
2 Mot ion Transm it t er - non cont act X l LP e
t ype, ( default AX) : lC or
Radial ( RD) RC CC
R1
R2
R3
4 Vibrat ion Swit ch; X A LP e
vibrat ing read t ype or
CC
LP= local panel
Posit ion ( PN )
Sym bol ( 1) ( 2) ( 3)
2 Posit ion Transm it t er, PN l LP e
( default VP) : lC or or
Variable posit ion ( VP) : RC CC p
On/ Off posit ions ( NF) R1
R2
R3
4 Posit ion Swit ch PN A LP e
or
CC
LP= local panel
W e igh t ( W )
Sym bol ( 1) ( 2) ( 3)
2 Load Cells; W l LP e
Sensing elem ent opt ions lC or
( Default = 4C) : RC CC
3 cell configurat ion ( 3C) R1
LP= local panel
Ele ct r ica l Con du ct ivit y ( C)

Sym bol ( 1) ( 2) ( 3)
2 Conduct ivit y Transm it t er: C l LP e
lC or
RC CC
R1
R2
R3
LP= local panel
H a n d ( M a n u a l Act iva t ion ) ( H )
Sym bol ( 1) ( 2) ( 3)
3 Hand Regulat or: H lC LC p
field- m ount ed ( pneum at ic)
6 Manual Cont roller: H lC LP e
panel- m ount ed, no input signal, or or
out put signal only CC p
4 Manual swit ch: panel- m ount ed H S LP e
( front of panel) or
CC
LP= local panel
Fie ld M ou n t e d Sole n oid ( SL)

Sym bol ( 1) ( 2) ( 3)
6 Solenoid: Field- m ount ed SL none LP e
or
CC
LP= local panel
I n st r u m e n t H ook u p
Pa n e l Act ion D e scr ipt ion s
Pa ne l Act ion D e finit ion
Sym bol
l I ndicat or:
field- m ount ed indicat or if local t o equipm ent ( LC) , or,
panel- m ount ed indicat or ( receiver t ype) if on local panel ( LP) or in
cont rol cent er ( CC)
lC I ndicat ing Cont roller:
field- m ount ed indicat ing cont roller if local t o equipm ent ( LC) , or,
panel- m ount ed indicat ing cont roller ( receiver t ype) if on local panel
( LP) or in
cont rol cent er ( CC)
RC Recording Cont roller ( LP or CC) :
panel- m ount ed, one pen
R1 Recorder ( LP or CC) :
R2 panel- m ount ed, one pen
R3 panel- m ount ed, t wo pens
panel- m ount ed, t hree pens
A Annunciat or Point ( LP or CC) :
act ivat ed by a field- m ount ed swit ch
S Swit ch: indicat ing, front- of- panel m ount ed ( LP or CC)
Cl Therm ocouple- based Tem perat ure I ndicat or, panel m ount ed ( LP or
Jl CC) :
JR com plet e wit h back- of- panel m ount ed EMF convert er
m ult i- point
Therm ocouple- based Tem perat ure Recorder, m ult i- point , panel
m ount ed ( LP or CC)
I n Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or, t he syst em aut om at ically generat es panel
inst rum ent at ion ( com bined cont rol/ operat or cent er) r equired for analog
syst em s. The syst em includes t he cont rol cent er by default for digit al syst em s,
but not t he operat or cent er.
Pa n e l Opt ion D e scr ipt ion s
Pa ne l Act ion D e finit ion
Sym bol
A1 Panel alarm : one back- of- panel swit ch
A2 Panel alarm : t wo back- of- panel swit ches
CR Com put at ion relay: + , - , X, /
SQ Square root funct ion
FX Defined funct ion of X
LR Lim it regulat ion: high/ low
ES Em ergency shut down ( ESD)
BS Bias relay
Fish e r Con t r ol Va lve I n for m a t ion

Cont r ol Va lve Size Ra n ge Body Type Act u a t or Posit ion e r
Type
Globe < = 4 I NCHES CE 585 3611JP
6 - 8 I NCHES ED 657 3582
Ball all sizes V100 1052 3610J
But t erfly all sizes 8532 1052 3610J
Con t r ol Va lve Opt ion s
Type D e fin it ion
STD St andard posit ioning - t ype varies wit h size:
Type Size
Globe 0.5 - 4 I NCH [ 12 - 100 MM]
Ball 6 - 12 I NCH [ 150 - 300 MM]
But t erfly > 12 I NCH [ > 300 MM]
GLP Globe t ype posit ioning, usually sizes up t o 8 I NCH [ 200 MM]
BAP Ball t ype posit ioning, usually m edium sizes up t o 12 I NCH [ 300 MM]
BUP But t erfly t ype posit ion, usually large sizes from 3 I NCH [ 75 MM]
GLO On/ off globe valve, usually sm all sizes
BVO On/ off ball valve, usually m edium sizes
BVU On/ off but t erfly valve, usually larger sizes
SGO On/ off Slide gat t e for bin discharge
SGP Posit ioning slide gat e for bin discharge
DI V Divert er valve for solids handling
ANO On/ off angle valve, sanit ary, m ax 4 I NCH [ 100 MM]
ANP Angle posit ioning, sanit ary, m ax 4 I NCH [ 100 MM]
DVS Divert er, sanit ary only, m ax 4 I NCH [ 100 MM]
TKS Tank out let , sanit ary only, m ax 4 I NCH [ 100 MM]
BUP But t erfly posit ion, sanit ary, m ax 8 I NCH [ 200 MM]
Fluid posit ioning cont rol valves m ay be specified as line size or reduced size.
The default size reduct ions are as follows:
Line size Control valve
0.5 - 4I NCH [ 12 - 100MM] Sam e as line.
6I NCH [ 150MM] One size sm aller t han line.
8 - 12I NCH [ 200 - 300MM] Two sizes sm aller t han line.
14 - 24I NCH [ 350 - 600MM] Three sizes sm aller t han line.
> 24I NCH [ > 600MM] Four sizes sm aller t han line.
Con t r ol Va lve Con figu r a t ion s
Air Supply Pipin g
Fe e d
Drop
Re m ot e Con t r ol Type
Sym bol D e scr ipt ion
( blank) No rem ot e on/ off cont rol valves
H Hydraulic operat ed rem ot e on/ off cont rol valves
M Mot or operat ed rem ot e on/ off cont rol valves
P Pneum at ic operat ed rem ot e on/ off cont rol valves
Tr a n sm it t e r Type
Type D e fin it ion
S St andard
M Microprocessor ( Sm art )
Ove r vie w of I n st r u m e n t a t ion Re por t D e t a ils
Re por t D e t a ils for An a log/ Ele ct r ica l
I n st r u m e n t a t ion
Re por t D e t a ils for An a log/ Ele ct r ica l
Pn e u m a t ic I n st r u m e n t a t ion
Re por t D e t a ils for D igit a l/ Ele ct r ica l
Re por t D e t a ils for D igit a l/ Ele ct r icl
Pn e u m a t ic I n st r u m e n t a t ion
2 2 Ele ct r ica l ( G1 3 )

Elect r ical Plant Bulks
General Elect rical Plant Bulks
Subst at ion Elect rical Plant Bulks
Schem at ic of Transm ission Line
Subst at ion Schem at ics
Elect r ical & Cont rol Hook- Ups for Elect ric Mot or s
Pow er Dist ribut ion Net work
Wire Sizes
US and ME Count ry Bases
UK, JP, and EU Count r y Bases
Elect r ical Class/ Division
Nat ional Elect r ical Code ( NEC)
I nt ernat ional Elect rical Code ( I EC)
2 2 Ele ct r ica l ( G1 3 ) 22-1

Ele ct r ica l Pla n t Bu lk s
Elect r ical plant bulks are divided int o t wo cat egories, general and subst at ion
plant bulks. A descript ion of each follows.
Ge n e r a l Ele ct r ica l Pla n t Bu lk s

General elect rical plant bulks include cables, t rays, grounding, light ing
and t racing.
M a t e r ia l: ELEC CABLE
ARMOR- Arm ored m ult i- core cable

W- C- Single wires in conduit , includes conduit
W- NC - Single wires in conduit ( less conduit )
W-TR- Single wires in t ray ( less t ray)
M- C- Mult i- core in conduit , includes conduit
M- NC- Mult i- core in conduit ( less conduit )
M-TR- Mult i- core cable in t ray ( less t ray)
LARM- Lead covered arm ored cable
Rat ed volt age:
600- 600 V at 60 HZ
5000- 5000 V at 60 HZ
15000- 15000 V at 60 HZ
600- 600 V at 50 HZ
3300- 3300 V at 50 HZ
1000- 11000 at 50 HZ
Ca ble size :
Default : US: single wires in conduit , else m ult i- core cable in t ray
wit hout t ray. See “ Wire Sizes” lat er in t his chapt er.
Ca ble pla ce m e nt :
Default : Proj ect / Area Design Basis
ABOVE - Above ground cable/ wire
BELOW - Buried cable/ wire wit h t renching
NOTRN - Buried cable/ wire wit hout t renching
Conduit m a t e r ia l:
Default : * GALV*
AL- Alum inum
1PVC- PVC plast ic conduit
FRE- Fiberglass
22-2 2 2 Ele ct r ica l ( G1 3 )

Ele ct r ic Pla n t Bu lk s - Ge n e r a l Ele ct r ica l Pla n t Bu lk s - cont inued
Elect rical cont rol cable runs ( LV) CTRL CABLE
M a t e r ia l:
W- NC- Single wires in conduit ( less conduit )
LARM - Lead covered arm ored cable
Le n gt h of ca ble r u n :
Default : US: m ult i- core cable in conduit , else m ult i- core cable in t ray
w/ o t ray
N u m be r of con duct or s:
Range: 1 - 37
Conduit m a t e r ia l: Default : * GALV*
AL- Alum inum
FRE- Fiberglass
Ca ble Size :
* 14* , 12, 10 AWG; * 1.5* , 2.5, 4.0 MM2.
Rigid conduit , galvanized st eel, couplings, fit t ings and seals CON D UI T
2 2 Ele ct r ica l ( G1 3 ) 22-3

Electric Plant Bulks - Ge n e r a l Ele ct r ica l Pla n t Bu lk s - cont inued
CON D UI T - cont inued.
M a t e r ia l:
Default : * GALV*
AL- Alum inum
FRE- Fiberglass
Conduit dia m e t e r :
Range: 0.5 - 6.0 I NCHES [ 15 - 150 MM]
N u m be r of fit t ings: Default : * 0*
N u m be r of con duit se a ls: Default : * 0*
Elect rical cable t ray ELEC TRAY
M a t e r ia l:
* GALV* , FBRGL, SS, AL
Tr a y W idt h:
Range: 6 - 36 I NCHES [ 150 - 910 MM] ;
D e fa u lt :
* 18* I NCHES [ * 450* MM]
N um be r of 9 0 de gr e e be nds:
* 0*
Tr a y t ype :
* L* , T, C, B
Elect rical t racing of exist ing equipm ent EQPT TRACE
Elect rical t racing of equipm ent ; it em of equipm ent and it s insulat ion
are assum ed specified elsewhere in t he proj ect .
H e a t ing ca ble t ype :

Use P, M series cable for process t em perat ure m aint enance, and A, P,
or M series cable for am bient t em perat ure m aint enance.
3A- 3 W/ FT [ 10 W/ M] Chem elex BTV2- CT cable
5P- 5 W/ FT [ 16 W/ M] Chem elex XTV2- CT cable
40M - 40 W/ FT [ 131 W/ M] 300 Volt MI cable
22-4 2 2 Ele ct r ica l ( G1 3 )

EQPT TRACE - cont inued.
M2 - 600V, dual conduct or MI cable, 9 OHM/ FT [ 29.5 OHM/ M]

M4 - 600V, dual conduct or MI cable, 4.14 OHM/ FT [ 13.6 OHM/ M]
[ 0.0922 OHM/ M]
[ 0.042 OHM/ M]
[ 0.016 OHM/ M]
D ist a nce t o pa ne l:
I f t he dist ance t o t he panel board is not specified, t he syst em
default s t o t he value defined for Area Elect rical Specificat ions.
Th e r m ost a t con t r ol:
Default : * E- AMB*
E-AMB - Elect ric t racing/ am bient t em perat ure cont rol
Single t herm ost at , cont rol of elect rical t racer based upon low
am bient t em perat ure specified for General Area Specificat ions.
E- PRO- Elect ric t racing/ process t em perat ure cont rol
Mult iple t herm ost at ed circuit s, cont rol of elect rical t racer based upon
low am bient t em perat ure specified for General Area Specificat ions.
Elect rical t racing of exist ing piping run PI PE TRACE
Elect rical t racing of piping; piping is assum ed specified elsewhere. This

it em also provides insulat ion of t he sam e size, or one size larger t han
pipe diam et er for pipe diam et ers of 8 I NCHES [ 200 MM] or sm aller.
E- t race cable cat egory: Default : * S* , self- regulat ing cable. Select M
for MI t racing cable or S for self- regulat ing t racing cable.
Traced pipe lengt h: The pipe being t raced is not included, but m ust be
Traced pipe diam et er: The pipe being t raced is not included, but m ust
be specified elsewhere.
Lengt h of t racer cable: Tot al lengt h of t racer segm ent s, default based
on pipe lengt h and diam et er.
2 2 Ele ct r ica l ( G1 3 ) 22-5

PI PE TRACE - cont inued
H e a t ing ca ble t ype :

Use A series t o 120 DEGF[ 48DEGC] , P series t o 250 DEGF[ 120DEGC]
and M series t o 1049DEGF [ 565DEGC] over low am bient t em perat ure.
10A- 10 W/ FT [ 33 W/ M] Chem elex BTV2- CT cable 5P- 5 W/ FT [ 16 W/
M] Chem elex XTV2- CT cable
40P- 40M W/ FT [ 131 W/ M] 300 volt MI cable
M2 - 600V, dual conduct or MI cable, 9 OHM/ FT [ 29.5 OHM/ M]
[ 0.0922 OHM/ M]
[ 0.016 OHM/ M]
M a in t e n a n ce t e m pe r a t u r e :
Process t em perat ure t o be m aint ained.
Default : 392 DEG F [ 200 DEG C] for M series cable and 220 DEG F
[ 105 DEG C] for self- regulat ing and 40M cable.
Max: 250 DEG F [ 120 DEG C] for self- regulat ing cable and 1049 DEG F
[ 565 DEG C] for MI cable over low am bient t em perat ure.
Th e r m ost a t con t r ol:
Default : * E- AMB*
E-AMB - Elect ric t racing/ am bient t em perat ure cont rol Single
t herm ost at , cont rol of elect rical t racer based upon low
E- PRO- Elect ric t racing/ process t em perat ure cont rol Mult iple
t herm ost at ed circuit s, cont rol of elect rical t racer based upon low
22-6 2 2 Ele ct r ica l ( G1 3 )

PI PE TRACE - cont inued
D ist a nce t o pa ne l:
Dist ance - pipe t o local panel, feeder run t o individual t racers
det erm ined by syst em .
N u m be r of t he r m ost a t s:
Default : 1 for am bient cont rol, based on num ber of wat t s for process
m aint enance.
Ground grid GRN D GRI D
A syst em of buried cable and rods provide a grid work for grounding
equipm ent , buildings and st ruct ures.
Gr ou nd ca ble le ngt h :
AWG ( US only) : 6, 2, 1/ 0, 2/ 0, 4/ 0; MM2: 16, 35, 50, 70, 95, 120.
D e fa u lt :
* 2* AWG [ * 35* MM2]
Gr ou nd r od t ype s:
* STD* , EL- L, EL- S.
I ncludes direct- buried grid cable brazed t o each ground rod. The
default rod t ype, STD, includes m anually- driven ¾ I NCH x 10 FEET
[ 3.05 METER] copper- clad ground rods wit h st uds, clam ps, et c. The
elect rolyt ic rod t ypes, EL- L ( 3 FEET vert ical x 10 FEET horizont al [ 0.91
x 3.05 METER] ) and EL- S ( st raight 10 FEET lengt h [ 3.05 M] ) , include
pipe wit h weep holes, elect rolyt ic filling m at erial, special conduct ive
backfill m at erial, and prot ect ive cover.
I f t he num ber of ground rods is not specified, 4 rods are generat ed for
t he first 1- 199 FEET [ 0.3- 60.6 METER] of grid cable, t hen 1 rod for
each 200 FEET [ 61 METER] t hereaft er. For exam ple, a 10 FEET [ 3.05
METER] lengt h generat es 4 rods, a 200 FEET [ 61 METER] lengt h
generat es 5, and 1,000 FEET [ 305 METER] generat es 9.
Does not include t renching and backfill.
Ground Grid Diagram and Rod Types:
2 2 Ele ct r ica l ( G1 3 ) 22-7

Ele ct r ic Pla n t Bu lk s - Ge n e r a l Ele ct r ica l Pla n t Bu lk s - cont inued

Area light ing: includes poles, light s and cable AREA LI GH T
Flood:
400 - 1000 W; Default : * 400*
Ot he r :
100 - 400 W; Default : * 175*
Fix t u r e t ype :
Default : Mercury vapor/ explosion proof
FL1- Fluorescent - 1 bulb
FL2- Fluorescent - 2 bulbs
FL1E- Fluorescent - 1 bulb, explosion proof
FL2E- Fluorescent - 1 bulbs, explosion proofMVPE - Mercury vapor/
explosion proof
MVPV- Mercury vapor/ vaport it e
MVCE - Mercury vapor/ ceiling/ explosion proof
MVCV - Mercury vapor/ ceiling vaport it e
MVF- Mercury vapor/ flood
SVPE- Sodium vapor/ explosion proof
SVPV- Sodium vapor/ vaport it e
SVCE- Sodium vapor/ ceiling/ explosion proof
SVCV- Sodium vapor/ ceiling/ vaport it e
SVF- Sodium vapor/ flood
I NPE- I ncandescent / explosion proof
I NPV- I ncandescent / vaport it e
I NCE- I ncandescent / ceiling/ explosion proof
I NCV- I ncandescent / ceiling/ vaport it e
MHV- Mercury halide flood
Ele ct r ica l ca ble le ngt h:
Cable run lengt h from light ing panel.
N u m be r of light s:
Default : * 0*
Pow e r pe r light :
M in ( flood) :
400 W; Max ( fluorescent ) : 120 W;
Default : 175 W
Suppor t t ype :
See illust rat ions on following page.
* PENDT* - Pendant support
BRAKT- Bracket support
STAND- St and and support arm
POLE- Pole support ( see height ent ry below)
22-8 2 2 Ele ct r ica l ( G1 3 )

AREA LI GH T - cont inued
N u m be r of pole s:
Default : * 0* .
Pole h e igh t :
Default : * 20* FEET [ * 6.0* M] .
N um be r of ge ne r a l r e ce pt a cle s:
Low volt age ( 30- 50 A) . Default : * 0* .
N um be r of w e ld r e ce pt a cle s:
300 A. Default : * 0* .
W ir ing syst e m :
Default : * 3 wire syst em *
2- 2 conduct or syst em
Ca ble size :
Default : US: * 12 AWG* , else: 2.5 MM2.
14- 14 AWG - US only
1.5- 1.5 MM2 - ot her bases
2.5- 2.5 MM2 - ot her bases
4- 4 MM2 - ot her bases
Ele ct r ica l ca ble t ype :
W- NC- Single wires in conduit ( less conduit )
2 2 Ele ct r ica l ( G1 3 ) 22-9

AREA LI GH T - cont inued
STAN D Suppor t Type STAN D Su ppor t Type w it h M a st
POLE Suppor t Type BRAKT a n d PEN D T Suppor t Type s
22-10 2 2 Ele ct r ica l ( G1 3 )

Group of anodes in deep well D EEP
A group of anodes in a deep well wit h connect ing leads t o an adj acent AN OD E
j unct ion box.
Anode ca pa cit y:
Based on five am ps per anode.
Anode de pt h:
Dept h should be based on t he local soil condit ions. The dept h is 100
FEET [ 30 M] plus 7 FEET [ 2 M] per anode ( 5 am ps per anode) .
W e ll ca sin g sym bol:
Default : * NONE*
NONE- No well casing
CASED- Cased well
I ndividual galvanic anode GALV
AN OD E
An individual galvanic anode for road crossings, et c.
Lengt h per cable run: Default : * 40* FEET [ * 12* M]
Group of anodes in shallow surface bed SURF
AN OD E
A shallow surface anode bed consist ing of anodes wit h underground
leads t o an adj acent j unct ion box.
Type of a node :
A- Drilled hole, nat ive backfill
B- Drilled hole, coke breeze backfill
C- Trench, coke breeze backfill
D- Trench, nat ive backfill
N u m be r of a n ode s pe r be d: * 10*
Spa cing:
Anode spacing is t he cent er- t o- cent er dist ance.
Default : * 8* FEET [ * 2.5* M]
Pot ent ial m easurem ent t est st at ion POT TEST
N u m be r of t e st st a t ion s:
Ent er num ber of t est st at ions per locat ion.
Transform er/ rect ifier RECTI FI ER
480 V/ 60 HZ [ 415 V/ 50 HZ] 3 phase input

D.C. Out put : 50 V/ 50 A or 100 V/ 100 A
Power pole line m ust be specified separat ely.

Anode ca pa cit y:
50: 50A / 50V
150: 150A / 100V
Le n gt h pe r ca ble r un :
Default : * 500* FEET [ * 150* M]
2 2 Ele ct r ica l ( G1 3 ) 22-11

Solar panel wit h st orage bat t eries SOLAR PAN L
Solar panels, adj acent st orage bat t eries, cont rol cent er, support ing
st ruct ure, fencing and cable t o a j unct ion box.
Le n gt h pe r ca ble r un : Default : * 500* FEET [ * 150* M]

Em ergency light wit h bat t ery EM ER LI GH T
Provides short- t erm , local light ing for personnel in case of an elect ric
power failure. I ndoor, general- purpose t ype includes select ion of light
t ypes, 6V bat t ery, bat t ery- recharger, power cable wit h plug for local
out let , and m ount ing bracket .
Light t ype :
HEPS, HEPR, LEPS, LEPR, STDS, STDR
N um be r of light bulbs:
* 1* , 2
Underground cable duct CABLE D UCT
Bu r ie d de pt h :
Ca ble du ct w idt h :
Ca ble du ct t ype :
* TI LE* , ENVEL, CONC, PRCST
Light ing panelboard and dist ribut ion board PAN EL BRD
Local light ing panelboard or dist ribut ion board in subst at ion.
Light ing panel/ dist r. board size: 8- 36 for panelboard and 6- 12 for
dist ribut ion board.
Tr a n sfor m e r size :
t ransform er for panelboard, 15- 75 KVA.
Default : * 0*
Light ing pa n e l/ dist r . boa r d opt .:
P - Local light ing panelboard
D - Dist ribut ion board in subst at ion
Default : D ( dist ribut ion board) for UK and EU count ry bases and P
( panelboard) for all ot her count ry bases.
Pa n e l/ dist r . boa r d e x p. pr oof opt .:
blank - Based on area/ proj ect elect rical class and division or zone
EXPR - Explosion proof enclosure
NEXPR - Non- explosion proof enclosure
Default : based on area/ proj ect specificat ion for elect rical class and
division or zone.
Tracing panelboard for elect rical heat t racing TRACE PAN L
Panelboard for elect rical heat t racing circuit s.

Pa n e lboa r d size : 12- 36
22-12 2 2 Ele ct r ica l ( G1 3 )

Elect rical heat t racing cont roller - single and m ult i- point TRACE CN TR
Provides cont rol and m onit oring of elect rical heat ing cable circuit s.
Single- circuit , dual- circuit and m ult i- circuit cont rollers provide
t em perat ure cont rol and m onit ors t em perat ure, ground fault level and
cont roller failure.
Packaged unit is m odular- rack design and cont ains 10 cont rollers in
one panel
Single/ Mult i- point Cont roller
Tr a cing cont r ol point s:

Default : * 0* , Maxim um 20
Re la y t ype :
EMR - Elect rom echanical relay
SSR - Solid st at e relay
Default : * EMR*
Com m unica t ion opt ion:
com m unicat ion m odule wit h 2- wire RS- 485 com m unicat ion.
blank - No RS- 485 com m unicat ion int erface required ( default )
X - RS- 485 com m unicat ion int erface required.
Default : no RS- 485 com m unicat ion int erface required.
En closu r e m a t e r ia l:
blank - Fiberglass enclosure
SS - St ainless st eel enclosure
Default : Fiberglass enclosure wit h window Packaged Cont roller and
Panelboard
Tr a cing cont r ol point s:
Only 10 cont rol point s allowed
Pa n e lboa r d size : * 24* , 30 and 42
Re la y t ype :
EMR - Elect rom echanical relay
SSR - Solid st at e relay
Default : * EMR*
2 2 Ele ct r ica l ( G1 3 ) 22-13

D e scr ipt ion
Pu blic Addr e ss a nd Ge n e r a l Ala r m
Equ ipm e nt ca bin e t s:

Default : 1 cabinet per 150 devices.
Ra ce w a y le ngt h
Default : 30% of t he raceway lengt h.
Ra ce w a y w idt h :
Default :
° I P - 4 inches
° Met ric- 100 m m
Ra ce w a y t ype :
° * L - Ladder t ray
° T - Trough t ray
° C - Trough t ray wit h t op cover
° B - Trough t ray wit h t op and bot t om cover
° Default : Ladder t ray
Ca ble le n gt h pe r de vice :
Dist ance from t he cabinet t o t he field device.
Default : Area level Elect rical specificat ions.
T - Cable in t ray
C- Cable in conduit
B - Buried cable
Default : * T*
Ju n ct ion box e s:
Default : 1 each per 10 speakers/ st robes com bined.
Out door spe a k e r s:
Default : None
I n door spe a k e r s:
Default : None
Out door st r obe s:
Default : None
I n door st r obe s:
Default : None
Out door ha n dse t s:
Default : None
I n door ha ndse t s:
Default : None
Acou st ic hoods:
Default : Equal t o t he num ber of out side handset s.
Pole s:
Default : 1 pole per 2 out door speakers and 1 st robes.
22-14 2 2 Ele ct r ica l ( G1 3 )

D e scr ipt ion
Close d Cir cu it Te le vision
Default : 1 cabinet per syst em .
° I P - 4 inches
° Met ric- 100 m m
Ra ce w a y t ype :
° T - Trough t ray
T - Cable in t ray
C- Cable in conduit
B - Buried cable
Default : * T*
Default : 1 j unct ion box per cam era
Ca m e r a s:
Default : 0
M on it or s:
Default : 1 m onit or per 4 cam eras.
Pole s:
Default : 1 pole per cam era
2 2 Ele ct r ica l ( G1 3 ) 22-15

Electric Plant Bulks - Ge n e r a l Ele ct r ica l Pla nt Bu lk s - cont inued
Te le ph one Syst e m

Default :
° I P - 4 inches
° Met ric- 100 m m
Ra ce w a y t ype :
° T - Trough t ray
T - Cable in t ray
C- Cable in conduit
B - Buried cable
Default : * T*
Default : 0
Out door ph on e s:
Default : 0
I n door phon e s:
Default : 0.
V ide o confe r e nce :
Default : 0
22-16 2 2 Ele ct r ica l ( G1 3 )

D e scr ipt ion
Ar e a N e t w or k Syst e m

Default : 90% of t he t ot al cable lengt h.
Default :
° I P - 4 inches
° Met ric- 100 m m
Ra ce w a y t ype :
° T - Trough t ray
T - Cable in t ray
C- Cable in conduit
B - Buried cable
Default : * T*
Pla n t r a dios:
Default : 0
M a r in e r a dios:
Default : 0
Avia t ion r a dios:
Default : 0
Ant e nna / t ow e r s:
Default : 1 if any of t he radios is specified.
2 2 Ele ct r ica l ( G1 3 ) 22-17

D e scr ipt ion
Acce ss Con t r ol Syst e m

Default : 90% of t he t ot al cable lengt h.
Default :
° I P - 4 inches
° Met ric- 100 m m
Ra ce w a y t ype :
° T - Trough t ray
T - Cable in t ray
C- Cable in conduit
B - Buried cable
Default : * T*
Default : 1 per card reader/ door operat or.
W or k st a t ions:
Default : 0
Ca r d r e a de r s:
Default : 0
Cont r olle r s:
Default : 0
D oor / Tu r n st ile Ope r a t or s:
Default : 0
22-18 2 2 Ele ct r ica l ( G1 3 )

D e scr ipt ion
I n t r u sion D e t e ct ion Syst e m

Default : 1 cabinet per proj ect .
Default : 0.
Default :
° I P - 4 inches
° Met ric- 100 m m
Ra ce w a y t ype :
° T - Trough t ray
T - Cable in t ray
C- Cable in conduit
B - Buried cable
Default : * B*
Default : 1 per pole
W or k st a t ions:
Default : 1 per 45 cam eras
D e t e ct or s:
Default : 0
Ca m e r a s:
Default : 0
M on it or s:
Default : 4 per work st at ion
Pole s:
Default : 1 per cam era
2 2 Ele ct r ica l ( G1 3 ) 22-19

D e scr ipt ion
M e t e or logica l M onit or ing Syst e m

Default : 1 cabinet per proj ect .
Default : 90% of t he t ot al cable lengt h..
Default :
° I P - 4 inches
° Met ric- 100 m m
Ra ce w a y t ype :
° T - Trough t ray
T - Cable in t ray
C- Cable in conduit
B - Buried cable
Default : * T*
W e a t h e r St a t ion :
Default : 1 weat her st at ion per syst em .
St r u ct u r e d Ca bling for Bu ildin gs

Fibe r opt ic ca ble le n gt h:
Default : 0
Fibe r opt ic ca ble t e r m ina t ions:
Default : 0
CAT5 ca ble le ngt h:
Default : 0
CAT5 ca ble t e r m ina t ions:
Default : 0
22-20 2 2 Ele ct r ica l ( G1 3 )

Su bst a t ion Ele ct r ica l Pla n t Bu lk s
Subst at ion elect rical plant bulks include t ransform ers, breakers, t ransm ission
lines and bus.

Bus duct BUS D UCT
Cont inu ou s Cu r r e n t :
Max: 3,000 A
Le n gt h de fa u lt e lbow s:
1 per 20 FEET [ 6 M]
Ra t e d volt a ge :
* 600* - 600 V at 60 HZ.
5000- 5000 V at 60 HZ.
15000- 15000 V at 60 HZ.
600- 600 V at 50 HZ.
3300- 3300 V at 50 HZ.
11000- 11000 V at 50 HZ.
N u m be r of e lbow s:
Default : 1 per 20 FEET [ 6 M]
Te r m in a t ion t ype :
* NONE*
NONE- No t erm inat ions
TRANS- Transform er t erm inat ion only
SWGR- Swit chgear t erm inat ion only
BOTH- Swit chgear and t ransform er t erm inat ion
Elect rical t ransform er: 1 or 2 t ap TRAN SFORM
Ra t e d loa d:
Range: 10 - 100,000 KVA
Tr a nsfor m e r t ype :
* DRY* , OI L
Oil circuit breakers OI L C BRKR
Range: 11 - 400 KV
Cont inu ou s Cu r r e n t :
Max: 5 KA [ 5000 A]
Disconnect swit ches D I SCN CT
SW
Range: 4 - 230 KV
Overhead t ransm ission line: cables, st ruct ures, guys, grounds POLE LI N E
See “ Schem at ic of Proj ect Sit e Transm ission Line Hook- Up”
Wire size: See “ Wire Sizes” lat er in t his chapt er.

St eel for subst at ion st ruct ure SUBSTN STL
2 2 Ele ct r ica l ( G1 3 ) 22-21

Ele ct r ica l Pla n t Bu lk s - Su bst a t ion Ele ct r ica l Pla nt Bu lk s - cont inued
Circuit breakers: m ain, feeder, t ie- breakers BREAKER
Cont inu ou s cur r e nt : Max: 3,000 A

Ra t e d volt a ge : t hrough t he m axim um HV.
I n t e r r u pt ca pa cit y:
LV: 25 - 70 MVA; MV: 250 - 350 MVA;
HV: 500 - 1000 MVA
Cir cu it br e a k e r t ype :
* AI R* , SF6, VAC
Breaker locat ion:
Default : * FEED*
FEED- Feeder breaker
MAI N- Main breaker
TI E- Tie breaker
Mot or cont rol cent er M CC
Floor- m ount ed assem blies of one or m ore enclosed vert ical sect ions
principally cont aining com binat ion m ot or cont rol/ overload prot ect ion
unit s ( st art ers) .
Volt a ge r a n ge :
LV: 0.5 - 400 HP [ 0.33 - 300 KW]
MV: 200 - 1000 HP [ 150 - 3000 KW]
MCC t ype: * S* , I
The MCCs described are int ended for inside use ( i.e., are not for
out side use local t o t he m ot ors) . They are unaffect ed by t he elect rical
class/ zone specificat ions covered lat er in t his chapt er. The “ int elligent ”
MCCs provide m ore sophist icat ed elect ronic cont rol and com m unicat ion
t o a cont rol cent er. The cost for upst ream it em s are not included ( e.g.,
supply bus duct / cable; swit chgear [ feeder breakers, m et ering,
subst at ion disconnect swit ch, m ain breaker] ; and subst at ion
t ransform er) .
22-22 2 2 Ele ct r ica l ( G1 3 )

Ele ct r ica l Pla n t Bu lk s - Su bst a t ion Ele ct r ica l Pla nt Bu lk s - cont inued
Swit ch board SW I TCH
BRD
Cont inu ou s cur r e nt :
600- 4000 A
3- 13.8 KV
Sw it chboa r d t ype :
VCB- Vacuum circuit breaker
VCS1- Vacuum circuit breaker 1 unit st ack
Shor t cir cu it cu r r e n t :
* 25* - 40 KA
AC/ DC Transform er AC D C TRAN
Ra t ing:
30- 300 am pere- hours
Package t ransform er wit h panel PKG TRAN SF
Ra t e d loa d:
50- 800 KVA
Tr a nsfor m e r pr im a r y volt a ge :
3000- 13800 V
N um be r of pha se s:
1 or * 3*
Em ergency diesel generat or EM PW R SET
Pow e r out pu t :
5 - 1500 KVA
Unint errupt ed power supply UPS
Ra t e d loa d:
2- 300 KVA.
UPS t ype :
* STD* , MULT.
Power fact or connect ion capacit or PF CORRECT
Ca pa cit y:
24- 2500 KVAR.
Volt a ge :
LV ( low volt age) , MV ( m edium volt age) .
2 2 Ele ct r ica l ( G1 3 ) 22-23

Sch e m a t ic of Tr a n sm ission Lin e
22-24 2 2 Ele ct r ica l ( G1 3 )

Su bst a t ion
Sch e m a t ics
2 2 Ele ct r ica l ( G1 3 ) 22-25

Ele ct r ica l & Con t r ol H ook - Ups
for Ele ct r ic M ot or s
M ot or Cont r ol Ce n t e r
The MCCs described are int ended for inside use ( i.e., are not for out side use
local t o t he m ot ors) . They are unaffect ed by t he elect rical class/ zone
specificat ions covered lat er in t his chapt er. The “ int elligent ” MCCs provide
m ore sophist icat ed elect ronic cont rol and com m unicat ion t o a cont rol cent er.
The cost for upst ream it em s are not included ( e.g., supply bus duct / cable;
swit chgear [ feeder breakers, m et ering, subst at ion disconnect sw it ch, m ain
breaker] ; and subst at ion t ransform er) .
There are t wo t ypes of MCC available in t he syst em ( see diagram below) —

t hose wit h elect ric m ot ors driven at low volt age ( MCC- LV: COA 733) and t hose
wit h elect ric m ot ors driven at m id- volt age ( MCC- MV: COA 744) . Bot h t ypes of
MCCs include st ar t ers.
22-26 2 2 Ele ct r ica l ( G1 3 )

The MCC- LV is a 12- NEMA space cabinet ; t he MCC- MV is a 3- NEMA space
cabinet . This it em is specified by t he HP [ KW] rat ing of t he m ot or being
supplied- t his perm it s t he syst em t o select an appropriat ely sized st ar t er ( see
t able below) . The result ing cost includes bot h t he cost of t he st art er as well as
t he cost for t he fract ion of t he cabinet occupied by t he st art er.
For exam ple, assum e t hat you specify a 20 HP [ 15 KW] rat ing- t he report ed
cost for t he MCC- LV is t he cost of t he 3- space st art er plus t hree- t welft hs of t he
whole cost of t he cabinet . Specifying four such it em s would, in effect ,
com plet ely account for t he cost of one 12- space MCC- LV cont aining four 3-
space st art ers.
M ot or Size Volt a ge St a r t e r Size

HP KW ( spa ce s)
< = 10 HP < = 7.5 KW LV 2
20 - 50 HP 15 - 37.4 KW LV 3
60 - 100 HP 44.7 - 75 KW LV 5
125 - 200 HP 95 - 150 KW LV 6
250 - 400 HP 180 - 300 KW LV 9
200 - 400 HP 150 - 300 KW MV 3
450 - 4, 000 HP 335 - 3, 1150 KW MV 3
2 2 Ele ct r ica l ( G1 3 ) 22-27

Medium Voltage (MV) and Low Voltage (LV) Motor Control Centers (MCC):
N ot e : When you select t he high volt age as 34.5kV ( US, ME) / 33kV ( UK, EU,
JP) in t he general elect rical specificat ions, t hen all t he high volt age m ot ors in
t he proj ect should be powered at t he corresponding m edium volt age, because
all t he m ot ors in t he syst em are at t he m ost rat ed for 15kV ( US, ME) / 11kV
( UK, EU, JP) only.
22-28 2 2 Ele ct r ica l ( G1 3 )

Pow e r D ist r ibu t ion N e t w or k
2 2 Ele ct r ica l ( G1 3 ) 22-29

W ir e Size s
Wires sizes must be chosen from one of the following tables.
US a n d M E Cou n t r y Ba se s or AW G W ir e Un it s
W ir e Size Sym bols ( gua ge size s)
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - LV - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - MV - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - HV - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
14 8 2 250 1000
12 6 1 350 1250
10 4 1/ 0 500 1500
2/ 0 750 1750
4/ 0 2000
- - - - - - - - ( AWG) - - - - - - - - ( KCMI L) - - - - -
UK, EU, a n d JP Cou n t r y Ba se s

UK, EU, a nd JP Count r y Ba se or M M 2 W ir e
Unit s
W ir e Siz e Sym bols ( M M 2 size s)
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - LV - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - MV - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - HV - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1.5 10 35 185 500
2.5 16 50 240 630
4 25 70 300 800
6 95 400 1000
120
150
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ( MM2) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
22-30 2 2 Ele ct r ica l ( G1 3 )

Ele ct r ica l Cla ss/ D ivision
National Electrical Code (NEC)
Ele ct r ica l Cla ss a nd D ivision Sym bol Single Cor e Sin gle Cor e Ar m or -
or M ult i- or M ult i- ed
Cor e W ir e Cor e W ir e Ca ble
I n Tr a y I n Con du it
Fla m m a ble Ga sse s or Va por s
11 Highly inflam m able gasses and/ or - + -
vapors. Hazardous at m ospheres exist
cont inuously or can occur during course
of norm al operat ion for t his area.
Explosion- proof.
* 12* Flam m able liquids are handled and - + -
processed in t his area, but t hey are
norm ally confined ( Default ) .
Com bust ible D ust
21 Dust is suspended in air cont inuously or - + -
during course of norm al operat ion for
t his area.
22 Suspension of dust is not likely in t his - + -
area, but deposit s of dust can occur and
be ignit ed by sparks.
Com bust ible Fibe r s or Pa r t icle s
31 Locat ions exist in t his area in which - + -
ignit able fibers are handled or used.
32 Locat ions exist in t his area in which - + -
easily ignit able fibers are st ored.
Ge n e r a l Pu r pose
GP Non- hazardous condit ions. - + -
+ I ndicat es cable t ype consist ent wit h elect rical class and division.
- I ndicat es cable t ype inconsist ent wit h elect rical class and division.
2 2 Ele ct r ica l ( G1 3 ) 22-31

I n t e r n a t ion a l Ele ct r ica l Code
( I EC)
Ele ct r ica l Zone Single Cor e Sin gle Cor e Ar m or e
or M ult i- or M u lt i- d Ca ble
Cor e W ir e Cor e W ir e
I n Tr a y I n Con duit
Fla m m a ble Ga sse s or Va por s
0 Explosive gas/ air m ixt ure is const ant ly _ + +
present or is present for long periods.
1 Explosive gas/ air m ixt ure is likely t o _ + +
occur under norm al operat ing
condit ions.
2 Explosive gas/ air m ixt ure is unlikely t o + + +
occur under norm al operat ing
condit ions. I f it does occur, it will be of
short durat ion.
GP Non- hazardous condit ions + + +
+ I ndicat es cable t ype consist ent wit h elect rical class and division.
- I ndicat es cable t ype inconsist ent wit h elect rical class and division.
22-32 2 2 Ele ct r ica l ( G1 3 )

2 2 Ele ct r ica l ( G1 3 ) 22-33
22-34 2 2 Ele ct r ica l ( G1 3 )
2 3 I n su la t ion a n d
Fir e pr oofin g ( G8 )

I nsulat ion Plant Bulks
I nsulat ion Mat erials
Firepr oofing Mat er ials
I nsulat ion Schedules - Syst em Default Tables
Hot I nsulat ion - Light Schedule ( L) : I - P Unit s
Hot I nsulat ion - Medium Schedule ( M) : I - P Unit s
Hot I nsulat ion - Heavy Schedule ( H) : I - P Unit s
Cold I nsulat ion - 1 t o 5.5 I NCH Thicknesses
Cold I nsulat ion - 6 t o 10 I NCH Thicknesses
Hot I nsulat ion - Light Schedule ( L) : Met r ic Unit s
Hot I nsulat ion - Medium Schedule ( M) : Met ric Unit s
Hot I nsulat ion - Heavy Schedule ( H) : Met ric Unit s
Cold I nsulat ion - 25 t o 165 MM Thicknesses
Cold I nsulat ion - 178 t o 254 MM Thicknesses
Cust om izing I nsulat ion Specificat ions
2 3 I n sula t ion a n d Fir e pr oofin g ( G8 ) 23-1

I n su la t ion Pla n t Bu lk s
Fireproofing for exist ing surface area FI REP AREA
General fireproofing specified as a surface area t o be covered.
M a t e r ia l:
* MAGN* - Magnesium oxychloride
CONC- Concret e
Fir e r e sist a nce r a t ing:
Range: 2 - 4
The t hickness changes according t o t he Firepr. Rat ing- Hours:
For m a gn e sium ox ychlor fir e pr oofin g:
2 hours- 9/ 16 I NCHES [ 14 MM]
4 hours- 1 3/ 16 I NCHES [ 30 MM]
For con cr e t e fir e pr oofing:
< 3 hours- 2 1/ 2 I NCHES [ 64 MM]
3 hours- 3 I NCHES [ 76 MM]
4 hours- 3 1/ 2 I NCHES [ 88 MM]
Fireproofing for exist ing st ruct ural st eel FI REP SSTL
M a t e r ia l:
* MAGN* - Magnesium oxychloride
CONC- Concret e
Range: 2 - 4
The t hickness changes according t o t he Firepr. Rat ing- Hours:
For m a gn e sium ox ychlor fir e pr oofin g:
4 hours- 1 3/ 16 I NCHES [ 30 MM]
For con cr e t e fir e pr oofing:
< 3 hours- 2 1/ 2 I NCHES [ 64 MM]
3 hours- 3 I NCHES [ 76 MM]
4 hours- 3 1/ 2 I NCHES [ 88 MM]
General area insulat ion. I N SUL AREA
I nsulat ion for exist ing surface area: hot , cold insulat ion.
General insulat ion specified as surface area t o be covered.
M a t e r ia l:
* CASI L* - Calcium silicat e
MWOOL- Mineral wool
FOAM- Foam glass
23-2 2 3 I n su la t ion a n d Fir e pr oofin g ( G8 )

I n su la t ion Pla n t Bu lk s - cont inued
I N SUL AREA - cont inued
Tem perat ure for FOAM only, provides cold ( default ) or hot insulat ion.
Ja ck e t t ype :
AL- Alum inum j acket
SS- St ainless st eel j acket
CS- Paint ed carbon st eel j acket
I nsulat ion for exist ing piping: hot , cold I N SUL PI PE
M a t e r ia l:
* CASI L* - Calcium silicat e
MWOOL- Mineral wool
FOAM- Foam glass
Te m pe r a t ur e :
Tem perat ure for FOAM only, provides cold ( default ) or hot
insulat ion.
Ja ck e t t ype :
AL- Alum inum j acket
SS- St ainless st eel j acket
CS- Paint ed carbon st eel j acket
Packed bulk insulat ion I N SUL BULK
M a t e r ia l:
* PERL* - Perlit e bulk insulat ion
VERM- Verm iculit e bulk insulat ion
RWOOL- Rockwool bulk insulat ion
Cable Tray fireproofing FI REP TRAY

Range: 2 - 4

I n su la t ion M a t e r ia ls
Not e t hat insulat ion is applied t o equipm ent and piping as specified by t he
user. The default , if no choice is specified, is foam glass insulat ion for
t em perat ures 50 DEG F [ 10 DEG C] or low er; calcium silicat e insulat ion is
applied for higher t em perat ures.
D e scr ipt ion M a x im um Thick ne ss Te m pe r a t ur e Ra nge I nsu la t ion
I N CH ES MM D EG F D EG C Sym bol
Calcium silicat e 12.0 300.0 51 t o 1500 11 t o 815 CASI L
Mineral wool 12.0 300.0 51 t o 1200 11 t o 645 MWOOL

Foam glass 12.0 300.0 - 450 t o 665 - 265 t o 350 FOAM
Ceram ic wool 12.0 300.0 51 t o 1500 11 t o 815 CWOOL
Polyisocyanurat e/ 12.0 300.0 - 450 t o 250 - 265 t o 120 PURF
Plyuret hane
Fir e pr oofin g M a t e r ia ls
Not e t hat fireproofing is not applied t o equipm ent ( skirt s/ legs, support st eel,
ladders) and various st eel st ruct ures by default . The user m ust specify at least
t he rat ing ( t hickness t o use) in proj ect level specificat ions and separat ely
specify t he t hickness of fireproofing on each com ponent . The default m at erial
is m agnesium oxychloride.
D e scr ipt ion Ra t ing Thick ne ss Fir e pr oofin g
( h ou r s) I N CH ES MM Sym bol
Magnesium 0 0 0 MAGN
oxychloride 2 14
9
------
16
3 4 22
1 ------
16
4 3 30
1 ------
16
Concret e 0 0 0 CONC
2 1 64
1 ---
2
3 3 76
4 1 89
1 ---
2
Pyrocret e 1 3--- 19 PYRO
4
2 1 25
3 1 32
1 ---
4
4 1 38
1 ---
2

I n su la t ion Sch e du le s - Syst e m
D e fa u lt Ta ble s
H ot I n su la t ion - Ligh t Sch e du le ( L) : I - P
Un it s
N om ina l I nsu la t ion Thick n e ss - I N CH ES
Pipe
D ia m e t e r 1 1 .5 2 2 .5 3 3 .5 4 4 .5 5 5 .5 6
I n che s Te m pe r a t u r e s - D e gr e e s F
0.75 268 460 790 1170 1774 2000
1 150 454 780 1161 1586 1989 2000
1.5 150 411 581 1049 1410 1801 2000
2 150 305 558 869 1181 1640 1836 2000
2.5 150 253 500 848 1148 1613 1778 2000
3 150 236 441 679 949 1232 1558 1887 2000
4 150 216 389 598 848 1142 1406 1737 2000
6 150 164 306 493 709 950 1237 1520 1810 2000
8 150 162 295 475 693 914 1133 1385 1700 2000
10 150 162 90 445 628 823 1008 1268 1556 1922 2000
12 150 162 275 414 585 776 960 1236 1492 1846 2000
14 150 256 392 557 748 952 1177 1419 1775 2000
16 150 250 383 542 725 928 1147 1384 1708 2000
18 150 244 373 529 706 911 1126 1364 1646 2000
20 150 238 365 517 696 894 1109 1361 1588 2000
22 150 238 365 517 696 894 1109 1346 1534 2000
24 150 226 349 501 676 874 1090 1329 1483 2000
26 150 226 349 501 676 874 1090 1329 1436 2000
28 150 225 340 501 622 850 1032 1250 1392 1546
30 150 225 340 501 622 850 1032 1250 1392 1546
36 150 225 340 501 622 850 1032 1250 1392 2000
Not es: Light insulat ion schedule is t ypical for average low am bient
t em perat ures above 40 degrees F. I nsulat ion for hot service would be applied
t o designat ed surfaces of 51 degrees F or hot t er.
To use t he t able:
1 Locat e pipe diam et er in left colum n.
2 Read across line t o locat e t he operat ing t em perat ure ( degrees F) .
3 Read required insulat ion t hickness at t op of colum n. For int erm ediat e
t em perat ures, use next larger insulat ion t hickness.
4 For large diam et er pipe, equipm ent , or ot her large flat surfaces, use
t hicknesses in t he last line in t he t able.

H ot I n su la t ion - M e diu m Sch e du le ( M ) : I - P
Un it s
N om ina l I nsula t ion Thick ne ss - I N CH ES
Pipe
D ia m e t e r 1 1 .5 2 2 .5 3 3 .5 4 4 .5 5 5 .5 6 6 .5
0.75 209 305 520 758 1185 1457 1659 1911 2000
1 150 302 498 732 1051 1399 1588 1825 2000
1.5 150 231 389 665 944 1279 1557 1786 2000
2 150 228 369 565 811 1173 1444 1747 2000
2.5 150 202 332 544 777 1137 1433 1710 1941 2000
3 150 193 296 450 660 925 1240 1617 1882 2000
4 150 183 270 392 579 838 1112 1475 1801 2000
6 150 157 228 322 479 705 977 1304 1630 1953 2000
8 150 156 223 313 444 648 881 1177 1505 1869 2000
10 150 156 220 298 389 571 774 1067 1366 1788 2000
12 150 156 213 282 368 517 710 1001 1277 1716 1922 2000
14 150 203 271 354 474 670 926 1184 1653 1846 2000
16 150 200 267 346 438 625 860 1115 1587 1775 2000
18 150 197 262 340 428 585 819 1056 1530 1708 2000
20 150 194 258 334 423 548 778 1013 1476 1646 2000
22 150 194 258 334 423 522 739 963 1427 1588 2000
24 150 188 250 326 413 512 701 916 1380 1534 1797
26 150 188 250 326 413 512 676 881 1337 1483 1707
28 150 188 245 326 386 500 613 809 1297 1436 1622
30 150 188 245 326 386 500 591 778 1251 1392 1546
36 150 188 245 326 386 500 591 778 1251 1392 1546
N ot e : Not es: Medium insulat ion schedule is t ypical for average low am bient
t em perat ures from 20 degrees F t o 40 degrees F. I nsulat ion for hot service
would be applied t o designat ed surfaces of 51 degrees F or hot t er.
To use t he t able:

H ot I n su la t ion - H e a vy Sch e du le ( H ) : I - P
Un it s
Pipe
D ia m e t e r 1 .5 2 2 .5 3 3 .5 4 4 .5 5 5 .5 6 7 8
0.75 150 250 345 596 915 1317 1821 2000
1 150 215 302 516 808 1175 1650 2000
1.5 150 197 280 478 756 1113 1571 2000
2 150 179 260 440 705 1052 1493 2000
2.5 150 164 240 405 661 987 1420 1882 2000
3 150 220 370 617 922 1347 1764 2000
4 150 185 309 533 818 1212 1601 2000
6 150 248 459 717 1088 1450 1905 2000
8 150 195 382 629 969 1310 1738 2000
10 150 318 539 865 1176 1576 2000
12 150 258 460 766 1062 1432 1844 2000
14 150 199 388 675 949 1305 1692 2000
16 150 321 572 845 1174 1550 2000
18 150 259 512 750 1059 1416 2000
20 150 202 446 661 952 1292 2000
22 150 368 579 853 1176 1794 2000
24 150 302 503 760 1068 1594 2000
26 150 261 432 674 966 1413 2000
28 150 194 367 594 872 1243 1796
30 150 306 502 784 1092 1585
36 150 306 502 784 1092 1585
N ot e : Heavy insulat ion schedule is t ypical for average low am bient

t em perat ures less t han 20 degrees F. I nsulat ion for hot service would be
applied t o designat ed surfaces of 51 degr ees F or hot t er.
To use t he t able:

Cold I n su la t ion - 1 t o 5 .5 I N CH Th ick n e sse s
N om ina l I n sula t ion Th ick ne ss - I N CH ES
Pipe
D ia m e t e r 1 1 .5 2 2 .5 3 3 .5 4 4 .5 5 5 .5
I n che s Te m pe r a t ur e s - D e gr e e s F
0.75 50 25 - 10 - 25 - 70 - 135 - 225 - 225 - 300 - 459
1 50 25 - 10 - 25 - 70 - 130 - 180 - 225 - 300 - 459
1.5 50 30 15 - 15 - 45 - 100 - 120 - 185 - 230 - 290
2 50 30 15 - 15 - 45 - 90 - 120 - 185 - 225 - 290
2.5 50 30 15 - 10 - 35 - 60 - 105 - 135 - 175 - 235
3 50 30 15 - 10 - 35 - 60 - 105 - 135 - 175 - 235
4 50 30 20 0 - 30 - 55 - 85 - 135 - 160 - 235
6 50 45 25 0 - 25 - 45 - 70 - 105 - 125 - 160
8 50 45 25 0 - 15 - 35 - 60 - 85 - 115 - 145
10 50 45 30 10 - 10 - 25 - 50 - 70 - 105 - 125
12 50 45 30 15 -5 - 25 - 45 - 65 - 105 - 125
14 50 45 30 15 0 - 25 - 40 - 55 - 80 - 105
16 50 45 30 20 0 - 25 - 35 - 55 - 75 - 105
18 50 45 30 20 0 - 25 - 35 - 50 - 70 - 105
20 50 30 20 0 - 25 - 35 - 45 - 65 - 95
22 50 30 20 0 - 25 - 35 - 45 - 65 - 95
24 50 30 20 0 - 25 - 35 - 45 - 65 - 95
26 50 30 20 5 - 10 - 25 - 40 - 60 - 75
28 50 30 20 5 - 10 - 25 - 40 - 60 - 75
30 50 30 20 5 - 10 - 25 - 40 - 60 - 75
36 50 30 20 10 -5 - 25 - 40 - 55 - 75
N ot e : The hot insulat ion schedule adj ust m ent ( L,M, or H) does not apply t o
cold insulat ion. I nsulat ion for cold service would be applied t o designat ed
surfaces of 50 degrees F or colder.
For cold insulat ion, j oint s are caulked and a vapor barrier is applied.
To use t he t able:

Cold I n su la t ion - 6 t o 1 0 I N CH Th ick n e sse s
Pipe
D ia m e t e r 6 6 .5 7 7 .5 8 8 .5 9 9 .5 10
0.75
1
1.5 - 345 - 459
2 - 340 - 459
2.5 - 290 - 340 - 459
3 - 290 - 340 - 459
4 - 265 - 300 - 459
6 - 205 - 240 - 290 - 325 - 459
8 - 175 - 215 - 225 - 295 - 325 - 459
10 - 150 - 185 - 225 - 235 - 300 - 459
12 - 140 - 170 - 205 - 230 - 285 - 325 - 459
14 - 130 - 160 - 190 - 225 - 265 - 305 - 352 - 459
16 - 125 - 150 - 180 - 210 - 250 - 285 - 310 - 459
18 - 115 - 145 - 175 - 200 - 235 - 275 - 295 - 325 - 459
20 - 110 - 135 - 165 - 190 - 225 - 260 - 290 - 315 - 459
22 - 105 - 130 - 155 - 180 - 205 - 240 - 270 - 300 - 459
24 - 105 - 130 - 155 - 180 - 205 - 240 - 270 - 300 - 459
26 - 105 - 120 - 140 - 170 - 190 - 225 - 250 - 285 - 305
28 - 105 - 120 - 140 - 170 - 190 - 225 - 250 - 285 - 305
30 - 105 - 120 - 140 - 170 - 190 - 225 - 250 - 285 - 305
36 - 105 - 115 - 135 - 160 - 175 - 215 - 240 - 280 - 300
N ot e : The hot insulat ion schedule adj ust m ent ( L,M, or H) does not apply t o
surfaces of 50 degrees F or colder.
To use t he t able:

H ot I n su la t ion - Ligh t Sch e du le ( L) : M e t r ic
Un it s
N om ina l I nsu la t ion Thick n e ss - M M
Pipe
D ia m e t e r 25 38 50 63 75 88 100 113 125 138 150
MM Te m pe r a t ur e s - D e gr e e s C
20 131 237 421 632 967 1093
25 65 234 415 627 863 1087 1093
40 65 210 305 565 765 982 1093
50 65 151 292 465 638 893 1002 1093
65 65 122 260 453 620 878 970 1093
80 65 113 227 359 509 666 847 1030 1093
100 65 102 198 314 453 616 763 947 1093
150 65 73 152 256 376 510 669 826 987 1093
200 65 72 146 246 367 490 611 751 926 1093
250 65 72 143 229 331 439 542 686 846 1050 1093
300 65 72 135 212 307 413 515 668 811 1007 1093
350 65 124 200 291 397 511 636 770 968 1093
400 65 121 195 283 385 497 619 751 931 1093
450 65 117 189 276 374 488 607 740 896 1093
500 65 114 185 269 368 478 598 738 864 1093
550 65 114 185 269 368 478 598 730 834 980
600 65 107 176 260 357 467 587 720 806 930
650 65 107 176 260 357 467 587 720 780 883
700 65 107 171 260 327 454 555 676 755 841
750 65 107 171 260 327 454 555 676 755 841
900 65 107 171 260 327 454 555 676 755 841
N ot e : Light insulat ion schedule is t ypical for average low am bient

t em perat ures from above 4 degrees C. I nsulat ion for hot service would be
applied t o designat ed surfaces of 11 degr ees C or hot t er.
To use t he t able:
2 Read across line t o locat e t he operat ing t em perat ure ( degrees C) .

H ot I n su la t ion - M e diu m Sch e du le ( M ) :
M e t r ic Un it s
N om ina l I n sula t ion Th ick ne ss - M M
Pipe
D ia m e t e r 25 38 50 63 75 88 100 113 125 138 150 163
20 98 151 271 403 640 791 903 1043 1093
25 65 150 258 388 566 759 864 996 1093
40 65 110 198 351 506 692 847 974 1093
50 65 108 187 296 432 633 784 952 1093
65 65 94 166 284 413 613 778 932 1060 1093
80 65 89 146 232 348 496 671 880 1027 1093
100 65 83 132 200 303 447 600 801 982 1093
150 65 69 108 161 248 373 525 706 887 1067 1093
200 65 68 106 156 228 342 471 636 818 1020 1093
250 65 68 104 147 198 299 412 575 741 975 1093
300 65 68 100 138 186 269 376 538 691 935 1050 1093
350 65 95 132 178 245 354 496 640 900 1007 1093
400 65 93 130 174 225 329 460 601 863 968 1093
450 65 91 127 171 220 307 437 568 832 931 1093
500 65 90 125 167 217 286 414 545 802 896 1093
550 65 90 125 167 217 272 392 517 775 864 1093
600 65 86 121 163 211 266 371 491 748 834 980
650 65 86 121 163 211 266 357 471 725 806 930
700 65 86 118 163 196 260 322 431 702 780 883
750 65 86 118 163 196 260 310 414 677 755 841
900 65 86 118 163 196 260 310 414 677 755 841
N ot e : Medium insulat ion schedule is t ypical for average low am bient

t em perat ures from - 6 degrees C t o 4 degrees C. I nsulat ion for hot service
would be applied t o designat ed surfaces of 11 degrees C or hot t er.
To use t he t able:

H ot I n su la t ion - H e a vy Sch e du le ( H ) : M e t r ic
Un it s
N om ina l I n su la t ion Th ick ne ss - M M
Pipe
D ia m e t e r 38 50 63 75 88 100 113 125 138 150 175 200
20 65 121 173 313 490 713 993 1093
25 65 101 150 268 431 635 898 1093
40 65 91 137 247 402 600 855 1093
50 65 81 126 226 373 566 811 1093
65 65 73 115 207 349 530 771 1027 1093
80 65 104 187 325 494 730 962 1093
100 65 85 153 278 436 655 871 1093
150 65 120 237 380 586 787 1040 1093
200 65 90 194 331 520 710 947 1093
250 65 158 281 462 635 857 1093
300 65 125 237 407 572 777 1006 1093
350 65 92 197 357 509 707 922 1093
400 65 160 300 451 634 843 1093
450 65 126 266 398 570 768 1093
500 65 94 230 349 511 700 1093
550 65 186 303 456 635 978 1093
600 65 150 261 404 575 867 1093
650 65 27 222 356 518 767 1093
700 65 90 186 312 466 672 980
750 65 152 261 417 588 862
900 65 152 261 417 588 862
N ot e : Heavy insulat ion schedule is t ypical for average low am bient

t em perat ures less t han - 6 degrees C. I nsulat ion for hot service would be
applied t o designat ed surfaces of 11 degr ees C or hot t er.
To use t he t able:
t hicknesses in t he last line in t he t able

Cold I n su la t ion - 2 5 t o 1 6 5 M M Th ick n e sse s
N om ina l I n su la t ion Th ick ne ss - M M
Pipe
D ia m e t e r 25 38 50 63 75 88 100 113 125 138 150 163
20 10 -3 - 23 - 31 - 56 - 92 - 142 - 159 - 184 - 273
25 10 -3 - 23 - 31 - 56 - 90 - 117 - 159 - 184 - 273
40 10 -1 -9 - 26 - 42 - 73 - 84 - 120 - 145 - 178 - 209 - 273
50 10 -1 -9 - 26 - 42 - 67 - 84 - 120 - 142 - 178 - 206 - 273
65 10 -1 -9 - 23 - 37 - 51 - 76 - 92 - 114 - 148 - 178 - 206
80 10 -1 -9 - 23 - 37 - 51 - 76 - 92 - 114 - 148 - 178 - 206
100 10 -1 -6 - 17 - 34 - 48 - 64 - 92 - 106 - 131 - 164 - 184
150 10 7 -3 - 17 - 31 - 42 - 56 - 76 - 87 - 106 - 131 - 151
200 10 7 -3 - 17 - 26 - 37 - 51 - 64 - 81 - 98 - 114 - 137
250 10 7 -1 - 12 - 23 - 31 - 45 - 56 - 76 - 87 - 101 - 120
300 10 7 -1 -9 - 20 - 31 - 42 - 53 - 76 - 87 - 95 - 112
350 10 7 -1 -9 - 17 - 31 - 39 - 48 - 62 - 76 - 89 - 106
400 10 7 -1 -6 - 17 - 31 - 37 - 48 - 59 - 76 - 87 - 101
450 10 7 -1 -6 - 17 - 31 - 37 - 45 - 56 - 76 - 81 - 98
500 10 -1 -6 - 17 - 31 - 37 - 42 - 53 - 70 - 78 - 92
550 10 -1 -6 - 17 - 31 - 37 - 42 - 53 - 70 - 76 - 89
600 10 -1 -6 - 17 - 31 - 37 - 42 - 53 - 70 - 76 - 89
650 10 -1 -6 - 14 - 23 - 31 - 39 - 51 - 59 - 76 - 84
700 10 -1 -6 - 14 - 23 - 31 - 39 - 51 - 59 - 76 - 84
750 10 -1 -6 - 14 - 23 - 31 - 39 - 51 - 59 - 76 - 84
900 10 -1 -6 - 12 - 20 - 31 - 39 - 48 - 59 - 76 - 81
N ot e : The hot insulat ion schedule adj ust m ent ( L, M, or H) does not apply t o
surfaces of 10 degrees C or colder.
To use t he t able:

Cold I n su la t ion - 1 7 8 t o 2 5 4 Th ick n e sse s
N om ina l I n sula t ion Th ick n e ss - M M
Pipe
D ia m e t e r 1 7 5 188 200 213 225 238 250
20
25
40
50
65 - 273
80 - 273
100 - 273
150 - 178 - 198 - 273
200 - 159 - 181 - 198 - 273
250 - 142 - 148 - 184 - 273
300 - 131 - 145 - 176 - 198 - 273
350 - 123 - 142 - 164 - 187 - 198 - 273
400 - 117 - 134 - 156 - 176 - 189 - 273
450 - 114 - 128 - 148 - 170 - 181 - 198 - 273
500 - 109 - 123 - 142 - 162 - 178 - 192 - 273
550 - 103 - 117 - 131 - 151 - 167 - 184 - 273
600 - 103 - 117 - 131 - 151 - 167 - 184 - 273
650 - 95 - 112 - 123 - 142 - 156 - 176 - 187
700 - 95 - 112 - 123 - 142 - 156 - 176 - 187
750 - 95 - 112 - 123 - 142 - 156 - 176 - 187
900 - 92 - 106 - 114 - 137 - 151 - 173 - 184
N ot e : The hot insulat ion schedule adj ust m ent ( L, M, or H) does not apply t o
surfaces of 10 degrees C or colder.
To use t he t a ble :

Cu st om izin g I n su la t ion
Spe cifica t ion s
I n order t o assign an appropriat e insulat ion t hickness t o a piece of equipm ent
or sect ion of pipe ( if t hickness is not specified by t he user) , t he syst em refers
t o t ables t hat relat e t hickness t o t em perat ure and pipe diam et er. Ext ernal
versions of t hese t ables are available for cust om izat ion in an ASCI I form at file.
This file also includes a t able t hat let s you define how m uch insulat ion is
allocat ed for valves and fillings.
Te m pla t e I n su la t ion Spe cifica t ion File s
There are t hr ee t em plat e files ( I P unit s, Met ric unit s, and blank) available in
one of t he following locat ions:
Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or or Aspen I n- Plant Cost Est im at or:
C: \ Docum ent s and Set t ings\ All Users\ Docum ent s\ AspenTech\ Shared
Econom ic Evaluat ion V8.0\ I nsulat ion
The files are nam ed I NSSPC_I P.DAT, I NSSPC_METRI C.DAT, and
I NSSPC_BLANK.DAT. The files cont ain ident ical t ables, but t he default
t em perat ure and equivalent lengt h param et ers ( alt erable fields) are eit her in
I P unit s, Met ric unit s, or are absent . These files are inact ive; t he syst em refers
t o int ernal represent at ions of t he insulat ion t ables during a proj ect est im at e if
t here are no cust om ized copies of t he insulat ion specs file in t he Adm inist rat or
or proj ect direct ories.
You can copy whichever file is t he m ost convenient as a st art ing point for your
cust om ized insulat ion specs file( s) . I n Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or and Aspen
I n- Plant Cost Est im at or ( while no proj ect s are open) , view t he Libr a r ie s view
t ab on t he Palet t e. I n t he Cu st om e r Ex t e r n a l File s folder, open t he
I n su la t ion Th ick n e ss a n d Ru le s subfolder. Right- click on t he t em plat e of
your choice and click D u plica t e . Renam e t he file. I t will be t he st art ing point
for your cust om insulat ion specs file. I n ot her product s, you m ust m anually
copy and renam e t he file.
Cu st om izin g t h e I n su la t ion Spe cs File
You can edit t he newly creat ed file by using any ASCI I t ext edit or. The edit or
m ust not int roduce non- print ing charact ers ot her t han a space or CR/ LF, t hat
is, no t abs are allowed. The file form at is shown on t he following page.

Overall Unit s
Sect ion
Diam et er Unit s
Sect ion
The pict ure above shows t he t op of t he file and t he first insulat ion t hickness
t able. Lines which cont ain com m ent s st art wit h a “ # ”. Lines w hich are read in
by t he syst em during a proj ect run begin wit h a “ l”. YOu m ust be sure t o avoid
shift ing any of t he vert ical pipe sysboles “ l” while alt ering t he fields.
The following are t he only fields t hat m ay be alt ered:
• Unit of Measurem ent opt ion fields at t he t op of t he file

• Tem perat ur e values wit hin Tables 1 t hr u 4
• Maxim um diam et er and A, B, C param et er values in Table 5
Un it of M e a su r e m e n t Ba sis Opt ion s
The first choice you m ust m ake when cust om izing an insulat ion specs t able is
t he overall unit of m easurem ent basis. The available opt ions are “ I P” or
“ METRI C”. I f you choice I P unit s by ent ering “ I P” int o t he space pr ovided, t he
t em perat ure values in Tables 1 t hru 4 will be read by t he syst em as degr ees
Fahrenheit . Wit h and I P basis t he param et ers in Table 5 will be used t o
calculat e equivalent insulat ion in feet of pipe. Conversely, if you ent er
“ METRI C” in t he unit s field provided, t he t em perat ures will be read as degrees
Cent igrade, and t he values in Table 5 will be used t o calculat e equivalent
m et ers of pipe insulat ion.
You m ust also select a unit of m easurem ent basis for pipe diam et er. The
available opt ions are “ I NCH” or “ MM”. This choice does not affect Tables 1
t hrough 4. I t det erm ines whet her t he m axim um pipe diam et ers in Table 5 are
in I nches or Millim et ers. The opt ion also det erm ines t he equivalent lengt h
equat ions ( form ed from t he A, B, C param et ers you provide) are calculat ed
using pipe diam et ers in I nches or Millim et ers.
Cu st om izin g t h e I n su la t ion Th ick n e ss Ta ble s
There ar e four t hickness t ables in t he file - t hree for hot insulat ion and one for
cold. Tables 1, 2, and 3 correspond t o t he Light , Medium , and Heavy schedules
fr om which you m ay choose in t he Proj ect Design Basis m enu. ( For exam ple, if
you select Heavy schedule insulat ion when defining your proj ect , t he syst em
will refer t o Table 3 when generat ing a cost est im at e) . Table 4 is for cold
insulat ion.
The t ables are arranged w it h pipe diam et er along t he left hand side and
insulat ion t hickness along t he t op. For a given pipe diam et er ( t able row) , each
t em perat ure value represent s t he m axim um t em perat ure for which t he
corresponding t hickness will be used. The last row of each t able ( 36 inch/ 900
MM. row) is used for bot h 36 inch diam et er pipe and equipm ent insulat ion.
N ot e : You m ay only adj ust t he t em perat ure cells in t he insulat ion t hickness
t ables, not t he pipe diam et ers or insulat ion t hickness.
You do not have t o fill Tables 1 t hrough 4 out com plet ely. I f you leave a
t em perat ure cell blank, but t here are values given som ewhere t o t he left and
right , or above and below, t he syst em will int erpolat e linearly bet ween t he
given values t o fill t he blanks. ( These values will be m aint ained int ernally; t he
syst em will not fill t he blank values in t he ext ernal dat a file) . I nt erpolat ion is
not possible for out er blanks t hat have no surrounding given values; t hese
spaces are filled by copying t he last given value over t o fill t he r em ainder of
t he t able.
To avoid confusion, it is recom m ended t hat you fill out all four insulat ion
t hickness t ables according t o your insulat ing pract ices even if you do not
int end on using all t hree schedules. I f a t able is left com plet ely blank t he
syst em will refer t o t he int ernal default t ables for an est im at e requiring t hat
schedule.

Cu st om izin g t h e Va lve a nd Fit t in g I n su la t ion Ta ble
Table 5 ( t he valve and fit t ing insulat ion t able) is shown below.
The t able let s you det erm ine how m uch addit ional insulat ion is allot t ed for
valves and fit t ings. Any param et ers you provide for valves will apply t o all
valves in t he proj ect ( all valves are considered equal w hen calculat ed
insulat ion requirem ent s) . Likewise, t he fit t ings correlat ions will be applied t o
all fit t ings in t he proj ect ( all valves are considered equal w hen calculat ed
insulat ion requirem ent s) . Likewise, t he fit t ings correlat ions will be applied t o
all fit t ings in t he proj ect . You can account for insulat ion different ly for varying
pipe diam et ers by defining t hree size cat egories ( Sm all, Medium , and Large) .
Each range is defined by t he m axim um diam et ers you place in t he fields
provided. For exam ple, in t he above pict ure t he Medium correlat ions w ould be
used t o calculat e t he insulat ion requir ed for any valve or fit t ing on a sect ion of
pipe wit h diam et er larger t han 4 inches but sm aller t han ( and including) 12
inches.
Table 5 is designed so you can m ake your insulat ion correlat ion sim ple or
com plex. The param et ers A, B and C are used in t he follow ing equat ion t o
calculat e t he lengt h of pipe which would have t o be insulat ed t o account for
one valve or one fit t ing.
Equ iva le nt Pipe Le n gt h = A + B * ( Pipe D ia m e t e r ) c
Any of t he t hree param et ers m ay be set t o zero t o sim plify t he correlat ion. For
exam ple, according t o t he pict ure of Table 5 above, each fit t ing on a sect ion of

2- inch diam et er pipe would increase t he t ot al insulat ion lengt h by 4 feet . ( B
and C are zero - correlat ion has no dependence on pipe diam et er) .
En a blin g t h e I n su la t ion Spe cfica t ion File
There are t wo opt ions for enabling cust om ized insulat ion specs files: You can
place a copy in t he syst em adm inist rat or direct ory ( as t he default for all
proj ect s) , or you can copy a cust om ized file int o t he direct ory of a specific
proj ect . When generat ing a cost est im at e, t he syst em will use t he
specificat ions in t he current proj ect direct ory if an insulat ion specs file resides
t here. Ot herw ise, t he copy in t he adm inist rat or direct ory will be used. ( The
adm inist rat or copy is t herefore t he syst em default - it will be referred t o for
any proj ect t hat does not have it s own insulat ion specs file) .
To act ivat e your cust om ized file for use in a specific pr oj ect in Aspen Capit al
Cost Est im at or or Aspen I n- Plant Cost Est im at or, right- click t he I n su la t ion
Th ick n e ss opt ion in t he Ba sis for Ca pit a l Cost / Cu st om e r Ex t e r n a l File s
direct ory on t he Pr oj e ct Ba sis Ta b. Click t he desired file on t he m enu of
choices; t hen click OK. The file is copied int o t he direct ory for t he current ly
open proj ect .
I n all ot her cases, t he file m ust be copied and renam ed m anually t o t he
appropriat e folder. These direct ory locat ions are described below:
Adm in ist r a t or D ir e ct or y ( for u se a s syst e m de fa u lt ) :
Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or, Aspen I n- Plant Cost Est im at or: C: / Aspen
Tech/ Aspen I carus xxx/ Dat a/ PI DS
Pr oj e ct D ir e ct or y ( a ct iva t ion for a spe cific pr oj e ct on ly) :
Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or, Aspen I n- Plant Cost Est im at or: Right- click/
Click desired file as described above
I n order t o enable a cust om ized file in eit her of t he above locat ions, you
m ust nam e t he file I N SSPC.D AT.

2 4 Pa in t ( G6 )

I nt roduct ion t o Paint
Paint Plant Bulks
How I carus Syst em s Paint Equipm ent
2 4 Pa in t ( G6 ) 24-1
I n t r odu ct ion t o Pa in t
I carus syst em s can calculat e default paint areas for piping, equipm ent and
st eelw ork. The default paint is provided for all piping, but is only provided on
equipm ent and st eelw ork if specifically request ed.
Paint is provided t ypically for carbon st eel m at erials only, but can be obt ained
for any m at erial if specifically request ed.
Paint areas and num ber of coat s can be m odified or added for any it em .
I carus syst em s do not provide different grades of paint ; however, cost s can be
adj ust ed appropriat ely by code of account m at erial indexing.
Pa in t Pla n t Bu lk s
Paint for exist ing surface: print er, final coat s PAI NT AREA
Paint for exist ing piping: prim er; final coat s PAI NT PI PE
Paint for exist ing st ruct ural st eel: prim er, final coat s PAI NT SSTL
24-2 2 4 Pa in t ( G6 )
H ow I ca r u s Syst e m s Pa in t
Equ ipm e n t
2 4 Pa in t ( G6 ) 24-3
Le ge n d:
1. HE: HEATER ELC, HEATER STM, ONE SCREW, SUC HEATER, TWO SCREW
2. HO: HAND NT, 1 SP; EED, 5 SPEED
3. Also: AT: COND CELL. FLOAT CELL & SE: WATER CYCL.
Not affect ed by paint specificat ion for shop fabricat ed equipm ent
4. Met hod det erm ined by specificat ion for paint “Applicat ion Met hod” :
S ( spray) or B ( brush)
5. Met hod det erm ined by specificat ion for paint “Applicat ion Met hod” :
S ( sandblast ing) or B ( w ire brush)
6. Surface area is calculat ed by m ode; you m ust ent er t he num ber of pr im er
and/ or final coat s.
24-4 2 4 Pa in t ( G6 )
2 5 Sit e D e ve lopm e n t ( G6 )

I nt roduct ion t o Sit e Developm ent
Dem olit ion
Drainage
Eart hwork
General
Excavat ion
Fencing
Landscaping
Roads- Slabs- Paving
Piling
Railroads
2 5 Sit e D e ve lopm e n t ( G6 ) 25-1

I n t r odu ct ion t o Sit e
D e ve lopm e n t
Sit e developm ent m ay be used t o specify it em s wit hin eight m aj or cat egories:
• Eart hwork
• Drainage
• Fencing
• Dem olit ion of exist ing st ruct ures
• Landscaping
• Roads/ slabs/ paving
• Piling
• Railways
I t is im port ant t o recognize t he t wo dist inct ly different applicat ions for which
t he sit e developm ent m ay be used t o int roduce sit e developm ent inform at ion
int o a proj ect . The desired applicat ion is det erm ined by appr opriat e select ion
of t he sit e developm ent it em t ype.
The first applicat ion is based on t he use of sit e developm ent work it em m odels,
which are cont ained wit hin t he syst em . You describe t he t ype and ext ent of
work t o be perform ed, it em - by- it em , consist ent wit h t he scope of each work
it em m odel. The syst em in t urn develops m at erial quant it ies and m anpower
resources and t heir associat ed cost s, and addit ionally, equipm ent rent al and
engineering requirem ent s.
The second applicat ion allows t he int roduct ion of quot ed est im at es for m at erial
and m anpow er cost s int o a pr oj ect as supplem ent al sit e developm ent cost
it em s. I t em m odels are not used. Ent ries of t his nat ure are charged t o codes of
account in t he am ount s of m at erial and m anpower you specify.
Sit e developm ent it em s, eit her developed by t he syst em t hrough work it em
m odels or as user- ent ered cost s, m ay be specified as eit her proj ect- relat ed
it em s or area- relat ed it em s.
Sit e D e ve lopm e n t W or k I t e m s
Wit hin t he eight cat egories of sit e developm ent , num erous individual work
it em m odels are available for select ion depending on t he desired t ype and
ext ent of work t o be perform ed.
Econom y of scale is very im port ant for m any sit e developm ent it em s ( e.g., you
can select from bulk excavat ion, st ruct ural excavat ion or hand st ruct ural
excavat ion) . I n addit ion, t he syst em addr esses a large ext ent of wor k, defined
by you in a single work it em request , different ly from t he way it addr esses
several work it em request s, each of sm all ext ent . That is, work it em m odels
re- select an appropriat ely configured crew, by developing m anhour
requirem ent s and by providing t he crew m em bers wit h const ruct ion equipm ent
properly sized for t he work t o be perform ed.
Terrain, soil condit ions and ot her proj ect environm ent fact ors significant ly
affect t he quant it y and t ype of sit e work required. To reflect t his, sit e
25-2 2 5 Sit e D e ve lopm e n t ( G6 )

developm ent work it em s are present ed t o accom m odat e part icular, well-
defined t asks. For exam ple, inst ead of a single sit e preparat ion it em , you are
offered individual it em s, such as clearing and grubbing, excavat ion, grading
and landscaping. This provides t he abilit y t o “ fine t une” t he proj ect t o act ual
condit ions.
Excavat ion it em s are assum ed t o be requirem ent s in excess of t he norm al
excavat ion required for equipm ent and building foundat ions and st ruct ural
foot ings, since excavat ion for t hese it em s ( when defined as part of a unit area)
are ordinarily syst em - det erm ined.
D e m olit ion
Dem olish building w/ disposal, no salvage D EM OLI TI ON
Dem olit ion of individual st ruct ure wit hout salvage but including
disposal. Specify fram e t ype ( st eel, concret e, m asonry, wood) .
Disposal includes loading and hauling wast e from sit e. Dum p charge
not included.
Dem olish building w/ disposal and salvage D I SPOSAL
Dem olit ion of individual st ruct ures wit h separat ion of reusable
m at erials for specified fram e t ype. Loading and hauling wast e m at erial
is included. Dum p charge not included.
Explosive bldg. dem ol, no salvage/ disposal EXPL D EM OL
Dem olit ion of st ruct ures by explosives. Does not
include salvage or disposal.
Gut t ing & disposal of building int erior REM OVAL
Gut t ing building int eriors and loading and hauling t he
refuse for eit her com m ercial or resident ial st ruct ures.
Dum p charge not included.
Lum p sum quot at ion - dem olit ion D EM OL
Ent er Tot al Cost or Mat ’l and MH.
See code of account s ( Civil only) .

D r a in a ge
Cat ch basin, m anhole BASI N S
Cat ch basins or m anholes of eit her brick, block, poured concret e, or

precast concret e. I ncludes foot ing and excavat ion wit h an opt ion of
slab t ops or light weight fram es and covers. All t ypes have 4 FEET
[ 1.25 M] int ernal diam et er.
Pum p and hose for open excavat ions D EW ATERI N G
Pum ping wat er from open excavat ions. Unat t ended pum ps except for
daily servicing. Suct ion line t o 20 FEET [ 6 M] and discharge line t o
100 FEET [ 30 M]
in lengt h.
Drainage piping D RAI N S
I nst allat ion of select ed diam et er pipe of asbest os cem ent , corrugat ed
st eel, concret e, or vit rified clay wit h an adj ust m ent for t he
percent age of curved or radius pipe. I ncludes t renching, gravel bed
and com pact ed backfill.
Sept ic t ank and drain field SEPTI C TN K
No. of dist rib'n = no. per t ank;

Lengt h of drain line = lengt h per t ank.
Sept ic t ank inst allat ion. Precast concret e t anks of specified capacit y
wit h t he opt ion of 5 out let concret e dist ribut ion boxes. The drainfield,
including pipe, t renching, gravel and backfill, is input as t ot al lengt h
of drain required.
Foundat ion subdrain wit h perforat ed pipe SUBD RAI N
I nst allat ion of foundat ion subdrainage of select ed diam et er pipe of

asbest os cem ent , corrugat ed st eel, porous wall concret e, or vit rified
clay wit h an adj ust m ent for quant it y of curved or radius pipe. All
t ypes except concret e are perforat ed.
I ncludes t renching, gravel bed and com pact ed backfill.
Sum p pit SUM P PI T
Const ruct ion of sum p pit s including excavat ion and gravel bot t om .
Opt ion of wood
lining t o a dept h of 4 FEET [ 1.25 M] .
Cased wat er supply well wit h pum p W ATER W ELL
Dom est ic wat er wells drilled and cased. I ncludes down- hole pum p,
surface grout ing, and ut ilit y runs, if specified. Does not include
plum bing fixt ures and connect ions.

D r a in a ge - cont inued
Wellpoint s wit h header and pum p W ELLPOI N TS
Single st age wellpoint syst em for det erring t o an average 15 FEET [ 5

M] dept h.
I ncludes inst allat ion, operat ion, equipm ent rent al and syst em
rem oval. Two I NCH [ 50 MM] wellpoint s on 5 FEET [ 1.5 M] cent ers.
D ia m e t e r of he a de r is pr opor t iona l t o le ngt h:
6 I NCHES [ 150 MM] for 100 FEET [ 30 M]
8 I NCHES [ 200 MM] for 200- 500 FEET [ 60- 150 M]
10 I NCHES [ 250 MM] for 1000 FEET [ 300 M] .
9 Dewat ering wells wit h pum p W ELLS
Dewat ering wells; 2 I NCH [ 50 MM] diam et er bore wit h

st eel casing.
I ncludes 2 I NCH [ 50 MM] cent rifugal pum p per well for
a specified period.
10 Lum p sum quot at ion - drainage D RAI N AGE


Ea r t h w or k
Ge n e r a l
Test borings wit h engineer ’s report BORI N GS
I ncludes field st ake- out and elevat ions, 2.5 I NCH [ 65 MM] auger holes
wit h sam ples of eart h, drawings and professional engineer ’s ( P.E.)
report .
Clear brush - m anual or dozer BRUSH
Brush clearing by hand wit h saw and rake ( HAND) or by dozer wit h ball
and chain ( MACH) .
Clearing and grubbing CLEAR GRUB
Mechanized clearing and grubbing.
Opt ionI ncludes rem oval of t rees t o

LI GHT 6 I NCH [ 150 MM] diam et er
MEDI UM 10 I NCH [ 250 MM] diam et er
HEAVY 16 I NCH [ 400 MM] diam et er
I ncludes on- sit e cut t ing, chipping and st um p rem oval.

Dike const ruct ion including st abilizing D I KE
Const ruct ion of dikes on level grade. I ncludes placing of fill, soil
poisoning wit h polybor chlorat e on grade, slopes, and t op; 2 I NCHES
[ 50 MM] of sand asphalt on t op and slopes.
Gunit e slope prot ect ion GUN I TE
Slope prot ect ion using 3 I NCH [ 75 MM] t hickness of gunit e ( air- blown
m ort ar) t o finished slopes. I ncludes bond beam on t op, key foot ing at
t oe and all reinforcing.
Pond wit h bedding, lining, fencing- no pipe PON D
Specify piping wit h bulk yard pipe it em .
Evaporat ion or holding pond. I ncludes excavat ion, gravel and sand
bedding, fencing and opt ional lining. Piping not included.
Cant ilevered concret e ret aining wall RETAI N
No em bankm ent cut and fill included,
See excavat ion it em s.
Reinforced concret e cant ilevered ret aining wall. I ncludes excavat ion
and backfill for wall foot ings only.
Sprayed asphalt soil st abilizat ion STABI LI ZE
Erosion prot ect ion and soil st abilizat ion by spraying wit h asphalt .
Lum p sum quot at ion - eart hwork EARTH W ORK

Ex ca va t ion
Backfill and com pact excavat ion BACKFI LL
Backfilling of t renches or foot ings. Fill m at erial is assum ed t o be
st ockpiled locally, wit h no hauling. For num erous sm all it em s, m an-
hours can be adj ust ed by specifying t he num ber of it em s in addit ion t o
t he unit cubic yards. Filling equipm ent m ay be wheeled loader/
backhoe ( WH- LD) , crawler loader or dozer. Com pact ion, if required,
m ay be hand ram m er, m anual or self- propelled vibrat ing drum roller.
Drill and blast rock - no disposal BLASTI N G
Drill and shoot rock in t renches, pit s, or open areas; includes crawler
t rackdrill, com pressor, and blast ing m at erials but no disposal of shot
rock. Rock t ypes include gypsum , slat e, lim est one, sandst one and
granit e.
Fill com pact ion wit h t owed roller COM PACT
Com pact ion of fill in layers by t owed sheepsfoot roller. Opt ions
available for wat ering during com pact ion and for rough spreading of fill
by dozer, scraper or grader. For fine grading and surface com pact ion,
see PAVI NG, BASE PREP.
Cut & fill wit h spreading no com pact ion CUT FI LL
D oz e r :
m axim um haul 500 FEET [ 150 M]
Scr a pe r :
m inim um haul 100 FEET [ 31M]
Bulk sit e excavat ion using dozers or scrapers on a cut and fill cycle,
including spreading and rough grading but no com pact ion. Scraper
select ion varies wit h volum e, m at erial and haul dist ance. Soil t ype
ROCK refers t o already ripped or shot rock.
Hand excavat ion, no backfill/ shoring, et c. H AN D EXCV
Excavat ion by hand of t renches or pit s, in sand, eart h, or clay. Man-
hours will be adj ust ed for dept h of excavat ion and for volum e per it em
( pit s) . I f shoring is required, see SHORI NG. Dewat ering for wet
condit ions, allowance for wet condit ions, disposal and/ or backfill are
not included.
Truck haul- disposal or purchased fill H AULI N G
Mat erial cost m ay be input for purchased fill or dum p charge.
Hauling by dum pt rucks ( lorries) wit h opt ion of loading from st ockpiles.
Does not include excavat ion, spreading, or backfill. Soil t ype will
det erm ine bulking fact or. For purchased fill or dum p charge, t he user
m ay specify t he cost ( in user- defined currency at User Base I ndex) per
loose CY [ M3] .

Ex ca va t ion - cont inued
Manual j ackham m er work - no disposal J H AM M ER
Breaking or t rim m ing of rock or concret e by handheld j ackham m er,
including com pressor and operat ing crew. Concret e m ay be plain or
reinforced. Rock t ypes include gypsum , slat e, lim est one, sandst one
and granit e. Does not include disposal.
Rock excavat ion wit h t ract or and ripper for hauling, Bot h t he haul RI P ROCK
dist ance and t he loading equipm ent t ype m ust be input Rock
excavat ion by D9 crawler t ract or wit h ripper at t achm ent . I n addit ion,
t he user m ay specify t ruck loading ( by crawler backhoe or wheeled
front- end leader) and hauling. Rock t ypes are gypsum , slat e,
lim est one, sandst one and granit e. Ripping cost s m ay be increased
( great er fragm ent at ion) t o facilit at e t ruck loading.
Shoring of excavat ions SH ORI N G
M a x shor e d de pt h :
40 FEET [ 12M] - sheet , HPI LE;
20 FEET [ 6M] - close; 10 FEET [ 3M] - open bracing.
I nst allat ion, adj ust m ent , accessories, rem oval, cleaning, rent al or
owning cost and wast e are included. Dewat ering not included. Types
available:
• St eel int erlocking sheet piling, 30 PSF [ 145 KG/ M2] ,
including bracing ( SHEET) .
• St eel H piles driven on 8 FEET [ 2.4 M] cent er s, t im ber
planks and spacers horizont ally bet ween flanges, including
bracing ( HPI LE) .
• Solid t im ber sheet ing support ed by t im ber waling and
braces ( CLOSE) .
• Single vert ical planks spaced on 3 FEET [ 0.9 M] cent ers
wit h bracing ( OPEN) .
Excavat ion wit h st ockpile or disposal SI TE EX CVN
The haul dist ance should be input if t he disposal opt ion is chosen.
Bulk sit e excavat ion using crawler loader, dragline, or crawler
backhoes. I f t he disposal and dist ance fields are not used, it will be
assum ed t hat t he excavat ed m at erial is t o be st ockpiled wit hin 100
FEET [ 30 M] of t he excavat ion. The disposal opt ions are:
• HAUL - generat es a t ruck- loading cycle, dum pt ruck, sizing, offroad
hauling t he user specified dist ance and dum ping.
• SPREAD - generat es ( in addit ion t o t ruck hauling) spreading in t he
fill area by
• D8 dozer and rough grading, wit h no com pact ion.
Soil t ype ROCK refers t o already ripped or shot rock.

Ex ca va t ion - cont inued

St rip and st ockpile soil - no hauling STRI P SOI L
St rip and st ockpile sit e t opsoil t o a specified average dept h. Equipm ent
opt ions include crawler loader, elevat ing scraper, or dozer. Truck
hauling or spreading not included. Man- hours are adj ust ed for area,
dept h and equipm ent used.
Machine excavat ion, no backfill/ shoring, et c. STRUC EXC
Machine excavat ion ( wit h hand t rim m ing) of basem ent s, foot ings, et c.
Equipm ent opt ions include: 0.75 CY [ 0.6 M3] wheeled loader/ backhoe
( WH- LD) , crawler backhoe, or crawler crane wit h clam shell bucket
suit able for excavat ions deeper
t han 30 FEET [ 10 M] . I f shoring is required, see SHORI NG. Soil t ype
ROCK refers t o already ripped or shot rock. Dewat ering, disposal and/
or backfilling are not included.
Dit ching no backfill/ shoring, et c. TREN CH EX C
Machine excavat ion ( wit h hand t rim m ing) using

wheeled loader/ backhoe ( WH- LD) , crawler backhoe, or
t renching m achine. I f shoring is required, see
SHORI NG.
Soil t ype ROCK refers t o already ripped or shot rock.
Dewat ering, disposal, and/ or backfill are not included.

Fe n cin g
Barbed wire t opping for fence BARBED
No. of sides = wire on one or bot h sides of fence;
No. of st rands = no. each side
I nst allat ion of barbed wire on chain link, m esh, or securit y fence. Two
or t hree- st rand galvanized or alum inum wire on eit her 1 or 2 sides.
Boundary or Perim et er fencing in which t he user can specify bot h BOUN D ARY
fence and gat es has been added.
Chain link fence wit h concret e foot ing CH AI N LI N K
I nst allat ion of chain link fence, including excavat ion and concret e for
post s on 10 FEET [ 3 M] cent ers and braced and t russed line post s at
100 FEET [ 30 M] cent ers. Galvanized or alum inum wire or vinyl- coat ed
st eel.
Wood fencing FEN CE
W OOD
Perm anent wood fencing of cedar picket , redwood basket- weave, or
oak rust ic rail wit h appropriat e gat es.
Lum p sum quot at ion - fencing FEN CI N G

Free st anding wall FS W ALL
Default one course t hickness - all t ypes;
Double m ay be input for brick and block.
Mat erials are: 4 I NCH [ 100 MM] com m on brick
8 I NCH[ 200 MM] concret e block
18 I NCH[ 450 MM] decorat ive random st one
8 I NCH[ 200 MM] concret e.
I ndust rial gat e for fence GATES
I ndust rial gat es of galvanized st eel, alum inum , or vinyl- coat ed st eel
wit h post s excavat ed and set in concret e. Barbed wire and m ot or
operat ion are opt ional.
Gat es are assum ed t o be double widt hs if 8 FEET [ 2.5 M] or m ore.
Wire m esh fencing M ESH
Galvanized st eel m esh fencing and gat es wit h post s on 5 FEET [ 1.5 M]
cent ers.
No bracing or concret e.
Heavy dut y securit y fencing SECURI TY
Heavy dut y securit y fence, securit y grade, set in concret e and t russed
and braced.

La n dsca pin g
Mesh or net t ing erosion cont rol EROSI ON
Erosion cont rol by placing and securing eit her j ut e m esh, plast ic
net t ing, polypropylene m esh, or t obacco net t ing.
Placing peat or wood chip m ulch M ULCH
Placing a 2 I NCH [ 50 MM] deep layer of eit her wood chips or peat m oss
as m ulch.
Plant ing t rees or shrubs PLAN TI N G
Plant ing eit her 8- 10 FEET [ 2.5- 3 M] t rees or 4- 5 FEET [ 1.2- 1.5 M]
shrubs. Sit ing, placing, fert ilizing, and wat ering plant ings are included.
Fine grade, seed, lim e, fert ilize SEED I N G
Fine grading, seeding, lim ing, fert ilizat ion, and final wat ering.
Furnish, place sod on prepared area SOD D I N G
Furnish, place, and wat er sod ( 1 I NCH [ 25 MM) deep) on pregraded

area.
Polybor chlorat e soil st erilizat ion STERI LI ZE
St erilizat ion of cleared areas using polybor chlorat e.

Furnish, place and fine grade t opsoil TOPSOI L
Furnish, place and fine- grade t opsoil.

Lum p sum quot at ion - landscaping LAN D SCAPE


Roa ds - Sla bs - Pa vin g
Paving - asphalt base and wearing courses ASPH ALT
eit her base or wearing course dept h m ust be input ; Mat erial opt ion -
sand t opping.
Assum es paver for roadways or spreader for parking and ot her sm all
areas ( PARK) . A base course and/ or a fine aggregat e wearing course
t hickness m ust be select ed. A 0.75 I NCH
[ 20 MM] sand finish m ay be added. I ncludes hauling t o sit e, grading,
and com pact ion.
Grade and com pact base for paving BASE PREP
Grade and com pact areas t o correct elevat ion t o plus or m inus 0.1
FEET [ 0.03 M] .
Concret e paving - no base preparat ion CON C PAVN G
Paving wit h 4500 PSI [ 31,000 KN/ M2] concret e. Preparat ion of
com pact ed subgrade and/ or paving not included. I ncludes finishing
and curing, wit h opt ional st eel
reinforcing m at s. Placing by slipform m achine m ay be specified for
concret e roadways.
Slipform ed or m anual cross gut t er CROSS GUTT
Six I NCH [ 150 MM] t hick concret e cross- gut t ering of select ed widt h
and lengt h.
Opt ional form ing, pouring, finishing, and expansion j oint s, or
slipform ing by m achine for widt hs up t o 10 FEET [ 3 M] , if specified.
Slipform ed or m anual placed curb CURB
Concret e curb ( kerb) only, 14 I NCHES [ 350 MM] deep by 9 I NCHES

[ 225 MM] wide overall. Opt ional eit her form ing, pouring and finishing
by hand wit h expansion j oint s on 30 FEET [ 9 M] cent ers or
slipform ing by m achine, if specified.

Slipform ed or m anual curb and gut t er CURB GUTT
Monolit hic concret e curbing ( kerbing) and gut t er. Opt ional form ing,
pouring, and
expansion j oint s on 30 FEET [ 9 M] cent ers or slipform by m achine, if
specified.
Concret e canal or gut t er CAN ALGUTTR
Concret e canal or gut t er wit h concret e cover. I nside lengt h, I nside

widt h and I nside
dept h m ust be input . I f not specified, syst em calculat es Cover
( default : 8 I N [ 200 MM] prefab concret e slab) ; Hand Excavat ion;
Machine Excavat ion; Blinding slab; Concret e;
Form work; Rebar; Anchors and em bedm ent s. Excavat ion Mat erial
( Default : EARTH) ; End Wall Requirem ent ( Default : * B* , O, N) ;
Sealcoat or Liner area ( Default : 0) ; and
Liner Type ( Default : GM, C1, C2, * NO* ) can be also specified.
The m at erial and m anhour per volum e of concret e will be calculat ed
based on t he fact ors used for BASI N ( Type 10) . I f civil ext ernal file is
used, t he fact ors from t he ext ernal file will be used.

Roa ds - Sla bs - Pa vin g - cont inued
Coal t ar pit ch em ulsion ( 2 coat s) SEALCOAT
Applicat ion of sealcoat ing. I ncludes cleaning and preparing t he exist ing
surface and applying t wo coat s of coal t ar pit ch em ulsion.
Sidewalk base and paving SI D EW ALKS
I nst allat ion of concret e or asphalt sidewalks or pavem ent s wit h an

opt ion of a bank run gravel base.
Gravel base course - no base prep SUBPAV I N G
Soil cem ent t reat m ent opt ion available for subgrade.
Subpaving base course. Opt ions include crushed st one, bank run
gravel, and m acadam penet rat ion. Soil cem ent t reat m ent m ay also be
select ed. Subgrade preparat ion is not included.
Resurfacing wit h sealant and gravel TAR CH I P
Tar and chip. Placing sealant and binder on an exist ing surface and
covering wit h screened gravel. I ncludes surface cleaning and rolling
following t reat m ent .
Parking Area PARKI N G
Paving, Sub Paving and Excavat ion. Opt ional Shoulder, Sidewalk,
Median, Concret e Curb, Guard Rail, Lining and com pact ion. Paving
m at erial can be Asphalt , Concret e,
Concret e Block, Prefabricat ed concret e t ile, or St one pavers.
Lum p sum quot at ion - paving/ roads PAVI N G
Ent er Tot al Cost or Mat ’l and MH. See code of account s ( Civil only) .
Main, secondary and m inor Roads ROAD
Paving, Sub Paving, Shoulder and Excavat ion. Opt ional Sidewalk,
Median, Concret e Curb, Guard Rail, Lining and com pact ion. Default is
Main Road wit h Asphalt paving, Gravel Base course, and One side
Shoulder. The widt h and dept h are based on t he road t ype.
Pa ving opt ion s - Asphalt , Concret e, Concret e Block, Prefabricat ed
concret e t ile, or St one pavers. Sh oulde r opt ions - Asphalt , Gravel or
Crushed st one. Side w a lk opt ions - Asphalt , Concret e, Tiles, or St one
pavers.
Sit e Preparat ion for paving has been added. This includes Grubbing SI TEPREP
and cleaning, Hand and Machine Excavat ion, Fill of Subgrade and
Com pact ion.

Pilin g
Drilled bell- t ype caisson CAI SSON
Open- st yle m achine- drilled bell- caissons, including m obilizat ion,

concret e, reinforcem ent , drilling equipm ent rent al, and load t est ing, in
t he following ground condit ions:
Opt ionDescript ion
EARTH Dry, st able soils

CLAY Wet , unst able soils
ROCK Soft , weat hered rock.
Driven pipe piles PI PE
Driving set pipe piles of select ed diam et er wit h an opt ion of concret e
filling.
Equipm ent rent al includes rent al of drilling equipm ent .
Drilled and cast- in- place concret e piles POURED
Cast- in- place concret e piles wit h 4000 PSI [ 27.5 N/ MM2] concret e.
I ncludes equipm ent set up and breakdown and load t est ing.
Pile Type s:
POUR - Poured 12" [ 300MM] t o 20" [ 500MM] , capacit y: 72 Tons [ 65
Tonne] Cast- in- place const ant diam et er concret e piles.
FRNK - Frank 16" [ 400MM] t o 24" [ 600MM] , capacit y: 220 Tons[ 200
Tonne] Bored large size piles, enlarged base, reinforced wit h st eel
cages.
AUGR - Auger- Cast 12" [ 300MM] t o 24" [ 600MM] , capacit y 250
Tons[ 225 Tonne] Auger drilled and t hen grout ed under pressure as
t he auger is wit hdrawn. Rebar inst alled when grout is fluid.
Driven precast concret e piles PRECAST
Driving precast concret e piles, eit her solid square shaped or,
opt ionally, hollow cylindrical shaped. I ncludes equipm ent rigging and
derigging, splicing, if required, and cut off.
Capacit y: 90 Tons
Driven Raym ond st ep- t aper piles RAYM ON D
Driving Raym ond st ep- t aper piles. Piles furnished and

inst alled on a subcont ract basis by Raym ond
I nt ernat ional, I nc. Test ing not included.

Pilin g - cont inued
Driven st eel H- PI LES STEEL H
Ex a m ple :
heavy dut y pile - 57 LB/ FT [ 85 KG/ M]
inst ead of 42 [ 62] for 10 I NCH [ 250 MM] pile
Driving st eel H- sect ion piles of select ed cross- sect ion including
equipm ent rigging and derigging, point s, splicing, if required, and
cut off. Heavy dut y opt ion available ( e.g., for 10 x 10 I NCHES [ 250 MM
x 250 MM] , heavy dut y, 57 LB/ FT
[ 85 KG/ M] is used inst ead of st andard 42 LB/ FT [ 62 KG/ M] for st eel) .
Driven wood piles W OOD
Driving wood piling eit her frict ion or point bearing. I ncludes rigging
and derigging equipm ent , boot s, point s, and splices, if required.
Creosot e t reat ed or concret e and m esh encased piles m ay be select ed.
Cut off included. Load t est ing is not included.
Lum p sum quot at ion - piling PI LI N G
Ent er Tot al Cost or Mat ’l MH.

Ra ilr oa ds
Bum per at siding end BUM PER
I nst allat ion of bum pers on a siding end. Heavy dut y bum pers available
as an opt ion.
Single line siding crossing CROSSI N G
Single line siding crossing including special t rack m at , t im ber, and

crossing signal inst alled on level grade.
Single t rack yard siding SI D I N G
I nst allat ion of a single t rack yard siding on level ground, including
rails, hardware, t im ber t ies and ballast . New or relay rail and rail
weight opt ion available.
Heavy dut y siding for m ining applicat ion SI D I N G H VY
Heavy dut y single t rack for m ining applicat ions. Six I NCH [ 150 MM]
st eel WF t ies set in 10 I NCH [ 250 MM] concret e bed, 9 FEET [ 2.7 M]
wide. I ncludes fast eners, plat es, rebar and 100 LB/ YD [ 50 KG/ M] new
rail.
Crossing signal wit h barrier, et c. SI GN AL
Track crossing signal wit h road barrier and flashing light .

Wheel st ops on siding STOPS
I nst allat ion of wheel st ops on a yard siding.

# 8 t urnout , swit ch- hit t ing, et c. TURN OUT
I nst allat ion of # 8 t urnout s, including rails, plat es, bars, frogs, swit ch-
point s, t im bers and ballast .
Lum p sum quot at ion - railroads RAI LROAD S
Ent er Tot al Cost or Mat ’l MH.


2 6 Bu ildin gs ( G6 )

I nt roduct ion t o Buildings
Adding a Building
Building Types and Default s
Default Floor Height s/ Levels
Building Const r uct ion Range Adj ust m ent
Calculat ing Building Cost s and Labor
Figure 1
Figure 2
2 6 Bu ildin gs ( G6 ) 26-1
I n t r odu ct ion t o Bu ildin gs
Building dat a is used t o incorporat e a num ber of independent buildings and/ or
t heir associat ed services int o t he proj ect . Enclosed buildings are dist inguished
fr om st eel st ruct ures ( areas, plant bulks) in t hat t hey are not designed t o
support equipm ent loads. An enclosed building m ay house equipm ent , but t his
does not affect t he result ing building design or cost .
The cost of a building is based upon it s size, t ype, st ruct ural st yle and t he
request ed services. The default cost s and elect rical load for each building t ype
are indicat ed in t he “ Building Types and Default s” t able on t he following page.
You m ay revise t he level of each service ( none, L, M, H or V) and/ or t he cost of
t hat service. All cost s are assum ed t o be direct field cost s assigned t o t he
prim e cont ract or, except in t he case of cont ract j obs, in which t hey are
assigned t o t he cont ract or specified.
Addin g a Bu ildin g
A building can be added under Plant Bulks, Civil, or under Buildings. Default s
are ident ical and m at erial cost s, m anhours and labor cost s are calculat ed t he
sam e way.
I f you are using Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or, t he underlying dat a for t hese
cost s can be defined in an ext ernal file under Adm inist rat or cont r ol. See Aspen
Capit al Cost Est im at or User’s Guide, Chapt er 10, “Adm inist rat ive Operat ions,”
for det ails.
Buildings are not designed it em s, but are developed as cost s per surface area
( Unit Cost ) it em s.
You can specify your building using one of t hree general approaches:
1 Select any Tot al cost adj ust . value t hat uses som e default value, t hen
accept t he result ing unit cost s.
2 Select t he ‘—’ in Tot al cost adj ust ., t hen ent er your unit cost s for each of
t he five general cat egories.
3 St art wit h m et hod ( 1) , above, t hen override select ed cat egories ( e.g., Tot al
super- st ruct ure cost ) or elem ent s of a cat egory ( e.g., Fram e, et c.) wit h
your unit cost .
I f you specify t he unit cost for any elem ent in a cat egory, t his suppresses all
ot her elem ent s in t hat sam e cat egory, but does not affect ot her cat egories. For
exam ple, if you specify t he unit cost for t he Floor elem ent in t he Tot al super-
st ruct ure cat egory, all ot her elem ent s in t hat cat egory are set t o zero cost - - if
you want t o generat e a cost for t he St air elem ent , t hen you m ust specify a unit
cost for t hat elem ent .
I f you specify a value for bot h a cat egory and one or m ore elem ent s in t hat
cat egory, t he cost s are not addit ive- only t he unit cost specified for t he
cat egory is used and t he elem ent s are ignored.
Cost s are split bet ween m at erial and labor according t o percent ages in t he
int ernal ( syst em default s) or in t he ext ernal ( Adm in ist r a t or specified) file.
The split for t he int ernal t able varies from a high of 62% t o a low of 38% for
26-2 2 6 Bu ildin gs ( G6 )
m at erial. Building over head and profit ar e separat ely specifiable for each
building t ype.
The fields Explosion Pressure, Foundat ion Type, and Roof Type have no effect
on t he design and cost of t he building; t hey are included for inform at ional
purposes only.
Fie ld D e scr ipt ion s:

Gr oss floor a r e a : Default : calculat ed from lengt h, widt h, height , num ber of
levels, and building t ype.
Bu ildin g t ype : see Building Types earlier in t his chapt er.
Bu ildin g h e igh t : Default : det erm ined from num ber of levels and
building t ype.
N u m be r of le ve ls: Default : calculat ed from lengt h, widt h, height , area, and
building t ype.
Ex plosion ga u ge pr e ssu r e : For cont rol buildings only, design pressure for
explosion resist ance. Default : * 0.0* PSI G; MAX: 30.0 PSI G.
Ele ct r ica l loa d: W/ SF
Tot a l cost a dj u st m e n t sym bol: I nvokes eit her t he built- in syst em values for
a Medium it em ( blank or M) , a down- adj ust m ent ( L) , an up- adj ust m ent ( H or
V) , or suppresses t he default cost s ( —) .
( blank) Syst em Default s
—No Syst em Default s, user dat a only
L - Low adj ust m ent for syst em default s ( range varies from 45- 98% of M)
M - Medium adj ust m ent for syst em default s ( t he default value= 100% )
H - High adj ust m ent for syst em default s ( range varies from 106- 216% of M)
V - Very high adj ust m ent for syst em default s ( range varies from 159- 324%
of M)
Fou n da t ion t ype :
* NORMAL* - Spread foot ings.
PI ERS- 10 FEET [ 3M] deep piers t o foot ings.
PI LES- Floors on piles
Roof t ype:
* FLAT* - Flat roof.
TRUSS- Truss roof.
SAW- Saw t oot h roof.
La bor a dj u st m e n t r e qu ir e d: When calculat ing t he labor hours and cost s t o
report , t he syst em can t ake a variet y of param et ers int o account : wage rat e in
ext ernal file or in proj ect ; t im e and currency difference bet ween ext ernal file
and proj ect ; user m anhour indexing and product ivit y adj ust m ent s. Specify in
t his field which of t hese t o t ake int o account . I f you are using an ext ernal file,
it is best t o select YES.
* YES* - Adj ust labor cost by syst em rat e, product ivit y; use ext ernal file
wage rat es.
2 6 Bu ildin gs ( G6 ) 26-3
NO- No adj ust m ent of labor cost .
Tot a l su bst r u ct u r e cost : foundat ion cost per unit area.
Tot a l su pe r st r u ct u r e cost : ent er eit her t ot al super- st ruct ure or individual
st ruct ure com ponent cost for t he following:
° Ext erior door and window
° Ext erior wall
° Floor
° Fram e
° I nt door and w indow
° Roof
St air int ernal t able varies from a high of 62% t o a low of 38% for m at erial.
Building overhead and profit are separat ely specifiable for each building t ype.
Tot a l in t e r ior fin ish cost : ent er eit her t ot al int er nal finish cost or individual
finish com ponent cost .
Tot a l fit t in g a n d fu r n it u r e cost : ent er eit her t ot al fit t ings, furnit ure cost .
Tot a l se r v ice s cost : ent er eit her t ot al services cost or individual service
com ponent cost .
Ov e r h e a d a n d Pr ofit : ent er t ot al overhead and profit cost .
26-4 2 6 Bu ildin gs ( G6 )
2 6 Bu ildin gs ( G6 )
Bu ildin g Type s a n d D e fa u lt s
SH OP OFFI CE COM PR CAFE W ARE CON TRL GARAGE LAB CLOSED SAN TRY EX I ST SH ELL W AGE YEAR
ELECTRI CAL UNI T LOAD 4 5 4 2 0.5 4 0.5 5 1 1 1 1
SUBSTRUCTURE TOTAL 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.12 1998
SUBSTRUCTURE TOTAL 21.05 31.17 24.88 26.88 18.69 31.56 19.69 32.09 21.05 30.59 21.05 21.05 19.12 1998
- Fram e 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.12 1998
- Floor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.12 1998
- Roof 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.12 1998
- St airs 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.12 1998
- Ext ernal Walls 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.12 1998
- Ext ernal Doors & Windows 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.12 1998
- Ext ernal Doors & Windows 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.12 1998
I NTERNAL FI NI SH TOTAL 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.12 1998
- Wall Finishes 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.12 1998
- Floor Finishes 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.12 1998
- Ceiling Finishes 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.12 1998
FI TTI NG & FURNI SHI NG TOTAL 12.71 15.21 12.17 15.21 12.17 18.25 12.17 48.67 12.17 17.69 12.17 12.17 18.64 1998
SERVI CE TOTAL 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 21.33 1998
- Air Condit ioning 4.40 6.95 4.40 6.95 4.40 7.41 4.40 7.41 4.40 6.95 4.40 4.40 20.77 1998
- Light ing and Elect rical 5.47 8.11 8.11 5.68 3.19 8.11 5.68 8.11 5.68 8.11 5.68 5.68 22.59 1998
- Heat ing/ Vent ilat ion 2.78 3.00 2.78 3.00 2.78 3.00 2.78 3.00 2.78 3.00 2.78 2.78 21.64 1998
- Plum bing & Fixt ures 3.79 5.10 3.67 5.10 3.67 5.10 3.67 5.60 4.51 5.10 4.51 4.51 20.31 1998
- Fire Prot ect ion 1.87 1.87 1.87 1.37 1.87 1.87 1.87 1.87 1.37 1.87 1.37 1.37 21.36 1998
- Lift I nst allat ion 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 22.59 1998
- Securit y I nst allat ion 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 22.59 1998
- Special I nst allat ion 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 18.64 1998
- Builders Work 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 18.64 1998
OVERHEAD AND PROFI T 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 1998
26-5
D e fa u lt floor H e igh t s/ Le ve ls
Bu ildin g Type Type Sym bol H e igh t pe r Floor or Le ve l
FEET M
Cafet eria CAFE 12.0 3.5
Enclosed Building CLOSED 20.0 6.0
Com pressor Building COMPR 20.0 6.0
Cont rol Room CONTRL 10.0 3.0
Exist ing Building EXI ST 20.0 6.0
Garage GARAGE 15.0 4.5
Laborat ory LAB 10.0 3.0
Office Building OFFI CE 10.0 3.0
Sanit ary Enclosed SANTRY 20.0 6.0
Building Shell* SHELL 20.0 6.0
Shop SHOP 20.0 6.0
Warehouse WARE 20.0 6.0
Bu ildin g Con st r u ct ion Ra n ge

Adj u st m e n t
Adj ust m e n t Con st r u ct ion Fr a m e Roof W a lls Floor s Finishe s
Sym bol Type
L Pre- Fabricat ed Light St eel Light St eel Transit e Concret e Minim um
or m et al
sheet
M Pre- fabricat ed Medium Concret e Concret e Concret e Average
st eel fram e walls or
and t russes good
brick
H Cust om Heavy Concret e Face Concret e Expensive
designed st eel, brick on
heavy concret e
sidings block
26-6 2 6 Bu ildin gs ( G6 )
Ca lcu la t in g Bu ildin g Cost s a n d
La bor
When calculat ing t he cost of a building, t he syst em uses eit her t he int ernal file
condit ions or t hose specified in t he ext ernal file. I f t he ext er nal file is used, t he
syst em first reads in t hat file, t hen:
• Convert s all t he cost s in t he ext ernal file t o t he currency of t he proj ect base count ry
locat ion using t he Currency Conversion in t he ext ernal file.
• Escalat es t hese t o t he sam e t im e point as t he cost base of t he syst em using t he
yearly cost indices by count ry locat ion, by m aj or account . A sum m ary of t hese is
report ed in t he “ Release Not es” for each version.
• Convert s t hese int o t he report ing currency unit s for t he current proj ect using t he
Conversion Rat e specified in t he proj ect .
This allow s you t o use an ext ernal file built using any currency and at any dat e
known t o t he syst em ( see Chapt er 33, “ Base I ndices” ) in a proj ect wit h any
report ing currency. For analyt ical purposes, you m ay want t o Year in t he
ext ernal file t o be t he sam e as t he base year of your syst em t o allow you t o
t race your num bers t hrough a com plet e com put at ion.
I n or der t o calculat e t he var ious hour s and cost s, t he syst em m ust first adj ust
all it em s t o be at t he sam e basis: sam e currency and sam e t im e point . The
cost s for each elem ent and/ or cat egory are calculat ed accor ding t o t he
m et hodologies indicat ed in Figure 1 ( “ How Building Cost s are Calculat ed Using
t he Ext er nal File” - general procedures t hat focus on adj ust ing for currency and
t im e differences) ; Figure 2 ( “ How Building Mat erial Cost s ar e Calculat ed Using
t he Ext ernal File” ) ; and Figure 3 ( “ How Building Labor Hours & Cost s are
Calculat ed Using t he Ext ernal File” ) . The following generalizat ions are
im por t ant :
• The crit ical it em t o underst and is t hat it is necessary for t he syst em t o m ove all
cost s t o t he sam e currency ( one of t he t hree known t o t he syst em : USD, PS or KY)
and t o t he sam e t im e point ( SBI is t he t im e at which all t he syst em - generat ed cost s
are valid) . Because of t his, you m ust t horoughly underst and t he escalat ion
concept s used by t he syst em ( SBI , UBI and EI ) and be very consist ent in your use
of dat es and parit y rat es valid at t hose dat es.
• I t follows from t his t hat it is very im port ant for you t o ent er at least t he UBI for
your proj ect .
• When used wit h syst em s where t hese escalat ion concept s do not apply, or if you do
not use t hem in Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or, it is im port ant t o appreciat e pot ent ial
t im e- based discrepancies bet ween user- ent ered num bers t hat are valid “ now” and
t hose com put ed by t he syst em t hat are valid at t he base year of t he syst em being
used.
• I t is usually best t o let t he syst em pick t he unit cost s based on your input s and set
Labor adj ust = YES.
• Since t he num bers in t he ext ernal file are always adj ust ed t o t he year of t he current
version, t he final num bers report ed are rarely, if ever, t he sam e as t hose ent ered in
t he ext ernal file.
2 6 Bu ildin gs ( G6 ) 26-7
Figu r e 1
26-8 2 6 Bu ildin gs ( G6 )
Figu r e 2
26-9 2 6 Bu ildin gs ( G6 )
Figu r e 3
2 6 Bu ildin gs ( G6 ) 26-10
2 6 Bu ildin gs ( G6 ) 26-11
26-12 2 6 Bu ildin gs ( G6 )
2 7 Qu ot e d Equ ipm e n t a n d
Libr a r ie s ( G6 )

I nt roduct ion
Quot ed Equipm ent
User Libraries
2 7 Qu ot e d Equ ipm e n t a n d Libr a r ie s ( G6 ) 27-1

I n t r odu ct ion
There are t wo m et hods for specifying specialt y it em s or it em s not included in
syst em :
• Quot ed equipm ent
• User libraries
Qu ot e d Equ ipm e n t
Quot ed equipm ent it em s can be used for unique, special, non- st andard and
propriet ary t ypes of process equipm ent . Since quot ed equipm ent it em s are
unknown t o t he syst em , an account code m ust be provided when ent ering
t he quot e.
I f you ent er a COA t hat is know n t o t he syst em as one cont aining “ rot at ing
equipm ent ” ( COAs 150- 179 and 220- 229) , t hen t he syst em calculat es an
allowance for spares and adds it t o COA 107. This does not happen if you are
using your own com plet e COA set in a proj ect .
Use r Libr a r ie s
User libraries are m eant t o hold your im port ant personalized cost dat a. There
are t wo kinds of libraries:
• Un it Cost Libr a r y - Holds inform at ion relat ed t o m at erial and labor cost s
( per unit quant it y) for equipm ent , bulks or indirect s.
• Equ ipm e n t M ode l Libr a r y ( EM L) - Holds inform at ion relat ed t o t he
process equipm ent . You can st ore cost vs. capacit y dat a for special kinds of
process equipm ent .
You can add Piping and I nst rum ent at ion draw ings t o t he EML in Aspen
Capit al Cost Est im at or. For inst ruct ions, see “ Tut orial: Assigning Default
P&I Ds t o User Ent ered Equipm ent ” on page 10- 20 of t he Aspen Capit al
Cost Est im at or User ’s Guide.
I f your library requirem ent s are ext ensive, you should consider building
several libraries, placing like it em s in t he sam e library. All it em s in a library
share t he sam e currency basis and are conver t ed as appropriat e when added
t o a proj ect .
27-2 2 7 Qu ot e d Equ ipm e n t a n d Libr a r ie s ( G6 )

2 8 M a t e r ia l Se le ct ion s ( G1 0 )

ASME Design Code - Plat e Mat erials
ASME Ferr ous Plat e Mat erials - Car bon St eel
ASME Ferr ous Plat e Mat erials - Heat Treat ed St eel
ASME Ferr ous Plat e Mat erials - Low Alloy St eel
ASME Ferr ous Plat e Mat erials - High Alloy St eel
ASME Non- Ferrous Plat e Mat erials
ASME Design Code - Clad Plat e Mat erials
ASME Design Code - Tube Mat erials
ASME Ferr ous Tube Mat er ials - Carbon St eel
ASME Ferr ous Tube Mat er ials - Low Alloy St eel
ASME Ferr ous Tube Mat er ials - High Alloy St eel
ASME Non- Ferrous Tube Mat erials
BS Design Code - Plat e Mat erials
BS Ferrous Plat e Mat erials - Carbon St eel
BS Ferrous Plat e Mat erials - Heat Treat ed St eel
BS Ferrous Plat e Mat erials - Low Alloy St eel
BS Ferrous Plat e Mat erials - High Alloy St eel
BS Non- Ferrous Plat e Mat erials
BS Design Code - Clad Plat e Mat erials
BS Design Code - Tube Mat erials
BS Ferrous Tube Mat erials - Carbon St eel
BS Ferrous Tube Mat erials - Heat Treat ed St eel
BS Ferrous Tube Mat erials - Low Alloy St eel
BS Ferrous Tube Mat erials - High Alloy St eel
BS Non- Ferrous Tube Mat erials
JI S Design Code - Plat e Mat erials
JI S Ferrous Plat e Mat erials - Carbon St eel
JI S Fer rous Plat e Mat erials - Heat Treat ed St eel
JI S Ferrous Plat e Mat erials - Low Alloy St eel
2 8 M a t e r ia l Se le ct ion s ( G1 0 ) 28-1
JI S Ferrous Plat e Mat erials - High Alloy St eel
JI S Non- Ferrous Plat e Mat erials
JI S Design Code - Clad Plat e Mat er ials
JI S Design Code - Tube Mat erials
JI S Ferrous Tube Mat erials - Carbon St eel
JI S Ferrous Tube Mat erials - Low Alloy St eel
JI S Ferrous Tube Mat erials - High Alloy St eel
JI S Non- Ferrous Tube Mat erials
DI N Design Code - Plat e Mat erials
DI N Ferrous Plat e Mat erials - Carbon St eel
DI N Ferrous Plat e Mat erials - Heat Tr eat ed St eel
DI N Ferrous Plat e Mat erials - Low Alloy St eel
DI N Ferrous Plat e Mat erials - High Alloy St eel
DI N Non- Ferrous Plat e Mat erials
DI N Design Code - Clad Plat e Mat erials
DI N Design Code - Tube Mat erials
DI N Ferrous Tube Mat erials - Car bon St eel
DI N Ferrous Tube Mat erials - Low Alloy St eel
DI N Ferrous Tube Mat erials - High Alloy St eel
DI N Non- Ferrous Tube Mat erials
EN 13445 Design Code - Plat e Mat erials
EN Fer rous Plat e Mat erials - Carbon St eels
EN Fer rous Plat e Mat erials - Low Alloy St eels
EN Fer rous Plat e Mat erials - High Alloy St eels
EN 13445 Design Code - Tube Mat erials
EN Ferrous Tube Mat erials - Carbon St eels
EN Ferrous Tube Mat erials - Low Alloy St eels
EN Ferrous Tube Mat erials - High Alloy St eels
GB 150 Design Code - Plat e Mat erials
GB 150 Plat e Mat erials - Carbon St eels
GB 150 Plat e Mat erials - Low Alloy St eels
GB 150 Plat e Mat erials - High Alloy St eels
GB 150 Design Code - Tube Mat erials
GB 150 Tube Mat erials - Carbon St eels
GB 150 Tube Mat erials - Low Alloy St eels
GB 150 Tube Mat erials - High Alloy St eels
Lining Mat erials
Brick: Acid- Resist ant Applied Over Mem brane- Lined Carbon St eel
28-2 2 8 M a t e r ia l Se le ct ion s ( G1 0 )
Brick: Firebrick
Monolit hic Lining
Abrasion Resist ant Linings: Replaceable
Linings: Organic, Glass, Met allic
Cast ing Mat erials
Packing Mat erials
ASM E D e sign Code - Pla t e

M a t e r ia ls
ASM E Fe r r ou s Pla t e M a t e r ia ls - Ca r bon St e e l
ASTM D e scr ipt ion a nd Syst e m I n t e r n a l Pr e ssur e Ex t e r na l Pr e ssur e
Spe c N om ina l Com posit ion M a t e r ia l M a x im u m Te m p. M a x im um Te m p.
( Gr a de ) F C F C
A- 36 ( St ruct ural St eel) A 36 650 343 900 482
A- 283 Low and int erm ediat e A 283C 650 343 900 482
( c) st rengt h carbon st eel
plat es of st ruct ural
qualit y
A- 285 Low and int erm ediat e A 285 or 900 482 900 482
( C) st rengt h carbon st eel A 285 C
plat es for pressure or CS
vessels
A- 299 Carbon- m anganese- A 299 1000 537 900 482
silicon st eel plat es for
plat es for pressure
vessels
A- 455 Pressure vessel plat es, A 455 650 343 650 343
( A) carbon st eel, high
st rengt h m anganese
A- 515 Carbon st eel plat es for A 515 1000 537 900 482
( 70) pressure vessels for
int erm ediat e and higher
t em perat ure service:
C- Si
( 70) pressure vessels for
m oderat e and lower
t em perat ure service -
C- Si
pressure vessels for low
t em perat ure service
C- Mn- Si
na = Mat erial not select able for vacuum design
ASM E Fe r r ou s Pla t e M a t e r ia ls - H e a t Tr e a t e d
St e e l
( Gr a de ) F C F C
A- 353 Nine percent nickel alloy A353 250 121 900 484
st eel plat es, double
norm alized and
t em pered for pressure
vessels:
9Ni
A- 553 Eight and nine percent A553 250 121 900 484
nickel alloy st eel plat es,
( Type 1) quenched and
t em pered, for pressure
vessels:
9Ni
A- 517 High st rengt h alloy st eel
plat es, quenched and
vessels:
( A) Cr- Mn- Si A517A 650 343 650 343
( B) Cr- Mn- Si A517B 650 343 650 343
( E) Cr- Mn- Si A517E 650 343 650 343
( F) Cr- Mn- Si A517F 650 343 650 343
ASM E Fe r r ou s Pla t e M a t e r ia ls - Low Alloy
St e e l
ASTM D e scr ipt ion a nd Syst e m I n t e r n a l Pr e ssur e Ex t e r n a l Pr e ssur e
Spe c N om in a l M a t e r ia l M a x im u m Te m p. M a x im um Te m p.
( Gr a de ) Com posit ion F C F C
A- 202 Chrom ium -
m anganese- silicon
alloy st eel plat es for
pressure vessels
( A) A202A 1000 537 900 482
( B) A 202 1000 537 900 482
or
A202B
A- 203 Nickel alloy st eel
vessels:
( A) 2.5Ni A203A 1000 537 900 482
( B) 2.5Ni A203B 1000 537 900 482
( D) 3.5Ni A203D 1000 537 900 482
( E) 3.5Ni A203E 1000 537 900 482
A- 204 Molybdenum alloy
st eel plat es for
pressure vessels:
( A) C- .5Mo A204A 1000 537 900 482
( B) C- .5Mo A204B 1000 537 900 482
( C) C- .5Mo A 204 1000 537 900 482
or A204C
A- 302 Manganese-
m olybdenum and
m anganese-
m olybdenum - nickel
pressure vessels:
( A) Mn- .5Mo A302A 1000 537 900 482
( B) Mn- .5Mo A 302 1000 537 900 482
or
( C) Mn- .5Mo- Ni A302B 1000 537 900 482
( D) Mn- .5Mo- Ni A302C 1000 537 900 482
A302D
- cont inued on next page -
ASM E Fe r r ou s Pla t e M a t e r ia ls - Low Alloy St e e l - cont inued
ASTM D e scr ipt ion a nd Syst e m I nt e r na l Pr e ssur e Ex t e r na l Pr e ssur e
Spe c N om in a l M a t e r ia l M a x im um Te m p. M a x im u m Te m p.
( Gr a de ) Com posit ion F C F C
A- 387 Pressure vessel plat es,
alloy st eel, chrom ium -
m olybdenum :
( 2 CL 1) .5Cr- .5Mo A387A 1000 537 900 482
( 2 CL 2) .5Cr- .5Mo A387G 1000 537 900 482
( 12 CL 1) 1Cr- .5Mo A387B 1200 648 900 482
( 12 CL 2) 1Cr- .5Mo A387H 1200 648 900 482
( 11 CL 1) 1.25Cr- .5Mo- Si A387C 1200 648 900 482
( 11 CL 2) 1.25Cr- .5Mo- Si A387J 1200 648 900 482
( 22 CL 1) 2.25Cr- 1Mo A387D 1200 648 900 482
( 22 CL 2) 2.25Cr- 1Mo A387K 1200 648 900 482
( 21 CL 1) 3Cr- 1Mo A387E 1200 648 900 482
( 21 CL 2) 3Cr- 1Mo A387L 1200 648 900 482
5Cr- .5Mo A387F 1200 648 900 482
5Cr- .5Mo A387M 1200 648 900 482
A- 533 Manganese-
m olybdenum and
m anganese-
alloy st eel plat es,
quenched and
t em pered, for
pressure vessels:
( A CL 1) C- Mn- Mo A533A 1000 537 650 343
( B CL 1) C- Mn- Mo- Ni A533B 800 426 650 343
( C CL 1) C- Mn- Mo- Ni A533C 800 426 650 343
ASM E Fe r r ou s Pla t e M a t e r ia ls - H igh Alloy
St e e l
( Gr a de ) F C F C
A- 240 Chrom ium and
chrom ium - nickel
st ainless st eel plat e,
sheet , and st rip for
fusion- welded unfired
pressure vessels:
( 304L) 18Cr - 8Ni 304L 1200 648 1200 648f
( 304) 18Cr - 8Ni SS304 1500 815 1200 648
( or SS)
( 316L) 16Cr - 12Ni - 2Mo 316L 850 454 800 426
( 316) 16Cr - 12Ni - 2Mo SS316 1500 815 1200 648
( 316Ti) 16Cr - 12Ni - 2Mo-Ti 316TI 1500 815 1200 648
( 317) 18Cr - 10Ni - 3Mo SS317 1500 815 1200 648
( 321) 18Cr - 10Ni - Ti SS321 1500 815 1200 648
( 347) 18Cr - 10Ni - Cb SS347 1500 815 1200 648
( 348) 18Cr - 10Ni - Cb SS348 1500 815 1200 648
( 648) 20 Cr - 18 Ni - 6 Mo SS6MO 1382 750 1200 648
( 2205) Duplex
22Cr - 5Ni - 3Mo S2205 600 315 650 343
( 410) 13Cr SS410 1200 648 900 482
( 430) 17Cr SS430 1200 648 1200 648
ASM E N on - Fe r r ou s Pla t e M a t e r ia ls
( Gr a de ) F C F C
B- 209 Alum inum - alloy sheet
and plat e:
( 1100) Al A1100 400 204 400 204
( 3003) Al A3003 400 204 400 204
( 5052) Al A5052 400 204 400 204
( 5083) Al A5083 150 66 150 66
( 5086) Al A5086 150 66 150 66
( 6061) Al A6061 204 204 400 204
B- 171 Copper and copper
alloys - Naval brass
( 464) CA464 400 204 350 177
B- 11 Copper plat es for
locom ot ive fireboxes
( 110) Cu CU or 400 204 150 66
CA110
B- 96 Copper- silicon alloy
plat e and sheet for
pressure vessels:
( 655) Cu - Zn CA655 350 176 350 176
B- 152 Copper sheet , st rip,
plat e, and rolled bar:
( 122) Cu CA122 400 204 150 66
B- 171 Copper- nickel alloy plat e
and sheet for pressure
vessels:
( 715) Cu - Ni 70/ 30 CA715 700 371 700 371
na = m at erial not select able for vacuum design
ASM E N on - Fe r r ou s Pla t e M a t e r ia ls - cont inued
( Gr a de ) F C F C
B- 333 Hast elloy:
( B) Ni - Mo HAST or 800 426 800 426
HASTB
B- 575 Hast elloy:
( C- 276) Ni - Mo - Cr HASTC 1000 537 1000 537
B- 409 Specificat ion for nickel-
iron- chrom ium alloy
plat e, sheet , and st rip:
( 800) Ni - Fe - Cr I 800 1500 815 800 426
B- 424 Nickel- iron- chrom ium -
m olybdenum - copper
alloy plat e, sheet , and
st rip:
( 825) Ni - Fe - Cr - Mo - Cu I 825 1000 537 700 371
B- 463 Carpent er 20 alloy plat e,
sheet and st rip:
( 20Cb) Cr- Ni- Fe- Mo- Cu- Cb C 20 800 426 800 426
B- 168 Nickel- chrom ium - iron
st rip,
( 600) I nconel: I NCNL 1200 648 800 426
Ni - Cr - Fe or
I 600
B- 162 Nickel plat e, sheet , and
st rip:
( 200) Ni NI or 600 315 600 315

NI 200 600 315 600 315
( 201) Ni- Low C NI 201 1200 648 1000 537
B- 127 Nickel- copper alloy
( 400) Ni - Cu MONEL 900 482 800 426
or
M400
B- 265 Tit anium and t it anium
alloy st rip, sheet , and
plat e:
( 1) Ti TI 35A 600 315 600 315
( 2) Ti Tl 600 315 600 315
or
TI 50A 600 315 600 315
ASM E D e sign Code - Cla d Pla t e
M a t e r ia ls
M a t e r ia l Cla ssifica t ion Gr a de Syst e m
D e scr ipt ion* M a t e r ia l
Sym bol
Ve sse l Ba se ( Ba ck ing
M a t e r ia l) * *
ASTM A- 285 C A285C
ASTM A- 285 B A204B
A- 204 C A204C
A- 515 70 A 515
A- 516 70 A 516
A- 387 12 CL 1 A387B
A- 387 12 CL 2 A387H
A- 387 11 CL 1 A387C
A- 387 11 CL 2 A387J
A- 387 22 CL 1 A387D
A- 387 22 CL 2 A387K
Cla ddin g M a t e r ia l ( Pr oce ss
Side )
St ainless st eel t ype 304 SS304
304L 304L
316 SS316
316L 316L
321 SS321
347 SS347
410 SS410
430 SS430
Nickel alloy 200 NI 200
201 NI 201
Monel 400 MONEL
I nconel 600 I NCNL
Ni- Fe- Cr 800 I 800
Ni- Fe- Cr- Mo- Cu 825 I 825
Carpent er 20 20Cb C 20
Tit anium 2 Ti
Hast elloy B B HASTB
Hast elloy C C- 276 HASTC
* See Plat e Mat erials ( ASME Code) for furt her m at erial descript ions.
* * Only t hese base m at erials m ay be used w it h t he above list of cladding
m at erials.
No ot her com binat ion m ay be select ed.
ASM E D e sign Code - Tu be
M a t e r ia ls
ASM E Fe r r ou s Tu be M a t e r ia ls - Ca r bon St e e l
ASTM D e scr ipt ion a nd Syst e m I nternal Ex t e r n a l
Syst e m
Spe c N om ina l Com posit ion M a t e r ia lSym b Pr e ssur e Pr e ssur e D e fa ult
( Gr a de ) ol M a x im u m M a x im u Tube she e t
Te m p. m Te m p. M a t e r ia l
F C F C ( Pla t e )
A- 179 Seam less cold- drawn
low- carbon st eel heat
exchanger and CS ( seam less) 900 482 900 482 A285C
condenser t ubes. A 179 900 482 900 482 A285C
A- 192 Seam less carbon st eel
boiler t ubes for high-
pressure service A 192 1000 537 900 482 A 515
A- 210 Seam less m edium
carbon st eel boiler and
superheat er t ubes
( A- 1) A210A 1000 537 900 482 A515
( C) A210C 1000 537 900 482 A515

A- 214 Elect ric- resist ance-
welded carbon st eel
heat exchanger and CS ( welded) 1000 537 900 482 A515
condenser t ubes
A 214
1000 537 900 482 A515
t ubes for low
( 1) t em perat ure service A334A 700 371 700 371 A 442
( 6) A334B 700 371 700 371 A 442
ASM E Fe r r ou s Tu be M a t e r ia ls - Low Alloy
St e e l
ASTM D e scr ipt ion a nd Syst e m I n t e r n a l Ex t e r na l Syst e m
Spe c N om ina l M a t e r ia l Pr e ssur e Pr e ssu r e D e fa ult
( Gr a de ) Com posit ion Sym bol M a x im u m M a x im u m Tube she e t
Te m p. Te m p. M a t e r ia l
F C F C ( Pla t e )

int erm ediat e alloy
st eel heat exchanger
and condenser t ubes:
( T11) 1.25Cr - .5Mo - Si A199C 1200 648 900 482 A387C

( T22) 2.5Cr - 1Mo A199D 1200 648 900 482 A387D
( T21) 3Cr - .9Mo A199E 1200 648 900 482 A387E
( T5) 5Cr - .5Mo A199F 1200 648 900 482 A387F
A- 209 Seam less carbon-
m olybdenum alloy
st eel boiler and
superheat er t ubes:
( T1) C - .5Mo A 209 1000 537 900 482 A 204

( T1A) C - .5Mo A209A 1000 537 900 482 A 204
( T1B) C - .5Mo A209B 1000 537 900 482 A 204
A- 213 Seam less ferrit ic and
aust enit ic alloy st eel
boiler, superheat er,
and heat exchanger
t ubes:
( T2) .5Cr - .5Mo A213A 1000 537 900 482 A387A
( T12) 1Cr - .5Mo A213B 1200 648 900 482 A387B
( T11) 1.25Cr - .5Mo - Si A213C 1200 648 900 482 A387C
( T22) 2.25Cr - 1Mo A213D 1200 648 900 482 A387D
( T21) 3Cr - .9Mo A213E 1200 648 900 482 A387E
( T5) 5Cr - .5Mo A213F 1200 648 900 482 A387F
ASM E Fe r r ou s Tu be M a t e r ia ls - H igh Alloy
St e e l
ASTM D e scr ipt ion a nd Syst e m I nternal Ex t e r na l Syst e m
Spe c N om ina l M a t e r ia l Pr e ssu r e Pr e ssu r e D e fa ult
F C F C ( Pla t e )
A- 213 Seam less Ferrit ic

and aust enit ic alloy
st eel boiler,
superheat er, and
heat exchanger
t ubes:
TP304 18Cr - 8Ni 304S 1500 815 1000 537 SS304
( or SS)
TP304L 18Cr - 8Ni 304LS 1200 648 1200 648 304L
TP316 16Cr - 12Ni - 2Mo 316S 1500 815 1000 537 SS316
TP316L 16Cr - 12Ni - 2Mo 316LS 850 454 850 454 316L
TP321 18Cr - 10Ni - Ti 321S 1500 815 1000 537 SS321
TP347 18Cr - 10Ni - Cb 347S 1500 815 1000 537 SS347
A- 249 Welded aust enit ic
st eel boiler
superheat er, heat
exchanger, and
condenser t ubes:
TP304 18Cr - 8Ni 304W 1500 815 1000 537 SS304
TP304L 18Cr - 8Ni 304LW 1200 648 1200 648 SS304
TP316 16Cr - 12Ni - 2Mo 316W 1500 815 1000 537 SS316
TP316L 16Cr - 12Ni - 2Mo 316LW 850 454 815 426 316L
TP321 18Cr - 10Ni - Ti 321W 1500 815 1000 537 SS321
TP347 18Cr - 10Ni - Ti 347W 1500 815 1000 537 SS347
A- 268
TP410 Seam less t ubes 410S 1200 648 900 482 SS410
13C
TP410 Welded t ubes 410W 1200 648 900 482 SS410
13C
A- 789 Welded duplex
( S31803) aust enit ic st eel
t ubes:
22Cr - 5Ni - 3Mo 2205W 600 315 650 343 S2205
ASM E N on - Fe r r ou s Tu be
M a t e r ia ls
ASTM D e scr ipt ion a nd Syst e m I nternal Ex t e r na l Syst e m
Spe c N om ina l M a t e r ia l Pr e ssu r e Pr e ssu r e D e fa ult
F C F C ( Pla t e )
B- 111 Seam less copper

and copper alloy
t ubes for use in
surface condensers,
evaporat ors and
heat exchangers:
( 122) Cu CA122 400 204 150 66 A285C

( 687) Cu - Al CA687 450 232 150 66 A285C
( 706) Cu - Ni 90/ 10 CA706 600 315 150 66 A285C
( 715) Cu - Ni 70/ 30 CA715 700 371 100 37 A285C
Adm iralt y Brass
( 443) CA443 450 232 350 176 A285C
( 444) CA444 450 232 350 176 A285C
( 445) CA445 450 232 350 176 A285C
B- 163 Seam less cold-
drawn nickel t ubes
for general
corrosive service:
( 200) Ni NI 200 600 315 600 315 NI 200

( 201) Ni- Low C NI 201 1200 648 1000 537 NI 201
B- 163 Monel
( 400) Ni - Cu MONEL 800 426 800 426 MONEL
B- 163 I nconel
( 600) Ni - Cr - Fe I NCNL 1200 648 1000 537 I NCNL
or
I 600
B- 163 I ncoloy
( 800) Ni - Fe - Cr I 800 1500 815 1000 537 I 800
( 825) Ni - Fe - Cr - Mo - I 825 1000 537 700 371 I 825
Cu
B- 619 Hast elloy
( B) Ni - Mo HAST or 800 426 800 426 HASTB
HASTB
( C- 276) Ni - Mo - Cr HASTC 1000 537 800 426 HASTC
B- 468 Carpent er 20
( 20Cb) Cr - Ni - Fe - Mo - C 20 800 426 800 426 C 20
Cu - Cb
B- 338 Tit anium
( 2) Ti TI 50A 600 315 600 315 TI 50A
BS D e sign Code - Pla t e
M a t e r ia ls
BS Fe r r ou s Pla t e M a t e r ia ls - Ca r bon St e e l
BS* or D e scr ipt ion a nd Syst e m I n t e r n a l Pr e ssur e Ex t e r na l Pr e ssur e
ASTM N om ina l Com posit ion M a t e r ia l M a x im u m Te m p. M a x im um Te m p.
Spe c Sym bol F C F C
and
( Gr a de )
A-36 (Structural steel) A 36 650 343 - -
A- 283 Low and int erm ediat e

st rengt h carbon
154- st eel plat es of st ruct ural A 283C 622 327 na na
430* qualit y
A-285 Low and intermediate

strength carbon steel
plates for pressure
vessels
151- A 285 or 752 400 752 400
400* A 285C
or CS
161-
400*
A- 299 Carbon- m anganese-
silicon st eel plat es for
pressure vessels:
164- C - Mn - Si A 299 752 400 752 400
400*
carbon st eel, high
st rengt h m anganese
225- A 455 752 400 752 400

460*
A- 515 Carbon st eel plat es for
pressure vessels for
t em perat ure service: C -
224- A 515 752 400 725 400
Si
460*
A- 516 Carbon st eel plat es for
224- C - Si A 516 725 400 725 400
490*
BS Fe r r ou s Pla t e M a t e r ia ls - H e a t Tr e a t e d
St e e l
and
( Gr a de )
A- 353 Nine percent nickel alloy
st eel plat es, double
norm alized and
t em pered for pressure
vessels:
510N* 9Ni A 353 250 121 na na

A- 553 Eight and nine percent
nickel alloy st eel plat e,
quenched and
vessels:
510* 9Ni A 553 250 121 na na
A- 517 High st rengt h alloy st eel
plat es, quenched and
vessels:
( A) Cr - Mn - Si A517A 650 343 650 343

( B) Cr - Mn - Si A517B 650 343 650 343
( E) Cr - Mn - Si A517E 650 343 650 343
( F) Cr - Mn - Si A517F 650 343 650 343
BS Fe r r ou s Pla t e M a t e r ia ls - Low Alloy St e e l
and
( Gr a de )
A- 202 Chrom ium - m anganese-
silicon alloy st eel plat es
( A) for pressure vessels A202A 1000 537 900 482
( B) A 202 1000 537 900 482
or
A202B
A- 203 Nickel alloy st eel plat es
for pressure vessels:
( A) 2.5Ni A203A 1000 537 900 482
( B) 2.5Ni A203B 1000 537 900 482
( E) 3.5Ni A203E 1000 537 900 482
503* 3.5Ni A203D 122 50 122 50
A- 204 Molybdenum alloy st eel
vessels:
( C) C - .5Mo A 204 1000 537 900 482
240* C - .5Mo A204C 752 400 752 400

261* C - .5Mo A204A 752 400 752 400
A204B
A- 302 Manganese-
m olybdenum and
m anganese-
pressure vessels:
( A) Mn - .5Mo A302A 1000 537 900 482
( B) Mn - .5Mo A 302 1000 537 900 482
or
( C) Mn - .5Mo - Ni A302B 1000 537 900 482
( D) Mn - .5Mo - Ni A302C 1000 537 900 482
A302D
BS Fe r r ou s Pla t e M a t e r ia ls - Low Alloy St e e l
( con t in u e d)
BS* or D e scr ipt ion a nd Syst e m I nt e r na l Pr e ssur e Ex t e r na l Pr e ssur e
ASTM N om ina l M a t e r ia l M a x im um Te m p. M a x im u m Te m p.
Spe c Com posit ion Sym bol F C F C
and
( Gr a de )
A- 387 Pressure vessel
plat es, alloy st eel,
chrom ium -
m olybdenum :
( 2 CL 1) .5Cr - .5Mo A387A 842 450 842 450
( 2 CL 2) .5Cr - .5Mo A387G 842 450 842 450
620* 1Cr - .5Mo A387B 842 450 842 450

( 12 CL 2) 1Cr - .5Mo A387H 896 480 896 480
621* 1.25Cr - .5Mo - Si A387C 842 450 842 450

( 11 CL 2) 1.25Cr - .5Mo - Si A387J 896 480 896 480
622-
515* 2.25Cr - 1Mo A387D 842 450 842 450
( 22 CL 2) 2.25Cr - 1Mo A387K 896 480 896 480
( 21 CL 1) 3Cr - 1Mo A387E 896 480 896 480

( 21 CL 2) 3Cr - 1Mo A387L 896 480 896 480
( 5 CL 1) 5Cr - .5Mo A387F 896 480 896 480

( 5 CL 2) 5Cr - .5Mo A387M 896 480 896 480
A- 533 Manganese-
m olybdenum and
m anganese-
quenched and
t em pered, for
pressure vessels:
( A CL 1) C - Mn - Mo A533A 1000 537 650 343
( B CL 1) C - Mn - Mo - Ni A533B 800 426 650 343
( C CL 1) C - Mn - Mo - Ni A533C 800 426 650 343
BS Fe r r ou s Pla t e M a t e r ia ls - H igh Alloy St e e l
BS* or D e scr ipt ion a nd Syst e m I nt e r na l Pr e ssur e Ex t e r na l Pr e ssu r e
ASTM N om ina l M a t e r ia l M a x im um Te m p. M a x im u m Te m p.
Spe c a n d Com posit ion Sym bol F C F C
( Gr a de )
A- 240 Chrom ium and
chrom ium - nickel
pressure vessels:
( 317) 18Cr - 10Ni - 3Mo SS317 1292 700 1200 648
( 348) 18Cr - 10Ni - Cb SS348 1292 700 1200 648
318- S13* Duplex S2205 600 315 650 343

22Cr - 5Ni - 3Mo
( 410) 13Cr SS410 1200 648 900 482
( 430) 17Cr SS430 1200 648 1200 648
304- S31* 18Cr - 8Ni SS304 1292 700 1200 648

304- S11* 18Cr - 8Ni 304L 752 400 752 400
316- S31* 16Cr - 12Ni - 2Mo SS316 1292 700 1200 648
316- S11* 16Cr - 12Ni - 2Mo 316L 752 400 752 400
320- 517* 16Cr - 12Ni - 2Mo - Ti 316TI 1292 700 1200 648
321- S31* 18Cr - 10Ni - Ti SS321 1292 700 1200 648
347- S31* 18Cr - 10Ni - Cb SS321 1292 700 1200 648
BS N on - Fe r r ou s Pla t e M a t e r ia ls
and
( Gr a de )
1470* Alum inum - alloy sheet
and plat e:
( 1100) * Al A1100 400 204 na na
( 3003) * Al A3003 400 204 na na
( 5052) * Al A5052 400 204 na na
( 5083) * Al A5083 150 66 na na
( 5086) * Al A5086 150 66 na na
( 6061) * Al A6061 400 204 na na
B- 171 Copper and copper
alloys - Naval brass
( 464) CA464 400 204 200 93
B- 11 Copper plat es for
( 110) locom ot ive fireboxes:
Cu CU or 400 204 150 66
CA110
B- 96 Copper- silicon alloy
plat e and sheet for
pressure vessels:
( 655) Cu - Zn CA655 350 176 200 93
B- 152 Copper sheet , st rip,
plat e, and rolled bar:
( 122) Cu CA122 400 204 150 66
B- 171 Copper- nickel alloy plat e
and sheet for pressure
vessels:
( 715) Cu - Ni 70/ 30 CA715 700 371 200 93
BS N on - Fe r r ous Pla t e M a t e r ia ls ( cont in u e d)
and
( Gr a de )
B- 333 Hast elloy:
( B) Ni - Mo HAST or 800 426 800 426
HASTB
B- 575 Hast elloy:
( C- 276) Ni - Mo - Cr HASTC 1000 537 800 426
B- 409 Specificat ion for nickel-
iron- chrom ium alloy
( 800) Ni - Fe - Cr I 800 1292 700 800 426
m olybdenum - copper
st rip:
NA15* Ni- Fe- Cr- Mo- Cu I 825 500 260 400 204
sheet and st rip:
( 20Cb) Cr - Ni - Fe - Mo - Cu - C 20 800 426 800 426
Cb
B- 168 Nickel- chrom ium - iron
st rip:
( 600) Ni- Cr- Fe I NCNL 1200 648 800 426
or
I 600
st rip:
( 200) Ni NI or 600 315 600 315
( 201) Ni- Low C NI 200 600 315 600 315
NI 201 1200 648 800 426
B- 127 Nickel- copper alloy
( 400) Ni - Cu MONEL 900 482 800 426
or
M400
B- 265 Tit anium and t it anium
alloy st rip, sheet ,
( 1) Ti TI 35A 600 315 na na
( 2) Ti TI or 600 315 600 315
TI 50A 600 315 600 315
BS D e sign Code - Cla d Pla t e
M a t e r ia ls
M a t e r ia l Cla ssifica t ion Gr a de Syst e m
D e scr ipt ion M a t e r ia l
Sym bol
Vessel Base (Backing Material)**
161- 400 ASTM
A- 285 C A285C
261 A- 204 B A204B
A- 204 C A204C
224- 460 A- 515 70 A 515
224- 490 A- 516 70 A 516
620 A- 387 12 CL 1 A387B
620 A- 387 12 CL 2 A387H
621 A- 387 11 CL 1 A387C
621 A- 387 11 CL 2 A387J
622- 515 A- 387 22 CL 1 A387D
622- 515 A- 387 22 CL 2 A387K
Cladding Material (Process Side)
304- S31 304 SS304
304- S11 304L 304L
316- S31 316 SS316
316- S11 316L 316L
321- S31 321 SS321
347- S31 347 SS347
410 SS410
430 SS430
201 NI 201
Monel 400 MONEL
I nconel 600 I NCNL
Ni- Fe- Cr 800 I 800
Ni- Fe- Cr- Mo- Cu 825 I 825
Tit anium 2 TI
* See Plat e Mat erials ( BS Code) for furt her m at erial descript ions.
m at erials. No ot her com binat ion m ay be select ed.
BS D e sign Code - Tu be
M a t e r ia ls
BS Fe r r ou s Tu be M a t e r ia ls - Ca r bon St e e l
BS* D e scr ipt ion a nd Syst e m I n t e r n a l Ex t e r na l Syst e m
or ASTM N om ina l M a t e r ia l Pr e ssur e Pr e ssu r e D e fa ult
Spe c a n d Com posit ion Sym bol M a x im u m M a x im u m Tube she e t
( Gr a de ) ( Pla t e )
F C F C
exchanger and
condenser t ubes
320* A 179 752 400 752 400 A285C
pressure service
410* A 192 752 400 752 400 A 515
A- 210 Seam less m edium
carbon st eel boiler
and superheat er
t ubes
( A- 1) A210A 1000 537 900 482 A 515
( C) A210C 1000 537 900 482 A 515
A- 214 Elect ric- resist ance-
heat exchanger and
condenser t ubes
360* A 214 842 450 842 450 A 515
t ubes for low
410- LT50* t em perat ure service A334A 700 371 700 371 A 442
( 6) A334B 700 371 700 371 A 442
BS Fe r r ou s Tu be M a t e r ia ls - Low Alloy St e e l
BS* D e scr ipt ion a nd Syst e m I nt e r n a l Ex t e r na l Syst e m
or ASTM N om ina l M a t e r ia l Pr e ssu r e Pr e ssur e D e fa u lt
Spe c a n d Com posit ion Sym bol M a x im um M a x im um Tu be sh e e t
F C F C
( T11) 1.25Cr - .5Mo - Si A199C 1022 550 900 482 A387C
( T22) 2.5Cr - 1Mo A199D 1022 550 900 482 A387D
( T21) 3Cr - .9Mo A199E 1022 550 900 482 A387E
( T5) 5Cr - .5Mo A199F 1022 550 900 482 A387F
A- 209 Seam less carbon-
m olybdenum alloy
st eel boiler and
( T1) C - .5Mo A 209 1000 537 900 482 A 204

245- 450* C - .5Mo A209A 752 400 752 400 A 204
( T1B) C - .5Mo A209B 1000 537 900 482 A 204
A- 213 Seam less ferrit ic and
and heat exchanger
t ubes:
( T2) .5Cr - .5Mo A213A 1000 537 900 482 A387A

( T21) 3Cr - .9Mo A213E 1022 550 900 482 A387E
620- 460* 1Cr - .5Mo A213B 1022 550 900 482 A387B
620- 460* 1.25Cr - .5Mo - Si A213C 1022 550 900 482 A387C
622- 490* 2.25Cr - 1Mo A213D 1022 550 900 482 A387D
625- 450* 5Cr - .5Mo A213F 1022 550 900 482 A387F
BS Fe r r ou s Tu be M a t e r ia ls - H igh Alloy St e e l
BS* or D e scr ipt ion a nd Syst e m I n t e r n a l Ex t e r na l Syst e m
ASTM N om ina l M a t e r ia l Pr e ssur e Pr e ssu r e D e fa ult
Spe c a n d Com posit ion Sym bol M a x im u m M a x im u m Tube she e t
( Gr a de ) Te m p. Te m p. M a t e r ia l
F C F C ( Pla t e )
A-213 Seam less Ferrit ic

st eel boiler,
superheat er, and
heat exchanger
t ubes:
304- S18* 18Cr - 8Ni 304S 842 450 842 450 SS304
304- S14* 18Cr - 8Ni 304LS 752 400 752 400 304L
316- S18* 16Cr - 12Ni - 2Mo 316S 842 450 842 450 SS316
316- S14* 16Cr - 12Ni - 2Mo 316LS 842 450 800 426 316L
321- S18* 18Cr - 10Ni - Ti 321S 842 450 842 450 SS321
347- S18* 18Cr - 10Ni - Cb 347S 842 450 842 450 SS347
A- 249 Welded aust enit ic
st eel boiler
superheat er, heat
exchanger,
and condenser
t ubes:
304- S25* 18Cr - 8Ni 304W 842 450 842 450 SS304
304- S22* 18Cr - 8Ni 304LW 752 400 752 400 304L
316- S26* 16Cr - 12Ni - 2Mo 316W 842 450 842 450 SS316
316- S22* 16Cr - 12Ni - 2Mo 316LW 842 450 800 426 316L
321- S22* 18Cr - 10Ni - Ti 321W 842 450 842 450 SS321
347- S17* 18Cr - 10Ni - Cb 347W 842 450 842 450 SS347
A- 268
TP410 Seam less t ubes 410S 752 400 752 400 SS410
13 Cr
TP410 Welded t ubes 410W 752 400 752 400 SS410
13 Cr
aust enit ic st eel
( S31803) t ubes: 2205W 600 315 650 343 S2205
22Cr - 5Ni - 3Mo
BS N on - Fe r r ou s Tu be M a t e r ia ls
BS* or D e scr ipt ion a nd Syst e m I nt e r n a l Ex t e r na l Syst e m
ASTM N om ina l M a t e r ia l Pr e ssu r e Pr e ssur e D e fa u lt
F C F C ( Pla t e )
B- 111 Seam less copper and

copper alloy t ubes for
use in surface
condensers,
evaporat ors and heat
exchangers:
( 122) Cu CA122 400 204 150 66 A285C

( 687) Cu - Al CA687 450 230 200 93 A285C
( 708) Cu - Ni 90/ 10 CA706 600 315 150 66 A285C
( 715) Cu - Ni 70/ 30 CA715 700 371 200 93 A285C
( 443) Adm iralt y Brass CA443 450 232 200 93 A285C
( 444) CA444 450 232 200 93 A285C
( 445) CA445 450 232 200 93 A285C
B- 163 Seam less cold- drawn
nickel t ubes for
general corrosive
service:
( 200) Ni NI 200 600 315 600 315 NI 200

( 201) Ni - Low C NI 201 1200 648 800 426 NI 201
B- 163 Monel ( Seam less)
( 400) Ni - Cu MONEL 900 482 800 426 MONEL
B- 163 I nconel ( Welded)
( 600) Ni - Cr - Fe I NCNL 1200 648 800 426 I NCNL
or
I 600
B- 163 I ncoloy
( 800) Ni - Fe - Cr ( Welded) I 800 1292 700 800 426 I 800
( 825) Ni - Fe - Cr - Mo I 825 1000 537 500 260 I 825
- Cu ( Seam less)
B- 619 Hast elloy ( Welded)
HASTB
B- 468 Carpent er 20 ( Welded)
( 20Cb) Cr - Ni - Fe - Mo- Cu - C 20 800 426 800 426 C 20
Cb
B- 338 Tit anium ( Welded) TI 50A 600 315 600 315 TI 50A
( 2) Ti
JI S D e sign Code - Pla t e
M a t e r ia ls
JI S Fe r r ou s Pla t e M a t e r ia ls - Ca r bon St e e l
JI S* or D e scr ipt ion a nd N om ina l Syst e m I nternal Ex t e r na l
ASTM Com posit ion M a t e r ia l Pr e ssur e Pr e ssur e
Spe c a n d Sym bol M a x im u m Te m p.
( Gr a de ) D e gr e e s D e gr e e s
F C F C
G- 3101* ( st ruct ural st eel)
SS400* A 36 650 343 - -
G- 3106* Low and int erm ediat e st rengt h
carbon st eel plat es of st ruct ural
SM520C* qualit y A 283 C 662 350 na na
G- 3115* Low and int erm ediat e st rengt h
st eel plat es for pressure vessels
SPV355* A 285 or 662 350 662 350
A 285C or
CS
G- 3115* Carbon- m anganese- silicon st eel
plat es for pressure vessels:
SPV450* C - Mn - Si A 299 662 350 662 350
A- 455 Pressure vessel plat es, carbon
st eel, high st rengt h m anganese
( A) A 455 650 343 650 343
G- 3118* Carbon st eel plat es for pressure
vessels for int erm ediat e and
higher t em perat ure service
SGV480* C - Si A 515 662 350 662 350
G- 3126* Carbon st eel plat es for pressure
vessels for m oderat e and lower
SLA360* C - Si A 516 662 350 662 350
JI S Fe r r ou s Pla t e M a t e r ia ls - H e a t Tr e a t e d
St e e l
F C F C
G- 3127* Nine percent nickel alloy st eel
plat es, double norm alized and
t em pered for pressure vessels:
SL9N520* 9Ni A 353 392 200 na na
G- 3127* Eight and nine percent nickel alloy
st eel plat e, quenched and
t em pered, for pressure vessels:
SL9N590* 9Ni A 553 392 200 na na
A- 517 High st rengt h alloy st eel plat es,
quenched and t em pered, for
pressure vessels:
( A) Cr - Mn - Si A517A 650 343 650 343
( B) Cr - Mn - Si A517B 650 343 650 343
( E) Cr - Mn - Si A517E 650 343 650 343
( E) Cr - Mn - Si A517E 650 343 650 343
JI S Fe r r ou s Pla t e M a t e r ia ls - Low Alloy St e e l
JI S* or D e scr ipt ion a n d N om in a l Syst e m I nternal Ex t e r na l
F C F C
A- 202 Chrom ium - m anganese- silicon
alloy st eel plat es for pressure
vessels A202A 1000 537 900 482
( A)
( B) A 202 or 1000 537 900 482
A202B
G- 3127* Nickel alloy st eel plat es for
pressure vessels:
2.5Ni
SL2N255* 2.5Ni A203A 392 200 392 200
( B) 3.5Ni A203B 1000 537 900 482
SL3N255* 3.5Ni A203D 392 200 122 50
SL3N275* A203E 392 200 392 200
G- 3103* Molybdenum alloy st eel plat es
for pressure vessels:
SB450M* C - .5Mo A204A 1022 550 752 400
SB480M* C - .5Mo A204B 1022 550 752 400
( C) C - .5Mo A204 or 1000 537 900 482
A204C
G- 3119* Manganese- m olybdenum and
m anganese- m olybdenum - nickel
alloy st eel plat es for pressure
vessels:
SBV1A* Mn - .5Mo A302A 977 525 900 482

SBV1B* Mn - .5Mo A 302 1022 550 900 482
or A302B
SBV2* Mn - .5Mo - Ni A302C 1022 550 900 482
SBV2* Mn - .5Mo - Ni A302D 1022 550 900 482
JI S* or D e scr ipt ion a n d N om in a l Syst e m I nternal Ex t e r na l
F C F C
G- 4109* Pressure vessel plat es, alloy
st eel, chrom ium - m olybdenum :
SCMV1( A) * .5Cr - .5Mo A387A 1022 550 900 482

SCMV1( N) * .5Cr - .5Mo A387G 1022 550 900 482
SCMV2( A) * 1Cr - .5Mo A387B 1157 625 842 450

SCMV2( N) * 1Cr - .5Mo A387H 1157 625 842 450
SCMV3( A) * 1.25Cr - .5Mo - Si A387C 1157 625 896 480

SCMV3( N) * 1.25Cr - .5Mo - Si A387J 1157 625 896 480
SCMV4( A) * 2.25Cr - 1Mo A387D 1067 575 896 480

SCMV4( N) * 2.25Cr - 1Mo A387K 1067 575 896 480
SCMV5( A) * 3Cr - 1Mo A387E 1157 625 896 480

SCMV5( N) * 3Cr - 1Mo A387L 1157 625 896 480
SCMV6( A) * 5Cr - .5Mo A387F 1157 625 896 480

SCMV6( N) * Cr - .5Mo A387M 1157 625 896 480
G- 3120* Manganese- m olybdenum and
m anganese- m olybdenum - nickel
alloy st eel plat es, quenched and
SQV1A* C - Mn - Mo A533A 1022 550 na na

SQV2A* C - Mn - Mo- Ni A533B 797 425 na na
SQV3A* C - Mn - Mo- Ni A533C 797 425 na na
JI S Fe r r ou s Pla t e M a t e r ia ls - H igh Alloy
St e e l
F C F C
G- 4303* Chrom ium and chrom ium - nickel
G- 4304* st ainless st eel plat e, sheet , and
G- 4305* st rip for fusion- welded unfired
pressure vessels:
SUS304L* 18Cr - 8Ni 304L 797 425 752 400

SUS304* 18Cr - 8Ni SS304 1472 800 1200 648
SUS316L* 16Cr - 12Ni - 2Mo 316L 842 450 752 400

SUS316* 16Cr - 12Ni - 2Mo SS316 1472 800 1200 648
SUS316* 16Cr - 12Ni - 2Mo-Ti SS316TI 1472 800 1200 648
SUS317* 18Cr - 10Ni - 3Mo SS317 1472 800 1200 648

SUS321* 18Cr - 10Ni - Ti SS321 1472 800 1200 648
SUS347* 18Cr - 10Ni - Cb SS347 1472 800 1200 648
( 348) 18Cr - 10Ni - Cb SS348 1500 815 1200 648
( 2205) Duplex S2205 600 315 650 343

22Cr - 5Ni - 3Mo
SUS410* 13Cr SS410 1202 650 900 482
SUS430* 17Cr SS430 1202 650 1200 648
JI S N on - Fe r r ou s Pla t e M a t e r ia ls
F C F C
H- 4000* Alum inum - alloy sheet and plat e:
A1100P* Al A1100 392 200 na na
A3003P* Al A3003 392 200 na na
A5052P* Al A5052 392 200 na na
A5083P* Al A5083 150 66 na na
A5086P* Al A5086 150 66 na na
A6061P* Al A6061 392 200 na na
H- 3100* Copper and copper alloys - Naval CA464 392 200 350 177
C4640P* brass
H3100* Copper plat es for locom ot ive
fireboxes:
C1100P* Cu CU or 392 200 150 66
CA110
B- 96 Copper- silicon alloy plat e and
sheet for pressure vessels:
( B55) Cu - Zn CA655 350 176 350 176
H- 3100* Copper sheet , st rip, plat e, and
rolled bar:
C1220P* Cu CA122 392 200 150 66
H- 3100* Copper- nickel alloy plat e and
C7150P* Cu - Ni 70/ 30 CA715 662 350 662 350
JI S N on - Fe r r ou s Pla t e M a t e r ia ls - cont inued
F C F C
B- 333 Hast elloy:
( B) Ni - Mo HAST or 800 426 800 426
HASTB
B- 575 Hast elloy:
( C- 276) Ni - Mo - Cr HASTC 1000 537 1000 537
G- 4902* Specificat ion for nickel- iron-
chrom ium alloy plat e, sheet , and
st rip:
NCF800* Ni - Fe - Cr I 800 1472 800 1000 537
m olybdenum - copper alloy plat e,
sheet , and st rip:
( 825) Ni - Fe - Cr - Mo - Cu I 825 1000 537 700 371
B- 463 Carpent er 20 alloy plat e, sheet
and st rip:
( 20Cb) Cr - Ni - Fe - Mo - Cu - Cb C 20 800 426 800 426
G- 4902* Nickel- chrom ium - iron alloy plat e,
sheet , and st rip,
NCF600* I nconel: Ni - Cr - Fe I NCNL 1202 650 1000 537
or
I 600
B- 162 Nickel plat e, sheet , and st rip:
( 200) Ni NI or 600 315 600 315
NI 200 600 315 600 315
( 201) Ni- Low C NI 201 1200 648 1000 537
H- 4551* Nickel- copper alloy plat e, sheet ,
and st rip:
NCuP* Ni - Cu MONEL 932 500 800 426
or
M400
H- 4600* Tit anium and t it anium alloy st rip,
sheet , and plat e:
TP28* Ti TI 35A 662 350 na na
TP35* Ti TI or 662 350 600 315
TI 50A 662 350 600 315
JI S D e sign Code - Cla d Pla t e M a t e r ia ls
M a t e r ia l Cla ssifica t ion D e scr ipt ion Gr a de Syst e m
M a t e r ia l
Sym bol
Vessel Base (Backing Material)**
SPV350 ASTM A- 285 C A285C
SB480M A- 204 B A204B
A- 204 C A204C
SGV480 A- 515 70 A 515
SLA360 A- 516 70 A 516

SCMV2( A) A- 387 12 CL 1 A387B
SCMV2( A) A- 387 12 CL 2 A387H
SCMV3( A) A- 387 11 CL 1 A387C
SCMV3( A) A- 387 11 CL 2 A387J
SCMV4( A) A- 387 22 CL 1 A387D
SCMV4( A) A- 387 22 CL 2 A387K
St ainless st eel t ype
SUS304 304 SS304
SUS304L 304L 304L
SUS316 316 SS316
SUS316L 316L 316L
SUS321 321 SS321
SUS321 347 SS347
SUS321 410 SS410
SUS430 430 SS430
201 NI 201
Monel
NCUP 400 MONEL
I nconel
NCF600 600 I NCNL
Ni- Fe- CR 800 I 800
Ni- Fe- Cr- Mo- Cu 825 I 825
Carpent er 20 20 CB C 20
Tit anium 2 Ti
* See Plat e Mat erials ( JI S Code) for furt her m at erial descript ions.
m at erials.
No ot her com binat ion m ay be select ed.
JI S D e sign Code - Tu be
M a t e r ia ls
JI S Fe r r ou s Tu be M a t e r ia ls - Ca r bon St e e l
JI S* D e scr ipt ion a nd Syst e m I nt e r n a l Ex t e r na l Syst e m
F C F C
G- 3461* Seam less cold- drawn
exchanger and
condenser t ubes
STB340* A 179 1022 550 752 400 A285C
A- 192 Seam less carbon st eel A 192 1000 537 900 482 A 515
pressure service
G- 3461* Seam less m edium
STB510* superheat er t ubes A210A 1022 550 900 482 A 515
STB410* A210C 1022 550 900 482 A 515
G- 3461* Elect ric- resist ance-
heat exchanger and
condenser t ubes
STB340* A 214 1022 550 900 482 A 515

G- 3464* Seam less carbon st eel
t ubes for low
t em perat ure service
( 1) A334A 700 371 700 371 A 442
STBL380* A334B 700 371 700 371 A 442
JI S Fe r r ou s Tu be M a t e r ia ls - Low Alloy St e e l
JI S* D e scr ipt ion a nd Syst e m I nternal Ex t e r na l Syst e m
or ASTM N om ina l Com posit ion M a t e r ia l Pr e ssur e Pr e ssur e D e fa u lt
Spe c a n d Sym bol M a x im u m Te m p. Tu be sh e e t
D e gr e e s D e gr e e s M a t e r ia l
F C F C
G- 3462* Seam less cold- drawn
int erm ediat e alloy st eel
heat exchanger and
condenser t ubes:
STBA23* 1.25Cr - .5Mo - Si A199C 1202 650 900 482 A387C

STBA24* 2.5Cr - 1Mo A199D 1202 650 900 482 A387D
( T21) 3Cr - .9Mo A199E 1200 648 900 482 A387E
STBA25* 5Cr - .5Mo A199F 1202 650 900 482 A387F
G- 3462* Seam less carbon-

m olybdenum alloy st eel
boiler and superheat er
t ubes:
STBA12* C - .5Mo A 209 1022 550 900 482 A 204

STBA13* C - .5Mo A209A 1022 550 900 482 A 204
( T1B) C - .5Mo A209B 1000 537 900 482 A 204
G- 3462* Seam less ferrit ic and
boiler, superheat er, and
heat exchanger t ubes:
STBA20* .5Cr - .5Mo A213A 1022 550 900 482 A387A

STBA20* 1Cr - .5Mo A213B 1202 650 900 482 A387B
( T11) 1.25Cr - .5Mo - Si A213C 1200 648 900 482 A387C
( T22) 2.25Cr - 1Mo A213D 1200 648 900 482 A387D
( T21) 3Cr - .9Mo A213E 1200 648 900 482 A387E
( T5) 5Cr - .5Mo A213F 1200 648 900 483 A387F
JI S Fe r r ou s Tu be M a t e r ia ls - H igh Alloy
St e e l
JI S* D e scr ipt ion a nd Syst e m I nt e r n a l Ex t e r na l Syst e m
F C F C
G- 3463* Seam less Ferrit ic
st eel boiler,
superheat er, and
heat exchanger
t ubes:
SUS304TB* 18Cr - 8Ni 304S 1472 800 842 450 SS304
SUS304LTB* 18Cr - 8Ni 304LS 797 425 752 450 304L
SUS316TB* 16Cr - 12Ni - 2Mo 316S 1472 800 842 450 SS316
SUS316LTB* 16Cr - 12Ni - 2Mo 316LS 842 450 842 450 316L
SUS321TB* 18Cr - 10Ni - Ti 321S 1472 800 842 400 SS321
SUS347TB* 18Cr - 10Ni - Cb 347S 1472 800 842 450 SS347
G- 3463* Welded aust enit ic
st eel boiler
superheat er, heat
exchanger, and
condenser t ubes:
SUS304TB* 18Cr - 8Ni 304W 1472 800 842 450 SS304

SUS304LTB* 18Cr - 8Ni 304LW 797 425 752 400 304L
SUS316TB* 16Cr - 12Ni - 2Mo 316W 1472 800 842 450 SS316
SUS316LTB* 16Cr - 12Ni - 2Mo 316LW 842 450 842 450 316L
SUS321TB* 18Cr - 10Ni - Ti 321W 1472 800 842 450 SS321
SUS347TB* 18Cr - 10Ni - Cb 347W 1472 800 842 450 SS347
A- 268
TP 410 Seam less t ubes 410S 752 400 752 400 SS410
13Cr
TP 410 Welded t ubes 410W 752 400 752 400 SS410

13Cr
aust enit ic st eel
t ubes:
( S31803) 22Cr - 5Ni - 3Mo 2205W 600 315 650 343 S2205
JI S N on - Fe r r ous Tu be M a t e r ia ls
JI S* or D e scr ipt ion a nd Syst e m I nt e r n a l Ex t e r na l Syst e m
ASTM N om in a l M a t e r ia l Pr e ssu r e Pr e ssur e D e fa u lt
F C F C ( Pla t e )
H- 3300* Seam less copper and

copper alloy t ubes for
use in surface
condensers,
evaporat ors and heat
exchangers:
C1220T* Cu CA122 392 200 150 66 A285C

C6871T* Cu - Al CA687 392 200 150 66 A285C
C7060T* Cu - Ni 90/ 10 CA706 572 300 150 66 A285C
C7150T* Cu - Ni 70/ 30 CA715 662 350 700 371 A285C
C4430T* Adm iralt y Brass CA443 437 225 350 176 A285C
( 444) CA444 450 232 350 176 A285C
( 445) CA445 450 232 350 176 A285C
B- 163 Seam less cold- drawn
nickel t ubes for
general corrosive
service:
( 200) Ni NI 200 600 315 600 315 NI 200

( 201) Ni- Low C NI 201 1200 648 1000 537 NI 201
H- 4552* Monel
NCuT* Ni - Cu MONEL 887 475 752 400 MONEL
G- 4904* I nconel
NCF600TB* Ni - Cr - Fe I NCNL 1202 650 1000 537 I NCNL
or
I 600
G- 4904* I ncoloy
NCF800TB* Ni - Fe - Cr I 800 1472 800 1000 537 I 800
NCF825TB* Ni - Fe - Cr - Mo - Cu I 825 1000 537 700 371 1825
B- 619 Hast elloy
HASTB
( 20Cb) Cr - Ni - Fe - Mo - Cu - C 20 800 426 800 426 C 20
Cb
H- 4650* Tit anium
TB35* Ti TI 50A 662 350 600 315 TI 50A
D I N D e sign Code - Pla t e
M a t e r ia ls
D I N Fe r r ou s Pla t e M a t e r ia ls - Ca r bon St e e l
D I N * or ASTM D e scr ipt ion a nd N om ina l Syst e m I nt e r na l Ex t e r na l
Spe c a n d Com posit ion M a t e r ia l Pr e ssu r e Pr e ssu r e
( Gr a de ) Sym bol M a x im um Te m p.
D e gr e e s D e gr e e s
F C F C
DI N EN 10025- ( st ruct ural st eel) A 36 650 343 - -
91*
S235JRG1*
DI N EN 10025- Low and int erm ediat e
91* st rengt h carbon st eel
plat es of st ruct ural qualit y
S235JRG2* A 283C 662 350 na na
DI N 17155* Low and int erm ediat e
st rengt h st eel plat es for
HI I * pressure vessels A 285 or 1022 550 896 480
A 285C or
CS
DI N 17102* Carbon- m anganese- silicon
st eel plat es for pressure
vessels:
St E 355* C - Mn - Si A 299 662 350 662 350
carbon st eel, high st rengt h
( A) m anganese A 455 650 343 650 343
DI N 17155* Carbon st eel plat es for
19Mn5* A 515 662 350 662 350

DI N 17102* Carbon st eel plat es for
SI E315* C - Si A 516 662 350 662 350
D I N Fe r r ou s Pla t e M a t e r ia ls - H e a t Tr e a t e d
St e e l
DI N* D e scr ipt ion a nd N om ina l Syst e m I nternal Ex t e r na l
or ASTM Com posit ion M a t e r ia l Pr e ssur e Pr e ssu r e
( Gr a de )
F C F C
SEW 680* Nine percent nickel alloy st eel
plat es, double norm alized and
t em pered for pressure vessels:
X8Ni9* A 353 392 200 na na
SEW 680* Eight and nine percent nickel alloy
st eel plat e, quenched and
X8Ni9* A 553 392 200 na na
A- 517 High st rengt h alloy st eel plat es,
quenched and t em pered, for
pressure vessels:
( A) Cr - Mn - Si A517A 650 343 650 343
( B) Cr - Mn - Si A517B 650 343 650 343
( E) Cr - Mn - Si A517E 650 343 650 343
( F) Cr - Mn - Si A517E 650 343 650 343
D I N Fe r r ou s Pla t e M a t e r ia ls - Low Alloy
St e e l
D I N * or D e scr ipt ion a nd Syst e m I n t e r n a l Ex t e r na l
ASTM Spe c a nd N om ina l M a t e r ia l Pr e ssur e Pr e ssu r e
Com posit ion Sym bol M a x im u m Te m p.
F C F C
A 202 Chrom ium -
m anganese- silicon
( A) alloy st eel plat es for A202A 1000 537 900 482
pressure vessels
( B) A 202 or 1000 537 900 482
A202B
SEW 680* Nickel alloy st eel
vessels:
14Ni6* A203A 392 200 392 200
10Ni14* A203B 1000 537 900 482
( D) 3.5Ni A203D 392 200 122 50
( E) 3.5Ni A203E 392 200 392 200
DI N 17155* Molybdenum alloy
st eel plat es for
pressure vessels:
( B) 15Mo3* A204A 1022 550 752 400
( C) C - .5Mo A204B 1022 550 752 400
C - .5Mo A 204 or 1000 537 900 482
A204C
Manganese-
m olybdenum and
m anganese-
pressure vessels:
VdTUV Wbl.376 WB35* 17Mn Mo V64* A302A 977 525 900 482
VdTUV Wbl.377 WB36* 15Ni Cu Mo Nb5* A 302 or 1022 550 900 482
A302B
VdTUV Wbl.378* 12Mn Ni Mo55* A302C 1022 550 900 482
VdTUV Wbl384 WB34* 13Mn Ni Mo54* A302D 1022 550 900 482
D I N * or D e scr ipt ion a nd Syst e m I n t e r n a l Ex t e r na l
ASTM Spe c a nd N om ina l M a t e r ia l Pr e ssur e Pr e ssu r e
Com posit ion Sym bol M a x im u m Te m p.
F C F C
Pressure vessel
plat es, alloy st eel,
chrom ium -
m olybdenum :
( A) .5Cr - .5Mo A387A 1022 550 900 482

( G) .5Cr - .5Mo A387G 1022 550 900 482
DI N 17155* 13Cr Mo44* A387B 1157 500 842 450

DI N 17155* 13Cr Mo44* A387H 1157 625 842 450
( C) 1.25Cr - .5Mo - Si A387C 1157 625 896 480

( J) 1.25Cr - .5Mo - Si A387J 1157 625 896 480
DI N 17155* 10Cr Mo910* A387D 1067 500 896 480

VdTUV Wbl.404* 12Cr Mo910* A387K 1067 575 896 480
VdTUV Wbl.007* 12Cr Mo195* A387E 1157 625 896 480

VdTUV Wbl.007* 12Cr Mo195* A387L 1157 625 896 480
( F) 5Cr - .5Mo A387F 1157 625 896 480

( M) Cr - .5Mo A387M 1157 625 896 480
SEW 640* Manganese-
m olybdenum and
m anganese-
quenched and
t em pered, for
pressure vessels:
( A) C - Mn - Mo A533A 1022 550 na na
20 Mn Mo Ni55* A533B 797 425 na na
12 Mn Ni Mo55* A533C 797 425 na na
D I N Fe r r ou s Pla t e M a t e r ia ls - H igh Alloy
St e e l
DI N* D e scr ipt ion a nd N om ina l Syst e m I nternal Ex t e r na l
or ASTM Com posit ion M a t e r ia l Pr e ssur e Pr e ssu r e
( Gr a de )
F C F C
DI N Chrom ium and chrom ium - nickel
17440* st ainless st eel plat e, sheet , and
st rip for fusion- welded unfired
pressure vessels:
X2 Cr Ni1911* 304L 797 425 752 400

X5 Cr Ni1810* SS304 1472 800 1200 648
X2 Cr Ni Mo17132* 316L 842 450 752 400

X5 Cr Ni Mo17122* SS316 1472 800 1200 648
X6 Cr Ni Mo Ti 17122* 316TI 1472 800 1200 648
X2 Cr Ni Mo18164* SS317 1472 800 1200 648

X6 Cr Ni Ti1810* SS321 1472 800 1200 648
X6 Cr Ni Nb1810* SS347 1472 800 1200 648
( 348) SS348 1500 815 1200 648
( 2205) Duplex S2205 600 315 650 343

22Cr - 5Ni - 3Mo
DI N X10 Cr13* SS410 1202 650 900 482
17440* X6 Cr17* SS430 1202 650 1200 648
D I N N on - Fe r r ou s Pla t e M a t e r ia ls
D I N * or D e scr ipt ion a nd N om ina l Syst e m I nternal Ex t e r na l
ASTM Spe c Com post ion M a t e r ia l Pr e ssur e Pr e ssu r e
and Sym bol M a x im u m Te m p.
F C F C
DI N 1745 Alum inum - alloy sheet and
A1100P* plat e:
Al A1100 392 200 na na
Al Mn Cu* A3003 392 200 na na
Al Mg 2.5* A5052 392 200 na na
Al Mg 4.5* Mn* A5083 150 66 na na
Al Mg 4 Mn* A5086 150 66 na na
Al Mg 7.5 Si Cu* A6061 392 200 na na
DI N 17660* Copper and copper alloys -
Naval brass
Cu Zn38 Sn1* CA464 392 200 350 177
DI N 1787* Copper plat es for locom ot ive
fireboxes:
E Cu58* or CU or 392 200 150 66
E Cu59* CA110
B- 96 Copper- silicon alloy plat e and
( 655) Cu - Zn CA655 350 176 350 176
DI N 1787* Copper sheet , st rip, plat e, and
rolled bar:
SF- Cu CA122 392 200 150 66
DI N 17664* Copper- nickel alloy plat e and
Cu Ni 30 Mn1 Fe* CA715 662 350 662 350
B- 333 Hast elloy:
( B) Ni - Mo HAST or 800 426 800 426
HASTB
B- 575 Hast elloy:
( C- 276) Ni - Mo - Cr HASTC 1000 537 1000 537
D I N N on - Fe r r ou s Pla t e M a t e r ia ls - cont inued
D I N * or ASTM D e scr ipt ion a nd N om in a l Syst e m I nternal Ex t e r na l
Spe c a n d Com post ion M a t e r ia l Pr e ssur e Pr e ssu r e
( Gr a de ) Sym bol M a x im u m Te m p.
F C F C
VdTUV Wbl.412* Specificat ion for nickel-
iron- chrom ium alloy plat e,
sheet , and st rip:
NCF800* X10 Ni Cr Al Ti 3220* I 800 1472 800 1000 537
m olybdenum - copper alloy
( 825) Ni - Fe - Cr - Mo - Cu I 825 1000 537 700 371
sheet and st rip:
( 20Cb) Cr - Ni - Fe - Mo - Cu - Cb C 20 800 426 800 426
VdTUV Wbl.305* Nickel- chrom ium - iron
st rip , I nconel:
Ni Cr15 Fe I NCNL 1202 650 1000 537
or
I 600
st rip:
( 200) Ni NI or 600 315 600] 315
NI 200 600 315 600 315
( 201) Ni- Low C NI 201 1200 648 1000 537
DI N 17750* Nickel- copper alloy plat e,
sheet , and st rip:
Ni Cu 30 Fe F45* MONEL 932 500 800 426
or
M400
DI N 17860* Tit anium and t it anium alloy
st rip, sheet , and plat e:
3.7025.10* Ti TI 35A 662 350 na na
3.7035.10* Ti TI or 662 350 600 315
TI 50A 662 350 600 315
D I N D e sign Code - Cla d Pla t e M a t e r ia ls
M a t e r ia l Cla ssifica t ion D e scr ipt ion Gr a de Syst e m M a t e r ia l Sym bol
Ve sse l Ba se ( Ba ck ing M a t e r ia l) * *
DI N 17102 St E 355 C A285C
A- 204 ( B) ASTM A- 204 B A204B
ASTM A - 204 C A204C
DI N 17155 19 Mn5 70 A 515
DI N 17102 SI E 315 70 A 516
DI N 17155 13Cr Mo44 12 CL 1 A387B
DI N 17155 13Cr Mo44 12 CL 2 A387H
A- 387 ( C) ASTM A- 387 11 CL 1 A387C
A- 387 ASTM A- 387 11 CL 2 A387J
DI N 17155 10Cr Mo 910 22 CL 1 A387D
DI N 17155 10Cr Mo 910 22 CL 2 A387K
St ainless st eel t ype
DI N 17440
X5 Cr Ni189* 304 SS304
X2 Cr Ni189* 304L 304L
X5 Cr Ni Mo1810* 316 SS316
X2 Cr Ni Mo1810* 316L 316L
X10 Cr Ni Ti189* 321 SS321
X10 Cr Ni Nb1810* 347 SS347
X10 Cr13* 410 SS410
X8 Cr17* 430 SS430

201 NI 201
Monel
NCUP 400 MONEL
VdTUV Wbl.305*
Ni Cr15 Fe 600 I NCNL
Ni- Fe- Cr 800 I 800
Ni- Fe- Cr- Mo- Cu 825 I 825
Tit anium 2 Ti

* See Plat e Mat erials ( Germ an Code) for furt her m at erial descript ions.
* * Only t hese base m at erials m ay be used wit h t he above list of cladding
m at erials. No ot her com binat ion m ay be select ed.
D I N D e sign Code - Tu be
M a t e r ia ls
D I N Fe r r ou s Tu be M a t e r ia ls - Ca r bon St e e l
DI N* D e scr ipt ion a nd Syst e m I nt e r n a l Ex t e r na l Syst e m
or ASTM N om ina l Com post ion M a t e r ia l Pr e ssu r e Pr e ssur e D e fa u lt
Spe c a n d Sym bol M a x im um M a x im um Tu be sh e e t
F C F C
DI N 2391* Seam less cold- drawn
exchanger and
condenser t ubes
St 35GBK A 179 1022 550 752 400 A285C
NBK*
DI N 1629* Seam less carbon st eel
St 37.0* pressure service A 192 1000 537 900 482 A 515
DI N 1629* Seam less m edium
St 44.0* superheat er t ubes A210A 1022 550 900 482 A 515
St 52.0* A210C 1022 550 900 482 A 515
DI N 2393* Elect ric- resist ance-
heat exchanger and
condenser t ubes
St 37- 2 A 214 1022 550 900 482 A 515
NBK*
SEW 680* Seam less carbon st eel
t ubes for low
TTSt 35N* t em perat ure service A334A 700 371 700 371 A 442
( B) A334B 700 371 700 371 A 442
D I N Fe r r ou s Tu be M a t e r ia l - Low Alloy St e e l
D I N * or D e scr ipt ion a nd Syst e m I n t e r n a l Ex t e r na l Syst e m
ASTM Spe c N om ina l M a t e r ia l Pr e ssur e Pr e ssu r e D e fa ult
and Com post ion Sym bol M a x im u m M a x im u m Tube she e t
F C F C ( Pla t e )
Seam less cold- drawn

DI N 17175* 13Cr Mo44* A199C 1202 650 900 482 A387C
DI N 17175* 10Cr Mo910* A199D 1202 650 900 482 A387D
( T21) 3Cr - .9Mo A199E 1200 648 900 482 A387E
VdTUV007* 12Cr Mo195G A199F 1202 650 900 482 A387F
Seam less carbon-

m olybdenum alloy
st eel boiler and
DI N 17175* 15 Mo3* A 209 1022 550 900 482 A 204

( T1A) C - .5Mo A209A 1022 550 900 482 A 204
( T1B) C - .5Mo A209B 1000 537 900 482 A 204
Seam less ferrit ic and
and heat exchanger
t ubes:
( T2) .5Cr - .5Mo A213A 1022 550 900 482 A387A

DI N17175* 13Cr Mo44* A213B 1202 650 900 482 A387B
DI N17175* 13Cr Mo44* A213C 1200 648 900 482 A387C
DI N17175* 10Cr Mo910* A213D 1200 648 900 482 A387D
( T21) 3Cr - .9Mo A213E 1200 648 900 482 A387E
VdTUV007* 12Cr Mo195G* A213F 1200 648 900 482 A387F
D I N Fe r r ou s Tu be M a t e r ia ls - H igh Alloy
St e e l
D I N * or D e scr ipt ion a nd Syst e m I n t e r n a l Ex t e r na l Syst e m
ASTM Spe c N om in a l M a t e r ia l Pr e ssur e Pr e ssu r e D e fa ult
and Com post ion Sym bol M a x im u m M a x im u m Tube she e t
F C F C ( Pla t e )
DI N 17458* Seam less Ferrit ic and

and heat exchanger
t ubes:
X5Cr Ni1810* 304S 1472 800 842 450 SS304

X2Cr Ni1911* 304LS 797 425 752 400 304L
X5Cr Ni Mo17122* 316S 1472 800 842 450 SS316
X2Cr Ni Mo18143* 316LS 842 450 842 450 316L
X6Cr Ni Ti1810* 321S 1472 800 842 450 SS321
X6Cr Ni Nb1810* 347S 1472 800 842 450 SS347
X10 Cr13* 410S 752 400 752 400 SS410
DI N 17457* Welded aust enit ic
st eel boiler
superheat er, heat
exchanger, and
condenser t ubes:
X5Cr Ni1810* 304W 1472 800 842 450 SS304

X2Cr Ni1911* 304LW 797 425 752 400 304L
X5Cr Ni Mo17122* 316W 1472 800 842 450 SS316
X2Cr Ni Mo18143* 316LW 842 450 842 450 316L

X6Cr Ni Ti1810* 321W 1472 800 842 450 SS321
X6 Cr Ni Nb 1810* 347W 1472 800 842 450 SS347
X10 Cr 13* 410W 752 400 752 400 SS410
aust enit ic st eel t ubes:
( S31803) 22Cr - 5Ni - 3Mo 2205W 600 315 650 343 S2205
D I N N on - Fe r r ou s Tu be M a t e r ia ls
D I N * or ASTM D e scr ipt ion a nd Syst e m I n t e r n a l Ex t e r na l Syst e m
Spe c a n d N om in a l M a t e r ia l Pr e ssur e Pr e ssu r e D e fa ult
( Gr a de ) Com post ion Sym bol M a x im u m M a x im u m Tube she e t
F C F C ( Pla t e )
Seam less copper

and copper alloy
t ubes for use in
surface
condensers,
evaporat ors and
heat exchangers:
DI N 1787* SF Cu* CA122 392 200 150 66 A285C
DI N 1785* Cu Zn20 Al2* CA687 392 200 150 66 A285C
DI N 17664* Cu Ni10 Fe1 Mn* CA706 572 300 150 66 A285C
DI N 17664* Cu Ni30 Mn1 Fe* CA715 662 350 700 371 A285C
DI N 1785* Adm iralt y Brass CA443 437 225 350 176 A285C
( 444) Cu Zn28 Sn1* CA444 450 232 350 176 A285C
( 445) CA445 450 232 350 176 A285C
Seam less cold-
drawn nickel t ubes
for general
corrosive service:
DI N 17752* LC Ni 99F34* NI 200 600 315 600 315 NI 200
( 201) Ni- Low C NI 201 1200 648 1000 537 NI 201
DI N 17751* Monel
Ni Cu30 Fe F45 MONEL 887 475 752 400 MONEL
VdTUV I nconel
Wbl.305* Ni Cr15 Fe* I NCNL 1202 650 1000 537 I NCNL
or
I 600
VdTUV I ncoloy
Wbl.412 X10 Ni Cr Al Ti I 800 1472 800 1000 537 I 800
3220*
VdTUv Ni Cr21 Mo* I 825 1000 537 700 371 I 825
Wbl.432*
B- 619 Hast elloy
HASTB
( 20Cb) Cr - Ni - Fe - Mo - C 20 800 426 800 426 C 20
Cu - Cb
B- 338 Tit anium
( 2) Ti T150A 662 350 600 315 T150A
EN 1 3 4 4 5 D e sign Code - Pla t e
M a t e r ia ls
EN Fe r r ou s Pla t e M a t e r ia ls - Ca r bon St e e l
EN or D e scr ipt ion a nd Syst e m I n t e r n a l Pr e ssur e Ex t e r na l Pr e ssur e
Spe cific F C F C
a t ion
EN Low and int erm ediat e A 36 752 400 752 400
10028- 2 st rengt h carbon st eel
P235GH plat es of st ruct ural
1.0345 qualit y
N
EN Low and int erm ediat e A 285 or 752 400 752 400
10028- 2 st rengt h carbon st eel A 285 C
P235GH plat es for pressure or CS
1.0345 vessels
N
EN Carbon- m anganese- A 299 752 400 752 400
10028- 2 silicon st eel plat es for
P235GH plat es for pressure
1.0345 vessels
N
EN Pressure vessel plat es, A 455 752 400 752 400
10028- 2 carbon st eel, high
P235GH st rengt h m anganese
1.0345
N
EN Carbon st eel plat es for A 515 752 400 752 400
10028- 3 pressure vessels for
P355NH int erm ediat e and higher
1.0565 n t em perat ure service:
C- Si
10028- 3 pressure vessels for
P355NH m oderat e and lower
1.0565 t em perat ure service -
C- Si
10028- 2 pressure vessels for low
P235GH t em perat ure service
1.0345 C- Mn- Si
N
EN Fe r r ou s Pla t e M a t e r ia ls - Low Alloy St e e l
EN or D e scr ipt ion a nd Syst e m I n t e r n a l Pr e ssur e Ex t e r n a l Pr e ssur e
ASTM N om in a l M a t e r ia l M a x im u m Te m p. M a x im um Te m p.
Spe cific Com posit ion F C F C
a t ion
Manganese -
m olybdenum and
m anganese-
pressure vessels:
EN Mn - .5Mo A302A 932 500 932 500
10028- 2
16Mo3
1.5415 N
EN Mn - .5Mo A302B 932 500 932 500
10028- 2
16Mo3
1.5415 N
Pressure vessel plat es,
ally st eel. chrom ium -
m olybdenum :
EN .5Cr - .5Mo A387A 572 300 572 300
10028- 6
P460QH
1.8871
QT
EN .5Cr - .5Mo A387G 572 300 572 300
10028- 6
P460QH
1.8871
QT
EN .1Cr - .5Mo A387B 932 500 932 500
10028- 2
13CrMo4
-5
1.7335
NT
EN .1Cr - .5Mo A387H 932 500 932 500
10028- 2
13CrMo4
-5
1.7335
NT
EN or D e scr ipt ion a nd Syst e m I n t e r n a l Pr e ssur e Ex t e r n a l Pr e ssur e
ASTM N om in a l M a t e r ia l M a x im u m Te m p. M a x im um Te m p.
Spe cific Com posit ion F C F C
a t ion
EN 2.25Cr - .1Mo A387D 932 500 932 500
10028- 2
10CrMo9
- 10
1.7380
NT
EN 2.25Cr - .1Mo A553K 932 500 932 500
10028- 2
10CrMo9
- 10
1.7380
NT
EN Fe r r ou s Pla t e M a t e r ia ls - H igh Alloy St e e l
Spe cific F C F C
a t ion
Chrom ium and
chrom ium - nickel
pressure vessels:
EN 18Cr - 8Ni 340L 1022 550 1022 550
10028- 7
X2CrNi
18- 10
1.4301A
T
EN 18Cr - 8Ni SS304 1022 550 1022 550
10028- 7
X2CrNi
18- 10
1.4301A
T
EN 16Cr - 12Ni - 2Mo 316L 1022 550 1022 550
10028- 7
X5CrNiM
o 17- 12-
2
1.4401
AT
EN 16Cr - 12Ni - 2Mo SS316 1022 550 1022 550
10028- 7
X5CrNiM
o 17- 12-
2
1.4401
AT
EN 18Cr - 10Ni - Ti SS321 1022 550 1022 550
10028- 7
X6CrNiTi
18- 10
1.4541
AT
EN 18Cr - 10Ni - Cb SS347 1022 550 1022 550
10028- 7
X6CrNiN
b18- 10
1.4550
AT
Spe cific F C F C
a t ion
EN 18Cr - 10Ni - Cb SS348 1022 550 1022 550
10028- 7
X6CrNiN
b18- 10
1.4550
AT
EN 22Cr - 5Ni - 3Mo S2205 482 250 482 250
10028- 7 ( Duplex)
X2CrNiM
oN22- 5-
3
1.4462
AT
EN 1 3 4 4 5 D e sign Code - Tu be
M a t e r ia ls
EN Fe r r ou s Tu be M a t e r ia ls - Ca r bon St e e l
EN or D e scr ipt ion a nd Syst e m I nternal Ex t e r na lSyst e m
ASTM N om ina l Com posit ion M a t e r ia lSym b Pr e ssur e Pr e ssu r e D e fa ult
Spe cific ol M a x im u M a x im u Tube she e t
a t ion m Te m p. m Te m p. M a t e r ia l
F C F C ( Pla t e )
EN Seam less cold- drawn A- 179 842 450 842 450 A 516
10216- 2 low- carbon st eel heat
P235GH exchanger and
1.0345 condenser t ubes.
N
EN Seam less carbon st eel A- 192 842 450 842 450 A 516
10216- 2 boiler t ubes for high-
P235GH pressure service
1.0345
N
EN Seam less m edium A- 210 842 450 842 450 A 516
10216- 2 carbon st eel boiler and
P235GH superheat er t ubes
1.0345
N
EN Elect ric- resist ance- A- 214 752 400 752 400 A 516
10216- 2 welded carbon st eel
P235GH heat exchanger and
1.0345 condenser t ubes
N
EN Seam less carbon st eel A- 334 842 450 842 450 A 516
10216- 2 t ubes for low
P235GH t em perat ure service
1.0345
N
EN Fe r r ou s Tu be M a t e r ia ls - Low Alloy St e e l
EN or D e scr ipt ion a nd Syst e m I n t e r n a l Ex t e r na l Syst e m
ASTM N om ina l M a t e r ia l Pr e ssur e Pr e ssu r e D e fa ult
Spe cific Com posit ion Sym bol M a x im u m M a x im u m Tube she e t
a t ion Te m p. Te m p. M a t e r ia l
F C F C ( Pla t e )
Seam less cold- drawn

EN 1.25Cr - .5 Mo - Si A- 199C 932 500 932 500 A387C

10216- 2
X11CrMo
5
1.7362 I
EN 3Cr- .9Mo A199E 932 500 932 500 A387E
10216- 2
10CrMo9
- 10
1.7380
NT or QT
Seam less ferrit ic and
and heat exchanger
t ubes:
EN .5Cr - .5Mo A213A 1022 550 1022 550 A387A
10216- 2
14MoV6-
3
1.7715
NT or QT
EN 1Cr - .5Mo A213B 932 500 932 500 A387B
10216- 2
13CrMo4
-5
1.7335
NT or QT
EN 2.25Cr - 1Mo A213D 932 500 932 500 A387D
10216- 2
10CrMo9
- 10
1.7380
NT or QT
EN 5Cr - .5Mo A213F 932 500 932 500 A387F
10216- 2
X11CrMo
5
1.7362 I
EN Fe r r ou s Tu be M a t e r ia ls - H igh Alloy St e e l
EN or D e scr ipt ion a nd Syst e m I nternal Ex t e r na l Syst e m
ASTM N om ina l M a t e r ia l Pr e ssu r e Pr e ssu r e D e fa ult
F C F C ( Pla t e )
Seam less Ferrit ic

st eel boiler,
superheat er, and
heat exchanger
t ubes:
EN 18Cr - 8Ni 304S 1022 550 1022 550 SS304
10216- 5
X5CrNi18
- 10
1.4301
AT
EN 18Cr - 8Ni 304LS 1022 550 1022 550 304L
10216- 5
X5CrNi
19- 11
1.4306
AT
EN 16Cr - 12Ni - 2Mo 316S 1022 550 1022 550 SS316
10216- 5
X5CrNiM
o17- 12- 2
1.4401
AT
EN 16Cr - 12Ni - 2Mo 316LS 1022 550 1022 550 316L
10216- 5
X2CrNiM
o17- 12- 2
1.4404
AT
EN 18Cr - 10Ni - Ti 321S 1022 550 1022 550 SS321
10216- 5
X6CrNiTi
18- 10
1.4541
AT
EN 18Cr - 10Ni - Cb 347S 1022 550 1022 550 SS347
10216- 5
X6CrNiNb
18- 10
1.4550
AT
F C F C ( Pla t e )
Welded aust enit ic

st eel boiler
superheat er, heat
exchanger, and
condenser t ubes:
EN 18Cr - 8Ni 304W 1022 550 1022 550 SS304
10217- 7
X5CrNi18
- 10
1.4301
AT
EN 18Cr - 8Ni 304LW 1022 550 1022 550 304L
10217- 7
X2CrNi19
- 11
1.4306
AT
EN 16Cr - 12Ni - 2Mo 316W 1022 550 1022 550 SS316
10217- 7
X5CrNiM
o17- 12- 2
1.4401
AT
EN 16Cr - 12Ni - 2Mo 316LW 1022 550 1022 550 316L
10217- 7
X5CrNiM
o17- 12- 2
1.4404
AT
EN 18Cr - 10Ni - Ti 321W 1022 550 1022 550 SS321
10217- 7
X6CrNiTi
18- 10
1.4541
AT
F C F C ( Pla t e )
EN 18Cr - 10Ni - Cb 347W 1022 550 1022 550 SS347

10217- 7
X6CrNiNb
18- 10
1.4550
AT
EN Welded duplex
10217- 7 aust enit ic st eel
X2CrNiM t ubes:
olN22- 5- 22Cr - 5Ni - 3Mo 2205W 482 250 482 250 S2205
3
1.4462
AT
GB 1 5 0 D e sign Code - Pla t e
M a t e r ia ls
GB 1 5 0 Fe r r ou s Pla t e M a t e r ia ls - Ca r bon
St e e l
GB M a t e r ia l GB M a t e r ia l D e scr ipt ion / Syst e m I nt e r na l Pr e ssur e Ex t e r na l Pr e ssur e
St a nda r d D e sign a t ion Com posit ion / M a t e r ia l M a x im um Te m p. M a x im um Te m p.
N ot e s Sym bol F C F C
GB 3274 Q235B St eel plat es for A 36 662 350 900 482
pressure vessels and
boilers
GB 6654- 16MnR St eel plat es for A 299 887 475 900 482
1996 Q345R pressure vessels and
GB 713- boilers
2008
GB 713- boilers
2008
GB 713- boilers
2008
GB 3274 Q235- C Carbon and low alloy A283C 752 400 900 482
st ruct ural st eel,
rolled plat es, and
st rip
GB 6654- 20R St eel plat es for A285C 887 475 900 482
GB 713- boilers
2008
GB 6654- 20R St eel plat es for CS 887 475 900 482
GB 713- boilers
2008
GB 1 5 0 Fe r r ou s Pla t e M a t e r ia ls - Low Alloy
St e e l
GB 713- 15CrMoR St eel plat es for A387H 1022 550 900 482
2008 pressure vessels and
boilers
GB 713- 14Cr1MoR St eel plat es for A387J 1022 550 900 482
boilers
GB1 5 0 Fe r r ou s Pla t e M a t e r ia ls - H igh Alloy
St e e l
GB 713- 15CrMoR St eel plat es for A387B 1022 550 900 482
boilers
GB 713- 14CrMoR St eel plat es for A387C 1022 550 900 482
boilers
GB 713- 18MnMoNbR St eel plat es for A553A 887 475 650 343
boilers
GB 6654- 13MnNiMoR St eel plat es for A553B 752 400 650 343
1996 13MnNiMoNbR pressure vessels and
GB 713- boilers
2008
GB 6654- 13MnNiMoR St eel plat es for A553C 752 400 650 343
1996 13MnNiMoNbR pressure vessels and
GB 713- boilers
2008
GB1 5 0 D e sign Code - Tu be
M a t e r ia ls
GB1 5 0 Fe r r ou s Tu be M a t e r ia ls - Ca r bon
St e e l
GB/ T 8163- 10 Seam less st eel t ubes A 179 842 450 900 482
2008 for liquid service
GB/ T 8163- 10 Seam less st eel t ubes A 192 842 450 900 482
2008 for liquid service
GB/ T 8163- 10 A 214 842 450 900 482
2008
GB/ T 5300- 20G Seam less st eel t ubes A210A 842 450 900 482
2008 and pipes for high
pressure boilers
GB/ T 5300- 16Mn High- pressure A210C 887 475 900 482
2008 seam less st eel t ubes
for chem ical fert ilizer
equipm ent s
GB/ T 8163- 10 Seam less st eel t ubes CS 842 450 900 482
pressure boilers
GB 6479 15MnV High- pressure A334A 752 400 650 343
seam less st eel t ubes
equipm ent s
GB 6479 15MnV High- pressure A334B 752 400 650 343
seam less st eel t ubes
equipm ent s
GB1 5 0 Fe r r ou s Tu be M a t e r ia ls - Low Alloy
St e e l
GB/ T 5310- 12Cr1MoVG Seam less st eel t ubes A199C 1067 575 900 482
pressure boilers
GB/ T 5310- 12Cr2Mo Seam less st eel t ubes A199D 1067 575 900 482
pressure boilers
GB/ T 5310- 12CrMo Seam less st eel t ubes A213A 977 525 900 482
pressure boilers
GB/ T 5310- 15CrMo Seam less st eel t ubes A213B 1022 550 900 482
pressure boilers
GB/ T 5310- 12Cr1MoVG Seam less st eel t ubes A213C 1067 575 900 482
pressure boilers
GB/ T 5310- 12Cr2Mo Seam less st eel t ubes A213D 1067 575 900 482
pressure boilers
GB/ T 5310- 1Cr5Mo High- pressure A213F 1112 600 900 482
2008 seam less st eel t ubes
equipm ent s
GB1 5 0 Fe r r ou s Tu be M a t e r ia ls - H igh Alloy
St e e l
GB/ T 12771- 06Cr19Ni10 Seam less st ainless 304S 1292 700 1000 538
2008 st eel t ubes for liquid
delivery
GB/ T 12771- 022Cr19Ni10 Welded st ainless 304W 1292 700 1000 538
delivery
GB/ T 12771- 022Cr19Ni10 Seam less st ainless 304LS 797 425 800 427
delivery
GB/ T 12771- 022Cr19Ni10 Welded st ainless 304LW 797 425 800 427
delivery
GB/ T 12771- 06Cr17Ni12Mo Seam less st ainless 316S 1292 700 1000 538
2008 2 st eel t ubes for liquid
delivery
GB/ T 12771- 06Cr17Ni12Mo Welded st ainless 316W 1292 700 1000 538
2008 2 st eel t ubes for liquid
delivery
GB/ T 12771- 022Cr17Ni12M Seam less st ainless 316LS 842 450 850 454
2008 o2 st eel t ubes for liquid
delivery
GB/ T 12771- 022Cr17Ni12M Welded st ainless 316LW 842 450 850 454
2008 o2 st eel t ubes for liquid
delivery
GB/ T 12771- 06Cr18Ni11Ti Seam less st ainless 321S 1292 700 100 538
delivery
GB/ T 12771- 06Cr18Ni11Ti Welded st ainless 321W 1292 700 100 538
delivery
GB/ T 12771- 06Cr13 Seam less st ainless 410S 1112 600 900 482
delivery
GB/ T 12771- 06Cr13 Welded st ainless 410W 1112 600 900 482
delivery
Lin in g M a t e r ia ls
Br ick : Acid- Re sist a n t Applie d Ove r

M e m br a n e - Lin e d Ca r bon St e e l
Lining M a t e r ia l D e scr ipt ion I n che s MM Syst e m
M a t e r ia l
Sym bol
Red shale brick 2.5 62 25RSB
4.5 112 45RSB
8.0 200 80RSB
Fireclay, 30 percent alum ina 2.5 62 25AFC
4.5 112 45AFC
9.0 225 45AFC
Br ick : Fir e br ick

Lining M a t e r ia l D e scr ipt ion I n che s MM Syst e m
M a t e r ia l
Sym bol
I nsulat ing firebrick 2.5 62 25I FB
4.5 112 45I FB
9.0 225 90I FB
60 percent alum ina firebrick 2.5 62 25FB6
4.5 112 45FB6
9.0 225 90FB6
90 percent alum ina firebrick 2.5 62 25FB9
4.5 112 45FB9
9.0 225 90FB9
M on olit h ic Lin in g
Lining M a t e r ia l D e scr ipt ion Syst e m
M a t e r ia l
Sym bol
Applied t o surface wit h anchors on 12 I NCH [ 300 MM] cent ers
50 percent alum ina refract ory gunning m ix GUNA5
90 percent alum ina refract ory gunning m ix GUNA9
90 percent alum ina cast able refract ory CASA9
Applied t o bare surface
50 percent alum ina refract ory gunning m ix GUN50
90 percent alum ina refract ory gunning m ix GUN90
90 percent alum ina cast able refract ory CAS90
Applied over wire m esh reinforcem ent
Gunit e GUNI T
Abr a sion Re sist a n t Lin in gs; Re pla ce a ble

Only for use wit h:
• equipm ent it em s – wat er cyclones and linings
• plant bulk it em s – st eel fabricat ed plat e

M a t e r ia l
Sym bol
Replaceable ceram ic liner backed wit h uret hane elast om er for CERML
light abrasion and light im pact
Replaceable ceram ic liner backed wit h uret hane elast om er for CERMM
m edium abrasion and light im pact
Replaceable ceram ic liner backed wit h uret hane elast om er for CERMH
heavy abrasion and light im pact
Replaceable ceram ic liner backed wit h uret hane elast om er for CERMV
heavy abrasion and heavy im pact
Replaceable abrasion- resist ant st eel plat e lining ( 1 I NCH [ 25 ABRPL
MM] t hick unless ot herwise specified)
Replaceable rubber lining ( 1 I NCH [ 25 MM] t hick unless REPRB
ot herwise specified)
Replaceable SS304 plat e lining ( 1 I NCH [ 25 MM] t hick unless LS304
Replaceable SS316 plat e lining ( 1 I NCH [ 25 MM] t hick unless LS316
Lin in gs: Or ga n ic, Gla ss, M e t a llic
M a t e r ia l
Sym bol
Asphalt ic Resin Lining ( over Carbon St eel) ASRSN
Epoxy Resin Lining ( over Carbon St eel) EPLCS
Phenolic Resin Lining ( over Carbon St eel) PHRSN
Kynar Sheet Lining ( over Carbon St eel) PVDF
Teflon Sheet Lining ( over Carbon St eel) TFELS

Glass Lining ( over Carbon St eel) GSLCS
1/ 4 I NCH [ 6 MM] But yl Rubber Lining ( over Carbon St eel) BUTYL
1/ 4 I NCH [ 6 MM] Neoprene Sheet Lining ( over Carbon St eel) NEPNE
1/ 4 I NCH [ 6 MM] Soft Nat ural Rubber Sheet Lining ( over Carbon St eel) NATRB
1/ 4 I NCH [ 6 MM] Nit rile Rubber Lining ( over Carbon St eel) NI TRL
1/ 4 I NCH [ 6 MM] Hypalon Rubber Lining ( over Carbon St eel) HYPLN
1/ 4 I NCH [ 6 MM] Ebonit e Lining ( over Carbon St eel) EBONT
16 PSF [ 80 KG/ M2] Chem ical Lead Lining CLEAD
I norganic Zinc Coat ing applied by brush t o 3 M [ 0.08 MM] t hickness I - ZN
Flam e sprayed Zinc Coat ing 8 MI L [ 0.20 MM] t hickness ZNMZL
Ca st in g M a t e r ia ls
M a t e r ia l Cla ssifica t ion Ca st in g M a t e r ia l D e scr ipt ion Syst e m M a t e r ia l
Sym bol
Alum inum Alloys Alum inum AL
I ron and St eel Alloys Low-Alloy St eel Grade B A203B
Low-Alloy St eel Grade E A203E
Low-Alloy St eel Grade C A 204
Low-Alloy St eel A 283
Carbon St eel A 299

Low-Alloy St eel Grade B A 302
Low-Alloy St eel Grade A A387A
Low-Alloy St eel Grade B A387B
Low-Alloy St eel Grade C A387C
Low-Alloy St eel Grade D A387D

Low-Alloy St eel Grade E A387E
Carbon St eel Grade 60 A 442
Carbon St eel A 455

Low-Alloy St eel Grade 1A A533A
Low-Alloy St eel Grade 1B A533B
Low-Alloy St eel Grade 1C A533C
9 Percent Nickel St eel A 553
Carbon St eel A285S
or CS
Cast I ron CI
St ainless St eel Alloys Type 304 St ainless St eel SS304
or SS
Type 304L St ainless St eel 304L
Type 316 St ainless St eel SS316
Type 316L St ainless St eel 316L

- cont inued next page -
M a t e r ia l Cla ssifica t ion Ca st in g M a t e r ia l D e scr ipt ion Syst e m M a t e r ia l
Sym bol
Ot her Alloys Nickel NI
I nconel I NCNL
Monel MONEL
Tit anium TI
Carpent er 20 C 20
Ot her Mat erials Available SS304 I m peller, CS Casing 304SF
Only On Pum ps Where SS316 I m peller, CS Casing 316SF
Designat ed Goulds Alloy 20 GAL20
High Nickel Alloy I SO B
High Nickel Alloy I SO C
Cast St eel CASTS
Pa ck in g M a t e r ia ls
Pa ck in g Type Size Pa ck in g M a t e r ia l Pa ck in g Type
I nche s MM Sym bol
Act ivat ed carbon - - Carbon ACT- C

Alum ina - - Alum ina ALMNA
Berl saddles 0.5 15 Ceram ic 0.5CBS

0.75 20 .75CBS
1.0 25 1.0CBS
1.5 40 1.5CBS
Berl saddles 0.5 15 Porcelain 0.5PBS
0.75 20 .75PBS
1.0 25 1.0PBS
1.5 40 1.5PBS
Calcium chloride - - Calcium chloride CACL
Coke - - Coke COKE
Crushed lim est one - - Lim est one LI ME

Cr ushed st one - - St one STONE
Dirt ( eart h) - - Eart h DI RT

Gravel - - Gravel GRAVEL
I NTALOX saddles 0.5 15 Ceram ic 0.5CI S
1.0 25 1.0CI S
1.5 40 1.5CI S
2.0 50 2.0CI S
I NTALOX saddles 0.5 15 Porcelain 0.5PI S
1.0 25 1.0PI S
1.5 40 1.5PI S
2.0 50 2.0PI S
Pall rings 0.5 15 Polypropylene 0.5PPR
1.0 25 1.0PPR
1.5 40 1.5PPR
2.0 50 2.0PPR
Pall rings 0.5 15 St ainless st eel 0.5SPR
1.0 25 1.0SPR
1.5 40 1.5SPR
2.0 50 2.0SPR
Raschig rings 0.5 15 Ceram ic 0.5CRR
0.75 20 .75CRR
1.0 25 1.0CRR
1.5 40 1.5CRR
2.0 50 2.0CRR
3.0 75 3.0CRR
I nche s MM Sym bol
Raschig rings 1.0 25 Porcelain 1.0PRR

1.5 40 1.5PRR
2.0 50 2.0PRR
3.0 75 3.0PRR
Raschig rings 1.0 25 St ainless st eel 1.0SRR
1.5 40 1.5SRR
2.0 50 2.0SRR
3.0 75 3.0SRR
Raschig rings 1.0 25 Carbon st eel 1.0FRR
1.5 40 1.5FRR
2.0 50 2.0FRR
3.0 75 3.0FRR
Resin - - Resin RESI N
Sand - - Sand SAND
Silica gel - - Silica gel S- GEL
Telleret t es H.D. 1.0 25 Polyet hylene HD- P-T

Telleret t es L.D. 1.0 25 Polyet hylene LD- P-T
13X Molecular Sieve 13XMS
PVC St ruct ured Packing 68 SF/ CF [ 223 M2/ M3] 68PVC
CPVC St ruct ured Packing 68 SF/ CF [ 223 M2/ M3] 68CPVC
Cascade rings 1.0 25 Ceram ic 1.0CCR
2.0 50 2.0CCR
3.0 75 3.0CCR
Cascade rings 1.0 25 Polypropylene 1.0PCR
2.0 50 2.0PCR
3.0 75 3.0PCR
Cascade rings 1.0 25 St ainless st eel 1.0SCR
1.5 40 1.5SCR
2.0 50 2.0SCR
3.0 75 3.0SCR
4.0 100 4.0SCR
St eel st ruct ured 107 350 410S St ainless st eel M107YA
packing 45° angle 76 250 M76YA
of vert ical 62 205 M62YA
orient at ion
35 115 M35YA
St eel st ruct ured 107 350 304 St ainless st eel M107YB
packing 45° angle 76 250 M76YB
of vert ical 62 205 M62YB
orient at ion
35 115 M35YB
St eel st ruct ured 107 350 316L St ainless st eel M107YC
packing 45° angle 76 250 M76YC
of vert ical 62 205 M62YC
orient at ion
35 115 M35YC
- cont inued on next page -
I nche s MM Sym bol
St eel st ruct ured 76 250 410S St ainless st eel M76XA

packing 60° angle 35 115 M35XA
of vert ical
orient at ion
St eel st ruct ured 76 250 304 St ainless st eel M76XB
packing 60° angle 35 115 M35XB
of vert ical
orient at ion
St eel st ruct ured 76 250 316L St ainless st eel M76XC
packing 60° angle 35 115 M35XC
of vert ical
orient at ion
2 9 Un it s of M e a su r e ( G6 )

I nt roduct ion t o Unit s of Measure
Unit s of Measure
Lengt h
Area
Volum e
Mass
Mass per Lengt h
Mass per Volum e
Pressure
Velocit y
Flow Rat es
Elect r ic
Pow er
Viscosit y
Angular
Ot her
Miscellaneous Useful Const ant s
Proj ect Specificat ions and t heir Use of Unit s of Measur e
Special Unit s of Measure
Lengt h and Area Unit s
Volum e Unit s
Mass and Unit Mass
Pressure Unit s
Velocit y and Flow Rat e Unit s
Pow er Unit s
Viscosit y Unit s
2 9 Un it s of M e a su r e ( G6 ) 29-1
I n t r odu ct ion t o Un it s of
M e a su r e
I carus syst em s provide a choice of t wo set s of unit s of m easure:
• I - P ( I nch- Pound)
• METRI C ( Met ric) .
The user m ust select t he desired set indirect ly ( by specifying t he count ry base
locat ion) or direct ly. Once t he appropriat e set is select ed, t he user m ay wish t o
redefine one or m ore variables from t he base unit s of m easure t o som e ot her
m easure. The Unit s of Measure Dat a provides t he m eans of ident ifying t he
conversion.
The user should refer t o unit s of m easure lat er in t his chapt er for t he basic
definit ions of variables and t heir associat ed unit s of m easure for I - P and
METRI C set s. Along wit h t hese definit ions are conversion m ult ipliers for
relat ing I - P t o METRI C unit s. Each line bearing a t w o- digit Type Num ber is a
candidat e for user redefinit ion. The t ype num ber is used t o ident ify t he specific
unit of m easure t o be redefined. The user would t hen provide a new nam e for
t hat unit of m easure and t he appropriat e conversion m ult iplier t o convert fr om
t he base unit of m easure t o t he desired unit of m easure.
The following special unit s of m easure are not charact erized by a Type Num ber
and sim ple conversion m ult iplier:
• Tem perat ure - User m ay define t em perat ure t o be in DEG C, DEG F or
DEG K.
• Process Pipe Size ( diam et er and t hickness dim ensions only) - User m ay
specify process pipe t o be designed in I NCH or MM unit s of m easure,
independent ly of ot her linear unit s of m easure.
• Driver Power - User m ay specify dr ivers t o be specified, sized, select ed,
report ed in HP or KW.
N ot e s of Ca u t ion
All user- provided num eric values for dim ensions, sizes, ext ent s, int ensit ies,
flows, et c., are considered by t he syst em t o conform t o t hose unit s of m easure
select ed and/ or defined by t he user. I t is t he user ’s r esponsibilit y t o be
const ant ly aware of t he unit s of m easure so select ed t hroughout t he ent ire
exercise of pr eparing proj ect dat a for t he syst em . The user is caut ioned t hat
variable r edefinit ion fr om syst em base t o a user unit of m easure could have
unpredict able downst ream effect s, for exam ple, in select ion of plat es, wire,
t ubing, pipe, et c. Furt her, t he user is caut ioned t hat each base set of unit s, I - P
and METRI C, has it s own special set of default values; t he pair of default
values are not necessarily relat ed t o one anot her by usual conversion
relat ionships; each is est ablished by it self as a reasonable value in t he base
unit of m easure. Once t he user ’s set of unit s of m easure is est ablished, default
values are evaluat ed as follows:
• Unit of Measure Conversion: are used t o convert t he base unit of m easure
default value by t he user ’s num eric value t o obt ain t he value of t he revised
default value in t he desired unit s of m easure.
29-2 2 9 Un it s of M e a su r e ( G6 )
• No Unit of Measure Conversion: t he syst em uses t he default value
as t abulat ed.
Ex a m ple
• METRI C base set select ed in Proj ect Tit le Dat a, and
• Unit of m easure dat a used t o convert pressure in KPA ( METRI C) t o PSI G
using 0.14504 = 1/ 6.894757 as conversion for Type No. 18.
• Turbine st eam pressure METRI C default is 2000 KPA, which, convert ed t o
PSI G, is 290.047549 PSI G. The PSI G value is used in sizing t he t urbine if
t he user does not ent er t he pressure value.
• Cont rast t his value wit h t he I - P default value print ed in t he t urbine t able as
300 PSI G.
An ot h e r Ex a m ple
The METRI C base user will have all lengt h variables defined in t erm s of
m illim et ers, m et ers, et c. As a consequence, pipe sizes ( diam et ers) and wall
t hicknesses will be expect ed t o be specified, sized, select ed and report ed in
MM. Should t he METRI C base user desire pipe t o be specified, sized, select ed
and report ed in MM. Should t he METRI C base user desire pipe t o be specified,
sized, select ed and report ed as I NCH values, t he user m ust ent er t he
designat or I NCH in t he field labelled Pipe Size.
This not e of caut ion is t endered for t em perat ure and driver power a well as
pipe sizing.
Fin a l N ot e of Ca u t ion
The user of t his sect ion should exercise ext rem e care and deliberat ion in
redefining unit s of m easure. Since, once est ablished:
• All user input is expect ed in t he defined unit s of m easure.
• Default values subj ect t o conversions will not be in rounded num bers but
will be conver sions from base default values.
• Select ion and design cr it eria m ay be im pact ed and affect ed by user
redefinit ion of unit s of m easure.
• All report ing by t he syst em will conform t o t he select ed unit s of m easure.
• The t rail of consequences of redefinit ions of t he unit s of m easure is one
especially difficult t o backt rack, especially if t hat variable affect s size
select ion of m at erials in a non- st andard way.
Un it s of M e a su r e
Type I n ch/ Pou n d Conve r sion M e t r ic
N o. D e scr ipt ion Sym bol D e scr ipt ion Sym bol
Le n gt h
01 I nches I NCHES x 25.4 = Millim et ers MM

02 Feet FEET x 0.3048 = Met ers M
03 Miles ( st at ut e) MI LES x 1.60934 = Kilom et ers KM
04 Mesh MESH x 1.0000 = Mesh MESH
Ar e a
05 Square feet SF x 0.092903 = Square M2

m et ers
06 Square yards SY x 0.836127 = Square M2
m et ers
Volum e
07 Cubic feet CF x 0.028317 = Cubic M3

m et ers
08 Cubic yards CY x 0.76455 = Cubic M3
m et ers
09 US Gallons GALLONS x 0.00378541 = Cubic M3
( 231 cubic m et ers
inches, no
unit s for UK
im perial
gallons)
10 Barrels ( 42 BARRELS x 0.1589873 = Cubic M3
gallons) m et ers
11 Bags ( 94 BAGS x 0.852749 = Bags ( 50 BAG- 50KG
pounds) kilogram s)
48 Board feet BDFT x 0.0023597 = Cubic M3
m et ers
M a ss
12 Pounds LBS x 0.45359 = Kilogram s KG

13 Tons ( 2000 TONS x 0.907185 = 1000 TON
pounds) Kilogram s
M a ss pe r Le n gt h
14 Pounds per LB/ FT x 1.488156 = Kilogram s/ KG/ M

foot m et er
15 Pounds per LB/ YD x 0.496052 = Kilogram s/ KG/ M
yard m et er
M a ss pe r Volum e
16 Pounds per LB/ BATCH x 0.45359 = Kilogram s KG/ BATCH

bat ch per bat ch
17 Pounds per PCF x 16.01829 = Kilogram s KG/ M3
cubic foot per cubic
m et er
Pr e ssur e
18 Pounds ( force) PSI G x 6.894757 = Kilopascals KPA

per square ( 1000 newt ons
inch, gauge per square
m et er)
19 I nches of I N HG x 3.38638 = Kilopascals KPA
m ercury ( 1000 newt ons
per square
m et er)
20 I nches of I N H2O x 249.082 = Pascals PA
wat er
21 Millim et ers of MM HG x 133.322 = Pascals PA
m ercury
( TORR)
22 Pounds ( force) PSF x 0.0478802 = Kilonewt ons KN/ M2
per square per square
foot ( loading) m et er ( 1
newt on = 1 KG
m ass under 1
m et er/ sec2
accelerat ion)
Ve locit y
23 Feet per FPM x 18.2880 = Met ers/ hour M/ H

m inut e
24 Miles per hour MPH x 1.60934 = Kilom et ers/ KM/ H
hour
25 Revolut ions RPM x 1.0000 = Revolut ions RPM
per m inut e per m inut e
na Cycles per HZ x 1.0000 = Hert z HZ
second ( HZ is
frequent ly
used t o refer
t o local power
frequency)
Flow Ra t e s
26 Cubic feet per CFM x 1.69901 = Cubic M3/ H

m inut e m et ers per
hour
27 Cubic feet per CFH x 0.028317 = Cubic M3/ H
hour m et ers per
hour
28 Cubic feet per CFM/ SF x 18.28800 = Cubic M3/ H/ M2
m inut e per m et ers per
square foot of hour per
surface square m et er
of surface
29 Gallons per GPM x 0.063090 Lit res per L/ S
m inut e second
30 Gallons per GPH x 0.003785 Cubic m et ers M3/ H
hour per hour
31 Pounds per LB/ H x 0.45359 Kilogram s/ KG/ H
hour hour
32 Tons per hour TPH x 0.907185 = Tons per TON/ H
( short t ons, no hour
unit for long
t ons)
33 Tons per day TPD x 0.037799 = Tons per TON/ H
hour
Ele ct r ic
34 Volt s V x 1.0 = Volt s V

35 Kilovolt s KV x 1.0 = Kilovolt s KV
( 1000V)
36 Am peres A x 1.0 = Am peres A
37 Kiloam peres KA x 1.0 = Kiloam peres KA
( 1000A)
38 Wat t s W x 1.0 = Wat t s W
39 Kilowat t s KW x 1.0 = Kilowat t s KW
( 1000W)
40 Kilovolt- KVA x 1.0 = Kilovolt- KVA
am peres am peres
( 1000V- A)
Pow e r
na Horsepower HP x 0.74570 = Kilowat t s KW

41 Tons, TONS- REF x 3.51685 = Kilowat t s KW
refrigerat ion
( 12000 BTU
per hour)
42 BTU per hour BTU/ H x 0.293071 = Wat t s W
43 Millions of BTU MMBTU/ H x 0.293071 = Megawat t s MEGAW
per hour
44 BTU per hour BTU/ H/ SF x 3.15460 = Wat t s per W/ M2
per square square m et er
foot
45 BTU per pound BTU/ LB x 2.32601 = Kiloj oules KJ/ KG
per kilogram
Viscosit y
46 Cent ipoise CPOI SE x 1.0 = Millipascal- MPA- S

seconds
47 Cent ist oke CSTOKE x 1.0 = Millim et ers MM2/ S
squared per
second
Angula r
na Degrees DEGREE x 1.0 = Degrees DEGREE
Ot he r
na Fahrenheit DEG F ( F- 32) / 1.8 = Celsius DEG C

t em perat ure t em perat ure
na Fahrenheit DEG F x 0.55555 = Celsius DEG C
t em perat ure t em perat ure
difference difference
na Nom inal pipe I NCH not applicable Nom inal pipe MM
size ( diam et er size size ( diam et er
and t hickness) and t hickness)
na Driver power HP not applicable Driver power KW
M isce lla n e ou s Use fu l Con st a n t s

1 Gravit at ional Const ant :
° I nch- Pound 32.174 lb- ft / lb( force) - sec2
° Met ric 9.80665 kg- m / kg( force) - sec2
2 Absolut e t em perat ures:
° Rankine DEG R = 459.67 + DEG F
° Kelvin DEG K = 273.15 + DEG C
3 Gas Const ant , R ( basis: 22.4140 lit ers at 0 degrees C, 1 at m . for t he
volum e of 1 gram - m ole of gas and PV= ZnRT)
° R = 10.732 psia- ft 3/ lb- m ole degrees R
° R = 8.3145 KPA- m 3/ kg- m ole degrees K
Pr oj e ct Spe cifica t ion s a n d t h e ir
Use of Un it s of M e a su r e
Spe cia l Un it s of M e a su r e
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for Te m pe r a t u r e : F ( I NCH- POUND) or C or K
( METRI C)
Use t o specify:
• All it em s specifying t em perat ur e
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for pipe size : I NCH ( I NCH- POUND) or MM ( METRI C)
Use t o specify:
• Pipe, valves, fit t ings
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for dr ive r pow e r : HP ( I NCH- POUND) or KW
( METRI C)
Use t o specify:
• Elect ric m ot ors, t urbines
Le n gt h a n d Ar e a Un it s
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for : I NCHES ( I NCH- POUND) or MM ( METRI C)
Use t o specify:
• Vessel com ponent s
° wall/ plat e t hickness
° t ube diam et er
° cladding t hickness
• Conveyor belt s - widt h
• Conveyors/ vibrat ing - widt h of pan
• Cent r ifuge bowl/ basket diam et er
• Dryers, pan t ype - dept h
• Dust collect ors, cyclone diam et er
• Filt ers, plat e/ fram e size
• Feeders, r ot ar y - diam et er
• Feeders, vibrat ing - widt h
• Heat exchangers, shell diam et er
• Mills, product , feed size
• Reboilers, port area
• St acks - diam et er
• Towers - t ray spacing
• I nsulat ion t hickness
• Manhole diam et er
• St eel, walkway widt h
• Vibrat ing screens - sift er screen diam et er
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for : FEET ( I NCH- POUND) or M ( METRI C)
Use t o specify:
• Vessel size
° span, lengt h, height , diam et er,
° t ube lengt h
• Fluid head- pum ps
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for : MI LES ( I NCH- POUND) or KM ( METRI C)
Use t o specify:
• Sit e developm ent
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for : MESH ( I NCH- POUND) or MESH ( METRI C)
Use t o specify:
• Crushers
• Filt er, t ubular
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for : SF ( I NCH- POUND) or M2 ( METRI C)
Use t o specify:
• Dryers - t ray surface area
• Dust collect ors - clot h area
• Drum dr yers - peripheral area
• Evaporat or s - heat ed surface ar ea
• Flakers - area
• Heat exchangers
• Linings
• Rot ary dryers
• Tray drying syst em s, t ray surface
• Vibrat ing screen
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for : SY ( I NCH- POUND) or M2 ( METRI C)
Use t o specify:
Volu m e Un it s
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for : CF ( I NCH- POUND) or M3 ( METRI C)
Use t o specify:
• Cent r ifuges - capacit y
• Filt ers, plat e/ fram e capacit y
• Mixers
• Rot ary dryers, w orking capacit y
• Vert ical t anks, gas holders, live bot t om
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for : CY ( I NCH- POUND) or M3 ( METRI C)
Use t o spe cify:
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for : GALLONS ( I NCH- POUND) or M3 ( METRI C)
Use t o spe cify:
• Vessel volum e, liquids
• Kneaders
• Packings
• Vert ical t anks
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for : BARRELS ( I NCH- POUND) or M3 ( METRI C)
Use t o specify:
• Vert ical t anks
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for : BAGS ( I NCH- POUND) or BAGS- 50KG ( METRI C)
Use t o specify:
• Field- m ixed concret e com ponent s
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for : BD FT ( I NCH- POUND) or M3 ( METRI C)
Use t o specify:
• Foundat ion form work ( shut t ering)
M a ss a n d Un it M a ss
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for : LBS ( I NCH- POUND) or KG ( METRI C)
Use t o specify:
• Cranes
• Scales
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for : TONS ( I NCH- POUND) or TON ( METRI C)
Use t o specify:
• Elevat ors
• Cranes, hoist s
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for : LB/ FT ( I NCH- POUND) or KG/ M ( METRI C)
Use t o specify:
• St eel m em ber sizes
• Pile sizes
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for : LB/ YD ( I NCH- POUND) or KG/ M ( METRI C)
Use t o specify:
• Sit e developm ent - railroad rails
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for : LB/ BATCH ( I NCH- POUND) or KG/ BATCH
( METRI C)
Use t o specify:
• Cent r ifuges, bat ch t ype
• Filt ers
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for : PCF ( I NCH- POUND) or KG/ M3 ( METRI C)
Use t o specify:
• Densit y of solids, fluids
• Blenders
Pr e ssu r e Un it s
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for : PSI G ( I NCH- POUND) or KPA ( METRI C)
Use t o specify:
• Gauge pressure
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for : I N HG ( I NCH- POUND) or KPA ( METRI C)
Use t o specify:
• Vacuum pum ps
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for : I N H2O ( I NCH- POUND) or PA ( METRI C)
Use t o specify:
• Draft pressure m easur em ent , duct work
• Dust collect or, cyclone - pr essure drop
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for : MM HG ( I NCH- POUND) or PA ( METRI C)
Use t o specify:
• Ej ect ors, absolut e pressure
• Vacuum pum ps, absolut e pressure
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for : PSF ( I NCH- POUND) or KN/ M2 ( METRI C)
Use t o specify:
• Civil - soil bearing capacit y
Ve locit y a n d Flow Ra t e Un it s
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for : FPM ( I NCH- POUND) or M/ H ( METRI C)
Use t o specify:
• Conveyors, belt speed
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for : MPH ( I NCH- POUND) or KM/ H ( METRI C)
Use t o specify:
• Wind velocit y
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for : RPM ( I NCH- POUND) or RPM ( METRI C)
Use t o specify:
• Agit at ors, agit at ed t anks
• Mot ors
• Blenders
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for : CFM ( I NCH- POUND) or M3/ H ( METRI C)
Use t o specify:
• Air, gas com pressor s
• Air dryers
• Dust collect ors, washers, precipit at ors, cyclone
• Fans
• Vacuum pum ps
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for : CFH ( I NCH- POUND) or M3/ H ( METRI C)
Use t o specify:
• Feeders
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for : CFM/ SF ( I NCH- POUND) or M3/ H/ M2 ( METRI C)
Use t o specify:
• Dust collect ors
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for : GPM ( I NCH- POUND) or L/ S ( METRI C)
Use t o specify:
• Cent r ifugal pum ps
• Barom et r ic condenser - wat er flow rat e
• Filt er, cart ridge, t ubular
• Gear pum ps
• Posit ive displacem ent pum ps
• Towers, cooling
• Wat er t reat m ent syst em s
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for : GPH ( I NCH- POUND) or M3/ H ( METRI C)
Use t o specify:
• Wat er t reat m ent syst em s
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for : LB/ H ( I NCH- POUND) or KG/ H ( METRI C)
Use t o specify:
• Dryers, evaporat ive capacit y
• Drum dr yers
• Evaporat or s
• Ej ect ors - air flow rat e
• Filt ers
• Feeders
• Flakers, drum t ype
• Heat exchangers
• React ors
• Rot ary dryers
• Tray drying syst em s
• Towers, packed, t rayed
• Wat er t reat m ent syst em s - boiler s
• Wiped film evaporat ors
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for : TPH ( I NCH- POUND) or TON/ H ( METRI C)
Use t o specify:
• Conveyors
• Bucket conveyors
• Crushers
• Feeders
• Filt ers
• Mills
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for : TPD ( I NCH- POUND) or TON/ H ( METRI C)
Use t o specify:
• Cryst allizers
• Feeder, vibrat ing
• Mills
Ele ct r ica l Un it s
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for : V ( I NCH- POUND) or V ( METRI C)
Use t o specify:
• Elect rical plant bulks
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for : KV ( I NCH- POUND) or KV ( METRI C)
Use t o specify:
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for : A ( I NCH- POUND) or A ( METRI C)
Use t o specify:
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for : KA ( I NCH- POUND) or KA ( METRI C)
Use t o specify:
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for : W ( I NCH- POUND) or W ( METRI C)
Use t o specify:
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for : KW ( I NCH- POUND) or KW ( METRI C)
Use t o specify:
• Elect ric generat ors, port able
• Heat exchangers - t ank heat ers
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for : KVA ( I NCH- POUND) or KVA ( METRI C)
Use t o specify:
• Elect ric generat ors
• Elect rical subst at ion equipm ent
Pow e r Un it s
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for : TONS- REF ( I NCH- POUND) or KW ( METRI C)
Use t o specify:
• Refrigerat ion unit s
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for : BTU/ H ( I NCH- POUND) or W ( METRI C)
Use t o specify:
• Heat t ransfer rat e
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for : MMBTU/ H ( I NCH- POUND) or MEGAW ( METRI C)
Use t o specify:
• Furnaces
• Heat ing unit s
• Reboiler s
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for : BTU/ H/ SF ( I NCH- POUND) or W/ M2 ( METRI C)
Use t o specify:
• Flar est acks
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for : BTU/ LB ( I NCH- POUND) or KJ/ KG ( METRI C)
Use t o specify:
• Reboiler s
• Flar est acks
Viscosit y Un it s
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for : CPOI SE ( I NCH- POUND) or MPA- S ( METRI C)
Use t o specify:
• Pum ps
• Agit at ed vessels
Un it of M e a su r e N a m e for : CSTOKE ( I NCH- POUND) or MM2/ S ( METRI C)
Use t o specify:
• Pum ps, gear
3 0 Fie ld M a n pow e r Tit le s
a n d W a ge Ra t e s ( G1 3 )

US Count ry Base
UK Count ry Base
JP Count ry Base
EU Count ry Base
ME Count ry Base
3 0 Fie ld M a n pow e r Tit le s a nd W a ge Ra t e s ( G1 3 ) 30-1

The rat es in t his chapt er are escalat ed by t he Const ruct ion I ndex value
specified by t he user in t he I ndexing/ Escalat ion dat a
US Cou n t r y Ba se
Cr a ft US Cr a ft N a m e Un loa de d Aspe n I n - Pla n t Cost
Code W a ge Ra t e Est im a t or Loa de d W a ge
( $ / MH) Ra t e ( $ / M H ) 1
51 Laborer 17.00 37.10
52
53 * Millwright 30.50 66.60
54 Rigger 29.40 64.20
55
56 Light Vehicle Driver 19.00 41.50
57 Heavy Vehicle Driver 21.10 46.00
58
59 Oiler 28.20 61.50
60 Mechanic 28.80 62.80
61
62 Light Equipm ent Oper 28.20 61.50
63 Medium Equipm ent Oper 29.20 63.70
64 Heavy Equipm ent Oper 30.20 65.90
65
66 * Pipefit t er 28.60 62.40
67 * Pipe Welder 31.50 68.70
68
69 Cem ent Finisher 25.00 54.60
70 Carpent er 24.30 53.00
71 Bricklayer 26.70 58.30
72 I ronworker - Rebar 28.20 61.50
73
74 I ronworker - St ruct ural 26.90 58.70
75 Welder - St ruct ural 26.90 58.70
76
77 Welder - Special 30.80 67.20
78 * Welder - Fabricat or 28.20 61.50
79 * Boilerm aker 27.90 60.90
80
81 * I nst rum ent Fit t er 31.30 68.30
82
83 * Elect rician - Line 31.30 68.30
84 * Elect rician - Wiring 29.20 63.70
85
30-2 3 0 Fie ld M a n pow e r Tit le s a nd W a ge Ra t e s ( G1 3 )

Cr a ft US Cr a ft N a m e Un loa de d Aspe n I n - Pla n t Cost
( $ / MH) Ra t e ( $ / M H ) 1
86 * Sheet m et al Worker 26.70 58.30
87 I nsulat or 21.90 47.80
88
89 Paint er 21.90 47.80
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98 Craft Helper 18.80 41.00
99 Forem an ** **
1
Aspen I n- Plant Cost Est im at or Loaded Wage Rat e excludes equipm ent rent al.
* Principal Craft s.
* * Forem an’s rat e is 110% of t he highest paid craft in t he crew in which t he
forem an w orks.
Base Const ruct ion I ndex Value ( 1Q 2012) = 2030.

UK Cou n t r y Ba se * * *
Cr a ft UK Cr a ft N a m e Un loa de d Aspe n I n - Pla n t Cost
( PS/ M H ) Ra t e ( PS/ M H ) 1
51 Laborer 15.60 43.40
52
53 * Fit t er/ Millwright 19.70 55.00
54 Rigger 19.70 55.00
55
58
59
60 Plant Fit t er 19.70 55.00
61
65
66 * Plat er/ Pipefit t er 19.70 55.00
67 * Welder 20.80 57.90
68
70 Joiner 19.40 53.90
72 St eel Fixer 17.20 47.90
73
74 St eel Erect or 19.70 55.00
76
79 * Boilerm aker 19.70 55.00
80
82
83 * Elect rical Technician 21.10 58.80
84 * Elect rician 19.10 53.30
85
87 I nsulat or 19.70 55.00
88

Cr a ft UK Cr a ft N a m e Un loa de d Aspe n I n - Pla n t Cost
( PS/ M H ) Ra t e ( PS/ M H ) 1
89 Paint er 17.20 47.90
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98 Craft sm an’s Mat e 15.60 43.40
99 Forem an ** **
1
forem an w orks.
* * * Wage Rat e Basis: Nat ional Agreem ent for t he Engineering Const ruct ion
I ndust ry, 2011- 2012 Updat e. Rat es include m easured incent ive bonus
appropriat e t o large process indust ry sit es. Rat es for civil work reflect
" com parabilit y" wit h rat es for engineering t rades on large process indust ry
sit es.
Base Const ruct ion I ndex Value ( 1Q 2012) = 4970
N ot e : PS indicat es Pounds St erling

JP Cou n t r y Ba se
Cr a ft JP Cr a ft N a m e Un loa de d Aspe n I n - Pla n t Cost
( KY/ M H ) Ra t e ( KY/ M H ) 1
51 Laborer 1.60 3.40
52
53 * Millwright 2.00 4.20
54 Rigger 2.00 4.20
55
58
59 Oiler 1.90 4.00
60 Mechanic 2.10 4.40
61
65
66 * Pipefit t er 2.60 5.50
67 * Pipe Welder 2.80 5.90
68
70 Carpent er 2.30 4.80
73
74 I ronworker - St ruct ural 2.30 4.80
76
79 * Boilerm aker 2.50 5.30
80
82
83 * Elect rician - Line 2.50 5.30
84 * Elect rician - Wiring 2.50 5.30
85
87 I nsulat or 2.30 4.80
88

Cr a ft JP Cr a ft N a m e Un loa de d Aspe n I n - Pla n t Cost
( KY/ M H ) Ra t e ( KY/ M H ) 1
89 Paint er 2.20 4.60
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98 Craft Helper 1.70 3.60
99 Forem an ** **
1 Aspen I n- Plant Cost Est im at or Loaded Wage Rat e excludes equipm ent rent al.
forem an w orks.
Base Const ruct ion I ndex Value ( 1Q 2012 = 1130) .
N ot e : KY indicat es t housand Yen.

EU Cou n t r y Ba se
Cr a ft EU Cr a ft N a m e Un loa de d Aspe n I n - Pla n t Cost
( EUR/ M H ) Ra t e ( EUR/ M H ) 1
51 Laborer 18.40 43.60
52
53 * Millwright 23.90 56.70
54 Rigger 23.90 56.70
55
56 Driver: Light 21.30 50.50
57 Driver: Heavy 21.30 50.50
58
59 Oiler
60 Mechanic 23.90 56.70
61
62 EquipOp: Light 21.30 50.50
63 EquipOp: Medium 21.50 51.10
64 EquipOp: Heavy 23.90 56.70
65
66 * Pipefit t er 23.90 56.70
67 * Pipe Welder 24.20 57.50
68
70 Carpent er 24.00 56.90
73
74 I ronworker: St ruct 23.90 56.70
75 Welder: St ruct 23.90 56.70
76
77 Welder: Special 24.50 58.00
78 * Welder: Fabr 24.50 58.00
79 * Boilerm aker 23.90 56.70
80
81 * I nst ru.Fit t er 23.90 56.70
82
83 * Elect r: Line 24.00 56.90
84 * Elect r: Wire 23.90 56.70
85
87 I nsulat or 23.90 56.70
88

Cr a ft EU Cr a ft N a m e Un loa de d Aspe n I n - Pla n t Cost
( EUR/ M H ) Ra t e ( EUR/ M H ) 1
89 Paint er 21.30 50.50
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98 Helper 19.50 46.40
99 Forem an ** **
1 Aspen I n- Plant Cost Est im at or Loaded Wage Rat e excludes equipm ent rent al.
forem an w orks.
M E Cou n t r y Ba se
Note: SAR = Saudi Arabian Riyals
Cr a ft M E Cr a ft N a m e Un loa de d Aspe n I n - Pla n t Cost
( SAR/ M H ) Ra t e ( SAR/ M H ) 1
51 Laborer 22.00 55.10
52
53 * Millwright 28.20 70.40
54 Rigger 28.20 70.40
55
56 Driver: Light 24.00 60.00
57 Driver: Heavy 24.00 60.00
58
59 Oiler 28.20 70.40
60 Mechanic 41.60 104.10
61
62 EquipOp: Light 22.00 55.10
63 EquipOp: Medium 25.40 63.40
64 EquipOp: Heavy 29.20 72.90
65
66 * Pipefit t er 28.20 70.40

Cr a ft M E Cr a ft N a m e Un loa de d Aspe n I n - Pla n t Cost
( SAR/ M H ) Ra t e ( SAR/ M H ) 1
67 * Pipe Welder 41.60 104.10
68
70 Carpent er 23.30 58.20
73
74 I ronworker: St ruct 25.70 64.30
75 Welder: St ruct 25.70 64.30
76
77 Welder: Special 25.70 64.30
78 * Welder: Fabr 26.90 67.40
79 * Boilerm aker 26.90 67.40
80
81 * I nst ru.Fit t er 28.20 70.40
82
83 * Elect r: Line 28.20 70.40
84 * Elect r: Wire 28.20 70.40
85
87 I nsulat or 27.60 68.90
88
89 Paint er 24.50 61.20
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98 Helper 19.00 47.50
99
1
forem an w orks.

3 1 En gin e e r in g ( G1 3 )

Design and Const ruct ion Engineering Disciplines and Wage Rat es
US Count ry Base
UK Count ry Base
JP Count ry Base
EU Count ry Base
ME Count ry Base
Engineering Expenses and I ndirect s
St andard Engineering Drawing Types
User- Specified Drawing Classificat ions
3 1 En gine e r in g ( G1 3 ) 31-1
D e sign a n d Con st r u ct ion
En gin e e r in g D isciplin e s a n d
W a ge Ra t e s
US Cou n t r y Ba se
Note: $ indicates US dollars
N o. D e sign* D isciplin e $ / MH N o. Con st r uct ion* * $ / MH
D isciplin e
Ba sic En gine e r in g: H om e Office :
01 Proj ect Engineering 62.70 01 Proj ect Managem ent 65.10
02 Process Engineering 56.90 02 Cost Account ing 49.40
03 Piping Design 55.60 03 Const ruct ion Dept . 36.50
04 I nst rum ent Design 54.60 04 Planning, Scheduling 47.10
05 Mechanical Design 55.60 05 Tools, Equipm ent 37.00
06 Elect rical Design 55.20 06 I ndust rial Relat ions 37.10
07 Civil Design 54.30 07 Subcont ract Adm in. 62.00
08 Piping Draft ing 47.10 08 Support , Clerical 25.20
09 I nst rum ent Draft ing 49.00 Fie ld Office :
10 Mechanical Draft ing 50.30 01 Proj ect Const rn. Supt . 54.00
11 Elect rical Draft ing 50.00 02 Area Superint endent s 52.90
12 Civil Draft ing 47.10 Field Superint endent s:
13 General Draft ing 39.20 03 Piping 47.90
14 Planning, Scheduling 51.70 04 I nst rum ent at ion 47.90
15 Cost Est im at ing 53.90 05 Elect rical 47.90
16 Support , Clerical 25.20 06 Civil 47.90
D e t a il En gin e e r in g: 07 Mechanical 47.90
01 Proj ect Engineering 62.70 08 QC&A, I nspect ion 36.20

02 Process Engineering 56.90 09 Subcont ract Adm in 50.70
03 Piping Design 55.60 10 Cost Engineering 46.20
04 I nst rum ent Design 54.60 11 Field Engineering 42.20
05 Mechanical Design 55.60 12 Planning, Scheduling 47.40
06 Elect rical Design 55.20 13 Safet y & Medical 38.70
07 Civil Design 54.30 14 Field Account ing 39.50
08 Piping Draft ing 47.10 15 Mat erials Cont rol 39.30
09 I nst rum ent Draft ing 49.00 16 General Draft ing 39.20
10 Mechanical Draft ing 50.30 17 Support , Clerical 22.70
11 Elect rical Draft ing 50.00 Con st r u ct ion M a n a ge m e n t
( H om e ) :
12 Civil Draft ing 47.10 01 Proj ect Managem ent 65.10
31-2 3 1 En gine e r in g ( G1 3 )
N o. D e sign* D isciplin e $ / MH N o. Con st r uct ion* * $ / MH
D isciplin e
13 General Draft ing 39.20 02 Cost Account ing 49.40
14 Planning, Scheduling 51.70 03 Const ruct ion Dept . 36.50
15 Cost Est im at ing 53.90 04 Subcon. Adm in. 50.70
( Field)
16 Support , Clerical 25.20 05 Const ruct ion Manager 62.10
17 Model Building 32.30 06 Area Managers 52.90
Pr ocu r e m e n t : 07 Subcon. Coordinat or 45.60
01 Procurem ent 48.70 08 Field I nspect or 36.20

02 Support , Clerical 25.20 09 Cost Engineering 46.20
En g'g M a na ge m e n t : 10 Field Engineering 42.20
01 Proj ect Engineering 76.30 11 Planning, Scheduling 47.40

12 Safet y & Medical 38.70
* These rat es are t he current ( 1Q 2012) 13 Support , Clerical 25.20
Syst em base values, which are escalat ed St a r t - u p, Com m ission in g:
by t he Design Engineering I ndex specified
by t he user in t he I ndexing/ Escalat ion 01 Com m issioning St aff 62.70
dat a.
Base Design Engineering I ndex = 1530

02 St art- up St aff 56.90
03 Perform ance Test ing 55.60
* * These rat es are t he current ( 1Q
2012) Syst em base values, which are
escalat ed by t he Const ruct ion
Managem ent I ndex specified by t he
user in t he I ndexing/ Escalat ion dat a.
Base Const ruct ion Managem ent

I ndex = 1800
3 1 En gine e r in g ( G1 3 ) 31-3
UK Cou n t r y Ba se
Note: PS indicates Pounds Sterling
N o. D e sign* D isciplin e PS/ M H N o. Con st r uct ion* * PS/ M H
D isciplin e
12 Civil Draft ing 22.00 Field Superint endent s

02 Process Engineering 31.90 09 Subcont ract Adm in. 27.20
11 Elect rical Draft ing 22.00 Const r uct ion M a n a ge m e nt
( H om e ) :
15 Cost Est im at ing 22.00 04 Subcon. Adm in. ( Field) 28.60
31-4 3 1 En gine e r in g ( G1 3 )
N o. D e sign* D isciplin e PS/ M H N o. Con st r uct ion* * PS/ M H
D isciplin e

Not e: PS indicat es Pounds St erling 12 Safet y & Medical 21.70
Syst em base values, which are escalat ed by
St a r t - up, Com m issioning :
t he Design Engineering I ndex specified by
t he user in t he I ndexing/ Escalat ion dat a. 01 Com m issioning St aff 28.20

2012) Syst em base values, which
are escalat ed by t he Const ruct ion

I ndex = 4860
3 1 En gine e r in g ( G1 3 ) 31-5
JP Cou n t r y Ba se
Note: KY indicates thousand Yen
N o. D e sign* D isciplin e KY/ M H N o. Con st r uct ion* * KY/ M H
D isciplin e

D e t a il En gin e e r in g: 07 QC&A, I nspect ion 4.0
01 Proj ect Engineering 5.0 08 Mechanical 4.0
( H om e ) :
31-6 3 1 En gine e r in g ( G1 3 )
N o. D e sign* D isciplin e KY/ M H N o. Con st r uct ion* * KY/ M H
D isciplin e
N ot e : KY indicat es t housand YEN 12 Safet y & Medical 3.7
* These rat es are t he current ( 1Q

escalat ed by t he Design Engineering
I ndex specified by t he user in t he
I ndexing/ Escalat ion dat a.
13 Support , Clerical 2.1
St a r t - u p, Com m ission in g:
01 Com m issioning St aff 4.5

I ndex = 1940
3 1 En gine e r in g ( G1 3 ) 31-7
EU Cou n t r y Ba se
Note: EUR indicates Euros
N o. D e sign* D isciplin e EUR/ M H N o. Con st r uct ion* * EUR/
D isciplin e MH

( H om e ) :
31-8 3 1 En gine e r in g ( G1 3 )
N o. D e sign* D isciplin e EUR/ M H N o. Con st r uct ion* * EUR/
D isciplin e MH
* These rat es are t he current ( 1Q 12 Safet y & Medical 28.60
escalat ed by t he Design Engineering
I ndex specified by t he user in t he
I ndexing/ Escalat ion dat a.
13 Support , Clerical 19.90
St a r t - u p, Com m ission in g:

I ndex = 1720
3 1 En gine e r in g ( G1 3 ) 31-9
M E Cou n t r y Ba se
Note: SAR indicates Saudi Arabian Rials
N o. D e sign* D isciplin e SAR/ N o. Con st r uct ion* * SAR/
MH D isciplin e MH

02 Process Engineering 280.00 09 Subcont ract Adm in 78.00
11 Elect rical Draft ing 165.00 Con st r u ct ion M a n a ge m e n t
( H om e ) :
15 Cost Est im at ing 210.00 04 Subcon. Adm in. 78.00
( Field)
07 Subcon. Coordinat or 78.00
31-10 3 1 En gine e r in g ( G1 3 )
N o. D e sign* D isciplin e SAR/ N o. Con st r uct ion* * SAR/
MH D isciplin e MH
Pr ocu r e m e n t : 08 Field I nspect or 71.50
01 Procurem ent 250.00 09 Cost Engineering 91.00

02 Support , Clerical 100.00 10 Field Engineering 162.80
En g'g M a na ge m e n t : 11 Planning, Scheduling 210.00
01 Proj ect Engineering 420.00 12 Safet y & Medical 71.50

Syst em base values. St a r t - u p, Com m ission in g:
2012) Syst em base values.

I ndex = 1870
3 1 En gine e r in g ( G1 3 ) 31-11
En gin e e r in g Ex pe n se s a n d
I n dir e ct s ( Aspe n Ca pit a l Cost
Est im a t or a n d Aspe n Pr oce ss
Econ om ic An a lyze r )
US Country Base
Phase % Eng'ng Manpower
Ex pe nse Ra t e ( $ / Pa yr oll Cost I n dir e ct s
MH) * Bu sine ss
Basic Engineering 5.40 25 75
Det ail Engineering 4.20 25 75
Procurem ent 9.60 25 75
Engineering 0.00 25 75
Managem ent
( $ / MH) * *
Hom e Office 3.90 25 75
Const ruct ion Services
Field Office Supervision 0.00 25 75
Const ruct ion 0.00 25 75
Managem ent
St art- up, 0.00 25 75
Com m issioning
UK Country Base
Ex pe nse Ra t e ( PS/ Pa yr oll Cost I n dir e ct s
MH) * Bu sine ss
Managem ent
( PS/ M H ) * *
Managem ent
St art- up, 0.00 40 90
Com m issioning
31-12 3 1 En gine e r in g ( G1 3 )
Engine e r in g Ex pe nse s a nd I ndir e ct s - cont inued
Japan Country Base
Phase % En g'n g M a n pow e r
Ex pe nse Ra t e ( KY/ Pa yr oll Bu sin e ss Cost I n dir e ct s
MH) *
Managem ent
( KY/ M H ) * *
Managem ent
St art- up, 0.00 25 75
Com m issioning
3 1 En gine e r in g ( G1 3 ) 31-13
EU Country Base
Ex pe n se Ra t e ( EUR/ Pa yr oll Bu sin e ss Cost I ndir e ct s
MH) *
Managem ent
( EUR/ M H ) * *
Managem ent
St art- up, 0.00 40 90
Com m issioning
* These rat es are t he current ( 1Q 2012) Syst em base values, which are escalat ed by t he
Design Engineering I ndex specified by t he user in t he I ndexing/ Escalat ion dat a.
* * These rat es are t he current ( 1Q 2012) Syst em base values, which are escalat ed by
t he Const ruct ion Managem ent I ndex specified by t he user in t he I ndexing/ Escalat ion
dat a.
31-14 3 1 En gine e r in g ( G1 3 )
ME Country Base
Ex pe nse Ra t e ( SAR/ Pa yr oll Cost I n dir e ct s
MH) * Bu sine ss
Managem ent
( SAR/ M H ) * *
Managem ent
St art- up, 0.00 25 75
Com m issioning
* These rat es are t he current ( 1Q 2012) Syst em base values, which are escalat ed by t he
Design Engineering I ndex specified by t he user in t he I ndexing/ Escalat ion dat a.
* * These rat es are t he current ( 1Q 2012) Syst em base values, which are escalat ed by
t he Const ruct ion Managem ent I ndex specified by t he user in t he I ndexing/ Escalat ion
dat a.
Base Design Engineering I ndex = 1530 ( US) , 4750 ( UK) , 2060 ( JP) , 1850
( EU) , 1620 ( ME)
Base Const ruct ion Managem ent I ndex = 1800 ( US) , 4860 ( UK) , 1940 ( JP) ,
1720 ( EU) , 1870 ( ME)
N ot e :
$ indicat es U.S. Dollars
PS indicat es Pounds St erling
KY indicat es t housand YEN
EUR indicat es Euros
SAR indicat es Saudi Arabian Riyals
Ex pla na t ion of Ex pe nse Ra t e
The Expense rat e is used t o calculat e t he Basic Engineering Report 's
" Overhead I t em s," which consist of t he following:
• Reproduct ion
• Com m unicat ions
• Travel
• Com put at ion
3 1 En gine e r in g ( G1 3 ) 31-15
These four line it em s collect ively com prise engineering expenses. They result
fr om a fixed percent age split of t his expense by phase. Mult iply t he Tot al Man-
hours for t he phase by t his rat e t o calculat e t he t ot al expenses. The syst em
t hen allocat es t hese t o various cat egories by percent age as follows:
Basic Detail Procure Home
Reproduction 23% 30% 14% 42%
Communications 3% 4% 12% 8%
Travel 17% 12% 50% 50%
Computation 57% 54% 24% 0%
The am ount of t he expense is user- adj ust ed, but how it is split int o t hese
cat egories is not .
Bot h t he Payroll Burdens/ Fringes and I ndirect s are Percent ages of t he Tot al
Engineering Cost in t he Basic Engineering Report .
The relat ionship am ong t he wage rat es, expense rat e, and cost indirect are as
follows:
• Wage rat es are t he wages paid t o a specific disciplines ( see page 31- 3) .
• The Expense rat e is used t o calculat e t he Overhead it em s in t he Basic
Engineering Report .
• I ndirect s are t ypically office expenses. I ndirect office expenses include
rent , heat , elect ricit y and ot her operat ing expenses not specifically covered
in ot her engineering account s.
31-16 3 1 En gine e r in g ( G1 3 )
St a n da r d En gin e e r in g D r a w in g
Type s ( Aspe n Ca pit a l Cost
Est im a t or a n d Aspe n Pr oce ss
Econ om ic An a lyze r )
Ba sic D e t a ile d
En gin - Engin e e r ing
e e r ing
D r a w in D e scr ipt ion D r a w in g N o. D e scr ipt ion
g N o.
1 Process Flow Diagram s 1 Piping Arrangem ent s ( Plans &
Elevns.)
2 Piping & I nst rum ent Diagram s 2 Piping I som et rics
3 I nt erconnect ing Piping 3 Special Hanger/ Support
Diagram s Drawings
4 Ut ilit y Flow Diagram s 4 St eam Tracing Drawings
5 Ut ilit y Piping & I nst rum ent
Dgs
6 Elect rical One Line Diagram s 7 I nst rum ent Locat ion Drawings
7 Elec. Syst em Dist ribut ion 8 Cont rol Cable Schedules
8 General Equipm ent 9 Cont rol Room / Console
Arrangem ent s Drawings
9 Ot her ( Plot Plant s, Et c.) 10 Cont rol Syst em s Schem at ics
11 I nst rum ent Loop Diagram s
12 Connect ion Diagram s/ Junct ion
Box Drwgs
13 Elect rical One Line Diagram s

14 Subst at ion Layout Drawings
15 Elect rical Schem at ics
16 Power Dist ribut ion Drawings
17 Circuit Scheds, Connect ion
Diagram s
18 Cable Tray Drawings
User- specified Drawings 19 Light ing Drawings
20 Grounding Drawings
Up t o nine user- specified drawings ( or 21 Elect rical Tracing Drawings
ot her t asks, such as m odels) m ay be
added t o t he syst em drawings by using
a drawing num ber from t he range 91- 23 Equipm ent Foundat ion
99. Drawings
N ot e : Only t he drawing num bers 24 St eelwork Foundat ion
shown in t his t able and 91- 99 are Drawings
accept ed.
25 Area Paving Drawings
26 Misc. Concret e, Support s, Et c.
31-17 3 1 En gine e r in g ( G1 3 )
Ba sic D e t a ile d
En gin - Engin e e r ing
e e r ing
27 Underground Piping Drawings
28 St ruct ural St eel ( Plans &

Elevns.)
29 Ladders & Plat form s, Misc.
St eel
30 Grat ing Drawings
32 Building Arrangem ent Plans,
Elevns.
33 Archit ect ural Det ails
34 Facilit ies Plot Plans

35 Area Equipm ent Layout s
36 Sit e Developm ent
38 Ot her Det ail Drawings, List s
31-18 3 1 En gine e r in g ( G1 3 )
3 1 En gine e r in g ( G1 3 ) 31-19
31-20 3 1 En gine e r in g ( G1 3 )
3 2 Con st r u ct ion Equ ipm e n t ( G4 )

I nt roduct ion t o Const r uct ion Equipm ent Rent al
Const ruct ion Equipm ent
3 2 Con st r u ct ion Equipm e n t ( G4 ) 32-1

I n t r odu ct ion t o Con st r u ct ion
Equ ipm e n t Re n t a l
An Equipm ent Rent al Report is prepared for proj ect est im at es when t he
Const ruct ion Equipm ent Rent al report opt ion is select ed. The r eport ident ifies
bot h user and syst em - select ed rent al it em s, durat ions and rent al rat es. This
report is delet ed upon specific user ent ry of equipm ent / plant rent al eit her as a
t ot al cost or as a percent age of field m anpower.
The user can revise t he syst em ’s evaluat ion of equipm ent rent al requirem ent s
on an it em - by- it em basis, and by cont ract or, by defining Equipm ent Rent al
Dat a. Opt ions are available for specifying t he applicable cont ract or, adding
days or addit ional const ruct ion equipm ent t o t he account , changing days and
rent al rat es or delet ing const ruct ion equipm ent from t he account This chapt er
includes an indexed list of several hundred rent al equipm ent it em s cont ained
wit hin t he syst em base and direct ly relat ed t o work it em s for equipm ent and
bulk inst allat ion.
For Prim e Cont ract or report ing, equipm ent rent al applies t o t he proj ect in it s
ent iret y. For cont ract r eport ing, equipm ent rent al applies t o t he responsible
cont ract and m ust be provided for each cont ract if required.
Con st r u ct ion Equ ipm e n t

( Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or, Aspen Process Econom ic Analyzer , Aspen I n-
Plant Cost Est im at or) Rent al days and m ont hly rat es m ay be adj ust ed for
const ruct ion equipm ent it em s.
Equ ip Siz e
N o. Equipm e nt Cla ss D e scr ipt ion M e t r ic Unit s I - P Unit s
21 AUTOMOTI VE AMBULANCE
26 AUTOMOTI VE CAR 2- DOOR SUBCOMPACT 1.3 LI TER

27 AUTOMOTI VE CAR 4- DOOR COMPACT 1.6 LI TER
28 AUTOMOTI VE CAR 4- DOOR STANDARD 2.0 LI TER
31 AUTOMOTI VE MI NI BUS BUS 10 PASSENGER

32 AUTOMOTI VE BUS 25 PASSENGER 25 PASSENGER
33 AUTOMOTI VE BUS 40 PASSENGER 40 PASSENGER
41 TRUCK PI CKUP .5 TONS - 4 X 2 .50 TON - 4 X 2

42 TRUCK PI CKUP .75 TONS - 4 X 2 75 TON - 4 X 2
43 TRUCK PI CKUP .75 TONS - 4 X 4 .75 TON - 4 X 4
44 TRUCK PI CKUP - CREW CAB .75 TONS - 4 X 4 .75 TON - 4 X 4
45 TRUCK PI CKUP 1.0 TONS - 4 X 4 1 TON - 4 X 4
46 TRUCK HI GHWAY FLATBED 2 TONS - 4 X 2 2 TON - 4 X 2
32-2 3 2 Con st r u ct ion Equ ipm e n t ( G4 )

Equ ip Siz e
51 TRUCK OFF- ROAD FLATBED 6 TONS - 6 X 6 6 TON - 6 X 6
56 TRUCK A- FRAME 4 X4 4 X4
57 TRUCK LUBE/ GREASE
58 TRUCK FUEL/ WATER 5000 GALLONS 18 M3
61 TRUCK POWERLI NE, BUCKET I NSULATED I NSULATED

62 TRUCK CHERRY PI CKER NON- I NSULATED NON-
I NSULATED
66 TRUCK DUMP TRUCK 6 CY 5 M3

71 TRUCK FORKLI FT 2 TONS 2 TON

72 TRUCK FORKLI FT 10 TONS 9 TON
76 EARTHMOVI NG WHEEL LDR. W/ 0.75 CY 0.6 M3
BACKHOE
77 EARTHMOVI NG WHEEL LOADER CAT930 1.75 CY CAT930 1.3 M3
78 EARTHMOVI NG WHEEL LOADER CAT950 3.0 CY CAT950 2.3 M3
81 EARTHMOVI NG CRAWLER LOADER 1.0 CY 0.75 M3

82 EARTHMOVI NG CRAWLER LOADER CAT955 1.75 CY CAT955
83 EARTHMOVI NG CRAWLER LOADER CAT977 2.75 CY CAT977
84 EARTHMOVI NG CRAWLER LOADER 4.50 CY 3.4 M3
86 EARTHMOVI NG WHEEL ARTI CUL CAT966 3.50 CY CAT966 2.5 M3

LOADER
87 EARTHMOVI NG WHEEL ARTI CUL CAT988 6.00 CY CAT988 4.5 M3
LOADER
88 EARTHMOVI NG WHEEL ARTI CUL CAT980 PI PELOAD CAT980
LOADER PI PELOAD
91 EARTHMOVI NG MOTOR GRADER CAT 12 CAT 12

92 EARTHMOVI NG MOTOR GRADER CAT 14 CAT 42
95 EARTHMOVI NG TRENCHER, 12 I N X 3 FT 300 MM X 1.0 M

DI TCHWI TCH

Equ ip Siz e
96 EARTHMOVI NG TRENCHER, WHEEL 16 I N X 7 FT 6 I N 400 MM X 2.0 M
97 EARTHMOVI NG TRENCHER, WHEEL 28 I N X 8 FT 6 I N 700 MM X 2.5 M
98 EARTHMOVI NG TRENCHER, WHEEL 48 I N 1200 MM
99 EARTHMOVI NG SCRAPER- ELEVATI NG CAT613 11 CY CAT613 8 M3
100 EARTHMOVI NG SCRAPER- ELEVATI NG CAT621J 21 CY CAT621J 16 M3
101 EARTHMOVI NG SCRAPER- ELEVATI NG CAT633C 32 CY CAT633C 24 M3
102 EARTHMOVI NG SCRAPER,WHEEL TWI N627 14- 20 TWI N627 11- 15
TRACTR CY M3
103 EARTHMOVI NG SCRAPER,WHEEL CAT631C 21- 30 CAT631C 16- 23
TRACTR CY M3
104 EARTHMOVI NG SCRAPER,WHEEL CAT651B 32- 44 CAT651B 24- 33
TRACTR CY M3
105 EARTHMOVI NG SCRAPER, TOWED CAT435F 14- 18 CAT435F 11- 14
CY M3
106 EARTHMOVI NG SCRAPER, TOWED CAT D4 68 HP CAT D4
107 EARTHMOVI NG CRAWLER TRACT. CAT D6 120 HP CAT D6
DOZER
DOZER
DOZER
DOZER
111 EARTHMOVI NG BACKHOE CRAWLER .50 CY .40 M3
HYDR
112 EARTHMOVI NG BACKHOE CRAWLER .75 CY .60 M3
HYDR
113 EARTHMOVI NG BACKHOE CRAWLER 1.0 CY 75 M3
HYDR
114 EARTHMOVI NG BACKHOE CRAWLER 1.5 CY 1.1 M3
HYDR
115 EARTHMOVI NG BACKHOE CRAWLER 2.5 CY 1.9 M3
HYDR
116 EARTHMOVI NG TRUCK- MTD GRADALL 5/ 8 CY G660 G660
117 EARTHMOVI NG BACKHOE, SELF- PROP .50 CY 0.4 M3
118 EARTHMOVI NG BACKHOE, WHEEL .75 CY W/ 0.6 M3 W/
BREAKER BREAKER
121 DRI LLI NG ROTARY ROCK DRI LL CRAWLER MTD 12 CRAWLER MTD
IN
122 DRI LLI NG TRACK DRI LL,SWG 4.5 I NCHES 115 MM
BOOM
123 DRI LLI NG TWI N ROCK DRI LL SUSP. VERTI CAL SUSP.
VERTI CAL
124 DRI LLI NG AUGER,FLATBED- 2.5 2 TON,
MOUNTD TONS,OFFROAD OFFROAD

Equ ip Siz e
125 DRI LLI NG DRI LL QUAD,SWG 4.5 I NCHES 115 MM
BOOM
126 COMPACTI ON ROLLER SELF- VI BR DRUM 7 VI B DRUM 6.5
PROPELLD TONS TON
127 COMPACTI ON ROLLER SELF- 9 WHEEL 15 TONS 9 WHEEL 14
PROPELLD TON
128 COMPACTI ON ROLLER SELF- SMOOTH 10 SMOOTH 9
PROPELLD TONS TON
131 COMPACTI ON ROLLER,TOWED, 1 SHEEPSFT 40X60 SHEEPSFT 1

DRUM IN X1.5 M
132 COMPACTI ON ROLLER,TOWED, 1 VI BRATNG 30X54 VI BRG.8 X1.4 M
DRUM IN
133 COMPACTI ON ROLLER, MANUAL VI B DRUM 1.0 VI B DRUM 1
GUI DE TONS TON
134 COMPACTI ON RAMMER, HANDHELD 350- 700SPM, 130 350- 700SPM,
60 KG
136 TRACTOR TRUCK TRACTOR 20 TONS 4X2 18 TON 4X2

139 TRACTOR OFF- ROAD TRACTOR 20 TONS 4X4 18 TON 4X4
140 TRACTOR OFF- ROAD TRACTOR 40 TONS 6X6 36 TON 6X6
141 TRACTOR WHEEL, W/ TOW 50 HP 40 KW
HI TCH
142 TRACTOR WHEEL, W/ TOW 105 HP 80 KW
HI TCH
146 TRAI LER LOWBOY, PLATFORM 15 TONS 15 TON
147 TRAI LER LOWBOY, PLATFORM 25 TONs 25 TON
148 TRAI LER LOWBOY, PLATFORM 40TONs 35 TON
155 TRAI LER FLATBED - 4 WHEEL 6 TONS 5 TON

156 TRAI LER FLATBED 15 TONS 15 TON
157 TRAI LER FLATBED 30 TONS 25 TON
158 TRAI LER FLOAT, OFFROAD 30 TONS 35 TON
159 TRAI LER FLOAT, OFFROAD 60 TONS 55 TON
161 TRAI LER DI ESEL BOWSER 600 GALLONS 2.25 M3

162 TRAI LER FUEL/ WATER 2000 GALLONS 7.50 M3

Equ ip Siz e
166 TRAI LER MOBI LE OFFI CE 8 X 35 FEET 2.5 X 10 M

16
168 TRAI LER X- RAY DARKROOM
169 TRAI LER STORAGE VAN 8 X 28 FEET 2.5 X 8.5 M
171 TRAI LER PI PE POLE 30 TONS 27 TON

172 TRAI LER PI PE DOLLY/ 5TH 2 AXLE 2 AXLE
WHEEL
173 TRAI LER CABLE REEL
176 CRANE TELESCOPI C JI B, SELF PROP. 5 TONS PROP 5 TON

181 CRANE TELESCOPI C JI B TRUCK - 15 TONS TRUCK - 14

TON
TON
TON
TON
TON
TON

TON
TON
189 CRANE TELESCOPI C JI B TRUCK - 110 TRUCK - 100
TONS TON
190 CRANE TELESCOPI C JI B TRUCK - 200 TRUCK - 180
TONS TON
191 CRANE FI XED JI B TRUCK - 15 TONS TRUCK - 14
TON
TON
TON

Equ ip Siz e
TON
TON
TON
TON
198 CRANE FI XED JI B TRUCK - 120 TRUCK - 110
TONS TON
201 CRANE FI XED JI B, CRAWLER 15 TONS

212 CRANE TOWER- HORI Z. JI B MAX MAX 1900KG @
10T 4190LB@164FT 50M
20T 9260LB@213FT 65M
40T 6500LB@247FT 75M
216 CRANE CLAMSHELL GRAB 1 CY 0.75 M3

ATTACHMENT
ATTACHMENT
ATTACHMENT
219 CRANE DRAGLI NE BUCKET 1 CY 0.75 M3
ATTACHMENT
ATTACHMENT
ATTACHMENT
ATTACHMENT
223 CRANE CONCRETE BUCKET BTM DUMP 1 CY BTM DUMP 0.75
ATTACHMENT M3

Equ ip Siz e
224 CRANE CONCRETE BUCKET BTM DUMP 3 CY BTM DUMP 2.50
ATTACHMENT M3
226 GI N POLE W/ HOI ST 50 TONS 45 TON

231 DERRI CK GUY DERRI CK 250 TONS 225 TON
233 DERRI CK CRAWLER GUY 225 TONS 200 TON

DERRI CK
234 DERRI CK CRAWLER GUY 400 TONS 360 TON
DERRI CK
235 PI LI NG PI LE DRI VI NG 20 KFTLB DI ESEL 27 KNM DI ESEL
HAMMER
236 PI LI NG PI LE DRI VI NG 40 KFTLB DI ESEL 55 KNM DI ESEL
HAMMER
237 PI LI NG PI LE DRI VI NG 75 KFTLB DI ESEL 100 KNM
HAMMER DI ESEL
238 PI LI NG DRI VER/ EXTRACTOR 70 HP VI BRO VI BRO 50 KW
239 PI LI NG PI LI NG FRAME, LEADS 30 FEET 10 M
240 PI LI NG DRI LLI NG FRAME AUGER AUGER
241 COMPRESSOR DI ESEL( SLI DI NG 125 CFM 210 M3/ H
VANE)
VANE)
VANE)
246 COMPRESSOR DI ESEL( ROTARY 250 CFM 420 M3/ H

SCREW)
SCREW)
SCREW)

SCREW)
SCREW)
SCREW)

Equ ip Siz e
256 CONCRETE BATCHPLANT, 20 CY/ H 15 M3/ H
DEMOUNT.
257 CONCRETE CONCRETE MI XER 6 SACK .25 M3
258 CONCRETE CONCRETE MI XER 16 SACK ( 1 CY) .75 M3
261 CONCRETE VI BRATOR GASOLI NE 2.4 HP, 2 I N HEAD 1.8 KW, 50MM
HEAD
261 CONCRETE VI BRATOR, AI R 2.5 I N HEAD 65 MM HEAD
263 CONCRETE CURB BUI LDR, 75 HP, DI ESEL 55 KW, DI ESEL
SLI PFORM
264 CONCRETE POWER TROWEL, 4 36 I N DI A 1 M DI A
BLADE
266 CONCRETE MI XER TRUCK 6 CY 5 M3

267 CONCRETE SI TE DUMPER .75 CY, DI ESEL 0.5 M3, DI ESEL
268 CONCRETE STATI C PUMP
269 CONCRETE TRUCK- MTD 60 CY/ H, 4I N LI NE 45 M3/ H, 100
PUMP&BOOM MM
270 CONCRETE CONVEYOR 16 I N X 40 FEET 400 MM X 12 M
271 CONCRETE REBAR BENDER HYDRAULI C HYDRAULI C
272 CONCRETE REBAR SHEAR HYDRAULI C HYDRAULI C
274 CONCRETE SLI PFORM PAVER 10- 24 FEET 3- 7 M WI DE
276 WELDI NG PORTABLE GASOLI NE 200 AMPERES 200 AMPERES

EQUI PMENT
EQUI PMENT
EQUI PMENT
281 WELDI NG PORTABLE DI ESEL 200 AMPERES 200 AMPERES

EQUI PMEN
EQUI PMEN
EQUI PMEN
284 WELDI NG PORTABLE DI ESEL 650 A, TWI N ARC 650 A, TWI N
EQUI PMEN ARC
286 WELDI NG STATI C RECTI FI ER 200 AMPERES 200 AMPERES

EQUI PMENT
EQUI PMENT

Equ ip Siz e
EQUI PMENT
EQUI PMENT
EQUI PMENT
EQUI PMENT
293 WELDI NG PI PE SEMI - AUTO. CO2

EQUI PMENT
294 WELDI NG PI PE AUTOMATI C SUBMERGED ARC SUBMERGED
EQUI PMENT ARC
296 WELDI NG AUTO. SUB- ARC TANK BASE PLATE BASE PLATE
EQUI PMENT
297 WELDI NG AUTO. SUB- ARC TANK WALL WALL
EQUI PMENT HORI ZONTAL HORI ZONTAL
298 WELDI NG AUTO. SUB- ARC TANK WALL VERTI CAL WALL VERTI CAL
EQUI PMENT
301 WELDI NG OXY./ ACT. WELD & COMB. UNI T COMB. UNI T
EQUI PMENT CUT.
302 WELDI NG PROPANE GAS SE T & PROPANE GAS SE
EQUI PMENT TRCH T & TRCH
306 WELDI NG ELECTRODE DRYI NG

EQUI PMENT OVN
311 PI PI NG SI DEBOOM ( CAT 571) ( CAT 571)

EQUI PMENT
EQUI PMENT
EQUI PMENT
EQUI PMENT
316 PI PI NG CRAWLER TACK QUAD ARCS QUAD ARCS

EQUI PMENT TRACTOR
318 PI PI NG BENDI NG MACHI NE 6 - 20 I NCHES 150 - 500 MM

EQUI PMENT
EQUI PMENT

Equ ip Siz e
EQUI PMENT
321 PI PI NG TAPESTER, HAND 2 - 12 I NCHES 50 - 300 MM
EQUI PMENT WRAP
322 PI PI NG CLEAN PRM TAPE 8 - 16 I NCHES 200 - 400 MM
EQUI PMENT MACH.
EQUI PMENT MACH.
EQUI PMENT MACH.
EQUI PMENT MACH.
326 PI PI NG CLEAN PRM TAPE 42- 52 I NCHES 1050 - 1300
EQUI PMENT MACH. MM
328 PI PI NG I NTRNL LI NE- UP 16 - 18 I NCHES 400 - 450MM

EQUI PMENT CLAMP
EQUI PMENT CLAMP
EQUI PMENT CLAMP
EQUI PMENT CLAMP
EQUI PMENT CLAMP
EQUI PMENT CLAMP
EQUI PMENT CLAMP
335 PI PI NG I NTRNL LI NE- UP OVER 48 I NCHES OVER 1200MM
EQUI PMENT CLAMP
336 PI PI NG EXTRNL LI NE- UP 8 - 14 I NCHES 400 - 450MM
EQUI PMENT CLAMP
EQUI PMENT CLAMP
EQUI PMENT CLAMP
339 PI PI NG EXTRNL LI NE- UP 36 - 44 I NCHES 900 - 1100 MM
EQUI PMENT CLAMP
340 PI PI NG EXTRNL LI NE- UP OVER 42 I NCHES OVER 1100 MM
EQUI PMENT CLAMP
341 PI PI NG CUTTI NG & 1 - 4 I NCHES 25 - 100 MM
EQUI PMENT BEVELLI NG

Equ ip Siz e
344 PI PI NG CUT & BEVEL, TORCH 10 - 48 I NCHES 250 - 1200 MM
EQUI PMENT
346 PI PI NG PI PE/ CONDUI T 0.5- 2I N RATCHET UP TO 6

EQUI PMENT BENDER I NCHES
347 PI PI NG HYDRAUL PI PE 1.25- 4 I NCHES 30 - 100 MM
EQUI PMENT BENDER
348 PI PI NG BENDER 2.5- 6 I N DI A 65 - 150 MM
EQUI PMENT ( MECHANI CAL)
349 PI PI NG CUT & THREAD UP TO 6 I NCHES UP TO 150 MM
EQUI PMENT MACHI NE
351 PI PI NG DOUBLE JOI NTI NG C/ W RACK C/ W RACK

EQUI PMENT YARD CONVYRS CONVYRS
352 PI PI NG X- RAY EQUI PMENT
EQUI PMENT
354 PI PI NG I NDUCTI ON HEATER

EQUI PMENT
355 PI PI NG HOLI DAY DETECTOR
EQUI PMENT
356 PI PI NG ELECTRI C THREADER UP TO 2 I NCHES UP TO 50 MM
EQUI PMENT
358 PI PI NG BORI NG MACHI NE ROAD BORER ROAD BORER

EQUI PMENT
361 MI SCELLANEOUS POTENTI OMETER12 12 POI NT

EQUI P. POI NT
362 MI SCELLANEOUS STRESS RELI EVER TRI PLE RELI EVER TRI PLE
EQUI P. RELI EVER
363 MI SCELLANEOUS POWER DI ST. CENTER 10 KVA 10 KVA
EQUI P.
364 MI SCELLANEOUS BENCH SAW 10 - 12 I NCHES 250 - 300 MM
EQUI P.
364 MI SCELLANEOUS PAI NT PRESSURE 5 GAL. 8CFM 20 LI TER, 15
EQUI P. SPRAY M3/ H
367 MI SCELLANEOUS GUNI TE 8 CY/ H 6 M3/ H

EQUI P.
368 MI SCELLANEOUS CABLE PULLER UNI T 5000 LBF. ELEC. E LEC.
EQUI P.
369 MI SCELLANEOUS AI R RECEI VI NG TANK 60 CF 2 M3
EQUI P.
370 MI SCELLANEOUS CHAI N SAW 20 I NCHES 500 MM
EQUI P.

Equ ip Siz e
371 MI SCELLANEOUS TELEPHONES &
EQUI P. STATI ON
374 MI SCELLANEOUS TENSI OMETER WI RE 200000 LB CAP 90000 KG CAP

EQUI P. ROP
375 MI SCELLANEOUS TENSI OMETER WI RE 40000 LB CAP 18000 KG CAP
EQUI P. ROP
376 PUMP CENTRI FUGAL 1.5 I NCHES 40 MM
377 PUMP CENTRI FUGAL 2.0 I NCHES 50 MM
378 PUMP I NJECTI ON PUMP I NHI BI TOR I NHI BI TOR
379 PUMP SUBMERSI BLE, 4 I NCHES, 9 HP 100 MM, 7 KW
DEWATERG
380 PUMP SUBMERSI BLE, 6 I NCHES, 27 HP 150 MM, 20 KW
DEWATERG
381 PUMP HYDROSTATI C TEST 4000 PSI 27500 KPA
382 PUMP WATER FI LL 4 I N, 110 GPM 100 MM, 7L/ S
383 PUMP WELLPOI NTS & HOSE 8 I N, PER 100 FT 200 MM, PER 30
M
384 PUMP WELLPOI NT, 8 I NCHES 200 MM
DI APHRAGM SUCTI ON SUCTI ON
385 PUMP DI APHRAGM 4 I NCHES 100 MM
SUCTI ON SUCTI ON
386 PNEUMATI C PORT. AI R WRENCH 1.25 I N DRI VE 30 MM DRI VE
TOOL
387 PNEUMATI C PORT. JACK HAMMER 65 LBS 30 KG
TOOL
388 PNEUMATI C PORT. SAND BLAST MACHI NE 600 LBS, 7CF 275 KG, 0.2 M3
TOOL
391 ELECTRI C EQUI P/ LI GHT PLANT 3000 WATT 3000 WATT

TOOL
392 ELECTRI C EQUI P/ DRI LL PRESS 1.5 I NCHES 40 MM
TOOL
395 ELECTRI C EQUI P/ DRI LL 1.0 I NCH 25 MM

TOOL
396 ELECTRI C EQUI P/ GENERATOR SET 6 KW 6 KW
TOOL
TOOL
TOOL
TOOL
TOOL

Equ ip Siz e
TOOL
TOOL
404 ELECTRI C EQUI P/ SAW, CI RCULAR 6 I NCHES 150 MM

TOOL
406 ELECTRI C EQUI P/ ELECTRI C GRI NDER 6 I NCHES 150 MM

TOOL
407 ELECTRI C EQUI P/ PEDESTAL GRI NDER 12 I NCHES 300 MM
TOOL
408 ELECTRI C EQUI P/ LATHE 9 I NCHES 225 MM
TOOL
411 HOI ST HAND- CHAI N 1.5 TONS 1.5 TON

412 HOI ST HAND- CHAI N 4.5 TONS 4 TON
413 HOI ST HAND- CHAI N 10 TONS 9 TON
414 HOI ST HAND- CHAI N 2.0 TONS 2 TON
416 HOI ST SI NGLE DRUM 22 HP 16 KW

417 HOI ST DOUBLE DRUM 32 HP 24 KW
419 HOI ST PORTABLE MATL. 1.0 TONS 1 TON

TOWER
419 HOI ST PORTABLE MATL. 1.0 TONS 1.0 TONS

TOWER
421 ASPHALT PAVER/ FI NI SHER 10 FEET WI DE 3 M WI DE

EQUI PMENT
422 ASPHALT SPREADER TRAI LER, 2000 GAL, SPRAY 7.50 M3, SPRAY
EQUI PMENT GAS
424 ASPHALT BI TUMEN TANKER 2000 GALLON 7.50 M3

EQUI PMENT
425 ASPHALT ASPHALT HEATER
EQUI PMENT
426 SI TE/ OFFI CE TRANSI T THEODOLI TE
EQUI P
427 SI TE/ OFFI CE PORTABLE BUI LDI NGS PER 1000 SF PER 100 M2
EQUI P
430 SI TE/ OFFI CE SPACE HEATR, OI L, 150 MBTU 40 KW

EQUI P. AUTO

Equ ip Siz e
435 PI PI NG ROLI CRADLE 4 - 12 I NCHES 100 - 300MM

EQUI PMENT
EQUI PMENT
EQUI PMENT
438 PI PI NG ROLI CRADLE 36 - 42 I NCHES 900 - 1050 MM
EQUI PMENT
439 PI PI NG ROLI CRADLE OVER 42 I NCHES OVER 1050 MM
EQUI PMENT
440 PI PI NG HOT TAP MACHI NE 2 - 4 I NCHES 50 - 100 MM

EQUI PMENT
EQUI PMENT
EQUI PMENT
EQUI PMENT
444 PI PI NG BUTT FUSI ON 2 - 4 I NCHES 50 - 100 MM
EQUI PMENT MACHI NE
EQUI PMENT MACHI NE
EQUI PMENT MACHI NE
EQUI PMENT MACHI NE
EQUI PMENT MACHI NE

3 3 Ba se I n dice s ( G1 3 )

Base I ndices
3 3 Ba se I n dice s ( G1 3 ) 33-1
Ba se I n dice s
These indices are generat ed by I carus aft er updat ing t he syst em cost s
( engineering disciplines, wage rat es, m at erial cost s, shop and field labor rat es,
const ruct ion equipm ent r ent al rat es, et c.) . We run est im at es on our
benchm ark proj ect s using t he updat ed syst em and t hen use t he result s t o
calculat e t he indices. Since our benchm ark proj ect s cont ain a variet y of
com ponent t ypes fabricat ed from a variet y of m at erials, t hese indices are a
com posit e of t he individual cost adj ust m ent s t hat are m ade. These indices do
not derive from public sources and t hey m ay not accurat ely reflect how t he
updat e will affect your t ypical proj ect s. To evaluat e t his, you should run
benchm ark proj ect s and develop your own adj ust m ent s. Not e: “ 1 Q”
represent s first quart er, “ 3 Q” repr esent s t hird quart er.
Coun t r y Ba se D a t a Syst e m Ba se I nde x by Ca t e gor y
Ba se for Syst e m Ge ne r a l Const r uct ion D e sign Const r uct ion
Cost s
M a t e r ia ls La bor Engine e r ing M a na ge m e nt
La bor La bor
US Current : 1Q- 2330 2030 1530 1800
2012
Prior: 1Q- 2011 2250 2000 1560 1800
1Q- 2010 2120 2000 1590 1620
1Q- 2009 2040 2010 1620 1660
1Q- 2008 2200 1960 1620 1630
1Q- 2007 2060 1890 1540 1540
1Q- 2006 1900 1820 1490 1490
1Q- 2005 1840 1750 1480 1480
1Q- 2004 1630 1690 1460 1480
1Q- 2003 1540 1630 1480 1460
1Q- 2002 1510 1590 1470 1480
1Q- 2001 1520 1550 1450 1470
1Q- 2000 1520 1510 1440 1450
1Q- 1999 1510 1460 1450 1440
1Q- 1998 1525 1430 1450 1450
1Q- 1997 1500 1400 1450 1450
1Q- 1996 1485 1365 1460 1450
1Q- 1995 1460 1340 1480 1460
1Q- 1994 1390 1320 1460 1480
1Q- 1993 1370 1310 1450 1460
1Q- 1992 1360 1290 1420 1450
1Q- 1991 1350 1270 1390 1420
1390
33-2 3 3 Ba se I n dice s ( G1 3 )
Cost s
La bor La bor
UK Current : 1Q- 3100 4970 4750 4860
2012
Prior: 1Q- 2011 3080 4580 4780 4470
1Q- 2010 2910 4370 4600 4270
1Q- 2009 2910 4290 4450 4190
1Q- 2008 2830 4020 4420 4080
1Q- 2007 2630 3830 4190 3890
1Q- 2006 2500 3670 3970 3790
1Q- 2005 2420 3510 3810 3670
1Q- 2004 2290 3360 3670 3570
1Q- 2003 2230 3220 3540 3510
1Q- 2002 2190 3120 3480 3410
1Q- 2001 2140 2980 3360 3250
1Q- 2000 2080 2850 3210 3110
1Q- 1999 2140 2700 2950 3050
1Q- 1998 2100 2550 2780 2880
1Q- 1997 2050 2410 2620 2660
1Q- 1996 1990 2310 2470 2470
1Q- 1995 1910 2200 2380 2380
1Q- 1994 1850 2160 2280 2280
1Q- 1993 1780 2110 2210 2210
1Q- 1992 1670 2050 2140 2140
1Q- 1991 1930 2020 2020
JP Current : 1Q- 1550 1130 2060 1940
2012
Prior: 1Q- 2011 1580 1130 2030 1910
1Q- 2010 1480 1140 1950 1830
1Q- 2009 1500 1150 1900 1780
1Q- 2008 1750 1150 1930 1820
1Q- 2007 1760 1160 1960 1840
1Q- 2006 1450 1170 1460 1470
1Q- 2005 1410 1180 1440 1460
1Q- 2004 1330 1200 1380 1400
1Q- 2003 1220 1250 1370 1380
1Q- 2002 1210 1300 1350 1370
1Q- 2001 1230 1330 1360 1370
1Q- 2000 1260 1350 1360 1370
1Q- 1999 1370 1370 1360 1350
1Q- 1998 1350 1350 1360 1350
1Q- 1997 1255 1340 1350 1350
1Q- 1996 1250 1350 1360 1360
1Q- 1995 1250 1350 1390 1390
1Q- 1994 1390 1320 1460 1460
3 3 Ba se I n dice s ( G1 3 ) 33-3
Cost s
La bor La bor
EU Current : 1Q- 2320 1840 1850 1720
2012
Prior: 1Q- 2011 2280 1920 1880 1790
1Q- 2010 2220 1860 1810 1740
1Q- 2009 2180 1840 1790 1720
1Q- 2008 2170 1790 1730 1670
1Q- 2007 2030 1720 1660 1600
1Q- 2006 1780 1700 1590 1580
1Q- 2005 1700 1670 1560 1560
1Q- 2004 1640 1650 1550 1540
1Q- 2003 1580 1630 1530 1520
1Q- 2002 1560 1600 1510 1490
1Q- 2001 1520 1550 1450 1450
ME Current : 1Q- 2390 2280 1620 1870
2012
Prior: 1Q- 2011 2380 2030 1620 1660
1Q- 2010 2230 1950 1590 1590
1Q- 2009 2160 1930 1580 1580
1Q- 2008 2200 1970 1610 1610
1Q- 2007 2060 1890 1540 1540
33-4 3 3 Ba se I n dice s ( G1 3 )
3 4 Code Accou n t s ( G1 0 )

I nt roduct ion t o Code Account s
I ndirect Codes and Descript ions
Direct Codes and Descript ions
Equipm ent and Set t ing
Piping
Civil
St eel
I nst rum ent at ion
Elect r ical
I nsulat ion
Paint
3 4 Code Accou n t s ( G1 0 ) 34-1

I n t r odu ct ion t o Code Accou n t s
Aspen I carus syst em s cont ain a 3- digit st andard code of account set t o which
cost s and m anhours are allocat ed in developing t he proj ect est im at e. This is
referred t o as t he “ I CARUS” code of account s. The code of account s form can
be used eit her t o m odify t he I CARUS st andard code of account s or t o creat e a
com plet ely new set of account s. The result ing user- developed code of
account s is t erm ed as t he “ user ” code of account s. I n addit ion, t he user m ay
develop t wo set s of code of account s, nam ely, a “ user- report ing” code of
account s, and an “ user- int ernal” code of account s, where t he report ing code of
account s represent t he level of granularit y t hat user wishes t o see in t he
out put report s, and t he int ernal code of account s r efers t o t he allocat ion and
grouping of t he st andard I CARUS syst em code of account s t o a level of det ail
int ended for t he user, for t he purposes of indexing and cont ract scope
definit ion. I f new codes of account are defined, account codes m ust be
supplied and all references t o t he account codes in subsequent codes m ust
reference t he new codes of account ( except ions t o t his rule will be discussed
subsequent ly) . I f m odificat ions are m ade t o exist ing code of account s, t he
account code m ust not be specified, since t he account code is im plicit ly defined
based on t he account num ber t hat is used.
The Code of Account s input dat a is com posed of t hree t ypes. The code of
account “ Definit ions” are used t o define eit her a nam e for a new account
num ber or a new nam e for a st andard I CARUS account . The code of account
“ allocat ions” are used t o reassign cost s and m anhours from one or m ore
st andard syst em account s int o eit her anot her I CARUS account or a newly
defined user code of account . Cost s and m anhours m ay be assigned direct ly
int o a curr ent account or int o a new account wit h a supplem ent al cost it em .
The code of account “ report ing” is used t o furt her group a very det ailed user-
developed code of account s int o a sm aller set of account s t hat can be
displayed in out put report s. The user ’s int ernal code of account s m ust be used
on indexing and cont ract scope input form s, if t he user code of account s is
developed. How ever, for t he ease of exchange of com ponent s bet ween
m ult iple pr oj ect s, t he user m ay swit ch bet ween t he user- int ernal code of
account s and I CARUS syst em code of account num bers by using t he
appropriat e swit ch bet ween user/ I CARUS code of account s. How ever, t he
user ’s report ing code of account s is never used in t he input form s, and
displayed only t he out put report s. I n t he absence of report ing code of
account s, out put report s use t he user ( int ernal) code of account s.
M odifyin g t h e Syst e m Code of Accou n t s

The I CARUS st andard code of account s m ay be t ransform ed int o a new code of
account s in one or m ore of t he follow ing ways:
• An I CARUS account nam e can be changed.
• A new account can be creat ed by defining it . This m ust be in t he range
1- 999 and m ust not already be defined as a st andard account .
• Cost s and m anhours can be reassigned from one account t o anot her.
34-2 3 4 Code Account s ( G1 0 )

The account code for t he m odified code of account s m ust not be specified and
is det erm ined by t he syst em ( for exam ple, PI PI NG account code includes all
account s from 300 t o 399) .
Creating a Different Code of Accounts

A new code of account s m ay be cr eat ed t hat is different from t he I CARUS
syst em st andards code of account s. A new code of account s is t he one in which
one or bot h of t he follow ing condit ions are m et :
• Account num bers are creat ed out side t he range of t he I CARUS syst em
code of account s ( i.e., out side t he range of 1- 999, e.g., 1000- 99999999) .
• The account t ype ( piping, civil, et c.) m ust be specified, t hus changing t he
account num ber range t o w hich t he account t ype is applied.
To develop a different code of account s, every required code of account m ust
be specified, and t he account t ype m ust be specified t o designat e it s allocat ion
in various sum m ary report s. This caveat applies t o t he indirect codes of
account , where all indirect account t ypes P1 t hrough PB m ust be specified.
Thus, t hese account s, as defined, will const it ut e t he ent ire code of account s
( direct and indirect ) for t he est im at e.
While m odifying t he I CARUS code of account s, or creat ing a com plet ely new
user code of account s, t he user m ay specify t he currency sym bol of
procurem ent . This currency sym bol refers t o direct m at erial procurem ent cost ,
and t o a lim it ed set of indirect , and allows t he user t o develop a m ult i- currency
procurem ent st rat egy. The sym bols and conversion rat es ( in t erm s of a
m ult iplier t o one of t he four count ry basis currencies in t he syst em ) at e st ored
in a cent ral CURRENCY.DAT file. When a part icular, direct m at erial code of
account is defined as being procured in t he select ed currency, special
procurem ent out put report s display t he currency exposure of t he given proj ect
in t erm s of t hat select ed currency, in addit ion t o t he proj ect basis currency.
However, all ot her report s are always in t he pr oj ect currency.
Transfers from t he I CARUS syst em st andard code of account s t o t he User-
int ernal code of account s can be very sim ple or com plex, depending on t he
desire of breakdown. Breakdown can be very com plex, by m at erial, subt ype,
size ( for piping) , equipm ent sym bol and equipm ent t ype. Thus, a single code
of account can be broken int o m ult iple codes. This t ransfer is perform ed using
t he code of account allocat ion, t oget her wit h except ions. User- int ernal code of
account s are referred t o, in t he user input , in t he indexing and cont ract or
scope input . As already m ent ioned, t he user m ay choose eit her t he user-
int ernal code of account or t he I CARUS syst em code of account s on t he
com ponent form s, using t he user/ I CARUS swit ch.
Ex a m ple
The allocat ions are one st ep t ransfers from one account t o a second account .
They should not be int erpret ed as sequent ial t ransfers. For exam ple, if t he
following cost s were calculat ed by t he syst em in t he designat ed codes of
account :
COA Cost
315 1000
417 10000
591 100000
3 4 Code Accou n t s ( G1 0 ) 34-3

Fr om I CARUS To I CARUS COA Alloca t e t o
COA I CARUS Use r
M a t l COA
315 blank 4178325
417 blank 5911234
591 blank 4178325
The following result ing allocat ions would be report ed, if no furt her report ing
COAs are specified:
COA Cost
315 0
4178325 1000
5911234 110000
However, allocat ions have been specified in a different sequence, t he sam e

result will be report ed.
Re por t in g Code of Accou n t s

Creat ing com plex user code of account s is im port ant for proper indexing,
cont ract scope allocat ion, and procurem ent st rat egy. But , it m ay be necessary
t o sum m arize t he result s in a sim ple form for easy underst anding of result s. I n
ot her cases, t he result s m ay be sum m arized in t o ways, one for t he use of t he
client , and anot her way for t he use of t he m anagem ent . The report ing code of
account layer provides a m et hod of sum m arizing t he user- int ernal code of
account s int o a sim pler set for report ing use. The only place t hat t he report ing
code of account s is used, is in report ing. The report ing COA form allows t he
user t o group t he user- int ernal or I CARUS Codes of account t o a m ore
m anageable subset , for report ing purposes.
Ex a m ple
COA Cost
3154 1000
3191 10000
3300 100000
Fr om I CARUS To I CARUS COA Alloca t e t o

COA I CARUS Use r
M a t l COA
3100 3300 3
The following result ing allocat ions would be report ed:
COA Cost
3 111000

There are several useful applicat ions for t he Code of Account s input :
• Mult iple Codes of account files can creat ed for different client s in t he code
of account s library. Each file can represent t he client ’s COA st ruct ure.
Appropriat e COA file can be select ed at t he proj ect level and used.
• Cost s can be m oved from one account gr oup t o ot her. For exam ple, t he
syst em report s elect rical t r enching in t he elect r ical account , and t he user
m ay wish t o report t r enching as a civil it em . The syst em m aint ains fidelit y
in account groups, in t hree dist inct cat egories, indirect s, bulks and
equipm ent . Codes can be t ransferred inside t he t hr ee cat egor ies, but not
bet ween t hem . This applies t o bot h, report ing and t he user- int ernal code
of account s.
• A special supplem ent al it em is t o be added t o t he est im at e. The user m ay
wish t o creat e a new account t o m aint ain visibilit y of t he
supplem ent al cost .
• On t he cont rary, an ent irely new set of code of account s can be creat ed.
This m ay be useful in clarifying t he cost s of t he proj ect t o t he
m anagem ent , in addit ion t o indexing and defining t he cont ract or scope.
• Use of report ing codes of account allow t he separat ion of report ing
st ruct ure fr om t he user- int ernal COA st ruct ure. More im port ant ly, it
sim plifies report ing t he est im at e result s t o t he client .
• Currency select ion at t he account definit ion level allows t he user t o develop
a pr ocurem ent st rat egy for t he proj ect .
Ou t pu t Re por t s
The Code of Account s Sum m ary reflect s t he user- specified account num bers
and nam es. The Mast er Sum m ary, Contract Sum m aries and Area Sum m aries
allocat e t he est im at ed cost s according t o t he account t ype ( piping, civil, and so
on) . I t is incum bent upon t he user when defining an ent irely different code of
account s t o specify account t ypes t hat correspond wit h t he chosen account
num ber gr oups. An inconsist ency would occur, for exam ple, if, wit hin a series
of account num bers for piping ( P) , one of t he account s were assigned an
inst rum ent at ion account t ype ( I ) . This account would be grouped num erically
wit h t he piping account s in t he Code of Account s Sum m ary, but it would be
sum m arized wit h inst rum ent at ion in t he ot her sum m aries. This inconsist ency
could be avoided by allocat ing t his account int o a num bered account in t he
I nst rum ent at ion group. Then t he est im at ed cost s and m anhours for t his it em
would appear bot h in a num bered inst rum ent at ion account and in t he
inst rum ent at ion sum m ary.
I n t he Bulk Det ail and Bulk Sum m ary Appendices of t he syst em out put report
t he user- specified account num bers are report ed, but t he account nam es are
t he syst em nam es and not t he user- specified nam es. The syst em account
nam e form s an int egral part of t he det ailed it em descript ion. I t is necessary,
t herefore, t o ret ain t he syst em account nam e in t hese appendices for clarit y
and for Aspen I carus t o pr ovide t echnical support .
3 4 Code Accou n t s ( G1 0 ) 34-5

I n dir e ct Code s a n d D e scr ipt ion s
Field Indirects (P1) Engineering Indirects (PA)
01 - 09 Tit les not assigned 80 LUMP SUM CONST. MGMT
10 LUMP SUM CONST. I NDI RECT 81 HOME OFFI CE CONST. SUPP.
11 FRI NGE BENEFI TS 82 CONSTRUCTI ON MANAGEMENT
12 BURDENS 83 - 84 Tit les not assigned
13 CONSUMABLES, SMALL TOOLS
14 MI SC. ( I NSURANCE, ETC)
15 SCAFFOLDI NG
16 EQUI PMENT RENTAL
17 VENDOR REPRESENTATI VES
18 FI ELD SERVI CES
19 TEMP. CONST., UTI LI TI ES
20 MOBI LI ZATI ON, DEMOBI LI ZE
21 CATERI NG, ACCOMODATI ON
22 TRAVEL
23 OVERTI ME PREMI UM
Special Indirects (P2 Contractor Indirects (PB)
24 SPECI AL I NDI RECT I TEM 1 85 FI ELD CONST. SUPERVI SI ON
25 SPECI AL I NDI RECT I TEM 2 86 STARTUP, COMI SSI ONI NG
26 - 49 Tit les not assigned
Fr e igh t ( P3 ) G & A Overheads (P6)
50 LUMP SUM FREI GHT 90 G AND A OVERHEADS

51 DOMESTI C FREI GHT
52 OCEAN FREI GHT
53 AI R FREI GHT
54 MODULE FREI GHT
55 OTHER FRI EGHT
56 - 59 Tit t les not assigned
Taxes (P4) Contractor Fee (P7)
60 LUMP SUM TAXES, PERMI TS 91 CONTRACT FEE

61 PERMI TS
62 MATERI ALS TAXES
63 CONSTRUCTI ON TAXES
64 ENGI NEERI NG TAXES
65 OTHER TAXES
Engineering (P5) Escalation (P8)
70 LUMP SUM ENGI NEERI NG 97 ESCALATI ON

71 BASI C ENGI NEERI NG
72 DETAI L ENGI NEERI NG
73 MATERI AL PROCUREMENT
74 SUBCONTRACT PROCUREMENT
75 ENGI NEERI NG MANAGEMENT

Field Indirects (P1) Engineering Indirects (PA)
Royalty, Miscellaneous Charges (P9)
98 ROYALTY, MI SC. CHARGES
Contingencies (P0)
99 CONTI NGENCY
3 4 Code Accou n t s ( G1 0 ) 34-7

D ir e ct Code s a n d D e scr ipt ion s
Equ ipm e n t a n d Se t t in g
100 EQUI PMENT AND SETTI NG 200 FLUI D SEPARATI ON EQUI P.
103 SPECI AL PLANT I TEM 201 DUST COLLECTORS
104 SPECI AL EQUI PMENT I TEM 202 SCRUBBERS
105 MI SC. I TEM ALLOWANCE 203 BAG HOUSES
106 OTHER EQUI PMENT I TEMS 204 PRECI PI TATORS
107 WAREHOUSE SPARES 205 SEPARATORS
109 EQUI PMENT DEMOLI TI ON
110 PROCESS VESSELS 210 MATERI ALS HANDLI NG EQUI P
111 TRAY TOWERS & TRAYS 211 CONVEYORS
112 PACKED TOWERS & PACKI NG 212 FEEDERS
113 VERTI CAL VESSELS 213 CRANES,HOI STS,ETC
114 HORI ZONTAL VESSELS 214 ELEVATORS
115 VACUUM VESSELS 215 SCALES
116 CRYSTALLI ZERS 216 MAGNETS
117 EVAPORATORS 217 CAR DUMPERS & SHAKERS
120 STORAGE VESSELS 220 ELECTRI CAL GENERATORS
121 ATMOSPHERI C STORAGE TANK 221 GAS TURBI NE GENERATORS
122 PRESSURI ZED STORAGE TANK 222 DI ESEL GENERATORS
123 SI LOS 223 STEAM TURBI NE GENERATORS
124 BI NS AND HOPPERS 224 PORTABLE GENERATORS
125 GAS HOLDERS
126 STOCK CHESTS
130 REACTI ON,MI XI NG EQUI P. 240 BOI LER PLANT EQUI PMENT
131 REACTORS & AUTOCLAVES 241 BOI LERS
132 AGI TATED VESSELS 242 PACKAGE BOI LER
133 BLENDERS 243 ECONOMI ZERS
134 MI XERS 244 PREHEATERS
150 COMPRESSORS & BLOWERS 250 PROCESS HEATERS
151 CENTRI FUGAL COMPRESSORS 251 FURNACES,HEATERS
152 RECI PROCATI NG COMPRESSOR 252 WASTE HEAT BOI LERS
153 TURBO- EXPAND. COMPRESSOR 253 I NCI NERATORS
154 FANS AND BLOWERS 254 KI LNS
255 STACKS
160 PUMPS 260 HEAT EXCHANGERS
161 CENTRI FUGAL PUMPS 261 SHELL & TUBE EXCHANGERS
162 RECI PROCATI NG PUMPS 262 REBOI LERS
163 VACUUM PUMPS 263 DOUBLE PI PE EXCHANGERS
164 ROTARY,GEAR PUMPS 264 AI R COOLERS
165 VERTI CAL PUMPS 265 COOLI NG TOWERS
166 SUMP & WELL PUMPS 266 MI SC. HEAT EXCHANGERS
167 SLURRY PUMPS

170 DRI VERS & GEAR REDUCERS 270 LI NI NGS
171 ELECTRI C MOTORS 271 REFRACTORY LI NI NGS
172 STEAM TURBI NES 272 ACI D BRI CK LI NI NGS
173 GAS TURBI NES 273 CAST LI NI NGS
174 GAS & DI ESEL ENGI NES 274 POND LI NI NGS
175 GEAR REDUCERS 275 OTHER LI NI NGS
180 SI ZE REDUCTI ON EQUI P 280 MI SC. PACKAGE UNI TS
181 CRUSHERS,BREAKERS 281 REFRI GERATI ON UNI TS
182 MI LLS 282 HVAC EQUI PMENT
183 PULVERI ZERS 283 WATER TREATI NG UNI TS
184 CUTTERS,FLAKERS 284 I NSTRUMENT AI R SYSTEMS
185 STOCK TREATMENT 285 MODULE SETTI NG
190 SOLI DS SEPARATI ON EQUI P. 290 MI SCELLANEOUS EQUI PMENT
191 SCREENS AND GRI ZZLI ES 291 EJECTORS
192 FI LTERS 292 PROPRI ETARY EQUI PMENT
193 CENTRI FUGES 293 FLARES
194 DRYERS
195 LI QUI D CYCLONES
196 FLOATATI ON CELLS
197 THI CKENERS,CLARI FI ERS
3 4 Code Accou n t s ( G1 0 ) 34-9

Pipin g
300 PI PI NG 350 NON- METAL PI PE/ FI TTI NGS
302 SUBCONTRACT PI PI NG 351 NON- METAL FI ELD MAT’L
303 SPECI AL PLANT PI PI NG 352 NON- METAL FI ELD SHOP FAB
304 SPECI AL EQUI P. PI PI NG 353 NONMETAL REMOTESHOP MATL
305 OTHER EQUI PMENT PI PE 354 NONMETAL REMOTESHOP FAB
306 PI PI NG SYSTEM TESTI NG 355 NON- METAL VALVES
307 PREFAB PI PE REWORK
309 PI PI NG DEMOLI TI ON
310 CARBON STL PI PE/ FI TTI NGS 357 NON- METAL PI PE ERECTI ON
311CS FI ELD MAT’L
312CS FI ELD SHOP FAB
313CS REMOTE SHOP MAT’L
314CS REMOTE SHOP FAB
315CS VALVES: FLANGED
316CS VALVES: NON- FLANGED
317CS PI PE ERECTI ON
320 STAI NLESS PI PE/ FI TTI NGS 360 PI PI NG SPECI ALTI ES
321SS FI ELD MAT’L 361 TRAPS & VACUUM BREAKERS
322SS FI ELD SHOP FAB 362 TRACI NG TUBI NG & FI TTI NG
323SS REMOTE SHOP MAT’L 363 JACKET I NTERCONNECTI ONS
324SS REMOTE SHOP FAB
325SS VALVES: FLANGED
326SS VALVES: NON- FLANGED
327SS PI PE ERECTI ON
330 MI SC.METAL PI PE/ FI TTI NGS 365 HAND CONTROLS
331 MI SC. METAL FI ELD MAT’L 366 PI PE HANGERS, SHOES ETC.
332 MI SC.METAL FI ELDSHOP FAB
333 MI SC.METAL RMT SHOP MATL
334 MI SC. METAL RMT SHOP FAB
335 MI SC.METAL VALVE: FLANGED
336 MI SC.METAL VALVE: NOFLANG
337 MI SC.METAL PI PE ERECTI ON
340 LI NED PI PE/ FI TTI NGS 368 MECHANI CAL CONNECTI ONS
341 LI NED PI PE FI ELD MAT’L 369 FLOW DI VERSI ON PANELS
342 LI NED FI ELD SHOP FAB
343 LI NED REMOTE SHOP MAT’L
344 LI NED REMOTE SHOP FAB
345 LI NED VALVES
347 LI NED PI PE ERECTI ON 370 FI REWATER, BURI ED PI PE
371 FI REWATER PI PI NG
372 HYDRANTS,HOSE,NOZZLE,ETC
373 DELUGE SYSTEMS
374 SHOWER, EYEWASH, ETC.
376 BURI ED PI PE I NSTALLATI ON
377 PI PE TRENCH & BACKFI LL
378 COAT AND WRAP PI PE
34-10 3 4 Code Account s ( G1 0 )

380 DUCTWORK/ LAUNDERS
381 PROCESS DUCTWORK
382 HVAC DUCTWORK
383 LAUNDERS
390 PI PELI NES
391 PI PELI NE- MAI NLI NE PI PE
392 PI PELI NE- VALVES,FI TTI NGS
393 PI PELI NE- FAB. & I NSTALL
394 PI PELI NE- SCRAPER L/ R
395 PI PELI NE- DBL JOI NT/ COAT
396 PI PELI NE- SUPPORTS
397 PI PELI NE- RADI OGRAPH TEST
398 PI PELI NE- MARI NE WORK
399 PI PELI NE- MI SC. PI PI NG
3 4 Code Accou n t s ( G1 0 ) 34-11

Civil
400 CI VI L 450 REBAR, FORMWORK, ETC.
402 SUBCONTRACT CI VI L 451 REBAR
403 SPECI AL PLANT CI VI L 452 FOUNDATI ON ACCESSORI ES
404 SPECI AL EQUI P. CI VI L 453 I NSTALL REBAR
405 SCAFFOLDI NG 454 FORMWORK MATERI ALS
409 CI VI L DEMOLI TI ON 455 FI ELD FABRI CATE FORMWORK
456 I NSTALL FORMWORK
457 STRI P & CLEAN FORMWORK
458 BACKFI LL
410 EARTHWORK 460 PRECAST CONCRETE
411 CLEAR SI TE 461 PRECAST PI PERACK
412 BULK EXCAVATI ON 462 PRECAST BEAMS & COLUMNS
413 ROCK EXCAVATI ON
414 BLASTI NG
415 HAULI NG & DUMPI NG
416 SI TE FI LL & COMPACT
417 DEWATERI NG
418 STABI LI ZATI ON
419 CONTAI NMENT,EMBANKMENTS
420 ROADS,RAI LROADS 470 BUI LDI NGS
421 GRADE,COMPACT BASE 471 SUBCONTRACT BUI LDI NGS
422 ROADS 472 BLDG STRUCTURE/ FI NI SHES
423 PAVI NG 473 BUI LDI NG FURNI SHI NGS
424 RAI LROADS 474 BUI LDI NG ELECTRI CAL
425 BOARD ROADS 475 BUI LDI NG PLUMBI NG
476 BUI LDI NG HVAC
430 OTHER SI TEWORK 480 MI SCELLANEOUS CI VI L
431 TEST BORI NGS 481 LI NI NGS AND COATI NGS
432 DEMOLI TI ON & RELOCATI ON 485 OFFSHORE CI VI L
433 LANDSCAPI NG
434 FENCI NG
435 RETAI NI NG WALLS
436 PI LI NG
437 SHORI NG
438 DRI LLED WELLS
439 DRAI NAGE
440 CONCRETE 490 PI PELI NE CI VI L WORK
441 AGGREGATE 491 PI PELI NE- ROW & SI TE WORK
442 CEMENT 492 PI PELI NE- ROW CROSSI NGS
443 SAND 493 PI PELI NE- DI TCHI NG
444 POURED CONCRETE 494 PI PELI NE- ANCHORS/ SUPPORT
445 GROUT 499 PI PELI NE- MI SC. CI VI L
446 CONCRETE POUR AND FI NI SH
447 EXCAVATI ON & BACKFI LL
448 MI SCELLANEOUS CONCRETE
449 OTHER EQUI P. CONCRETE
34-12 3 4 Code Account s ( G1 0 )

St e e l
500 STEEL 540 TOWERS AND TRUSSES
502 SUBCONTRACT STEEL 541 STEEL TOWERS
503 SPECI AL PLANT STEEL 542 STEEL TRUSSES
504 SPECI AL EQUI P. STEEL
509 STEEL DEMOLI TI ON
510 EQUI PMENT STEEL 550 STEEL PLATE I TEMS
511 EQUI PMENT SUPPORT STEEL 551 FABRI CATED PLATE
512 LADDERS
513 PLATFORMS
519 OTHER EQUI PMENT STEEL
520 STRUCTURAL STEEL 580 OFFSHORE STEELWORK
521 STEEL STRUCTURES
522 PI PERACK STEEL
523 PI PE SUPPORTS
530 OTHER STEEL I TEMS 590 OTHER STEELWORK
531 FLOORI NG & STAI R TREADS 591 STEEL UNLOAD & HANDLI NG
532 HANDRAI L AND TOE PLATE 592 THRUST ANCHORS
533 OTHER BLDG/ STRUCT STEEL 593 DEFLECTI ON ANCHORS
534 BUI LDI NG SI DI NG
535 MI SCELLANEOUS STEEL I TEM
3 4 Code Accou n t s ( G1 0 ) 34-13

600 I NSTRUMENTATI ON 640 I NSTR. SUPPORT & ENCL.
602 SUBCONTRCT I NSTMENTATI ON 641 TRAYS & SUPPORT
603 SPECI AL PLANT I NSTRUMENT 642 CONDUI T & FI TTI NGS
604 SPECI AL EQUI P I NSTRUMENT 644 I NSTRUMENT HOUSI NG
609 I NSTRUMENT DEMOLI TI ON 645 PNEU. JUNCTI ON BOXES
646 ELEC. JUNCTI ON BOXES
647 T/ C JUNCTI ON BOXES
648 MULTI PLEX JUNCTI ON BOXES
649 OTHER SUPPORTS
610 FI ELD I NSTRUMENTATI ON 650 I NSTRUMENT ELECTRI CAL
611 FLOW I NSTRUMENTS 651 WI RE/ CABLE ETC.
612 LEVEL I NSTRUMENTS 653 SOLENOI DS
613 PRESSURE I NSTRUMENTS 659 OTHER I NSTR. ELECTRI CAL
614 TEMPERATURE I NSTRUMENTS
615 ANALYZERS
616 MOTI ON I NSTRUMENTS
617 BURNER I NSTRUMENTS
618 ORI FI CE PLATES
619 OTHER EQUI PMENT I NSTR.
620 PANELS, PANEL DEVI CES 660 COMPUTER CONTROL
621 CONTROL CENTER PANELS 661 CONTROLLER I NTERFACES
622 CONTROL CTR CONNECTI ONS 662 I NDI C./ RECORD I NTERFACES
623 BACK OF PANEL I NSTRUMENT 663 T/ C I NTERFACES
624 EMERGENCY SHUT- DOWN BOP 664 OPERATOR STATI ONS
625 ALARM SWI TCH BOP 665 CABLE/ DATA HI GHWAYS
627 EQUI P. CONTROL PANEL 666 BARRI ERS & TRANSDUCERS
628 EQUI P. PANEL DEVI CES 667 PROGRAMMABLE CONTROLLERS
629 OTHER PANEL DEVI CES 669 OTHER COMPUTER CONTROL
630 I NSTRUMENT RUNS 670 MI SC. I NSTRUMENTATI ON
631 AI R SUPPLY PI PI NG 671 Q.C. EQUI PMENT
632 I NSTRUMENT PI PI NG
633 TERMI NATI ONS
634 PNEUMATI C TUBI NG
635 PNEUMATI C MULTI -TUBE
636 I NSTRUMENT SI GNAL WI RI NG
637 MULTI - COND. I NSTR. WI RE
638 T/ C EXTENSI ON WI RI NG
639 T/ C MULTI - COND. WI RI NG
680 FI NAL CONTROL ELEMENTS
681 CONTROL VALVES
682 SAFETY VALVES
683 RUPTURE DI SCS
684 MOTOR OPERATED VALVES
685 REGULATI NG VALVES
686 DI VERTER VALVES
690 OTHER I NSTRUMENT WORK
691 I NSTRUMENT TESTI NG
34-14 3 4 Code Account s ( G1 0 )

Ele ct r ica l
700 ELECTRI CAL 747 SUBSTATI ON STEEL
702 SUBCONTRACT ELECTRI CAL 748 SWI TCHRACK
703 SPECI AL PLANT ELECTRI CAL 749 RECTI FI ERS
704 SPECI AL EQUI P ELECTRI CAL 750 BLDG/ AREA ELECTRI CAL
709 ELECTRI CAL DEMOLI TON 751 BLDG/ AREA LI GHTI NG
752 LI GHTI NG FI XTURES
753 RECEPTACLES/ SWI TCHES
754 HVAC ELECTRI CAL
755 MI SC. SMALL TRANSFORMERS
756 PANELBOARDS
757 WI RE/ CABLE - LI GHTI NG
710 WI RE, CABLE, ETC. 758 EQUI PMENT CABI NETS
711 WI RE/ CABLE - LOW VOLTAGE 760 BURI ED CABLE
712 WI RE/ CABLE - HI GH VOLTAGE 761 ELECTRI CAL TRENCHI NG
713 PI LOT LI GHT 762 UNDERGROUND CABLE DUCT
714 PUSH BUTTON STATI ON
715 TERMI NATORS/ CONNECTORS
716 JUNCTI ON BOXES
717 WI RE/ CABLE - MV
718 WI RE/ CABLE - CV
719 OTHER EQUI PMENT WI RI NG
720 CONDUI T, TRAYS, ETC. 770 GROUNDI NG, CATH. PROTEC.
721 CONDUI T 771 GROUNDI NG SYSTEMS
722 CONDUI T FI TTI NGS 772 CATHODI C PROTECTI ON
723 CABLE TRAYS
730 OTHER ELEC. EQUI PMENT 780 COMMUNI CATI ON,ALARMS,ETC
731 VARI ABLE FREQUENCY DRI VE 781 TELEPHONE
732 CAPACI TORS 782 I NTERCOM
733 MOTOR CONTROL CENTER - LV 783 ANNUNCI ATORS
734 TRANSFORMERS - MV 785 CLOSED CI RCUI T TV
735 TRANSFORMERS - LV 786 RADI O SYSTEMS
736 SWI TCHGEAR - MV 787 AREA NETWORK SYSTEMS
737 SWI TCHGEAR - LV 788 METEOROLOGI CAL SYSTEMS
738 BUS DUCT - LV
739 DI SCONNECT SWI TCH
740 MAJOR ELEC. EQUI PMENT 790 OTHER ELECTRI CAL
741 TRANSFORMERS - HV 791 ELECTRI CAL CI RCUI T TSTNG
742 SWI TCHGEAR - HV 792 ELECTRI CAL TRACI NG
743 MCC EQUI PPED SPACE 794 SOLAR PANELS
744 MOTOR CONTROL CENTER - MV 795 BATTERY PACKS
745 BUS DUCT - MV/ HV 796 UPS
746 TRANSMI SSI ON LI NES 797 EMERGENCY GENERATOR
3 4 Code Accou n t s ( G1 0 ) 34-15

I n su la t ion
800 I NSULATI ON, FI REPROOFI NG
802 SUBCONTRACT I NSULATI ON
803 SPECI AL PLANT I NSULATI ON
804 SPECI AL EQUI P I NSULATI ON
809 I NSULATI ON DEMOLI TI ON
810 I NSULATI ON
811 PI PE I NSULATI ON
812 EQUI P I NSULATI ON
813 MODULE I NSULATI ON SHOP
814 MODULE I NSULATI ON FI ELD
815 PERSONNEL PROTECTI ON
819 OTHER EQUI P. I NSULATI ON
820 FI REPROOFI NG
821 STRUCTURAL FI REPROOFI NG
822 SKI RT/ LEG FI REPROOFI NG
823 CABLE TRAY FI REPROOFI NG
830 SPECI AL COATI NGS
831 ACI D TI LE PAVI NG
Pa in t
900 PAI NT
902 SUBCONTRACT PAI NT
903 SPECI AL PLANT PAI NT
904 SPECI AL EQUI P PAI NT
909 PAI NT DEMOLI TI ON
910 PAI NTI NG
911 PAI NT - EQUI PMENT
912 PAI NT - PI PI NG
913 PAI NT - STRUCTURES
914 PAI NT MODULE EQUI PMENT
915 PAI NT MODULE PI PI NG
916 PAI NT MODULE STRUCTURES
918 OTHER COATI NGS
919 OTHER EQUI PMENT PAI NT
920 SURFACE PREPARATI ON
921 SURFACE PREP - EQUI PMENT
922 SURFACE PREP - PI PI NG
923 SURFACE PREP - STEEL
34-16 3 4 Code Account s ( G1 0 )

3 4 Code Accou n t s ( G1 0 ) 34-17
34-18 3 4 Code Account s ( G1 0 )
3 5 D a t a ba se Re la t ion s ( G1 0 )

Sequence Num bers of At t r ibut es in Relat ions
Relat ionship of Dat abase Relat ions
DETAI LS Relat ion
DESI GN Relat ion
REMARKS Relat ion
PROJDATA Relat ion
NEWCOA Relat ion
EQRENT Relat ion
CRWSCH Relat ion
CSTCTRL Relat ion
REPGRP Relat ion
CNTRCT Relat ion
COMPONENT Relat ion
I NDI RECTS Relat ion
Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or I ndirect Codes and Descript ions
QSUM Relat ions
STORED REPORTS Relat ion
STORED QUERI ES Relat ion
K ( CUSSPC) -TABLE Relat ion
R-Table Relat ion
S-Table Relat ion
T-Table Relat ion
U-Table Relat ion
V-Table Relat ion
W-Table Relat ion
X-Table Relat ion
Y-Table Relat ion
Z-Table Relat ion
At t r ibut e Descript ions
3 5 D a t a ba se Re la t ion s ( G1 0 ) 35-1
Se qu e n ce N u m be r s of
At t r ibu t e s in Re la t ion s
COM PON EN T ( N )
I N D I RECTS ( P)
PROJD ATA ( D )
REM ARKS ( C)
CRW SCH ( G)
N EW COA ( E)
D ETAI LS ( A)
CSTCTRL ( J)
CN TRCT ( M )
EQREN T ( H )
CUSSPC ( K)
REPGRP ( L)
D ESI GN ( B)
RTABLE ( R)
CERATE ( F)
At t r ibut e
Nam e Type W idt h
ACCOUNT I NT 11 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
ACTCOA I NT - - - - - - 5 - 5 - - - - - -
ACTSEQ I NT - - - - - - 3 - 3 - - - - - -
ACTSRT I NT - - - - - - 4 - 4 - - - - - -
ACTTYP I NT - - - - - - 2 - 2 - - - - - -
AMOUNT REAL - - - 5 - - - - - - - - - - -
APPTYPE I NT - - - - - - - - - - - - 5 - -
AREA I NT 12 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - -
AREAWBS TEXT 2 - - - - - - - - - - 5 - - - -
ATYPE I NT - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - -
BTSEQ I NT - 16 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
CATLNO TEXT 20 - - - - - - - - - 6 - - - - -
CCOA I NT - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - -
COADES TEXT 24 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 -
CEAMT REAL - - - - - 4 - - - - - - - - -
CEDESC TEXT 60 - - - - - 5 - - - - - - - - -
CEFLAG TEXT 2 - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - -
CENUM I NT - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - -
CESEQ I NT 31 - - - - - 1 1 1 1 - - - - 1
CLASS I NT 20 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
CNTRBY I NT - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - -
CNTRNM TEXT 24 - - - - - - - - - - - 3 - - -
CNTRNO I NT - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - -
CNTWKF I NT - - - - - 3 - - - - - - - - -
COA I NT 1 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - 1 -
CCOAACT TEXT 2 - - - - 3 - - - - - - - - - -
CCOADES TEXT 24 - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - -
COAI ND I NT - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2
COAMOD I NT 14 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
35-2 3 5 D a t a ba se Re la t ion s ( G1 0 )
COM PON EN T ( N )
I N D I RECTS ( P)
PROJD ATA ( D )
REM ARKS ( C)
CRW SCH ( G)
N EW COA ( E)
D ETAI LS ( A)
CSTCTRL ( J)
CN TRCT ( M )
EQREN T ( H )
CUSSPC ( K)
REPGRP ( L)
D ESI GN ( B)
RTABLE ( R)
CERATE ( F)
At t r ibut e
Nam e Type W idt h
COMCOD TEXT 36 37 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
COMPWBS TEXT 3 35 - - - - - - - - - - 7 - - -
CONTRACT I NT 13 - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 -
DAYPWK I NT - - - - - - 7 - - - - - - - -
DESCR TEXT 76 - - 4 - - - - - - - - - - - -
DI AM REAL 24 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
DUPI TEMS I NT - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 - -
DUPQTY I NT 33 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
EXTRA1 I NT 21 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
EXTRA2 REAL 22 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
EXTRA3 TEXT 4 23 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
HOURRRAT FLOAT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4
HRSPDA REAL - - - - - - 9 - - - - - - - -
I CACOA I NT 32 - - - - - - - - - - - - 6 -
I CUNI T I NT 36 11 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
I NDDES TEXT 32 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 9 -
I NDAMOUNT I NT - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5 -
I NDHOURS I NT - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 -
I TEM TEXT 24 - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - -
I TEMDES TEXT 28 4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
I TEMCOD I NT - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - -
I NTREF I NT 34 - - - - - - - - - - - 6 - -
I UMVAL REAL - 12 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
LCODE I NT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
LDESC TEXT 24 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
LCOST REAL 9 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
LCOSTRAT FLOAT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5
LHOURS REAL 8 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
LI NELOOP I NT 25 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
LOCI D TEXT 8 16 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Se qu e n ce N u m be r s of At t r ibu t e s in Re la t ion s - cont inued
COM PON EN T ( N )
I N D I RECTS ( P)
PROJD ATA ( D )
REM ARKS ( C)
CRW SCH ( G)
N EW COA ( E)
D ETAI LS ( A)
CSTCTRL ( J)
CN TRCT ( M )
EQREN T ( H )
CUSSPC ( K)
REPGRP ( L)
D ESI GN ( B)
RTABLE ( R)
CERATE ( F)
At t r ibut e
Nam e Type W idt h
MATL TEXT 5 10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
MCODE I NT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
MCOST REAL 7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
MCOSTRAT FLOAT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3
MDESC TEXT - - - - - - - - - - - - -
NOI TEM I NT - - - - - - 10 2 6 - - - - - -
NPCT01 I NT - - - - - - 11 3 7 - - - - - -
NPCT02 I NT - - - - - - 12 4 - - - - - - -
NPCT03 I NT - - - - - - 13 5 - - - - - - -
NPCT04 I NT - - - - - - 14 6 - - - - - - -
NPCT05 I NT - - - - - - 15 7 - - - - - - -
NPCT06 I NT - - - - - - 16 8 - - - - - - -
NPCT07 I NT - - - - - - 17 9 - - - - - - -
NPCT08 I NT - - - - - - 18 10 - - - - - - -
NPCT09 I NT - - - - - - 19 11 - - - - - - -
NPCT010 I NT - - - - - - 20 12 - - - - - - -
NPCT011 I NT - - - - - - 21 13 - - - - - - -
NPCT012 I NT - - - - - - 22 14 - - - - - - -
NPCT013 I NT - - - - - - - 15 - - - - - - -
NPCT014 I NT - - - - - - - 16 - - - - - - -
NPCT015 I NT - - - - - - - 17 - - - - - - -
ORI GI N TEXT 6 2 3 3 - - - - - - - - - - - -
PARAM TEXT 32 - 4 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
PCLASS TEXT 4 - - - - - - - - - 4 - - - - -
PCTOF I NT - - - 4 - - - - - - - - - 8 -
PERCENT REAL - - - 3 - - - - - - - - - 7 -
PI PSPC TEXT 8 - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - -
PI PTYP I NT 15 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
PRCURC TEXT 38 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
PROPNAM TEXT 36 - 13 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
PROPNUM I NT - 10 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
COM PON EN T ( N )
I N D I RECTS ( P)
PROJD ATA ( D )
REM ARKS ( C)
CRW SCH ( G)
N EW COA ( E)
D ETAI LS ( A)
CSTCTRL ( J)
CN TRCT ( M )
EQREN T ( H )
CUSSPC ( K)
REPGRP ( L)
D ESI GN ( B)
RTABLE ( R)
CERATE ( F)
At t r ibut e
Nam e Type W idt h
QUANT REAL 5 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
REFI D I NT 28 14 5 - - - - - - - - - 1 - -
REPGRP I NT - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - -
RESULT REAL - - - 6 - - - - - - - - - - -
RPGSEQ I NT - - - - - - - - - - 3 - - - -
SCHAREA I NT - - - - - - 6 - - - - - - - -
SCHED TEXT 4 - - - - - - - - - 3 - - - - -
SHI FTS I NT - - - - - - 8 - - - - - - - -
SOURCE TEXT 2 17 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
SUBAREA I NT 30 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
SUBTYPE I NT 29 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
SUMCODE I NT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
TI TLE TEXT 32 - - - - - - - - - - 4 - - - -
TYPSCT I NT - - - - - - - - - 5 - - - - -
UNI T TEXT 8 - 7 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
UNI TI N TEXT 8 - 9 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
UNI TS TEXT 8 6 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
USERDES TEXT 25 26 - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - -
USERTAG TEXT 12 27 - - - - - - - - - - - 3 - -
VALUER REAL - 6 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
VALUET TEXT 12 - 5 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
VALUEU TEXT 12 - 8 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
WGT REAL 18 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
WUNI T TEXT 4 19 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Re la t ion sh ip of D a t a ba se
Re la t ion s
D ETAI LS Re la t ion
N o. Colu m n N a m e Type of D a t a D e scr ipt ion of D a t a St or e d u nde r
e a ch Colum n
1 COA int eger Code of Account ( COA)
2 ORI GI N t ext 6 3 charact ers each of I t em Type + I t em
Ref No. ( HE 101)
3 COADES t ext 24 Tit le of cost elem ent which is assigned
t o account code
4 I TEMDES t ext 28 Det ailed descript ion of cost elem ent ,
m at erial or labor
5 QUANT real Quant it y
6 UNI TS t ext 8 Unit of m easure associat ed wit h
quant it y
7 MCOST real Mat erial cost for t ot al quant it y
8 LHOURS real Man- hours of field labor for t ot al
quant it y
9 LCOST real Cost of field labor for t ot al quant it y
10 MATL t ext 5 Mat erial sym bol ( five charact er st ring)
11 ACCOUNT int eger Maj or account for t his it em .
12 AREA int eger Area I D/ report group, assigned an
int eger value of unit y
13 CONTRACT int eger Cont ract I D
14 COAMOD int eger Code of account ( COA) m odifier
15 PI PTYP int eger Class of m at erial for piping
16 LOCI D t ext 8 Sub- descript ion relat ed t o ORI GI N ( LI NE
03, LOOP 02)
17 SOURCE t ext 2 Sym bol used t o charact erize direct ,
subcont ract or rem ot e shop cost s
18 WGT real Weight
19 WUNI T t ext 4 Unit of m easure associat ed wit h weight
20 CLASS int eger Class
21 EXTRA1 int eger Your use, for int eger values, filled wit h 0
22 EXTRA2 real Your use, for decim al values, filled wit h
0.00
23 EXTRA3 t ext 4 Your use, for t ext , filled wit h blanks
24 DI AM real Pipe diam et er, decim al ( e.g., 2.0)
25 LI NELOOP int eger For piping - t he line num ber ( 01- 40)
For inst rum ent at ion - t he loop num ber
( 01- 50)
e a ch Colum n
26 USERDES t ext 25 For inst rum ent at ion - t he loop num ber
( 01- 50)
For com ponent s - I t em descript ion
For Mat ’l/ Man- hour Addit ions - I t em
descript ion
For Pipe Bulk - I t em Det ails - I t em
descript ion
For I nst rum ent Bulk I t em s - I t em
descript ion
27 USERTAG t ext 12 User Tag Num ber or Pipe Specs if
cust om pipe specs are used
28 REFI D int eger The 4- digit I t em reference num ber for
t he com ponent
29 SUBTYPE int eger For Equipm ent - cost basis
For Piping - t ype of valve or fit t ing
For Civil - t ype of foundat ion
For I nst rum ent at ion - t ype of loop m ain
com ponent
For I nsulat ion - t ype of insulat ion or
fireproofing
30 SUBAREA int eger Subsidiary area num ber, wit hin AREA
31 CESEQ int eger Sequence num ber for records in Det ails
relat ion
32 I CACOA int eger I carus code of account for it em
33 DUPQTY int eger Duplicat e quant it y flag
34 I NTREF int eger I nt ernal reference ident ificat ion
35 COMPWBS t ext 3 Com ponent Work Breakdown St ruct ure
ident ifier
36 I CUNI T int eger I nt ernal Unit of Measure unit
37 COMCOD t ext 36 Com m odit y code for m at erials ( Fut ure
use)
38 PRCURC t ext 33 Procurem ent Currency
D ESI GN Re la t ion
e a ch Colum n
1 I TMCOD int eger I t em code.
2 AREA int eger Area I D, assigned int eger value of unit y.
3 ORI GI N t ext 6 3- charact ers: I t em Type + I t em
Reference No. ( HE 101) .
4 PARAM t ext 25 Descript ion of design elem ent .
5 VALUET t ext 12 Value of design param et er, as t ext .
6 VALUER real Value of design param et er, decim al
value.
7 UNI T t ext 8 Unit of m easure associat ed wit h num eric
design value
8 VALUEU t ext 12 Value of design param et ers specified by
user as t ext . ( For Aspen Capit al Cost
Est im at or and Aspen I n- Plant Cost
Est im at or only.)
9 UNI TI N t ext 8 Unit of m easure associat ed wit h VALUEU
10 PROPNUM int eger Reserved for fut ure use
11 I CUNI T int eger I nt ernal Unit of Measure ident ifier
12 I UMVAL real Syst em value in int ernal unit s of
m easure
13 PROPNAM t ext 36 Syst em propert y nam e
14 REFI D int eger I nt eger value of 3- digit com ponent
num ber
15 I NDLVL int eger I ndicat es indent level for report s
16 BTSEQ int eger Sequence num ber for DESI GN t able
REM ARKS Re la t ion

e a ch Colum n
1 I TMCOD int eger I t em code. ( Two digit s.)
2 AREA int eger Area reference num ber defined by user.
( Two digit s, default is 01.)
3 ORI GI N t ext 6 Responsible it em for t he dat a in t he
record ( e.g., "HE 101" ) .
4 DESCR t ext 76 Descript ion of I TEM as specified by user
( for exam ple, “ PROPANE STORAGE
TANK") .
num ber
PROJD ATA Re la t ion
e a ch Colum n
1 COA int eger Syst em code of account or user's
account code as revised ( 3 digit s) .
2 I TEM t ext 24 Syst em - generat ed or user- defined
descript ion for t his it em ( e.g.,
" CONSUMABLES/ SMALL TOOLS" ) .
3 PERCENT real Syst em - generat ed or user- defined
descript ion for t his it em ( e.g.,
" CONSUMABLES/ SMALL TOOLS" ) .
4 PCTOF int eger Syst em - calculat ed code represent ing
t he port ion of t he proj ect est im at e t o be
precent aged ( 1 digit )
5 AMOUNT real Lum p sum value specified by user.
RESULT real The value calculat ed when PERCENT is
applied t o PCTOF, where appropriat e.
N EW COA Re la t ion
e a ch Colum n
1 CCOA int eger User- changed code of account
2 CCOADES t ext 24 User- changed code of account
descript ion ( e.g.,” SPECI AL COMPANY
I TEMS" ) .
3 CCOAACT t ext 2 COA cat egory ( EQ, P, C, ST, I , E, I N, PT)
EQREN T Re la t ion
Aspen I n- Plant Cost Est im at or only

e a ch Colum n
1 CESEQ int eger Key - relat es t o DETAI LS relat ion
2 NOI TEM int eger Num ber of it em s in list
3 NPCT1 int eger List it em 1
e a ch Colum n
CRW SCH Re la t ion


e a ch Colum n
2 ACTTYP int eger Act ivit y level ( area, proj ect , proc.)
3 ACTSEQ int eger Act ivit y I D at com ponent level
4 ACTSRT int eger Act ivit y I D at area level
5 ACTCOA int eger Scheduling code of account
6 SCHAREA int eger Display flag
7 DAYPWK int eger Working days per week
8 SHI FTS int eger Num ber of shift s per day
9 HRSPDA real Working hours per day
CSTCTRL Re la t ion

e a ch Colum n
2 ACTTYP int eger Act ivit y level ( area, proj ect , proc.)
3 ACTSEQ int eger Act ivit y I D at com ponent level
4 ACTSRT int eger Act ivit y I D at area level
5 ACTCOA int eger Scheduling code of account s
REPGRP Re la t ion
e a ch Colum n
1 ATYPE int eger Report group designat ion ( 1 = report
group, 2 = sub- group)
2 REPGRP int eger Report group num ber
3 RPGSEQ int eger Report group sequence ( sub- group)
4 TI TLE t ext 32 Report group t it le
5 AREAWBS t ext 2 Area Work Breakdown St ruct ure
ident ifier
6 SCHAREA int eger Scheduling Area for t his report group
CN TRCT Re la t ion
Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or only

e a ch Colum n
1 CNTRNO int eger Cont ract or num ber
2 CNTRBY int eger Cont ract ed by ( parent cont ract or)
3 CNTRNM t ext 24 Cont ract or nam e
COM PON EN T Re la t ion

Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or and Aspen I n- Plant Cost Est im at or only

e a ch Colum n
1 REFI D int eger The int eger value of t he 4- digit int ernal
reference num ber
2 USERDES t ext 25 I t em descript ion
3 USERTAG t ext 12 User Tag Num ber
e a ch Colum n
4 DUPI TEMS int eger Num ber of duplicat e it em s
5 APPTYPE int eger Com ponent t ype
ident ifier
8 STRUCTAG t ext 12 User Tag of St ruct ure where com ponent
is m ount ed
I N D I RECTS Re la t ion
Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or only
e a ch Colum n
1 COA int eger Code of Account ( COA) ( See list on
following page) .
t o account code ( See list on following
page) .
3 CONTRACT int eger Cont ract I D
4 I NDHOURS int eger I ndirect hours for t his account
5 I NDAMOUNT int eger I ndirect cost for t his account
6 I CACOA int eger I carus code of account for it em
7 PERCENT real Percent value ent ered by user or
calculat ed by syst em
8 PCTOF int eger Syst em - calculat ed code represent ing
t he port ion of t he proj ect est im at e t o be
percent aged ( 1 digit )
9 I NDDES t ext 32 User indirect descript ion or “ SYSTEM
GENERATED”
K ( CUSSPC) - TABLE Re la t ion
e a ch Colum n
2 PI PSPC t ext 8 Cust om piping spec
3 SCHED t ext 4 Pipe schedule
4 PCLASS t ext 4 Flange class
5 TYPSCT t ext 4 Type of dat a ( 1 = class, 2 = schedule,
3= t hickness
6 CATLNO t ext 20 I t em designat ion
7 CONTYP t ext 2 Type of Fit t ing Connect ion ( one of t he
following: ( SW SC SB WW WF VC PF VS)
8 PI PTYP t ext 1 Pipe Type ( “ S” or “ W” or “ “ )
9 XRAYS real Weld X- Rays
10 PDEGF real Pipe Tem perat ure in Deg Fahrenheit
11 PPSI G real Pipe Pressure in psi
12 TRACEM t ext 4 Tracing Type
13 NPRI MR t ext 4 Num ber of Prim ary Paint Coat s
14 NFI NAL t ext 4 Num ber of Final Paint Coat s
15 I NSMTL t ext 5 I nsulat ion Mat erial
16 I NSTHK t ext 5 I nsulat ion Thickness
R- TABLE Re la t ion
e a ch Colum n
1 CESEQ int eger Key- relat es ( links) t o t he DETAI LS
relat ion ( A t able or Aproj I D)
2 COAI ND int eger Tit le of cost elem ent which is assigned
t o account code ( See list on following
page)
3 MCOSTRAT float Rat io of MCOST out put t o MCOST
syst em
4 HOURRRAT float Rat io of HOURS out put t o HOURS
syst em
5 LCOSTRAT float Rat io of LCOST out put t o LCOST syst em
QSUM Re la t ion s
e a ch Colum n
1 ACCOUNT int eger Maj or account for t his it em . A.ACCOUNT
2 CODEGROUP int eger Sub- Group of I carus cod of account for
it em . Evaluat ed from
Xref_I CACOA.I CACOA_Group
3 I CACOA int eger I carus code of account for it em .
Evaluat ed from P.I CACOA and A.I CACOA
4 I CACOADES t ext 25 I carus Tit le of cost elem ent which is
assigned t o account code.
Evaluat ed from
Xref_I CACOA.I CACOA_Det _Desc_USA1
5 FULLDES t ext 50 Maj or account t it le for t his it em . ( 10)
I ndirect s.
Evaluat ed from Xref_Account .[ Full
Descript ion]
6 COA int eger Code of Account ( COA) . P.COA, A.COA
t o account code.
Evaluat ed from
Xref_I CACOA.I CACOA_Det _Desc_USA1,
E.CCOADES,
8 QSUMCOA int eger I carus sub- account for t his it em .
Evaluat ed from
Xref_I CACOAI nd.I CACOA_Group,
Xref_QSUMCOA_Crit eria.QSUMCOA
9 QSUMCOADES t ext 255 Tit le of sub- account which assigned t o
sub- account code. Evaluat ed from
Xref_QSum COA.QSUMCOADES
10 I TEMDES t ext 30 Det ailed descript ion of cost elem ent ,
m at erial or labor.
Evaluat ed from A.I TEMDES
11 COMPONENT t ext 40 I t em Descript ion.
Evaluat ed from A.ORI GI N, A.SUBAREA
12 QUANT real Quant it y.
Evaluat ed from A.QUANT
13 UNI TS t ext 10 Unit of m easure associat ed wit h
quant it y. Evaluat ed from A.UNI TS
14 I CUNI T int eger I nt ernal Unit of Measure unit .
Evaluat ed from A.I CUNI T
15 KEYQUANT real Key Quant it y – Charact erist ic quant it y
for group of it em s
16 KEYUNI TS t ext 255 Key Quant it y – Charact erist ic quant it y
for group of it em s
e a ch Colum n
17 HOURS real Unit of m easure associat ed wit h key
quant it y
18 LCOST real Man- hours of field labor or t ot al
quant it y. Evaluat ed from Sum of
P.I NDHOURS
19 MCOST real Cost of field labor for t ot al quanit y.
Evaluat ed from A.LCOST
20 TOTCOST real Mat erial cost for t ot al quant it y.
Evaluat ed from A.MCOST
21 CLASS int eger Class.
Evaluat ed from A.CLASS
22 WGT real Weight .
Evaluat ed from A.WGT
23 WUNI T t ext 255 Unit of m easure associat ed wit h weight .
Evaluat ed from A.WUNI T
24 DI AM int eger Pipe diam et er, decim al ( e.g., 2.0) .
Evaluat ed from A.DI AM
( 01- 50)
descript ion
descript ion
Descript ion
Evaluat ed from A.USERDES
26 MATL t ext 10 Mat erial Sym bol ( five charact er st ring) .
Evaluat ed from A.MATL
27 PI PTYP int eger Class of m at erial for piping. A.PI PTYP
28 LOCI D t ext 10 Sub- descript ion relat ed t o ORI GI N ( LI NE
03, LOOP 02) .
Evaluat ed from A.LOCI D
29 LI NELOOP int eger For piping – t he line num ber ( 01- 40)
For inst rum ent at ion – t he looop num ber
( 01- 50) .
Evaluat ed from A.LI NELOOP
30 COAMOD int eger Code of account ( COA) m odifier.
Evaluat ed from A.COAMOD
31 LOCATI ON t ext 255 Locat ion Descript ion – Above Ground/
Under Ground.
Evaluat ed from
Xref_QSUMCOA_Crit eria.LOCATI ON
e a ch Colum n
32 SUBTYPE int eger For Equipm ent - cost basis
For Piping - t ype of valve or fit t ing
For Civil - t ype of foundat ion
For I nst rum ent at ion - t ype of loop m ain
com ponent
For I nsulat ion - t ype of insulat ion or
Fireproofing
Evaluat ed from A.SUBTYPE
33 SOURCE t ext 5 Sym bol used t o charact erize direct , sub-
cont ract or rem ot e shop cost s.
Evaluat ed from A.SOURCE
t he com ponent .
Evaluat ed from A.REFI D
35 ORI GI N t ext 10 3 charact ers each of I t em Type + Tem
Ref No. ( HE 101) .
Evaluat ed from A.ORI GI N
36 AREA int eger Area I D/ report group, assigned an int e-
ger value of unit y.
Evaluat ed from A.AREA
37 SUBAREA int eger Subsidiary area num ber, wit hin AREA.
Evaluat ed from A.SUBAREA
I dent ifier.
Evaluat ed from A.COMPWBS
39 CONTRACT int eger Cont ract I D.
Evaluat ed from Table P, A.CONTRACT
40 CONTRACTOR t ext 30 Cont ract or Nam e.
Evaluat ed from M.CNTRNM
41 DUPQTY int eger Duplicat e quant it y flag.
Evaluat ed from A.DUPQTY
Relat ion.
Evaluat ed from A.CESEQ
43 I NTREF int eger I nt ernal reference ident ificat ion.
Evaluat ed from A.I NTREF
STORED REPORTS Re la t ion
e a ch Colum n
1 ID int eger Unique I D for Query – Const ant cross
releases
2 Nam e Text 100 Unique Text Nam e
3 TreeView1 t ext 255 Com posit e Tree ( See Nam e - Lev below)
4 Prom pt t ext 255 Text Descript ion for Display
5 KbaseFlag t ext 50 List of Product s for t he Report
3 – Capit al Cost Report
E – Process Econom ic Analyzer
M – I n- Plant Cost Est im at or
6 UserGroupNo t ext 50 User Group Num ber
0: All Report s / All Disciplines
1: Process
2: Equipm ent / I nsul / Paint
3: Piping / I nsul / Paint
4: Civil / St ruct ural / Arch / I nsul / Paint
5: Managem ent / Proj ect Level
6: Elect rical / I nst rum ent at ion / I nsul /
Paint
7: Quant it y I nfo Only
8: Unit Cost I nfo Only
7 I m port Type t ext 50 Type of t he I m port . Use Full if you
creat ing a cust om report inside report er.
8 LicMgrGroupNo t ext 50 Reserved. Not used
9 BaseRT t ext 50 Reserved. Not used
10 Type t ext 50 Type of Report , Excel or Cryst al
11 Tem plNam e t ext 50 Type of Report , Excel or Cryst al
12 Sheet Nam e t ext 50 Nam e of t he t em plat e
13 SubQueries t ext 50 Sub queries t o be used in t he Excel
Worksheet ( Excel Only)
14 Post Procedure t ext 50 MacroSet t o be used.
MacroSet _1
MacroSet _2
MacroSet _3
MacroSet _4
15 Execut able t ext 50 Reserved. Not used
16 Nam e- Lev1 t ext 100 Report List Tree Text – Level 1
e a ch Colum n
21 Aut oFilt er Yes/ No Aut o Filt er Turn ON/ OFF ( Excel Only)
22 Mult iSheet I D t ext 128 Used for new feat ure where num ber of
report s and sheet nam es are det er-
m ined by num ber of cont ract ors/ ident ifi-
ers in t he proj ect .
For exam ple, for report Proj ect
Sum m ary by Cont ract or, t he value in
t his colum n is QSUM.CONTRACTOR
( TableNam e.Colum n nam e)
STORED QUERI ES Re la t ion
e a ch Colum n
1 ID t ext 10 Unique I D for Query – Const ant cross
releases
2 Nam e t ext 255 Unique Text Nam e
3 Generat e Yes/ No Creat e MS Access Query from Row
4 TreeView1 t ext 255 Com posit e Tree ( See Lev below)
5 Prom pt t ext 255 Text Descript ion for Display
( Managem ent and UOD report s only)
6 KbaseFlag t ext 255 List of Product s for t he Report
3 – Capit al Cost Report
E – Process Econom ic Analyzer
M – I n- Plant Cost Est im at or
7 UserGroupNo t ext 255 User Group Num ber
0: All Report s / All Disciplines
1: Process
2: Equipm ent / I nsul / Paint
3: Piping / I nsul / Paint
4: Civil / St ruct ural / Arch / I nsul / Paint
5: Managem ent / Proj ect Level
6: Elect rical / I nst rum ent at ion / I nsul /
Paint
7: Quant it y I nfo Only
8: Unit Cost I nfo Only
8 I m port Type t ext 50 Type of t he I m port . Use Full if you are
creat ing a cust om report inside report er.
9 LicMgrGroupNo t ext 255 Reserved. Not used
10 BaseRT t ext 255 Reserved. Not used
11 SQLSt r Mem o Query st ored as t ext
12 fSt r t ext 255 Form at St ring ( Managem ent and UOD
report s only)
13 Lev_1 t ext 255 Report List Tree Text – Level 1
CERATE Re la t ion ( F- Ta ble )
e a ch Colum n
1 CEFLAG t ext 2 Record t ype ( CR = craft , ER = equip-
m ent rent al)
2 CENUM int eger I t em num ber ( CR = 51 - 99, ER = 1 -
450)
3 CNTWKF int eger Cont ract or work force
4 CEAMT real Rat e ( CR = CUR/ HR, ER = CUR/ Mont h)
5 CEDESC t ext 60 Descript ion of it em
6 CEDUR int eger T'ot al Hours for I t em for Cont ract or
Tot al Hours for Craft for Cont ract or
( HOURS) OR
Tot al Rent al Durat ion Days for
Equipm ent I t em for Cont ract or ( DAYS)
7 CEAMOUNT int eger Tot al I ndirect Cost for I t em for Cont rac-
t or Tot al Labor Cost for Craft for Con-
t ract or
OR
Tot al Equipm ent Rent al Cost for
Equipm ent I t em for Cont ract or
8 CEALLOC int eger Allocat ed Rent al Days for Equipm ent
I t em for Cont ract or ( DAYS) – Only for
Equipm ent Rent al
S- Ta ble Re la t ion
e a ch Colum n
relat ion
3 LI NELOOP int eger For piping – t he line num ber ( 01- 40)
For inst rum ent at ion – t he loop num ber
( 01- 50)
4 LTYPE c To different iat e bet ween branch and
m ain line
e a ch Colum n
( 01- 50)
descript ion
descript ion
Descript ion
6 LI NETAG t ext 36 For Piping Bulk – User Tag
For Pipe Bulk - I t em Det ails – Pipe Line
Tag
7 LNDESEQ int eger I t em reference num ber of t he connect ed
equipm ent .
8 DI RECT t ext 3 Pipe Bulk - I t em Det ails – Pipe Line Flow
Direct ion
9 LNDESLN int eger Pipe Bulk - I t em Det ails – Connect ed
Equipm ent Line Num ber
10 STREAM t ext 30 Pipe Bulk - I t em Det ails - St ream
propert ies t o be used for t his line
11 MATL t ext 5 Mat erial sym bol ( five charact er st ring)
12 DI AM int eger Pipe diam et er, decim al ( e.g., 2.0)
13 LI NLEN int eger Pipe Lengt h, decim al ( e.g. 2.0)
14 PI PSPC t ext 10 Cust om Pipe Spec
T- Ta ble Re la t ion
e a ch Colum n
1 DUMMYCOL t ext 2 Dum m y only
2 STREAM t ext 36 St ream Nam e
3 TEMP int eger Tem perat ure
4 PRESS int eger Pressure
5 MWGT int eger Molecular Weight
6 TOTMFLOW int eger Tot al Mass Flow
7 LI QMFLOW int eger Liquid Mass Flow
8 LI QMDEN int eger Liquid Mass Densit y
9 LI QVI SC int eger Liquid Viscosit y
10 LI QSTEN int eger Liquid Surface Tension
11 VAPMFLOW int eger Vapor Mass Flow
12 VAPMDEN int eger Vapor Mass Densit y
13 VAPVI SC int eger Vapor Viscosit y
14 SOLMFLOW int eger Solid Mass Flow
15 SOLMDEN int eger Solid Mass Densit y
U- Ta ble Re la t ion
e a ch Colum n
1 I TMCOD int eger I t em code ( Two digit s)
2 AREA nt eger Area I D, assigned int eger value of unit y.
3 ORI GI N t ext 10 3- charact ers: I t em Type + I t em Refer-
ence No. ( HE 101) .
4 PARAM t ext 35 Descript ion of design elem ent .
5 VALUET t ext 80 Value of design param et er, as t ext .
6 VALUER real Value of design param et er, decim al
value.
7 UNI T t ext 10 Unit of m easure associat ed wit h num eric
design value
8 VALUEU t ext 15 Value of design param et ers specified by
user as t ext . ( For Aspen Capit al Cost
Est im at or and Aspen I n- Plant Cost Est i-
m at or only.)
9 UNI TI N t ext 10 Unit of m easure associat ed wit h VALUEU
10 PROPNUM int eger Reserved for fut ure use. I t should be
m ore t han 900000
11 I CUNI T int eger I nt ernal Unit of Measure unit .
12 VALUES real Sam e as VALUER
e a ch Colum n
13 PROPNAM t ext 40 Syst em propert y nam e
num ber
15 I NDLVL int eger I ndicat es indent level for report s
V- Ta ble Re la t ion
e a ch Colum n
1 I ndex int eger Sequence Num ber
2 Field1 t ext 80 Const ains Aspen Process Econom ic
Analyzer relat ed useful inform at ion.
Proj ect Nam e, Capacit y, Plant Locat ion,
Brief Descript ion, Schedule, I nvest m ent ,
Proj ect I nform at ion, Sim ulat or
inform at ion et c.
3 Field2 t ext 80 Cont ains t he dat a value for field1
4 Field3 t ext 30 Reserved.
W - Ta ble Re la t ion
e a ch Colum n
1 I ndex int eger Sequence Num ber
2 I t em t ext 60 I t em ( Sales, Expenses, Operat ing Cost s
et c.)
3 Unit s t ext 20 Unit s
4 Year1-Year20 real Cont ains cost spread over 20 years
X- Ta ble Re la t ion
e a ch Colum n
1 Field1 int eger Sequence Num ber
2 Field2 t ext 30 Area Nam e
3 Field3 t ext 30 Com ponent Nam e
4 Field4 t ext 30 Com ponent Type
5 Field5 t ext 30 Tot al Direct Cost
Y- Ta ble Re la t ion
e a ch Colum n
1 SeqNo integer Sequence Number
2 Field2 text 60 ITEM. Contains useful information
about Project, Capital Cost Evaluation
Basis, Time Period, Schedule, Capital
Costs Parameters, Operating Costs
Parameters, General Investment
Parameters, Escalation, Project
Results Summary, Project Capital
Summary, Engineering Summary,
Raw Materials Costs and Product
Sales, Operating Labor and
Maintenance Costs etc.
3 Field3 text 30 Measure of Unit for the Field2
4 Field4 text 255 Value stored for Field2.
5 Field5 text 30 Design, Eng, Procurement Cost for
Project Capital Summary Manhours
for Engineering Summary
6 Field6 text 30 Construction Material (Applicable to
Project to Project Cost Summary
only)
7 Field7 text 30 Construction Manhours (Applicable
to Project to Project Cost Summary
only)
8 Field8 text 30 Construction Manpower Manhours
(Applicable to Project to Project Cost
Summary only)
9 Field9 text 30 Construction Indirects Manhours
(Applicable to Project to Project Cost
Summary only)
10 Field10 text 30 Reserved
11 Field11-Field 21 text 10 Reserved
Z- Ta ble Re la t ion
e a ch Colum n
t he com ponent
2 COMPTYPE t ext 10 Charact er Com ponent Type
3 ORI GI N t ext 10 3 charact ers each of I t em Type + I t em
Ref No. ( HE 101)
4 FULLNAME t ext 60 Obj ect nam e in t he Obj ect dat abase
5 DI SPNAME t ext 74 User specified nam e in GUI along wit h
m odel nam e
Aspe n Ca pit a l Cost Est im a t or

I n dir e ct Code s a n d D e scr ipt ion s
Fie ld I n dir e ct s Engineering
01 - 09 Tit les not assigned 70 LUMP SUM ENGI NEERI NG
10 LUMP SUM CONST. I NDI RECT 71 BASI C ENGI NEERI NG
11 FRI NGE BENEFI TS 72 DETAI L ENGI NEERI NG
12 BURDENS 73 MATERI AL PROCUREMENT
13 CONSUMABLES, SMALL TOOLS 74 SUBCONTRACT PROCUREMENT
14 MI SC. ( I NSURANCE, ETC.) 75 ENGI NEERI NG MANAGEMENT
15 SCAFFOLDI NG 76 - 79 Tit les not assigned
16 EQUI PMENT RENTAL
17 VENDOR REPRESENTATI VES
18 FI ELD SERVI CES
19 TEMP. CONST., UTI LI TI ES
20 MOBI LI ZATI ON, DEMOBI LI ZE
21 CATERI NG, ACCOMODATI ON
22 TRAVEL
23 OVERTI ME PREMI UM
Special Indirects Engineering Indirects
24 SPECI AL I NDI RECT I TEM 1 80 LUMP SUM CONST. MGMT
25 SPECI AL I NDI RECT I TEM 2 81 HOME OFFI CE CONST. SUPP.
26 - 49 Tit les not assigned 82 CONSTRUCTI ON MANAGEMENT
Freight Contractor Indirects
50 LUMP SUM FREI GHT 85 FI ELD CONST. SUPERVI SI ON
51 DOMESTI C FREI GHT 86 STARTUP, COMI SSI ONI NG
52 OCEAN FREI GHT
53 AI R FREI GHT
54 MODULE FREI GHT
55 OTHER FRI EGHT
56 - 59 Tit t les not assigned
Taxes G & A Overheads
60 LUMP SUM TAXES, PERMI TS 90 G AND A OVERHEADS
61 PERMI TS
62 MATERI ALS TAXES
63 CONSTRUCTI ON TAXES
64 ENGI NEERI NG TAXES
65 OTHER TAXES
Cont r a ct or Fe e
91 CONTRACT FEE
Esca la t ion
97 ESCALATI ON
Roya lt y, M isce lla n e ou s Ch a r ge s
98 ROYALTY, MI SC. CHARGES
Contingencies
99 CONTI NGENCY
At t r ibu t e D e scr ipt ion s
At t r ibu t e D e scr ipt ion
ACCOUNT Major account for this item, leading digit taken from system code of accounts to
characterize the account class:
Account Description
0 Other, indirects
1 Equipment, Code of Account (COA) 100 - 199
2 Equipment, Code of Account (COA) 200 - 299
3 Piping
4 Civil
5 Steel
6 Instrumentation
7 Electrical
8 Insulation
9 Paint
ACTCOA Scheduling code of account. For Aspen In-Plant Cost Estimator only.
ACTSEQ Activity ID at component level. For Aspen In-Plant Cost Estimator only.
ACTSRT Activity ID at area level. For Aspen In-Plant Cost Estimator only.
ACTTYP Activity level (area, project, proc.). For Aspen Capital Cost Estimator and Icarus
Project
Manager only.
AMOUNT Lump sum value specified by user for indirect costs.
Com pone nt Type Com pone nt Type
APPTYPE Equ ipm e nt Equ ipm e n t
0 Not applicable 58 TDS Tray drying syst em s
1 AC Air com pressors 60 TW Towers
3 AD Air dryers 62 VP Vacuum pum ps
4 AT Agit at ed t anks 63 VS Vibrat ing screens
6 BL Blenders 64 VT Vert ical t anks
7 C Condensers 65 WFE Wiped film evaporat ors
8 CTW Cooling t owers 66 WTS Wat er t reat m ent syst em s
9 CE Cranes 68 MOT Mot ors
10 CO Conveyors 69 RB Reboilers
11 CP Cent rifugal pum ps 70 FU Furnaces
12 CR Crushers 71 TUR Turbines
13 CRY Cryst allizers 72 AG Agit at ors
14 CT Cent rifuges 73 LI N Linings
15 DDT Double diam et er t owers 74 PAK Packings
16 D Dryers
At t r ibu t e D e scr ipt ion s - cont inued
At t r ibut e D e scr ipt ion

APPTYPE 17 DC Dust collect ors Kn ow n Cost
18 DD Drum dryers 76 Cost known equipm ent
19 E Evaluat ors 77 Cost known bulks
20 EG Elect rical generat ors
21 EJ Ej ect ors Pla nt Bulk s a nd Buildings
22 EL Elevat ors 80 Buildings
24 F Filt ers 81 PI P Piping
26 FE Feeders 82 CI V Civil
27 FL Flakers 83 STL St eelwork
28 FLR Flares 84 I NS I nst rum ent at ion
29 FN Fans 85 ELC Elect rical general
32 GC Gas com pressors 86 I NL I nsulat ion
34 GP Gear pum ps 87 PNT Paint
36 HE Heat exchangers 88 ELC Elect rical subst at ion
37 HO Hoist s
38 HT Horizont al t anks Sit e D e ve lopm e nt
39 HU Heat ing unit s 91 DEMOL Dem olit ion
42 K Kneaders 92 DRAI NS Drainage
43 M Mills 93 EARTH Eart hwork general
44 MX Mixers 94 FENCE Fencing
45 P Pum ps 95 LANDSP Landscaping
48 R React ors 96 PAVI NG Paving
49 RD Rot ary dryers 97 PI LI NG Piling
50 RU Refrigerat ion unit s 98 RAI LRD Railroads
52 S Scales 99 EARTH Eart hwork excavat ion
53 ST St ock t reat m ent
54 SE Separat ion equipm ent Libr a r y I t e m s
55 STK St acks 100 Library it em s
56 STB St eam boiler 101 Equipm ent m odel library
57 T Thickeners
AREA Area reference num ber defined by user. Default is 01. Reference
num ber 00 refers t o proj ect dat a in t he C relat ion.
ATYPE Report group designat ion ( 1 = report group, 2 = sub group) .
AREAWBS Area level Work Breakdown St ruct ure - - 2 charact ers.
BTSEQ Unique sequence num ber t o define t he order of records in t he DESI GN
t able for design report s.
CATLNO I t em designat ion. For Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or and Aspen I n- Plant
Cost Est im at or only.
CATLNO I t em designat ion. For Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or and Aspen I n- Plant
CCOA User- changed code of account .
CCOAACT COA cat egory ( EQ, P, C, ST, I , E, I N, PT) .
CCOADES User- changed code of account descript ion ( t ext , 24 charact ers) .

CEAMT Rat e ( CR = CUR/ HR, ER = CUR/ Mont h) . For Aspen I n- Plant Cost Est im at or
only.
CEDESC Descript ion of it em .
CEFLAG Record t ype ( CR = craft , ER = equipm ent rent al) . For Aspen I n- Plant Cost
Est im at or only.
CENUM I t em num ber ( CR = 51 - 99, ER = 1 - 450) . For Aspen I n- Plant Cost
Est im at or only.
CESEQ Sequence num ber for records in Det ails relat ion. For Aspen Capit al Cost
Est im at or and
Aspen I n- Plant Cost Est im at or only.
CLASS Class as defined below:
Cla ss D e scr ipt ion

0 Other
01 Site Development
10 Process Equipment
20 Bulk Items
30 Area components, testing
31 Buildings
40 Area Site Development
50 Unit Substation
60 Main Substations
70 Control (CTL) Centers
80 OPS Centers
90 Project Items (rotating equipment, spare parts,
transmission lines, testing).
CNTRBY Cont ract ed by ( parent cont ract or) . For Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or only.
CNTRNM Cont ract or nam e. For Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or only.
CNTRNO Cont ract or num ber. For Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or only.
CNTWKF Cont ract or work force. For Aspen I n- Plant Cost Est im at or only.
COA Syst em code of account or user ’s account code as revised. For Aspen I n-
Plant Cost Est im at or, COA is 3- digit s. For Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or,
COA is 4- digit s.
COADES Syst em code of account descript ion or user's descript ion as revised ( t ext ,
24 charact ers) .
COAM OD Code of a ccou n t ( COA) m odifie r
COAM OD COA Ra nge D e scr ipt ion
0 1 - 999 Default if not shown below
Equipm ent
0 100 - 299 Direct Hire
1 100 - 299 Subcont ract Equipm ent
Piping
0 300 - 399 Above Ground Piping
1 300 - 399 Underground Piping
2 300 - 399 Chem ical Sewer
Civil - Sit e Developm ent
1 422 - 423 Sit e Developm ent Paving ( Roads)
2 422 - 423 Sit e Developm ent Paving ( Ot her)
Civil - Concret e
1 400 - 459 Sm all blocks: < 3 CY[ < 2.3 M3]
2 400 - 459 Medium blocks: 3- 10 CY[ 2.3- 7.65 M3]
3 400 - 459 Large blocks: 10- 25 CY[ 7.65- 19.1 M3]
4 400 - 459 Mass pours: 25- 50CY[ 19.2- 38.2 M3]
5 400 - 459 Mass pours: 50- 100 CY[ 38.2- 76.5 M3]
6 400 - 459 Mass pours: > 100CY[ > 76.5 M3]
7 400 - 459 Piling
8 400 - 459 Conduit Envelopes
9 400 - 459 Elevat ed slabs
St eel
1 500 - 599 Ext ra light : < 12 LB/ FT[ < 18 KG/ M]
2 500 - 599 Light : 12- < 20 LB/ FT[ 18- < 30 KG/ M]
3 500 - 599 Medium 20- < 40 LB/ FT[ 30- < 60 KG/ M]
4 500 - 599 Heavy40- 80 LB/ FT[ 60- 122 KG/ M]
5 500 - 599 Ext ra Heavy> 80 LB/ FT[ > 122 KG/ M]
6 500 - 599 St airs and Ladders
7 500 - 599 Ladders
9 500 - 599 Misc. ( Fab. Plat e)
1 641 Pneum at ic I nst rum ent Cable Tray
2 641 Elect ronic I nst rum ent Cable Tray
Elect rical
0 700 - 799 Above Ground Elect rical.
1 700 - 799 Underground Elect rical.
0 811 Pipe I nsulat ion
1 811 Duct I nsulat ion
0 912 Paint Pipe
1 912 Paint Duct
0 922 Surface Prep Pipe
1 922 Surface Prep Duct

COAI N D Tit le of cost elem ent which is assigned t o account code.
COMCOD Com m odit y code t o uniquely ident ify m at erials used in t he I carus
Evaluat ion Engine ( I EE) . The Com m odit y Code COMCOD is a 30
Charact er code. Each m aj or bulk t ype has an individual a coding
sequence. Current ly only piping has a coding sequence defined.
For Piping:
To decode use t he following colum n br eakdow n:
Colum n: 1 2 3
123456789012345678901234567890
AMMMMMUDDDDPEECFFFFFGWRSSS# # # #
Colum n Posit ion Descript ion

A 1 Account Code I ndicat or - 3= Piping
M 2- 6 Pipe m at erial code
U 7 Unit s of m easure I ndicat or - I / P( I ) or Met ric( M)
D 8- 11 Diam et er in unit s indicat ed
P 12 Mat erial Type indicat or - Pipe ( P) , Valve ( V) or
Fit t ing ( F)
E 13- 14 Subt ype ext ension ( e.g. Trim on Valve, Flange
t ype, et c) ( Current ly Not Used)
C 15 Class/ Schedule I ndicat or - Schedule ( S) , Flange
Class ( F) , Din designat ion ( D) or Thickness ( T)
F 16- 20 Class/ Schedule designat ion as indicat ed in above
unit s
G 21 Locat ion - Above Ground ( A) / Underground
Code( U)
W 22 Pipe Fabricat ion - Welded( W) / Seam less( S)
R 23 Fabricat ion Type - Rem ot e Shop( R) / Field Shop( F)
S 24- 26 I CARUS Subt ype( See Subt ype at t ribut e)
# 27- 30 Reserved for fut ure use
COMPWBS Com ponent level Work Breakdown St ruct ure - - 3 charact ers.
CON TRACT Reference num ber of cont ract or assigned t o purchase/ inst all t his it em . For
Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or, t he default is one. For all ot her syst em s, t he
default
is zero.
DAYPWK Working days per week. For Aspen I n- Plant Cost Est im at or only.
DESCR Descript ion of it em as specified by user ( t ext , 76 charact ers) .
DIAM Pipe diam et er, decim al ( for exam ple, 2.0) .
DUPITEMS Num ber of duplicat e it em s.
DUPQTY Duplicat e quant it y flag. For Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or and Aspen I n-
Plant Cost Est im at or only.
0 = st andard ( unique quant it y field)
1 = QUANT field of t his record duplicat ed elsewhere.
EXTRA1 I nt eger. Not assigned. This is a spare at t ribut e for t he user t o allocat e
values asnecessary. The syst em will init ialize t o int eger zero. The at t ribut e
nam e can be changed and values calculat ed as a funct ion of ot her num eric
dat a.
EXTRA2 Real. Not assigned but init ialized t o a real num ber of t he value 0.0.
EXTRA3 Text . Not assigned but init ialized t o a value of four blank charact ers ( “
").
HOURRAT Rat io of HOURS out put t o HOURS syst em .
HRSPDA Working hours per day. For Aspen I n- Plant Cost Est im at or only.
ICACOA I carus code of account for it em . For Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or and
Aspen I n- Plant Cost Est im at or only.

ICUNIT I ca r u s I n t e r n a l Un it s of M e a sur e ide nt ifie r .
Un it I/ P Con ve r sion M e t r ic N ot e s
N o. D e scr ipt ion I / P M e t r ic D e scr ipt ion
1 I NCHES 2.5400E+ 01 MM
2 FEET 3.0480E- 01 M
3 MI LES 1.6093E+ 00 KM
4 MESH 1.0000E+ 00 MESH
5 FT 3.0480E- 01 M
6 SF 9.2903E- 02 M2
7 SY 8.3613E- 01 M2
8 SQ I N 6.4516E+ 02 MM2
9 I N THK 2.5400E+ 01 MM THK
10 I N DI AM 2.5400E+ 01 MM DI AM Piping Diam et ers
11 CF 2.8317E- 02 M3
12 CY 7.6455E- 01 M3
13 GALLONS 3.7854E- 03 M3
14 BARRELS 1.5899E- 01 M3
15 BD FT 2.3597E- 03 M3
ICUNIT I ca r u s I n t e r n a l Un it s of M e a sur e ide nt ifie r . ( Cont inue d)
16 BAGS 8.5275E- 01 BAG- 50KG

17 cur/ CY cur/ M3 Currency Unit s/ Unit
Volum e
18 cur cur Currency Unit s
19 cur/ LB cur/ KG Currency/ Unit Weight
20 LB 4.5359E- 01 KG
21 LBS 4.5359E- 01 KG
22 TONS 9.0718E- 01 TONNE
23 LB/ FT 1.4882E+ 00 KG/ M
25 LB/ YD 4.9605E- 01 KG/ M
26 cur/ SF cur/ M2 Currency/ Unit Area
27 LB/ BATCH 4.5359E- 01 KG/ BATCH
28 LB/ MMBTU 7.5066E+ 00 KG/ MW- HR
29 PCF 1.6018E+ 01 KG/ M3
30 W/ SF 1.0753E+ 01 W/ M2
31 PSI G 6.8948E+ 00 KPA Vessel pressure
32 PSI 6.8947E- 03 PA
33 I N H2O 2.4908E+ 02 PA
35 I N HG 3.3864E+ 00 KPA
36 MM HG 1.3332E+ 02 PA
37 PSF 4.7880E- 02 KN/ M2
38 LBF 4.4482E+ 00 N
39 FT- LB 1.3558E+ 00 N- M
40 I N/ S 2.5400E+ 00 CM/ S
41 FPM 1.8288E+ 01 M/ H
42 RPM 1.0000E+ 00 RPM Mot or RPM
43 MPH 1.6093E+ 00 KM/ H
44 HERTZ 1.0000E+ 00 HERTZ Count ry Based
45 RPM 1.0000E+ 00 RPM
46 CFH 2.8317E- 02 M3/ H
47 CFM 1.6990E+ 00 M3/ H
48 MI NUTE 1.0000E+ 00 MI NUTE
49 TPD/ SF 4.0689E- 01 TPH/ M2
50 GPM 6.3090E- 02 L/ S
51 GPH 3.7854E- 03 M3/ H
52 LB/ H 4.5359E- 01 KG/ H
53 TPH 9.0718E- 01 TONNE/ H
54 TPD 3.7799E- 02 TONNE/ H
55 CFM/ SF 1.8288E+ 01 M3/ H/ M2
56 V 1.0000E+ 00 V
57 W 1.0000E+ 00 W
58 A 1.0000E+ 00 A
59 KV 1.0000E+ 00 KV
60 KW 1.0000E+ 00 KW
61 KA 1.0000E+ 00 KA
62 KVA 1.0000E+ 00 KVA
63 HP 7.4570E- 01 HP Mot or Power
64 MVA 1.0000E+ 00 MVA
65 OHM- I N 2.5400E+ 00 OHM- CM
66 DEG F 1.0000E+ 00 DEG C Tem perat ure
67 DEG F 5.5556E- 01 DEG C Tem perat ure
Difference
68 FC 1.0764E+ 01 LUX Light ing
69 TONS- REF 3.5169E+ 00 KW Tons of Refrigerat ion
70 GPM/ SF 6.7909E- 01 L/ S/ M2
71 BTU/ H/ SF 3.1546E+ 00 W/ M2
72 BTU/ H 2.9307E- 01 W
73 BTU/ LB 2.3260E+ 00 KJ/ KG
74 MMBTU/ H 2.9307E- 01 MEGAW
75 BTU/ CF 3.7250E+ 01 KJ/ M3
76 CPOI SE 1.0000E+ 00 MPA- S
77 CSTOKE 1.0000E+ 00 MM2/ S
78 BTU/ LB/ F 4.1868E+ 00 KJ/ KG/ K
79 DEGREE 1.0000E+ 00 DEGREE Slope
80 PERCENT 1.0000E+ 00 PERCENT
81 GAUGE 1.0000E+ 00 GAUGE Duct , HEX t ubing
82 PAI R 1.0000E+ 00 PAI R I nst rum ent at ion
83 BWG 1.0000E+ 00 BWG HEX t ubing
84 LOOP( S) 1.0000E+ 00 LOOP( S) I nst rum ent at ion
85 COATS 1.0000E+ 00 COATS Paint
86 wire size wire size Elect rical
87 MCM 1.0000E+ 00 MCM Elect rical
88 AWG 1.0000E+ 00 AWG Elect rical
89 CUTS 1.0000E+ 00 CUTS Piping
90 SECTI ON 1.0000E+ 00 SECTI ON
91 CLASS 1.0000E+ 00 CLASS Elect rical
92 SPACES 1.0000E+ 00 SPACES Elect rical
93 CI RCUI TS 1.0000E+ 00 CI RCUI TS Elect rical
94 CI RCUI TS 1.0000E+ 00 CI RCUI TS Com pressors
95 STAGES 1.0000E+ 00 STAGES
96 FLOORS 1.0000E+ 00 FLOORS

97 EACH 1.0000E+ 00 EACH
98 BAYS 1.0000E+ 00 BAYS Buildings, Air Coolers
99 1.0000E+ 00 Blank Unit s
101 IN 2.5400E+ 01 MM
102 I N DI A 2.5400E+ 01 MM DI A
103 I N LG 2.5400E+ 01 MM LG
104 I N THK 2.5400E+ 01 MM THK
105 I N DP 2.5400E+ 01 MM DP
106 I N WD 2.5400E+ 01 MM WD
107 I N SZ 2.5400E+ 01 MM SZ
108 I N HT 2.5400E+ 01 MM HT
109 I N WL 2.5400E+ 01 MM WL
111 FT 3.0480E- 01 M
112 FT DI A 3.0480E- 01 M DI A
113 FT LG 3.0480E- 01 M LG
114 FT DP 3.0480E- 01 M DP
115 FT WD 3.0480E- 01 M WD
116 FT HT 3.0480E- 01 M HT
117 FT MHOLE 3.0480E- 01 M MHOLE
118 HOURS 1.0000E+ 00 HOURS
119 WEEKS 1.0000E+ 00 HOURS

INDAMOUNT I ndirect cost for t his account .
INDDES I ndirect s descript ion. Eit her user- supplied or “ SYSTEM GENERATED”.
INDHOURS I ndirect hours for t his account .
INTREF I nt ernal reference ident ificat ion.
ITEM Syst em - generat ed or user- defined descript ion for t his it em
( t ext , 24 charact ers)
ITEMDES Syst em - generat ed or user- defined descript ion for t his it em
( t ext , 28 charact ers) .

ITMCOD I t em code:
I TM COD D e scr ipt ion
D ESI GN
0 Ot her
10 For equipm ent design dat a — brief
ITMCOD I t em code:
11* For equipm ent design dat a — full ( 10 is a subset of 11 wit h
t he provision t hat it m ust be a design it em )
19 For driver power only ( where applicable) .
20 For brief plant bulk, area bulk and area sit e developm ent
it em s
21* For plant bulk it em s — full
30* For proj ect sit e developm ent it em s
40 For library it em s
96 Cust om pipe specs
97 Proj ect or area dat a sheet s
98 For design and proj ect est im at e basis
REMARKS Equipm e n t I t e m s:
10 For user's descript ion
11 For equipm ent sym bol
12 For first 2 lines of rem arks
13 For user's t ag num ber
Pla n t Bu lk I t e m s:
23 For first 2 lines of rem arks
Pr oj e ct Sit e D e ve lopm e nt :

IUMVAL Syst em value in int ernal Unit s of Measure. Does not apply when
I CUNI T is 0 or 99 and m ay be incorrect for it em s cont aining cost s.
LCOST Field m anpower cost for t his it em .
LCOSTRAT Rat io of LCOST out put t o LCOST syst em .
LHOURS Field m anhours associat ed wit h t his it em .
LINELOOP Piping line num ber ( 01 - 40) or inst rum ent loop num ber ( 01 - 50) .
O if not applicable.
LCODE Not assigned. Used in cost t racking program s t o ident ify a cat egory of
labor cost s.
LDESC Not assigned. Used in cost t racking program s t o describe a cat egory of
labor cost s
LOCID I dent ifier t o help qualify t he part associat ed wit h t his it em ( t ext , 8
charact ers) .
Exam ples:
Piping
Line 1 PLT AI R
DRAI NS

LOOP 1 UNI V
AI R SUP LOCAL
Civil
TYPE 15
Elect rical
MOTOR PUSHB
FEEDER
MATL Syst em m at erial sym bol charact erist ic of t he m at erial of const ruct ion
for t his it em ( t ext , 5 charact ers; e.g., " SS304" ) .
MCODE Not assigned. Used in cost t racking program s t o ident ify a cat egory of
m at erial cost s
MCOST Mat erial cost for t his it em .
MCOSTRAT Rat io of MCOST out put t o MCOST syst em .
MDESC Not assigned. Used in cost t racking program s t o describe a cat egory of
m at erial cost s.
NOITEM Num ber of it em s in list .
NPCTnn List it em for num ber nn. For Aspen I n- Plant Cost Est im at or only.
The CRWSCH relat ion includes nn for 1 t o 12.

The EQRENT relat ion incudes nn for 1 t o 15.
The CSTCTRL relat ion includes nn for 1.
ORIGIN Responsible it em for t he dat a in t his record ( t ext , 6 charact ers) .
Exam ple:
CP 100 GRADE PI P001 USS110 ( unit subst at ion)
DDT222 PAD CI V001 MSS001( m ain)
BLD001 OPEN STL001 CTL 60
AREA EXOPEN I NS001 SUBSTN ( proj ect t est ing - all subst at ions)
UT HDR MI LBLD ELC001 UT STN
I NL001
PNT001
PARAM Param et er descript ion ( t ext , 32 charact ers) .
PCLASS Flange class. For Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or and Aspen I n- Plant Cost
Est im at or only.
PCTOF A syst em - allocat ed code represent ing t he port ion of t he proj ect
est im at e t o be percent aged, as follows. For I PM only. ( I n ot her
syst em s, PCTOF is reserved for fut ure use.
PCTOF Description
1 Direct m at erials plus direct field labor cost s
2 Direct m at erial cost s
3 Direct field labor cost
4 Direct m at erial plus labor, and const ruct ion indirect cost s
5 All proj ect cost s
6 Unit Cost Library I t em ( s) Booked t o COA 1- 48
7 Unit Cost Library I t em ( s) Booked t o COA 49- 98
8 Unit Cost Library I t em ( s) Booked t o COA 99
PERCENT Percent age value specified by t he user.
PIPSPC Cust om piping spec. For Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or and Aspen I n-
Plant Cost Est im at or only.
PIPTYP Class of material for piping.
PIPTYP Piping Material
0 Pipe labor
1 Carbon st eel
2 St ainless st eel
3 Tit anium
5 Alum inum
6 Monel/ I nconel
7 Copper
8 Hast elloy
9 Lined pipe, m iscellaneous pipe
PRCURC Procurem ent Currency sym bol for alt ernat e m at erial sources.
PROPNAM Syst em Propert y Nam e
PROPNUM Propert y num ber used t o describe t he field descript ion
QUANT Quant it y, used in conj unct ion wit h "UNI TS" at t ribut e.
REFID For Aspen I n- Plant Cost Est im at or and COST® —3- digit com ponent
num ber.
For Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or —4- digit int ernal reference num ber.
REPGRP Report group num ber.
RESULT The value calculat ed when PERCENT is applied t o t he values,
represent ed by PCTOF, where appropriat e.
RPGSEQ Report group sequence ( sub- group) .
SCHAREA I n Aspen I n- Plant Cost Est im at or: Display flag
I n Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or: For concurrent scheduling wit hin t he
proj ect used for report ing and schedule t racking.
SCHED Pipe schedule. For Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or and Aspen I n- Plant
SHIFTS Num ber of shift s per day. For Aspen I n- Plant Cost Est im at or only.
SOURCE Sym bol used t o charact erize direct , subcont ract or rem ot e shop cost s
( t ext , 2 charact ers) :
SOURCE Descript ion
RS Rem ot e shop
IT User input — t ot al direct cost
lM User input — direct m at erial cost s
lL User input — direct m anpower cost
IS User input — t ot al subcont ract cost
SS User input — direct cost s, syst em - prepared subcont ract cost
ST User input — subcont ract t ot al cost
SM User input — subcont ract m at erial cost
SL User input — subcont ract m anpower cost .
STRUCTAG I ndicat es st ruct ure t o which t he com ponent is assigned.
SUBAREA Subsidiary area number, within AREA. For Aspen Capital Cost Estimator and
Aspen In-Plant Cost Estimator only.

SUBTYPE For Equipm ent — cost basis
0 Syst em calculat ed
1 User specified
2 Rem ot e shop paint
For Piping — t ype of valve or fit t ing
0 Ot her
80 St eam t racing
98 Tubing
99 Pipe
101 90 DEG elbow
102 Flange
103 Reducer ( t o next lower size)
104 Tee
105 Blind
106 Union ( also Couplings)
107 Spect acle blind
108 St rainer
109 Threadolet
110 Expansion j oint
111 Transit ion j oint
112 WYE for HDPE only
113 St eam t rap
120 Clam p
121 45 DEG elbow
122 Ferrule
SUBTYPE - For Piping — t ype of valve or fit t ing - cont inued
cont inued 123 Cross
124 Eccent ric reducer
125 Hose adapt er
126 Pipe adapt er
127 Swivel j oint
128 Caps
129 Screwable Plugs
130 Weldolet
131 Sockolet
201 Globe valve
202 Ball valve
203 But t erfly valve
204 Gat e valve
205 Knife gat e valve
206 Plug valve
207 Angle valve
208 Check valve
311 Rot am et er
314 Met errun
332 Vort ex flow m et er
333 Mag m et er
334 Mass flow m et er
390 Orifice flange- union
391 Orifice plat e
401 Cont rol valve GLO
402 On/ off ball valve
403 Cont rol valve BUO
411 Cont rol valve GLP
412 Cont rol valve BAP
413 Cont rol valve BUP
421 Cont rol valve ANO
422 Cont rol valve ANP
423 Cont rol valve DVS
424 Cont rol valve TKS
431 Cont rol valve ( no reducers)
432 Cont rol valve
433 3- way valve
434 Regulat ing valve
481 Slide gat e on/ off
482 Slide gat e posit ioning
483 Divert er valve
501 TSV
502 Relief valve
503 Rupt ure disk
801 Vict aulic coupl.

SUBTYPE - For Piping — t ype of valve or fit t ing - cont inued
cont inued
802 I nsul. flange
899 Vent / drain
900 Gasket s
950 Bolt s
951 Pre- fab pipe support s
952 Tubing elbow
953 Tubing reducer
954 Tubing t ee
955 Tubing union
956 Tubing ball valve

SUBTYPE - For Piping - Field Labor Subt ype
cont inued
STRESS RELI EF 3
FI ELD ERECTI ON 4
MI SC FI ELD FABRI CATI ON 5
CUT PI PE 6
BEVEL PI PE 7
WELD PI PE 8
PI PE TESTI NG 9
ERECT VALVES 10
BOLT- UP CONNECTI ONS 11
FI ELD X- RAY 12
Bend Pipe 13
t hreadolet s 14
weldolet s 15
JUMPER CONNECTI ONS 16
SWAGE AND WELD JACKET 17
Shop Handling Sm all Pipe 18
Cut & Thread Pipe 19

SUBTYPE - For Duct ing — t ype of fit t ings and/ or Duct t ype
cont inued
701 Round Duct
702 Round duct and st iffeners
703 Elbows
704 Tees
706 Dam pers
707 Access doors
708 Flexible connect ions
709 Duct hangers
711 Spiral duct
712 Spiral duct and st iffeners
713 Elbows
714 Tees
715 Reducers
716 Dam pers
717 Access doors
719 Duct Hangers
721 Square duct
722 Square duct and st iffeners
723 Elbows
724 Tees
725 Reducers
726 Dam pers
727 Access doors
729 Duct Hangers

SUBTYPE - For Duct ing - Field Labor Handle and Erect Duct
cont inued
Round Duct 31
Spiral Duct 32
Square Duct 33
SUBTYPE - For Civil — t ype of foundat ion
Cont inued
0 Ot her
1 OCT+ PROJ
2 OCTAGONL
3 PAVI NG
4 MASSPOUR
5S M BLOCK
6 LG BLOCK
7 PI LECAP
8 CONDUI T
9 RI NG
10 BASI N
11 EL SLAB
12 COLM/ BM
13 WALL
14 GRAD BM
15 PI ER
16 FOOTI NG
17 BOX
18 SLAB GRD
30 Rect angular - Above grade and below grade concret e t anks, and t ile
chest s
31 Cylindrical - Above grade and below grade concret e t anks, and t ile
chest s
50 User defined excavat ion in Bulk Adj ust m ent Civil ent ry
71 SHEET PI LI NG
72 HPI LE
80 User defined piles in Bulk Adj ust m ent Civil ent ry or in Sit e Design.
81 RAYMOND
82 WOOD
83 PI PE
84 PRECAST
85 POURED
86 STEEL- H
87 CAI SSON

SUBTYPE - For Civil — t ype of foundat ion
Cont inued
• For Civil — Miscellaneous
30 Rect angular - Above grade and below grade concret e t anks, and t ile
chest s
31 Cylindrical - Above grade and below grade concret e t anks, and t ile
chest s
50 User defined excavat ion in Bulk Adj ust m ent Civil ent ry
Subt ype Piling

88 FRANKI
89 AUGUR
90 Rigging and dism ant ling pile driving/ drilling equipm ent
• For St eel
11 Rem ot e shop CONC Fireproof
12 Rem ot e shop MAGN Fireproof
13 Rem ot e shop Pyrocret e FPR
For Elect rical
• Type of wire/ cable and cable t erm inat ion

– Where xx = posit ion of t he wire size in t he W ir e Size s t able. For
exam ple:
Wire size 14 AWG is in Posit ion 1 on t he Wire Sizes t able for US Count ry
Base; t herefore, a low volt age ( LV) 14 AWG wire would be expressed as
101.
– Wire size 35 MM2 is in Posit ion 8 on t he W ir e Size s t able for UK, JP,
and EU Count ry Bases; t herefore, a m edium volt age ( MV) 35MM2 wire
would be expressed as 208. Not e t hat t he posit ion of t he wire size on
t he t able is det erm ined by count ing down, not across.1xx Low volt age
( LV) cable/ wire2xx Medium volt age ( MV) cable/ wire3xx High
volt age ( HV) cable/ wire4xx Cont rol volt age ( CV) cable/ wire5xx
Light ing ( LT) cable/ wire
• Type of wire/ cable and cable t erm inat ion

100 LV conduit
200 MV conduit
300 HV conduit
400 CV conduit
500 LT conduit
551 Low Volt age Feeder Cable - Light ing
552 Low Volt age Feeder Cable - Elect rical Tracing

SUBTYPE - For Elect rical ( cont inued)
Cont inued
• Type of t erm inat ion
611 LV t erm inat ion
612 MV t erm inat ion
613 HV t erm inat ion
614 CV t erm inat ion
615 LT t erm inat ion
• Com m unicat ion and Alarm Syst em s
651 CCTV Syst em Cabinet s
652 Telephone Syst em Cabinet s
653 Area Net work Syst em Cabinet s
654 Radio Syst em Cabinet s
655 Access Cont rol Syst em Cabinet s
656 I nt rusion Det ect ion Syst em Cabinet s
657 Met eorological Monit oring Syst em Cabinet s
658 7C 16 AWG cable/ 12 pair 7C 1.25 m m 2 cable
659 4 pair phone cable
660 12 pair 18 AWG cable/ 12 pair .8 m m 2 cable
661 3C 14 AWG cable/ 3C 1.5 m m 2 cable
662 24 fiber arm or cable
663 24 fiber arm or t erm inat ions
664 25 pr OSP CAT5 arm or cable
665 25 pr OSP CAT5 arm or t erm inat ions
• Cat hode Prot ect ion
701 Bonding St at ion
702 Pipeline Cat hodic Prot ect ion
703 I nst all Anode
704 Coke Breeze Backfill
705 Anode Bed Wat ering Pipe
706 Galvanic Anodes
707 I nst all Surface Casing
708 Anode Support Pipe
709 Term in Junct ion Box
710 Transform er/ Rect ifier
711 Solar Panels
712 Solar Panel Connect ion
713 Underground Cable
714 Pot ent ial Measure Test St at ion
• Tracing
800 Elect rical t racing
801 Self- Regulat ing Heat ing Cable
811 Mineral I nsulat ed Alloy
821 Tracing Panelboard
825 Heat ing Cable
831 Tracing Cont roller

SUBTYPE - For I nst rum ent at ion — t ype of m ain loop com ponent const ruct ion -
Cont inued
cont inued
110 PI Gauge
111 PI Gauge
112 PI Draft
120 PI T
121 PT W/ Seal
130 PI C Local
140 PS Swit ch
160 DPI Gauge
170 DPI T
171 DPT W/ Seal
190 DPS Swit ch
200 Test well
210 TE/ TC
211 TI Dial
230 TT/ TC
231 TI T/ FI LL
232 TT/ RTD
233 TT Wet Bulb
234 TT Surface
250 TI C Local
270 TS Swit ch
310 FI Gauge
311 FI ROT
312 FI DP Cell
313 FQI
314 FI Met errun
330 FI T DP Cell
331 FI T W/ O SEN
332 FI T Vort ex
333 FI T Magnet .
334 FI T Mass FL
335 FI T Ult ras
336 FI T Turbine
350 FI C Local
360 FS Swit ch
361 FQI S
390 Orifice Flange
391 Orifice Plat e
410 LI Gauge
411 LI Gauge
412 LI Bubbler
430 LI T DP

Cont inued
cont inued
431 LI T Tape FL.

432 LI T DI SP
433 LI T Ult ras.
434 LI T Nuclear
435 LI T Radar
450 LC DI SP
460 LS Wet
461 LS Dry
462 LS Vibrat ing
463 LS Cond.
464 LS CAP.
510 AT ( PH)
511 AT ( ORP)
512 AT ( O2)
513 AET BTU
514 Densit y I nst .
515 Consist ency
516 AT% LEL
517 AT H2S DET.
518 AT CO2
519 AT VI ST.
520 AT Color
521 AT Flam e
522 AT Cloud
523 AT Sm oke
524 AT Flash
525 AT Gravit y
526 AT Heat ing
527 AT GC.
528 AT H2&HC
529 AT H2S PHY.
530 AT HC
531 AT H2S/ SO2
532 AT Sulphur
600 CT Conduct .
620 W LD 4 Cell
621 W LD 3 Cell
622 W LD 6 Cell
640 SI T
650 SS
660 XE Axial
661 XE Radial
Cont inued
cont inued
670 XS VI B
680 PNT Variable
681 PNT ON/ OFF
690 PNS
691 EL Posit ion
700 HI C Local
701 HI C
710 HSW
720 BS I nfrared
740 Solenoid
999 CV CNTRL VLV
For I nsulat ion — t ype of insulat ion or fireproofing
0 Ot her
1 CASI L ( Hot insulat ion)
2 MWOOL
3 FOAM ( Hot insulat ion)
4 FOAM ( Cold insulat ion)
5 CWOOL
6 PURI F ( Cold insulat ion)
7 PURI F ( Hot insulat ion)
8 CASI L ( Cold insulat ion)
11 CONC Fireproof
12 MAGN Fireproof
13 Pyrocret e FPR
For Piping: Pipeline

N ot e : For Cat hodic Prot ect ion Subt ypes, see Elect rical
601 Haul pipe t o R- O-W
602 St ringing pipe on R- O- W
603 Launcher
604 Receiver
605 Main road/ RR crossing
606 Minor/ Dirt road crossing
607 Clearing and Grading
608 Clean up R- O-W
609 R- O- W blast ing
610 Build BERM t hrough m arsh
611 Build BERM on t rench
613 Concret e Anchor, Weld Plat e
614 Haul Concret e Pipe Support
615 St ring, Set Pipe Support
616 Dit ch Blast ing

SUBTYPE - For Piping: Pipeline
Cont inued
617 Dit ch, Sand & Soft soil
618 Dit ch, Rocky Soil
619 Dit ch, Weat hered Shale
620 Dit ch, Weat hered Rock
621 Dit ch, Hard Rock
622 Rework aft er Blast ing
623 Rock Dit ch By Hand
624 Dit ch Trim m ing
625 Haul, Place Sand
626 Haul Piles
627 St ring Piles
628 Drive Support Piles
629 Drive Thrust Anchor
630 Drive Deflect ion Anchor
631 Drilled Piles
632 Concret e Fill, Drilled Piles
633 Cut Off Piles
634 Anode Trench
635 Surface Bed Vert ical Anode
636 Anode Surface Casing
637 Drill Cased Anode Well
638 Drill Uncased Anode Well
639 Cem ent Plug
643 Access Roads t o R- O- W
644 Concret e Valve Boxes
651 Double Joint
652 FBE Ext ernal Coat
653 I nt ernal Coat ing
654 Coat ing I nspect ion
655 Line Up & Connect Pipe
656 Tie- in Connect ion
657 Line Up & Weld
658 Tie- in Welds
659 X- Ray Field I nspect ion
660 Epxoy Shrink Sleeves
661 Hydrot est
662 Aerial KM Markers
663 KM Markers
664 Warning Signs
665 Pipeline Vent s
666 Pipeline Drains
667 Place Pipe in Support
668 Lower I n, Backfill, Clean
669 Haul Ring Girder
670 St ring Ring Girder

SUBTYPE - For Piping: Pipeline
Cont inued
671 Dress & Grind Pile Head
672 Weld Pipe Pile Cap Plat e
673 Weld Tee
674 Weld Ring Girder
675 Place Pipe I n Support
676 I nst all I nsulat ion & Bolt Down
677 Guide Bars for Tee
678 Welding
679 Miscellaneous Drains
680 Relief Line
681 St eel Support Shoes
690 St eelwork Thrust Anchor
691 St eelwork Deflect ion Anchor
692 Solar Panel St eel
699 Pipeline I nst rum ent s

SUMCODE Not assigned. Used in cost t racking program s t o group cost s int o cost
cent ers.
TITLE Report group t it le.
TYPSCT Type of dat a ( 1 = schedule, 2 = class) . For Aspen Capit al Cost
Est im at or and Aspen I n- Plant Cost Est im at or only.
UNIT Unit of m easure associat ed wit h num eric design value.
UNITIN Unit of m easure associat ed wit h user specified design value.
UNITS Unit s of m easure associat ed wit h QUANT ( it y) ( t ext , 8 charact ers; for
exam ple, “ FEET”, “ CY”, “ M3” ) .
USERDES User specified descript ion for com ponent , inst allat ion m at erial/ m an-
hour addit ions, inst allat ion pipe or inst allat ion inst rum ent at ion.
USERTAG Equipm ent com ponent user t ag or pipe specs if cust om pipe specs are
used.
VALUER The value of t he design param et er ( PARAM) as a real num ber ( useful in
calculat ions) . For param et er ( PARAM) " I TEM TYPE" , VALUER cont ains
t he num ber of it em s.
VALUET Value of design param et ers, as t ext .
VALUEU Value of design param et er specified by user as t ext .
WGT Weight of t his it em .
WUNIT Unit of m easure associat ed wit h it em weight ( WGT) at t ribut e ( t ext , 4
charact ers; for exam ple, " LBS ", "KG " ) .
3 6 I ca r u s Te ch n ology ( G1 0 )

I nt roduct ion t o Areas
Area Specificat ions
Report Groups
I carus Syst em s are Based on Craft Labor
Proj ect Schedule
Equipm ent Fabr icat e/ Ship I t em s
Barchart Report For m at
Equipm ent Procurem ent Schem at ic
Process Cont rol
Overview of Syst em I nput Specificat ions for Power Dist ribut ion
Pow er Dist ribut ion
Mode of Supply and Dist ribut ion
Power Dist ribut ion Com ponent s
Redundancy
Usage I nst ruct ions
Report ing of Result s
Proj ect Definit ion
Workforce
Const ruct ion Overhead - Prim e Cont ract or Basis
Cont ract s: Descript ion/ Scope
3 6 I ca r u s Te ch n ology ( G1 0 ) 36-1
I n t r odu ct ion t o Ar e a s
I n Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or and Aspen Process Econom ic Analyzer, areas
can be defined as a way t o describe t he const ruct ion m et hodology t hat prevails
for t hat sect ion of t he proj ect . Specificat ions are defined for each area. These
specificat ions include m echanical design specificat ions for each of t he m aj or
account s along wit h dim ensions and indexing.
Re a son s for Ar e a s
Areas are defined for t he following reasons:
• Cost account ing: Proj ect com ponent s arranged int o areas are easier t o
review. Many of t he cost report s are ar ranged by area.
• Sit e condit ions: Different sect ions of t he plant sit e m ay cont ain different
sit e condit ions. The user can define t hese sit e condit ions, such as soil t ype,
inst rum ent at ion t ype, elect rical class and division, or area t ype ( on- grade,
inst eel, and so on.) , in t he area specificat ions. As a result , t he sit e
condit ions will im pact t he area bulk quant it ies, cost s, and m anhours
developed for an area.
• Cont ract or assignm ent s: As cont ract ors and cont ract ors’ scope of work
( CONSETs) are defined, areas are t hen assigned t o t he defined scope of
work. Areas can affect t he flexibilit y of assigning work t o cont ract ors. For
exam ple, if different cont ract ors are responsible for above grade and below
grade piping, each of t hese can be defined in separat e areas and assigned
t o t he appropriat e cont ract ors. Wit hout t hese being defined in separat e
areas, it would be im possible t o assign above grade and below grade pipe
t o different cont ract ors.
• Process cont rol and power dist ribut ion: Once t he user defines t he m aj or
process cont rol and power dist ribut ion elem ent s in t he est im at e, t he user
m ust assign areas t o defined cont rol cent ers and unit subst at ions. For
exam ple, t he t ot al inst rum ent at ion developed for an area would be used
t o size t hat area’s Cont rol Cent er. Det ails of process cont rol and power
dist ribut ion are developed and report ed in t he last area sect ions of t he
Det ailed Bulk report and Area Bulk sect ion of t he Equipm ent List report for
t he last area. I t is suggest ed t hat users define one last area as an
OFFSI TES/ PROCESS & POWER ar ea t o separat e t he num erous det ails
developed for Process Cont rol and Power Dist r ibut ion from all ot her det ail.
• I m port ing: When defining areas, keep in m ind t hat whole areas and t heir
com ponent s can be im port ed int o ot her proj ect s wit h m at ching count ry
base, currency and unit s of m easure. “ Checklist ” areas can be creat ed as a
way t o prevent from forget t ing t ypical proj ect com ponent s in a new proj ect
est im at e. An exam ple of t his would be a st eelwork Checklist Area t hat
would include all t ypical sit ework it em s. Once im port ed int o a proj ect ,
sit ework it em s t hat are not needed in a proj ect would be delet ed and
design specificat ions for t he different sit ework com ponent s would be
revised.
36-2 3 6 I ca r u s Te ch n ology ( G1 0 )
Ar e a Type s
There are several differ ent area t ypes t o select from . Each area t ype has it s
own set of default area bulks t hat will be developed. The different area t ypes
t hat m ay be defined are:
• On - Gr a de ( wit h or wit hout concret e pad) . This is t he default area t ype. By
default t he syst em develops t he following bulks for an on- grade area:
° Perim et er light s every 50 feet .
° Light s are supplied from 1 or m ore area panelboards, supplied from a
disconnect swit ch in t he MCC for t his area.
° A ground grid t he lengt h of t he perim et er.
° A concret e pad will be developed based on t he dim ensions of t he area if
t he PAD opt ion is select ed.
• Ope n- St e e l ( OPEN)
The following area bulks will be developed for an OPEN t ype area:
° A m ult i- level, open- st eel st ruct ure developed based on t he dim ensions
of t he ar ea.
° One inst eel level for every 15 feet [ 4.5 M] of height .
° 75% of each level is floor grat ing for st eel st ruct ure and concret e slab
for concret e st ruct ure, wit h perim et er t oeplat e and handrail.
° Pendant light s supplied from a local panelboard developed j ust t o
supply t he light s in t he st ruct ure.
° St r uct ural m em bers are sized for bot h dead and live loads based on t he
weight of equipm ent “ hung” in t he st ruct ure. See sect ion below for
inform at ion on “ hanging” equipm ent . N ot e : Equipm ent it em s t hat are
“ hung” lose t heir foundat ions and support st eel is provided t o t ie t he
it em int o t he st ruct ur e.
° Bracing is provided according t o wind and seism ic requirem ent s.
• Ope n - St r u ct u r e ( OPEN)
Open st ruct ure t ype can be st eel, precast concret e, or cast- in- place
concret e. St eel is t he default st ruct ure t ype.
The following area bulks will be developed for an OPEN t ype area:
° A m ult i- level, open- st eel st ruct ure developed based on t he dim ensions
of t he ar ea.
° One inst eel level for every 15 feet [ 4.5 M] of height .
° 75% of each level is floor grat ing for st eel st ruct ure and concret e slab
for concret e st ruct ure, wit h perim et er t oeplat e and handrail.
° Pendant light s supplied from a local panelboard developed j ust t o
supply t he light s in t he st ruct ure.
° St r uct ural m em bers are sized for bot h dead and live loads based on t he
weight of equipm ent “ hung” in t he st ruct ure. See sect ion below for
inform at ion on “ hanging” equipm ent . N ot e : Equipm ent it em s t hat are
“ hung” lose t heir foundat ions and support st eel is provided t o t ie t he
it em int o t he st ruct ur e.
° Bracing is provided according t o wind and seism ic requirem ent s.
• Ex ist in g Ope n - St e e l ( EX- OPEN)
The following area bulks are developed for an EX- OPEN t ype area:
° All bulks t hat were developed for t he OPEN t ype area will be developed
except for t he OPEN STEEL STRUCTURE as it is assum ed t o exist .
° Support st eel is pr ovided.
Logic for H a n gin g Equ ipm e n t
Equipment Loaded Automatically Loaded when Skirt/
Leg is set to 0
Shell & Tube Heat Yes

Exchanger
Horizontal Tank Yes
Thermosiphon reboiler Yes
Other reboilers No
Agitated Tank Yes
Double-Diam. Tower Yes
Packed Tower Yes
Trayed Tower Yes
Vertical Tank Yes
All Others (pumps, and so No or N/A No or N/A
on)
See also: Chapt er 20: St eel - Logic for Hanging Equipm ent in St eel St ruct ures
• M odule
These area bulks are developed for a MODULE t ype area:
° A SKI D ( flat base st ruct ural m odel) m odule is developed by default or
t he user can select from t he following m odule t ypes:
- Cylindrical 1- bay cold box
- Rect angular, 1- bay cold box fully enclosed
- Rect angular, 1- bay cold box 3 sides enclosed
- Tr uckable* ( See det ails below.)
- Bargeable* ( See det ails below)
- Module light ing
° Ground grid
• * Tr u ck a ble M odu le - TRMD
The t ruckable m odule is designed as a one bay braced fram e st ruct ure and
t he user can specify t he num ber of levels. The user can add up t o four
t r uckable m odules wit hin t he area and up t o t wo m odules can be st acked.
Use t he St ruct ure Tag TRMD- 1 t o TRMD- 4 for specifying t he m odule t o
which t he equipm ent is loaded. I f no St ruct ure Tag is specified, equipm ent
weight is dist ribut ed am ong t he m odules. One dim ension can be up t o 80ft
( 24m ) [ Lengt h, Widt h, or Height ] and t he ot her t wo dim ensions up t o 25ft
( 7.6m ) .
You can specify an allowance for t em porary bracing used during shipping.
The default is 10% of t he st eel weight .
• * Ba r ge a ble M odu le - Ba r ge a ble M odule - BRGM
Bargeable process m odule is designed as a braced fram e st ruct ure.
Dim ensions can be up t o 200ft ( 60.8m ) [ Lengt h] x 200ft ( 60.8m ) [ Widt h] x
100ft ( 30.4m ) [ Height ] . You can add up t o four m odules wit hin an area and
up t o t wo m odules can be st acked sim ilar t o Truckable. Use st ruct ure t ag
BRGM- 1 t o BRGM- 4 for specifying t he m odule t o which t he equipm ent is
loaded. I f no st ruct ure t ag is specified, equipm ent weight is dist ribut ed
am ong t he m odules. The t ransport at ion cost varies significant ly from one
proj ect t o anot her, so you should ent er t he t ransport at ion cost from
m odule shop t o sit e.
You can specify:
° t he shipping season ( Default : Sum m er)
° t he shipping rout e
° t ransverse, longit udinal and vert ical accelerat ion values
° an allowance for t em porary bracing used during shipping. The default is
5% of t he st eel w eight
These specificat ions work in conj unct ion wit h each ot her:
When a BRGM m odule t ype is select ed, t he select ed season, rout e, and m odule
height ( t he t allest m odule of t he four governs) enable calculat ion of t he
shipping accelerat ion fields. Thus, based on t hese select ions, accelerat ion
values are aut om at ically calculat ed.
N ot e : The shipping accelerat ions det erm ined by t he syst em are good for
init ial est im at es when no inform at ion or dat a is available. To fine t une t he
est im at e using m ore accurat e accelerat ion coefficient s, it is recom m ended t hat
a naval archit ect be consult ed t o det erm ine t he part icular barge t ype, season,
shipping rout e, and m odule height . You can input t he shipping accelerat ions
provided by t he naval archit ect int o t he accelerat ion fields t o override t he
default s provided by Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or.
• * Pipe r a ck ( se e de t a ils) - Pipe r a ck M odu le - PRM D
A plant bulk piperack is required t o specify t he piperack m odule dim ensions
and det ails. Specify only one piperack in one piperack m odule area.
Equipm ent s, St ruct ures, and Buildings are not allowed on t he piperack
m odule except Air cooler.
• Floor
The following area bulks are developed for a FLOOR t ype area:
° Pendant light s
Figu r e A.1 : H ow Aspe n Ca pit a l Cost

Est im a t or H a n gs Equ ipm e n t in a n OPEN or
EX- OPEN Ar e a
Equipm e nt Aut om a t ic Se t Sk ir t / Le g = 0
Shell & Tube Exchanger Yes
Hor izont al Tank Yes
Therm osiphon Reboiler Yes
Ot her Reboilers No
Agit at ed Tank Yes
Double- Diam et er Tower Yes
Packed Tower Yes
Trayed Tower Yes
Vert ical Tank Yes
All ot hers ( pum ps, et c.) No or N/ A No or N/ A
D e fa u lt Ar e a Bu lk s
There are area bulks t hat are aut om at ically generat ed for an area. These area
bulks are developed t o m eet t he requirem ent s of t he area and can be
suppressed in t he Area Specificat ions for t hat area. I f you execut e a proj ect
level est im at e, you can r eview t hese area bulks in t he Area Bulks sect ion of
t he Equipm ent List report .
Figu r e A.2 : Su m m a r y of Ar e a Bu lk s
Au t om a t ica lly D e ve lope d for Ea ch Ar e a
Ar e a Bulk s On- gr a de Pa d Ar e a Type s
Ope n Ex - ope n M odule Floor
Area Light ing & Grounding X X X X X X
Equipm ent Grounding X X X X X
Concret e Pad X
Open St eel St ruct ure X X
Module St ruct ure
Ar e a Spe cifica t ion s

For each defined area, t he user m ay ent er specificat ions t hat will affect designs
and quant it ies of bulks in an area. While m ost of t he area specificat ions are
design specificat ions t hat will override design specificat ions ent ered at t he
proj ect level, t he m ost significant area specificat ions are t hose t hat will affect
lengt hs of pipe, elect rical cable, and inst rum ent signal wiring or t ubing. These
lengt h specificat ions include:
• Ar e a D im e n sion s
Defined in Area Type Definit ion, Area Dim ensions are used as a default t o
develop lengt hs for all of t he following syst em developed it em s:
- Piping.
- Elect rical cable/ wiring.
- I nst rum ent signal wiring / t ubing.
N ot e : Area dim ensions do not have any effect on user- added bulks, such as
yard pipe, cable runs, signal wire runs, and so on.
The user can ent er area lengt h ( L) , widt h ( W) , and height ( H) . Only area t ypes
OPEN or EX- OPEN will recognize and use t he height dim ension.
One exam ple of how t he syst em uses Area Dim ension is t he det erm inat ion of
pipe lengt hs. I f an area dim ension of 30 X 30 is ent ered, t he syst em will t ake
½ ( L+ W) of t he area t o det erm ine t he default final cut- off lengt hs of pipe, so in
t he above exam ple, ½ ( L+ W) = ½ ( 30+ 30) = ½ ( 60) = 30. The default final
cut- off lengt h of pipe in t his area would be 30’. Any line of pipe t hat had an
original lengt h of less t han 30’ would be unaffect ed by t his 30’ x 30’
area dim ension.
Area Dim ensions are used in a sim ilar way t o det erm ine cable and signal
wiring lengt hs in an area unless t he user overrides t his calculat ion wit h
specific ent ries.
The area dim ensions are also used t o size and/ or quant ify area pads, m odules,
open st eel st ruct ures, grounding, area light ing, concret e pads, et c.
• Pipe En v e lope
Defined in Area Pipe Specificat ions, Pipe Envelope t akes precedence over
Area Dim ensions in calculat ing pipe lengt hs in an area. Just as Area
Dim ensions did in t he above exam ple, Pipe Envelope defines t he final cut -
off lengt h of pipe for all syst e m de ve lope d piping in an area. The user
can m ake ent ries for Pipe Envelope lengt h, widt h, and height as well as%
Adj ust m ent and Maxim um Pipe Lengt h.
The following is an exam ple of how t he syst em will use t his inform at ion t o
calculat e pipe lengt h:
1 The “ st andard lengt h” is calculat ed using t he line lengt h equat ion.
2 The “ st andard lengt h” is m ult iplied by area pipe spec for % adj ust m ent .
3 The final cut off lengt h is calculat ed:
a) EQPI PELEN + 0.5 * HT
- EQPI PELEN= 0.5* ( Area Pipe Envelope L+ W+ H)
- if not set , t hen EQPI PELEN= 0.5* ( Area L+ W+ H)
b) Then area spec for Maxim um Pipe Lengt h is applied.
• Ele ct r ica l ca ble r u n le n gt h s
Defined in Area Elect r ical Specificat ions, t here ar e dist ance specificat ions
available t hat will be used t o calculat e lengt hs for all syst em developed
elect r ical cable in an area. These specificat ions include Dist ance t o MCC
and Dist ance t o Panel.
• I n st r u m e n t sign a l w ir in g or t u bin g le n gt h s
Defined in Area I nst rum ent at ion Specificat ions, t here are dist ance
specificat ions available t hat will be used t o calculat e lengt hs for all syst em
developed signal wiring or t ubing lengt hs in an area. These include
Dist ance fr om Junct ion Box ( JB) t o Cont rol Cent er ( CC) .
Re por t Gr oups
All defined areas are assigned t o defined Report Groups in t he Area Tree
diagram . Report groups are a way t o group areas t oget her for report ing in
various Report Group sum m ary report s. For exam ple, if you had a process
area where som e com ponent s were on- grade and som e were inst eel, you
could define t wo separat e areas: an ON- GRADE ar ea and an OPEN- STEEL area.
These t wo areas are separat e t o ensure t hat t he appropriat e bulks are
developed, but can be assigned t o t he sam e REPORT GROUP so cost s and
m anhours can be sum m arized t oget her in REPORT GROUP sum m ary report s.
I ca r u s Syst e m s a r e Ba se d on Cr a ft La bor
All count ry base locat ions are based on a division of labor along craft lines.
Each craft perform s only t hose wor k it em s assigned t o it — pipefit t ers only
perform pipefit t ing operat ions; welders only perform welding operat ions; et c.
I n I carus syst em s, work it em s can be reassigned t o a craft t o reflect
sit e condit ions.
This st rict default division of labor is a necessary st art ing point if you are t o be
able t o change t he work rules. I t is only because hours are init ially “ booked” t o
t he corr ect craft s t hat you can subsequent ly book t hem t o different craft s and
t hereby change t he division of labor appropriat e for any cont ract or. This is
done by creat ing a new workforce and t hen reassigning t he labor hours away
fr om t he default craft s t o t he new workforce craft s.
For exam ple, a skid fabricat ion shop m ight be repr esent ed as follows:
1 Creat e a new w orkforce t o be used by t he skid fabricat or. This workforce is
init ially an exact copy of t he syst em ’s default workforce. Change ( or add)
t he craft nam es in t he new workfor ce t o reflect t hose present in t he skid
fabr icat ion workfor ce. For exam ple, change “ laborer ” t o “ day- labor er,” add
a new craft called “ m echanical,” et c.
2 Change t he division of labor. Reassign labor hours booked t o t he default
craft s in t he workforce t o t he newly- defined craft s. For exam ple, reassign
100% of t he labor hours booked t o riggers and pipefit t ers t o t he new
“ m echanical” craft .
3 Ent er t he wage rat e and product ivit y for each craft in t he new workforce.
4 Link ( assign) t he new workforce t o t he skid cont ract or. Any work assigned
t o t his cont ract or is perform ed using t he new workforce.
Using t his m et hod, up t o nine dist inct const ruct ion workforces for each
proj ect can be creat ed. This perm it s t he sim ulat ion of an ext rem ely
com plicat ed m ix of cont ract ors having diverse work rules.
Pr oj e ct Sch e du le
A proj ect schedule is developed based on t he est im at e scope of work for a
proj ect est im at e. This schedule includes dat es and durat ions for design
engineering, procurem ent , deliver y of m at erial and equipm ent , sit e
developm ent and const ruct ion. The const ruct ion schedule is int egrat ed wit h
t he cost est im at e t o provide t he basis for est im at ion of schedule- dependent
cost s such as equipm ent rent al requir em ent s, field supervision and
const ruct ion m anagem ent .
The schedule inform at ion m ay be report ed in t hree different ways:
1 The t ot al const r uct ion durat ion will be shown on t he Proj ect Dat a Sheet ,
and, if applicable, t he const ruct ion durat ions for each cont ract will also be
shown on t he Cont ract Dat a Sheet .
2 I f t he Schedule report opt ion is specified, t he syst em generat es t w o
hist ogram report s, t he Proj ect Cash Flow Sum m ary and Proj ect Manpower
Schedule ( which displays t he m anpower resources required for each week
of t he const ruct ion schedule) . Manpower should also be provided for any
cont ract s refined.
3 The Proj ect Schedule Dat a m ay be used t o develop barchart report s in
addit ion t o t he hist ogram s for great er schedule det ail.
The Proj ect Schedule Dat a, wit h an ent ry for t he dat e t o st art engineering, is
required t o generat e t he barchart report s. These st andard barchart s
are produced:
• General Schedule - Pr ovides a balanced view of all phases of t he proj ect
schedule.
• Engineering Schedule - Focuses on det ails of t he design phase, such as t he
product ion of piping isom et rics, and on specific procurem ent it em s,
showing only a single bar for all const r uct ion.
• Const ruct ion Schedule - Shows only a single bar for t he design and
procurem ent phases but focuses on m aj or const ruct ion elem ent s such as
piperack erect ion and piping inst allat ion.
Each barchart m ay also show addit ional bars creat ed by t he user. Also, if
cont ract s are used, anot her barchart is provided for t he Cont ract s Schedule.
The barchart s appear wit hin t he body of t he proj ect est im at e report and a
duplicat e is appended t o t he report .
The proj ect schedule is affect ed by adj ust m ent s t o engineering m anhours,
field m anhours and product ivit y and const ruct ion workweek specified
elsewhere and any schedule m odificat ions request ed in t he Proj ect Schedule
Dat a. The t echniques of t he scheduling syst em are ut ilized in t he logical
sequencing of t he adj ust ed design and const r uct ion t asks t o produce a
sum m ary schedule. Sim ulat ion of delayed or accelerat ed schedules is possible
t hrough t he various adj ust m ent s available. How ever, t he user int erest ed in
developing a det ailed schedule for rush proj ect s, or proj ect s using offset
prefabricat ion, is advised t o use t he scheduling syst em , where cont rol of
act ivit y logic is possible.
Regardless of w het her t he barchart report s are t o be produced, t he Proj ect
Schedule Dat a m ay be used t o adj ust t he schedule and t herefor e adj ust t he
cost est im at e. The dat a provides percent age adj ust m ent fields for design/
procurem ent durat ion, for delivery t im es and for const ruct ion durat ion.
Changes t o t he syst em default equipm ent fabricat e/ ship t im es, which m ay
increase or decrease t he t ot al const r uct ion durat ion, can be m ade in various
ways. A specific value for t ot al const ruct ion weeks m ay be specified.
Equ ipm e n t Fa br ica t e / Sh ip

I tem s
I n t he absence of user input , t he syst em will use t he fabr icat e/ ship t im es ( in
weeks) shown in Table PS- 2. I f a percent age adj ust m ent is specified for
deliveries, t hese default s will all be adj ust ed accordingly. An ent ry for a
part icular class will be used exact ly as ent ered. A fabr icat e/ ship t im e ent r y for
a par t icular piece of equipm ent w ill also be used as ent er ed; all ot her
equipm ent of t he sam e class will be assigned t he syst em default value as
adj ust ed, or t he value of t he class if specified.
Equ ip. Equipm e nt Cla ss 1 2 3
Cla ss N o. Re ce ive Re ce ive Fa br ica t e
Quot e s Ve n dor D a t a a nd Ship
( w e e k s) ( w e e k s) ( w e e k s)
01 Process Vessels 3 4 14
02 Towers 4 4 26
03 St orage Vessels 3 4 33
04 Pum ps 3 0 18
05 Com pressors 6 8 24
Equ ip. Equipm e nt Cla ss 1 2 3
Cla ss N o. Re ce ive Re ce ive Fa br ica t e
Quot e s Ve n dor D a t a a nd Ship
( w e e k s) ( w e e k s) ( w e e k s)
06 Turbines 4 8 32
07 Heat Exchangers 3 4 20
08 Boilers 6 8 32
09 Furnaces 4 6 26
10 Air Coolers 4 4 18
11 Package Refrigerat ion 4 6 30
12 Elect ric Generat ors 4 6 22
13 Air Dryers 3 3 16
14 Conveyors 3 4 20
15 Mills; Crushers 6 6 30
16 Fans, blowers 3 2 12
17 Elevat ors 4 4 16
18 Mot ors 3 4 10
19 Dust Collect ors 3 4 14
20 Filt ers 2 3 12
21 Cent rifuges 4 6 28
22 Agit at ors, Mixers 3 4 12
22 Cooling Towers 4 3 26
24 Miscellaneous Equipm ent 4 4 16
25 Pre- Engineered Package 4 4 24
26 Packings, Linings 3 4 12
N ot e : For field er ect ed equipm ent , t he schedule will be sequenced wit h t he

field erect ion period included in t he fabricat e and ship deliver t im e.
1 No user adj ust m ent s available
2 User m ay specify a % adj ust m ent wit h Proj ect Schedule Dat a.
3 A % adj ust m ent or weeks m ay be specified wit h Proj ect Schedule Dat a.
The user int ending t o subst ant ially reduce t he default fabricat e/ ship t im es is
caut ioned t o specify a value for all classes or use a percent age adj ust m ent t o
deliveries, t o avoid overlooking a longer delivery t im e for a m inor piece of
equipm ent .
Ba r ch a r t Re por t For m a t
For t he user int erest ed in rest rict ing each barchart report t o a single page t o
im prove t he appearance of t he report , t he following t able shows t he m axim um
num ber of sum m ary bars on each barchart ( t hat is, report lengt h) developed
by t he syst em :
Syst e m Sum m a r y Ba r s W it h Ba sic W it hout
Engine e r ing Ba sic
General Schedule 24 20
Engineering Schedule 16 14
Const ruct ion Schedule 19 18
The user m ay highlight up t o five classes of equipm ent and up t o five specific
it em s of equipm ent which appears on all report s except t he Cont ract s
Schedule. Up t o five user- defined bars m ay be added, which appear on t he
Engineering and Const ruct ion Schedules.
Use r Addit ions Ba r s Equipm e nt

General Schedule N/ A 10
Engineering Schedule 5 10
Const r uct ion Schedule 5 10
Since a single page report can cont ain only 24 sum m ary bars, a com binat ion of
syst em sum m ary bars and user addit ions t hat exceeds 24 is print ed on a
second page.
The horizont al t im e scale is adj ust ed aut om at ically by t he syst em t o show
eit her six years, t hr ee years or one and a half years on one page- widt h
as r equired.
Fa br ica t e a nd Ship W e e k s
When defining t he equipm ent fabricat e and ship t im e per class, you are
specifying t he num ber of weeks for equipm ent fabricat ion and shipping of
vendor dat a. These t im es should be ent ered for any equipm ent classes whose
ant icipat ed fabricat e and ship t im e differs from t he syst em default . Refer t o
“ Equipm ent Procurem ent Schem at ic” for t he procurem ent / delivery sequence.
I m pa ct in g t h e Pr oj e ct Sch e du le
To produce a proj ect schedule when using Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or or TM
COST® , an engineering st art dat e m ust be specified. ( Specifying a const ruct ion
st art dat e is opt ional.) The syst em t hen develops a crit ical pat h m et hod ( CPM)
planning schedule based on t he est im at e scope of work. The est im at e scope of
work is t ied t o t he engineering and const ruct ion work it em s in t he proj ect .
I ncluded in t his schedule are:
• Dat es and durat ions for design engineering
• Procurem ent
• Delivery of m at erials and equipm ent
• Const ruct ion.
The following it em s have an im pact on t he proj ect schedule:
• Percent age adj ust m ent s for design/ procurem ent durat ion, delivery t im es
and const ruct ion durat ion
• Proj ect scope
• Field labor shift s, product ivit ies, et c.
• I ndex m anhours
• Percent age adj ust m ent s t o m anhours t hrough m at erial/ m anhours
adj ust m ent s
• Supplem ent al m anhours added t hrough m at erial/ m anhour addit ions
• Overr ides t o t he syst em ’s fabr icat ion and ship t im es t o increase or
decrease t he t ot al const ruct ion durat ion by equipm ent class ( for exam ple,
HE - 20 weeks) or by equipm ent it em ( for exam ple, DDT 101 - 10 weeks) .
Rem em ber t hat t he pr oj ect schedule is based on proj ect scope. The proj ect
schedule is m ore realist ic if com ponent s are specified corr ect ly and accurat ely.
Most im port ant ly, keep in m ind t hat t he schedule is a pr elim inary concept ual
schedule. The schedule is not for execut ion.
Pr oce ss Con t r ol
The Process Cont rol Dat a m ay be used t o specify t he desired configurat ion and
t ype of cont rol schem e:
• Analog
• Digit al
• Com binat ions of analog and digit al cont rol.
Ove r vie w
Two t ypes of process cont rol syst em s are discussed here:
• Analog
• Dist ribut ed digit al cont rol.
The user m ay select eit her t ype, or com binat ions of each t ype, t o represent
t he desired cont rol schem e.
The process cont rol schem e m ay be defined by t wo t ypes of dat a. Cont rol
Cent er dat a defines a group of analog or digit al devices of sim ilar t ypes,
assigned by t he user via a Cont rol Cent er Reference Num ber, t o provide
cont rol syst em funct ions t o one or m ore Areas for Sub- unit s.
Operat or Cent er dat a defines a dist ribut ed digit al cont rol Operat or Cent er; t hat
is, a st affed cent er consist ing of video display and com put er- cont rolled
indicat ing, recording, cont rolling, processing, and t ransm it t ing devices.
Operat or Cent ers are used in conj unct ion wit h Cont rol Cent er s only for digit al
cont rol schem es.
Groups of analog devices are defined only by analog t ypes of Cont rol Cent ers.
I f Process Cont rol Dat a is not defined by t he user, t he syst em develops one
digit al Cont rol Cent er and one Operat or Cent er for t he proj ect t o be est im at ed.
N ot e : The cost s of Operat or and Cont rol Cent ers will be report ed in proj ect
est im at es only, against t he I nst rum ent at ion account for t he last Area in t he
proj ect . Accordingly, cont rol room specificat ions and ot her inst rum ent at ion-
relat ed it em s t o be report ed wit h proj ect process cont rol it em s should be
included as part of t he last Area.
Introduction
The syst em is designed t o develop a list of quant it ies of m at erials, m at erial
cost s, and field m anpower needed t o inst all it em s relat ing t o t he
inst rum ent at ion and cont rol of process equipm ent .
The user ’s equipm ent list , as organized int o Areas, is used t o develop
individual it em s of inst rum ent at ion in t he following m aj or cat egories.
• Sensor s and t ransm it t ers
• Panels and panel m ount ed devices - analog; front / back of panel, ESD
( em ergency shut- down) , annunciat ors, swit ches, et c.
• Supply and signal t ubing, wiring, bundles
• Support s, racks, enclosures, j unct ion boxes
• High volt age inst rum ent at ion ( swit ches, swit ch wire, solenoids)
• Com put er- cont rolled inst rum ent s: cont rollers, pr ocess int erface unit s ( high
and low ent ry level signals) , operat or st at ions, coaxial dat a cable,
redundancy, t ransducers, barriers, et c.
• Final cont rol elem ent s.
The user guides t he syst em in developing inst rum ent at ion by defining t he
desired cont rol schem e at four discret e levels which are list ed here and
discussed below:
• Equipm ent : I nst rum ent at ion Volum et ric Model
• Area considerat ions ( Area, Sub- unit )
• Cont rol Cent er: one or m ore, each serving a group of areas, cont aining
panels, m ount ed inst rum ent s ( if analog) or com put er- cont rolled
inst rum ent s ( if digit al)
• Operat or Cent er: one or m ore, if required, each serving one or m ore
Cont rol Cent ers, cont aining com put er console operat or st at ions for
purposes of processing:
- process inform at ion
- alarm condit ions
- cont rol signals
- records for display and print ing.
Equ ipm e n t - I n st r u m e n t a t ion Volu m e t r ic

M ode l
Each it em of equipm ent select ed by t he user is assigned a m odel for
inst rum ent at ion. Specific Volum et ric Model drawings in t he Piping and
I nst rum ent at ion Draw ings illust rat e piping ( by line num ber) and
inst rum ent at ion ( by loop num ber) .
Volum et ric Models for inst rum ent at ion of process equipm ent are assigned
based upon equipm ent it em and t ype, funct ion t o be perform ed, and special
user requir em ent ident ified by applicable t ype or inst allat ion bulks.
For exam ple, a t ower would be inst rum ent ed as a dist illat ion t ower ( default
applicat ion t ype) unless it was redefined t o funct ion as an absorber, t hereby
receiving piping and inst rum ent at ion for use as an absorber.
A t ank, horizont al or vert ical, will be inst rum ent ed for norm al process
condit ions. However, t he user m ay designat e knock- out or st orage applicat ion
requirem ent s t hereby revising t he nat ure of piping and inst rum ent at ion t o be
provided t o t he vessel.
An inst allat ion bulk feat ure perm it s t he user t o creat e an ent ir e
inst rum ent at ion schem e for any it em of equipm ent , or for t he user t o m odify
t he syst em ’s inst rum ent at ion Volum et ric Model on a loop by loop basis -
adding a new loop, delet ing a syst em defined loop, or appending loops t o a
loop t hereby pr oviding for ext rem ely flexible inst rum ent at ion schem es.
For each loop, you can specify a sensor, t wo cont rol valves and t heir cost s wit h
currency.
There is a field for H ook u p opt ion at t he Pr oj e ct , Ar e a and bulk level t o
specify t he hookup opt ion t o be used. The default is Pr im a r y h ook u p opt ion.
For creat ing cust om assem blies and choosing your own hookup part s, use
Cu st om e r Ex t e r n a l File s.
I n each case, inst rum ent at ion m at erials, quant it ies, m at erial cost s, and field
m anhours t o inst all equipm ent inst rum ent at ion would be report ed against t he
it em of equipm ent . Mat erial it em s include:
• All local inst rum ent at ion, sensors, t ransm it t ers, air supplies, t ubing, wiring,
cont rol, and relief valves
• Equipm ent panel and inst rum ent cost s for t hose it em s of equipm ent
designat ed by t he syst em ( t urbine, gas com pressor) or by t he user t o bear
local panel m ount ed inst rum ent s.
Ar e a Con side r a t ion s

The concept of an Area and Sub- unit are discussed in t he Area sect ion. The
Area or Sub- unit m ay be viewed, for present purposes, as an area or sect ion of
t he proj ect , and includes all equipm ent and bulk it em s so cont ained.
For inst rum ent at ion, an Area or Sub- unit grouping of equipm ent it em s would
be charact erized by a unique set of t he following:
• Designat ed Cont rol Cent er
• Design level - st andard or full. ( See Piping and I nst rum ent at ion Drawings.)
• Type of inst rum ent at ion - pneum at ic or elect ronic
• Type of t ransm ission, t herm ocouple ext ension cabling, and nat ure
of support
• Average lengt h of t ransm ission line from equipm ent it em t o Cont rol Cent er
• Cable t ray dim ensions
• Elect rical classificat ion t o est ablish cabling and barrier requirem ent s.
I t is im port ant t hat t hese area crit eria affect t he inst alled cost of each
equipm ent it em requir ing inst rum ent at ion; t he design level and t ype of
inst rum ent at ion are m ost im port ant influences on inst rum ent select ion,
quant it ies and cost s. The rem aining area crit eria heavily influence t he lengt hs
and t ype of signal wire cable and t ubing and are not insignificant .
I nst rum ent m at erials, quant it ies, cost s and field m anhours t o inst all and t est
will be developed by t he syst em and assigned and report ed against t he area.
These include field j unct ion boxes and wire, cable and t ubing r uns, conduit ,
cable t rays serving t he area and com m unicat ing wit h t he designat ed
Cont rol Cent er.
Control Centers
The syst em surveys t he various it em s of equipm ent wit hin an Ar ea for Cont rol
Cent er inst rum ent at ion requirem ent s. More t han one Area m ay be delegat ed
t o a Cont rol Cent er; several Cont rol Cent ers m ay be designat ed by t he user. I f
of t he digit al t ype, such Cont rol Cent ers would norm ally be unst affed elect r onic
cent ers t hat m ay be grouped t oget her for operat or cont r ol using t he Operat or
Cent er concept described in t he next sect ion.
Two classes of Cont rol Cent ers are defined by t he following charact erist ics:
1 Analog Cont rol Cent er s -
• Elect rical, panel m ount ed inst rum ent s based upon pneum at ic, elect ronic,
high volt age swit ching.
• I nst rum ent s t o record or indicat e t he value of a variable, or develop and
t ransm it a cont rol signal ( pneum at ic, elect ronic, high volt age swit ch signal)
t o field m ount ed cont rol elem ent s.
• Four t ypes, depending upon desired ext ent of graphic panels:
- NONEt ot ally devoid of inst rum ent s, panels, et c.
- CONVconvent ional panel board ( 4.75 inst rum ent s per linear foot
[ 15.6 per m et er] )
- SEMI sem i- graphics panel ( 3.75 inst rum ent s per linear foot [ 12.3 per
m et er] )
- FULL full graphic display ( 2.5 inst rum ent s per linear foot [ 8.2 per
m et er] ) .
• St affed by Cont rol Cent er operat ors.
2 Digit al Cont rol Cent ers -
• Devices, t hat is, process int erface unit s, for conversion of analog signals
( pneum at ic, elect ronic, high volt age swit ching) int o digit al com put er
signals t o be ut ilized at t he designat ed Operat or Cent er.
• Reconversion of com put er developed digit al cont rol signals int o analog
signals ( pneum at ic, elect r onic, high volt age swit ch signals) for
t ransm ission t o field m ount ed cont rol elem ent s.
• Lim it ed pret reat m ent of digit al signals ( arit hm et ic, logical, com binat orial) .
• Display devices appropriat e t o t est ing, m aint enance funct ions.
• Not generally st affed by operat or personnel except for m aint enance
and t est ing.
D e signa t ion of Cont r ol Ce nt e r Re quir e m e nt s

The user m ay designat e t he desired cont rol schem e, first at t he Unit Area level
for purposes of designat ing area requirem ent s and t hen at t he Cont rol Cent er
level t o est ablish t he nat ure of t he Cont rol Cent er. Areas and Cont rol Cent ers
are linked t oget her by a user assigned Cont rol Cent er Reference Num ber; t he
reference num ber is defined for each Cont rol Cent er and referenced for each
Unit Area assigned t o t ransm it / receive signals t o/ from t he defined
Cont rol Cent er.
Abse n ce of Use r Con t r ol Ce n t e r D e sign a t ion

Should t he user not define or refer t o a Cont rol Cent er for one or m or e Areas,
t he syst em develops a digit al Cont rol Cent er for t hose unit s. This syst em -
developed Cont rol Cent er is referred t o as Cont rol Cent er Reference Num ber
“ 0” in SCAN and PROJect Est im at e report s. Quant it ies, cost s, and m anhours
for inst rum ent at ion it em s required t o support t hose Unit Areas unreferenced
by t he user will be developed and list ed by t he syst em for Cont rol Cent er “ 0”.
Operator Centers
The syst em is designed t o evaluat e, size, and develop inst alled cost s of digit al
cont rol and dat a pr ocessing equipm ent , cabling and furnishings for
Operat or Cent ers.
The m aj or cost it em s considered are:
• CRT’s - t hough t erm ed CRT’s ( cat hode ray t ubes) t hese are
m icr opr ocessor s t hat provide supervisory, cont rol, and dat a processing
funct ions in addit ion t o m ult i- color display and keyboard ent ry funct ions.
• Hist ory m odule - hardware and soft war e devices for displaying or recording
t he hist or y of a var iable ( im port ant for large or com plex process, less so
for sm all process facilit ies) .
• Print ers - t o perm it print ed out put of select ed current or hist orical values of
variables; t o log t he operat ions of t he cent er.
• Engineers keyboard - for building and changing configurat ions or displays.
• Local Cont rol Net work ( LCN) - principally fiber- opt ic cable ( r edundant ) and
associat ed m icroelect ronics t o direct dat a “ m oving” along t he dat a pat h t o
and fr om :
- devices in one Operat or Cent er
- one Operat or Cent er and anot her
- t he Operat or Cent er and each of it s subordinat e Cont rol Cent ers.
• Ot her dat a processing peripherals and furnit ure.
The user m ay designat e t he t ype ( local or universal) and size of an Operat or
Cent er, or alt ernat ively perm it t he syst em t o det erm ine Operat or Cent er
requirem ent s.
Sizing an Operat or Cent er is accom plished by t he syst em by m at ching t he list
of it em s wit h process equipm ent requir em ent s. The principal sizing param et ers
are t he num ber of digit al cont rol loops and cont rol point s t o be serviced by t he
Operat or Cent er. These param et ers are obt ained at t he Operat or Cent er level
according t o t he following hierarchy:
• Operat or Cent er
• Cont rol Cent er
• Area
• Equipm ent and piping cont rol inst rum ent at ion.
Thus, cont rol inst rum ent at ion requirem ent s at t he equipm ent level are used
first t o size individual Cont rol Cent ers and t hen t o size each Operat or Cent er
upon grouping relevant Cont rol Cent er requir em ent s.
Ex a m ple
I n t he sket ch below, a proposed proj ect is t o be provided wit h a com bined
analog/ digit al cont rol syst em for five areas, t hat is, Area 100, 200, 300, 400,
500. One sect ion of Area 100 and all of Area 500 is t o be provided wit h a
convent ional analog cont rol syst em . Furt her, suppose t hat Area 100 and 400
require individual process int erface unit locat ions, t hat is, different
Cont rol Cent ers.
Because Area 100 requires bot h digit al and analog cont r ol, it is convenient t o
split it int o t wo Areas, one a Sub- unit of t he ot her, and t hereby enable t he
descript ion of one port ion as digit ally cont rolled and t he ot her as analog
cont rolled.
Reference num ber s need be assigned t o t he Unit Areas and cent er s. Suppose:
MAI N- 100: Area No. = 01
SUB- UNI T 100: Area No. = 01
AREA- 200: Area No. = 02
and for t he Cont rol Cent ers:
Digit al, for MAI N 100: Cent er No. 10

Analog, for SUB- UNI T- 100: Cent er No. 11
Digit al for AREA- 200: Cent er No. 20
Analog for AREA- 500: Cent er No. 11
and for t he Area, a reference num ber of 90.
Th e Pr oj e ct Con t r ol D a t a
The Proj ect Cont rol Dat a would be pr epared as follow s:
Proj ect Cont rol
Ce n t e r N o. Type
90 Operat or Cent er
10 Digit al Cont rol Cent er
11 Analog Cont rol Cent er
Not e t hat addit ional Proj ect Cont rol Dat a m ay be appended t o t his list t o
expand t he cont rol syst em for ot her yet undefined pr ocess areas. Up t o five
independent Operat or cent ers m ay be defined along wit h t heir subordinat e
Cont rol Cent ers t o a com bined m axim um t ot al of 20.
Th e Ar e a D a t a for t h is Ex a m ple
I n t he t ext below, t he Unit Area Dat a is illust rat ed; t he t erm “ et c.” denot es all
rem aining area inform at ion, t hat is, t he com plet e set of area dat a and t he
com ponent descript ions. Area 100 is split int o t w o sub- unit s, nam ed MAI N- 100
and SUB- UNI T- 100:
Area Tit le MAI N- 100

Area Num ber 01
Cont rol Cent er Num ber 10
et c.
Area Tit le SUB- UNI T- 100

Area Num ber 01
et c.
N ot e : The Cont rol Cent er Num ber is 10 for t he Main Sect ion and 11 for t he
Sub- unit .
Then for t he rem aining unit s:

Area Num ber 02
et c.
Area Num ber 03
et c.
Area Num ber 04
et c.
Area Num ber 05
et c.
N ot e : AREA- 200 and AREA- 300 share Cont rol Cent er Num ber 20; SUB- UNI T-
100 and AREA- 500 share analog Cont rol Cent er Num ber 11.
Re por t in g of Re su lt s for t h is Ex a m ple

PROJect est im at e report s would be prepared for t his exam ple as follows:
• Equipm ent : inst rum ent at ion local t o t he it em would be report ed in t he
det ailed list ing of field m at erials and m anpower for t he it em of equipm ent .
• Area: j unct ion boxes, bundle runs ( and associat ed t ray and conduit ) would
be developed as an Unit Area cost for each Sub- unit ; inst rum ent t est ing
would be developed for each area.
• Proj ect cost s: all inst rum ent at ion cost s for t he proj ect would be developed
and report ed against t he last Unit Area in t he proj ect . Analog Cont rol
Cent ers would be sized and report ed independent ly of digit al cent ers.
Digit al Cont rol Cent er Num ber 10 would be sized based upon t he
requirem ent s of equipm ent in MAI N- 100. Cent er Num ber 20 would be sized
from requirem ent s of bot h AREA- 200 and 300; and Cent er Num ber 40
from AREA- 400 requirem ent s. The Operat or Cent er would be developed
fr om group requirem ent s, t hat is, t hose of Cont rol Cent ers 10, 20, and 40.
N ot e s for D e fin in g t h e Ope r a t or Ce n t e r

The following ent ry field not es are helpful when defining t he t ype of Operat or
Cent er t o serve t he inst rum ent at ion requirem ent s of subordinat e digit al
Cont rol Cent ers. A m axim um of five set s of PC OPS Dat a m ay be used.
An Operat or Cent er is not provided in support of analog Cont rol Cent ers.
Ent r y fie ld N ot e
Ope r a t or ce nt e r no. The Operat or Cent er Reference Num ber is a unique
num ber assigned by t he user t o ident ify each digit al
Operat or Cent er. The reference num ber, from 01 t o 99,
is used t o ident ify t he Operat or Cent er in det ailed
syst em report s.
Con se t The cont ract set num ber ( CONSET) ident ifies which
group of cont ract ors is perform ing work in t his
Operat or Cent er. The CONSET num ber m ust have been
previously defined wit h Cont ract Scope Dat a.
CONSET m ust be specified for m ult iple cont ract or t ype
est im at es. CONSET is not applicable t o prim e
cont ract or t ype est im at es.
Con figu r a t ion The configurat ion consist s of it em s affect ing t he design
of a Universal Operat or Cent er.
N o. of ope r a t or CRT Specifies t he t ot al num ber of Operat or CRT’s ( cat hode
ray t ube t erm inals) required for t he Operat or Cent er;
includes t ouch screen console and operat or keyboard. Micro-
elect ronics associat ed wit h t he CRT’s provide supervisory and
cont rol funct ions.
N o. of in dica t in g Specifies t he t ot al num ber of I ndicat ing CRT’s required
CRT for t he Operat or Cent er. Upper t ier unit s for indicat ing only.
The num ber specified m ust be less t han or equal t o t he
num ber of Operat or CRT’s and t he sum of t he Operat or CRT’s
and I ndicat ing CRT’s m ust be 10 or less.
H ist or y m odu le I ndicat es inclusion or exclusion of t he hist ory m odule
for t r end analysis.
En gin e e r ’s I ndicat es inclusion or exclusion of an engineer ing
k e yboa r d: keyboard for configurat ion and display building.
LCN Ca ble I ndicat es inclusion or exclusion of t he Local Cont rol
Net work Cable. The Cable is a pair of fiber- opt ic cables
connect ing up t o 10 Universal Operat or Cent ers wit h
t heir associat ed Cont rol Cent ers.
Pow e r supply da t a The Power Supply t o Operat or Cent er specifies t he feeder
t ype and source of power for t his Digit al Operat or Cent er.
Unit Subst a t ion I D A value m ust be specified if Power Dist ribut ion Dat a is
present in t he proj ect or an ERROR condit ion will prevail.
I f Power Dist ribut ion Dat a is not provided, t he syst em will
generat e a MAI N and UNI T subst at ion t o serve power at t he
volt age( s) required by loads in t his Operat or Cent er. The
syst em generat ed UNI T subst at ion( s) will be assigned I D= 0.
The Reference Num ber consist s of t wo part s:
• I D- The I D port ion of t he Reference Num ber of t he st and-
alone UNI T or principle UNI T subst at ions in t he fam ily of
UNI T subst at ions serving power t o t his Operat or Cent er.
• No. - The “ NO.” port ion of t he Reference Num ber of t he
subordinat e Unit subst at ion in t he fam ily of UNI T
subst at ions serving power t o t his Operat or Cent er.
Please see Power Dist ribut ion Dat a for furt her inform at ion.
Ca ble t ype Denot es t he t ype of power cable t o be used for t his
Operat or Cent er.
Cable placement I ndicat es t he desired m et hod of cable placem ent for
t his Operat or Cent er.
Valid ent ries include:
• ABOVE - Cable run above ground.
• BELOW - Cable run below grade ( not available for wire- /
cable in t rays) ; includes t renching, sandbed and backfill;
one t rench allocat ed for four equipm ent it em cable runs;
cable prot ect ion t ype is defined by t he user by General
Proj ect Dat a Elect rical.
D ist a n ce t o M CC Specifies t he dist ance t o t he m ot or cont rol cent er
serving pow er t o t his Operat or Cent er.
N ot e s for D e fin in g t h e St a n da r d
Con t r ol Ce n t e r
The following ent ry field not es are helpful when defining t he st andard
cont rol cent er.
Cont r ol ce n t e r n o. The Cont rol Cent er Reference Num ber is a unique num ber,
from 01 t o 99, assigned by t he user t o ident ify each Cont rol
Cent er t o serve t he inst rum ent at ion requirem ent s of t he
various Area or Sub- unit s. This is t he sam e reference num ber
used in t he Area Descript ion t o ident ify t he relat ionship
bet ween t he Area and Cont rol Cent er.
Conse t The cont ract set num ber ( CONSET) ident ifies which group of
cont ract ors is perform ing work in t his Cont rol Cent er. The
CONSET num ber m ust have been previously defined in
Cont ract Scope Dat a.
A Cont rol Cent er Reference Num ber m ust be specified for

m ult iple cont ract or est im at es. This field is not applicable for
prim e cont ract or t ype est im at es.
Con t r ol ce n t e r t ype Specifies a sym bol represent ing t he t ypes of Cont rol Cent er,
devices, and general configurat ion.
Valid ent ries are:
Analog Cont rol Cent er

• CONV - Convent ional display.
• SEMI - Sem i- graphics display.
• FULL - Full graphics display.
• NONE - Exist ing Cont rol Cent er; cost s and m anpower
pert aining t o all inst rum ent s, panels, and peripheral
equipm ent will be excluded from t he est im at e.
Digit al Cont rol Cent er

• DDCTL - Dist ribut ed digit al Cont rol Cent er.
Dist ance t o OPS ct r For dist ribut ed digit al Cont rol Cent ers only. Specifies t he
dist ance bet ween t his Cont rol Cent er and t he supervisory
Operat or Cent er. The range is 0 t o 5000 FEET [ 0 t o 1525 M] . A
redundant dat a digit al pat h or “ highway” will be developed
using t his dist ance.
N ot e s for D e fin in g t h e St a nda r d Con t r ol Ce n t e r - cont inued
D e sign da t a Design allowance, as a percent age ( 0 t o 100% ) of t he
num ber of inst rum ent at ion point s, loops, devices, et c., t hat
are developed by t he syst em from Volum et ric Models or
from user- defined loops of inst rum ent at ion.
N ot e : 1 .I f t his PC CTL Dat a is for an analog Cont rol Cent er

( t ype sym bol = CONV, SEMI , FULL, NONE) , t he only
funct ional design allowance is t hat for Spares.
I f for a digit al Cont rol Cent er, allowances apply t o each of

t he five cat egories.
N ot e : 2 .The design allowance will be applied on a

percent age basis, t hat is 100% indicat es a one for one basis
( except ion, 100% for recorders is a one per t en basis) .
Spa r e s( % ) I f an analog Cont rol Cent er, allowance for spares will be
delegat ed t he sizing and select ion of field j unct ion boxes,
and pneum at ic and cable bundle runs from t he field j unct ion
box t o t he Cont rol Cent er.
I f a digit al Cont rol Cent er, t he spares allowance will be
delegat ed t o j unct ion box and t ube and cable bundle
sizing and select ion, as above, and addit ionally t o
spare boards in eit her m ult ifunct ion cont rollers or
process int erface unit s for ( a) cont rollers, ( b)
recorders, and indicat ors, and ( c) t herm ocouples.
An a log in dica t or s( % ) For digit al Cont rol Cent ers only. The design allowance for
analog indicat or t ype inst rum ent at ion t o be inst alled in t he
Operat or Cent er for t his Cont rol Cent er. The allowance will
be applied t o develop addit ional analog indicat ors ( TI , FI ,
et c.) in Operat or Cent er cabinet ry based upon t he num ber of
indicat ing loops serviced by t he Cont rol Cent er.
An a log r e cor de r s( % ) For digit al Cont rol Cent ers only. The design allowance for
analog recorder t ype inst rum ent at ion t o be inst alled in t he
Operat or Cent er for t his Cont rol Cent er. The allowance will
be applied t o develop addit ional analog recorders in
Operat or Cent er cabinet ry based upon t he num ber or
recording inst rum ent s serviced by t he Cont rol Cent er.
Re du n da nt For digit al Cont rol Cent ers only. I ndicat e t he percent of t he
con t r ol( % ) cont rollers det erm ined by process specificat ions t hat require
redundancy. Mult ifunct ion - UAC unit s will be subst it ut ed for
t he request ed percent age of cont rollers.
Ba t t e r y ba ck - u p( % ) For digit al Cont rol Cent ers only. The design allowance for
bat t ery operat ed backup supply. The design allowance
provides bat t ery backup for m ult ifunct ion cont roller
cabinet s only.
N ot e s for D e fin in g t h e St a nda r d Con t r ol Ce n t e r - cont inued
Pow e r supply da t a Specifies t he feeder t ype and source of power for t his
Cont rol Cent er.
Unit subst at ion

Specifies t he Reference Num ber of t he UNI T subst at ion serving
power t o t his Cont rol Cent er. The Reference Num ber consist s of
t wo part s, as defined by t he user wit h Power Dist ribut ion Dat a.
I D-The I D port ion of t he Reference Num ber of t he st and- alone

UNI T or principle UNI T subst at ions in t he fam ily of UNI T
subst at ions serving power t o t his Cont rol Cent er.
No. -The “ No.” port ion of t he Reference Num ber of t he

subordinat e UNI T subst at ion in t he fam ily of UNI T subst at ions
serving power t o t his Cont rol Cent er.
Cable t ype
Denot es t he t ype of power cable t o be used for t his Cont rol
Cent er.
Cable placem ent

I ndicat es t he desired m et hod of cable placem ent for t his Cont rol
Cent er.
• ABOVE- Cable run above ground.

• BELOW- Cable run below grade ( not available for wire/ cable
in t rays) ; including t renching, sandbed and backfill, one
t rench allocat ed for four equipm ent it em cable runs; cable
prot ect ion t ype is defined by t he user in t he General Proj ect
Dat a - Elect rical.
Dist ance t o MCC

Specifies t he dist ance t o t he m ot or cont rol cent er serving power
t o t his Cont rol Cent er
N ot e s for D e fin in g t h e PLC
Con t r ol Ce n t e r
The following ent ry field not es are helpful when defining t he PLC
cont rol cent er.
Cont r ol ce n t e r n o. The Cont rol Cent er Reference Num ber is a unique num ber, from
01 t o 99, assigned by t he user t o ident ify each Cont rol Cent er t o
serve t he inst rum ent at ion requirem ent s of t he various Unit
Areas. This is t he sam e reference num ber used in t he Unit Area
Descript ion t o ident ify t he relat ionship bet ween t he Unit Area
and Cont rol Cent er.
Conse t The cont ract set num ber ( CONSET) ident ifies which group of
cont ract ors is perform ing work in t his Cont rol Cent er. The
CONSET num ber m ust have been previously defined in Cont ract
Scope Dat a.
A Cont rol Cent er Reference Num ber m ust be specified for

m ult iple cont ract or est im at es. This field is not applicable for
prim e cont ract or t ype est im at es.
Pow e r supply da t a Specifies t he feeder t ype and source of power for t his Cont rol
Cent er.
Unit su bst a t ion Specifies t he Reference Num ber of t he UNI T subst at ion serving
power t o t his Cont rol Cent er. The Reference Num ber consist s of
t wo part s, as defined by t he user wit h Power Dist ribut ion Dat a.
I D - The I D port ion of t he Reference Num ber of t he st and- alone
UNI T or principle UNI T subst at ions in t he fam ily of UNI T
subst at ions serving power t o t his Cont rol Cent er.
No. - The “ No.” port ion of t he Reference Num ber of t he

subordinat e UNI T subst at ion in t he fam ily of UNI T subst at ions
serving power t o t his Cont rol Cent er.
Ca ble t ype Denot es t he t ype of power cable t o be used for t his Cont rol
Cent er.
Ca ble pla ce m e nt I ndicat es t he desired m et hod of cable placem ent for t his Cont rol
Cent er.
ABOVE - Cable run above ground.
BELOW - Cable run below grade ( not available for wire/ cable in
t rays) ; including t renching, sandbed and backfill, one t rench
allocat ed for four equipm ent it em cable runs; cable prot ect ion
t ype is defined by t he user in t he General Proj ect Dat a -
Elect rical.
D ist a n ce t o M CC Specifies t he dist ance t o t he m ot or cont rol cent er serving power
t o t his Cont rol Cent er.
Ove r vie w of Syst e m I n pu t
Spe cifica t ion s for Pow e r
D ist r ibu t ion
The following figure graphically displays t he four levels of input specificat ions
for defining elect rical inst allat ion bulks:
1 Proj ect level
2 Area level
3 Com ponent Level
4 Com ponent I nst allat ion Level.
The elect r ical input specificat ions, which include default values t hat m ay be
overridden, t ake a few m inut es t o define for even t he m ost det ailed power
dist ribut ion net work.
At t he com ponent level, process equipm ent , plant bulks and buildings give rise
t o elect rical bulks. I nst allat ion procedures are available for quot ed it em s as
well as it em s from t he user library of com ponent s.
Pow e r D ist r ibu t ion
The Power Dist ribut ion Dat a specifies t he configurat ion and size of a proj ect ’s
elect r ical power dist ribut ion syst em . The user m ay specify t he locat ion and
size of each t ransm ission line, m ain and unit subst at ion, t he degree of
redundancy, and t he t ype and m et hod of placem ent of dist ribut ion cable.
The Power Dist ribut ion Dat a works in conj unct ion wit h t he volt age levels
defined by t he user for General Proj ect Dat a and Area specificat ions and
com ponent requir em ent s wit hin t he unit .
Most users define t he dist ribut ion configurat ion ( for exam ple, which m ain
subst at ion is t o feed which “ downst ream ” unit subst at ion) and cable
placem ent . The syst em will t hen size t he com ponent s based upon power
requirem ent s t o be fulfilled in each area by drivers, light ing, t racing, et c. and
t hen size unit and m ain subst at ion com ponent s, always heading “ upst ream ,” t o
size t he
t ransm ission line.
M ode of Su pply a n d D ist r ibu t ion

The syst em offer s t he user a choice of eit her a US- based or UK- based m ode of
elect r ical power supply, dist ribut ion, and associat ed com ponent s. The m ode is
current ly det erm ined by t he user ’s select ion of t he count ry base locat ion. The
following t able ident ifies t he default values and pr incipal differences bet w een
t he t w o bases.
Pr incipa l D iffe r e nce s of Ele ct r ica l Pow e r Supply Be t w e e n Count r y Ba se
Loca t ion
Ele ct r ica l Pow e r Supply I t e m s US Ba se UK Ba se

Line or feeder volt age 69 KV at 60 HZ 66 KV at 50 HZ
Main Subst at ion 13.8 KV 11.0 KV
Secondary volt age
( dist ribut ion and equipm ent volt age)
Unit Subst at ion 4160 V 3300 V
480 V 415 V
Secondary volt ages
( dist ribut ion and equipm ent volt ages)
Cable Types Wire ( individual Mult i- core cable
conduct ors) on on t ray or in
t ray or in conduit , or
conduit , or arm ored cable
arm ored cable
Cable Gauge AWG MM2 gauge
Pow e r D ist r ibu t ion Com pon e n t s
Power dist ribut ion com ponent s are sized and cost est im at ed based on
inform at ion provided wit h General Proj ect Dat a, ( proj ect cabling and
int erm ediat e volt age levels) , t he Power Dist ribut ion Dat a ( dist ribut ion
schem e) , t he Unit Ar ea Dat a and t he list of equipm ent and bulk it em s requiring
elect r ical pow er.
Figure PD- 1 serves t w o purposes. The left side of t he figure list s t he m aj or
power dist ribut ion com ponent s t hat are designed and report ed by t he syst em .
The right side is a schem at ic of a sam ple power dist ribut ion
net work.
Figure PD- 1: I llust rat ion of Power Dist ribut ion Com ponent s
The individual com ponent s const it ut ing a t ypical power dist ribut ion syst em
( det ailed dat a inst ruct ions follow) .
Pr im a r y Fe e de r s - Tr a n sm ission Lin e s
Elect r ical power for a processing facility is eit her generat ed direct ly by t he
consum er or t ransm it t ed t o t he pr ocessing facilit y at high volt age ( generally
less t han 250 KV) on overhead t ransm ission lines. Prim ary feeder lines run on
poles from t he gr id t ie- in t o a dead- end st ruct ure in t he m ain subst at ion
swit chyard.
M a in Su bst a t ion
The m ain subst at ion consist s of one or m ore m ain t ransform ers t hat dist ribut e
power t hrough sw it chgear t o unit subst at ions.
The m ain t ransform er reduces t he volt age of t he incom ing power ( at t he
t ransm ission line volt age) t o a level at which it m ay be safely and econom ically
dist ribut ed t hrough sw it chgear t o:
1 Unit subst at ion for furt her t ransform at ion and dist ribut ion at a lower
volt age
2 Drivers in t he 11- 14 KV class wit hin t he process plant .
A disconnect swit ch isolat es each m ain t ransform er from it s power supply
when necessar y, while t he oil circuit br eaker prot ect s against abnorm al
condit ions. Oil circuit breakers ( O.C.B.) are generally used in high volt age
( over 10 KV) applicat ions.
The m ain subst at ion swit chgear prot ect s each unit subst at ion from dam age
due t o abnorm al operat ing condit ions. The m ain subst at ion sw it chgear
includes circuit breakers and m et ering devices t hat can det ect an abnorm al
condit ion and aut om at ically open t he current - carrying circuit in which t he fault
occurs.
Cable from t he m ain subst at ion t erm inat es at eit her unit subst at ions or at
m ot ors requiring power at t he high volt age supplied by t he m ain subst at ion.
Unit Subst a t ions
Elect r ical equipm ent is norm ally not evenly dispersed t hroughout a process
facilit y. Heavy pow er users ( pum ps, com pr essor s, et c.) usually are locat ed
wit hin well- defined boundaries. The subst at ions serving t hese areas of high
load- densit y are called unit subst at ions or load cent er s because t hey are
locat ed near t he cent er or t he elect rical load.
The t ransform er in t he unit subst at ion reduces t he volt age of power supplied
by t he m ain subst at ion t o t he volt age requir ed for t he equipm ent served by
t his subst at ion. The power pat h consist s of m ot or st art ers, power cable, and
cont rol w ire.
The on/ off swit ch for t he m ot or is connect ed by cont rol wire t o a set of
cont act s in t he m ot or st art er, which, w hen closed, allows pow er t o be sent t o
t he m ot or.
The m ot or st art er provides a m eans of st art ing and st opping t he m ot or and
also prot ect s t he m ot or from abnorm al operat ing condit ions.
When several m ot or st art ers are inst alled t oget her in a com m on cabinet , t hey
becom e a m ot or cont rol cent er ( MCC) . Each MCC is prot ect ed from abnorm al
operat ing condit ions by unit subst at ion swit chgear.
Re du n da n cy
When designing an elect r ical dist ribut ion syst em , a decision m ust be m ade as
t o t he degree and t ype of redundancy t o be built int o t he power dist ribut ion
syst em . The great er t he degree of redundancy, t he m ore reliable t he syst em .
The addit ional equipm ent required for increased reliabilit y will m ake t he power
dist ribut ion syst em m ore expensive.
The syst em offers t he user t wo opt ions:
1 The sim ple radial syst em
2 The spot net work syst em .
Bot h radial and spot syst em s are illust rat ed in Figure PD- 2.
The following t able list s t he charact erist ics of each opt ion.
Cha r a ct e r ist ics Sim ple Ra dia l Spot N e t w or k
Redundancy 0% 100%
Cost Less expensive More expensive
Reliabilit y Less reliable More reliable
Typical usage:
Spare part s On- hand Scarce
Skilled m aint enance On- hand Scarce
Severit y of shut down Not crit ical Crit ical
Referring t o Figure PD- 2A for an illust rat ion of a sim ple radial syst em , a single
m ain subst at ion t ransform er is shown t o dist ribut e power t o t wo unit
subst at ion t ransform ers and a 5,000 HP m ot or. The unit subst at ion
t ransform ers in t urn are shown t o dist ribut e power via sw it chgear and MCC’s
t o t he equipm ent in t he appropriat e Areas.
Should a unit subst at ion or m ain subst at ion t ransform er fail, t he equipm ent
served by t hese would be inoperat ive.
The spot net work syst em has 100% redundancy. I t is t he m ost expensive and
t he m ost reliable power dist ribut ion syst em . Each set of swit chgear is fed by
t w o t ransform ers. Eit her t ransform er is capable of handling t he ent ire elect rical
load by it self. This syst em is com m only used in rem ot e locat ions where
replacem ent part s and skilled power syst em m aint enance personnel
are scarce.
Figure PD- 2B is an illust rat ion of a spot net work syst em . Two t ransform ers in a
single m ain subst at ion are shown delivering power t o t wo unit subst at ions.
Each unit subst at ion cont ains t wo t ransform ers which in t urn dist ribut e power
via swit chgear and MCC’s t o t he process equipm ent classified in t he
appropriat e Area.
Should one t ransform er fail in eit her t he m ain or unit subst at ion, t he
com panion t ransform er would carry t he ent ire load.
Figure PD- 2B Schem at ic= Spot Net work Syst em
Som e sect ions of a process plant are m ore crit ical t o t he cont inuous operat ion
of t he plant t han ot her sect ions. For exam ple, a sect ion of t he plant which
operat es in t he bat ch m ode m ay have sufficient surge capacit y so t hat t he rest
of t he facilit y would cont inue operat ing unt il repairs were m ade if t his sect ion
lost power. The user m ay t herefore want t o specify som e subst at ions t o be
spot net work syst em s and ot hers t o be sim ple radial syst em s. Furt her, one
user m ight require several m ain subst at ions. A general exam ple showing
com binat ions of m ult iple syst em s of sim ple radial and spot net works is shown
in Figure PD- 3.
Usa ge I n st r u ct ion s
Pow e r D ist r ibu t ion I n for m a t ion
The Power Dist ribut ion Dat a pr ovides t he m eans of designat ing each
t ransm ission LI NE, MAI N, and UNI T subst at ion and t he cable bet w een t hem .
The t ransm ission line provides power t o a “ fam ily” of MAI N and UNI T
subst at ions.
I f t he MAI N subst at ion provides service t o one or m ore UNI T subst at ions, each
m ay be described in det ail using t he input param et ers in t he Power
Dist ribut ion Dat a.
A unit subst at ion m ay be designat ed t o supply power t o one or m ore areas,
and/ or t o supply power at reduced volt age t o anot her UNI T subst at ion. I n t he
lat t er case, t he higher volt age UNI T subst at ion is t erm ed a principle UNI T
subst at ion, providing power t o one or m ore subordinat e unit subst at ions. The
relat ionship bet ween principle and subordinat es is indicat ed by defining a
group “ I D” and individual m em ber “ No.”, t hus form ing t he unit subst at ion
reference num ber.
The Subst at ion Reference Num ber is im port ant for accum ulat ing power usage.
This reference num ber point s t o t hose Unit Areas t o be served by t he
referenced unit subst at ion.
All equipm ent in an Area, except m ot ors driven at t he dist ribut ion volt age,
m ust be served by t he referenced UNI T subst at ion. Should a m ot or require
power at t he dist ribut ion volt age, t han a separat e power line would
aut om at ically be “ drawn” from t he MAI N subst at ion serving t hat unit . Should a
m ot or require power at som e volt age not supplied by t he referenced UNI T
subst at ion, t hen t he syst em will m ake t hat volt age available by:
1 Creat ing a new UNI T subst at ion t hat draws power from t he MAI N
subst at ion serving t he referenced subst at ion, if it is of single t ap t ype, or
2 Drawing power form anot her t ap from t he referenced subst at ion, if it is of
t he m ult i- t ap t ype.
Su bst a t ion Bu ildin gs
Subst at ion buildings are not aut om at ically generat ed and m ust be specified
separat ely using t he Building Dat a.
N on - St a n da r d Pow e r N e t w or k s
The user m ay wish t o incor porat e a power dist ribut ion net work of special
design. Pract iced users use a st rat egy based upon one or m ore syst em power
est im at es, using t he syst em design m et hods in com binat ion wit h user- select ed
power equipm ent bulk it em s.
Figure PD- 3: I llust rat ive Exam ple of Mult iple Main and Unit Subst at ions wit h
Radial and Spot Net work Syst em s
Un r e fe r e n ce d Ar e a Re qu ir in g Pow e r
One UNI T subst at ion is generat ed t o serve t hose Areas for which a subst at ion
reference num ber was not specified.
Abse n ce of Pow e r D ist r ibu t ion D a t a
I f no Power Dist ribut ion Dat a is specified, t he syst em generat es one UNI T
subst at ion and one MAI N subst at ion t o serve t he ent ire facilit y. The
charact erist ics of t he subst at ions and com ponent s are det erm ined from t he
default values for t he Pow er Dist ribut ion Dat a.
Re por t in g of Re su lt s
Proj ect est im at e report s will be prepared as follows:
1 Com ponent : Elect rical m at erials local t o a com ponent would be report ed in
t he det ailed list ing of field m at er ials and m anpow er for t he com ponent ; for
exam ple, power and signal cable, local and rem ot e st art / st op swit ches,
indicat or light s, elect rical heat t racing, light s, m ast s, and grounding.
2 Area: MCC ( Mot or Cont rol Cent ers cabinet ry and st art ers) , MCC equipped
space ( em pt y cabinet ry) , area light ing, light ing and heat t racing
t ransform ers and associat ed panels, swit chgear and cabling, ground grid,
cable t rays t est ing.
3 Proj ect : UNI T and MAI N subst at ion cost s of t ransform ers, swit chgear,
cabling, t ransform er concret e pads, grounding, t ransm ission LI NE,
st ruct ures, t est ing, et c.; cost s are report ed against t he last Unit Area in t he
proj ect dat a.
Pow e r D e scr ipt ion D a t a

A series of dat a is used t o ident ify a unique segm ent of t he power dist ribut ion
net work. I ndividual t ypes of one or m ore Power Dist ribut ion Dat a includes t he
following:
• Transm ission LI NE
• MAI N subst at ion
• St and- alone UNI T or fam ily of UNI T subst at ions.
The sequence of Power Dist ribut ion Dat a designat es t he t op- down hierarchy of
t he user ’s pow er dist ribut ion net w ork.
I f no Power Dist ribut ion Dat a is specified, t he syst em sizes and cost s a MAI N
subst at ion and UNI T subst at ion t o provide power t o t he various load cent er s
cont ained in t he Unit Area descript ions. The charact erist ics of t he subst at ions
and elect rical com ponent s are defined by t he General Proj ect - Elect rical Dat a,
Unit Area - Elect rical Dat a, and power requirem ent s ( power and supply
volt age) . The ent ire power net work is condit ioned by t he count ry base locat ion
defined for t he proj ect .
Pr oj e ct D e fin it ion
Proj ect Tit le Dat a is used t o convey user descript ions and specificat ions for t he
following m aj or it em s:
• Proj ect t it le and docum ent dat a.
• Count ry base locat ion - est ablishes basis for design pr ocedures, currency,
and evaluat ion of cost s and m anhours.
• Currency dat a - used t o ent er t he display cost s in all report s in a currency
ot her t han t he syst em currency base for t he count ry base locat ion of
t he est im at e.
• Unit s of Measure - used t o select eit her of t wo syst em - defined base set s of
unit s of m easure: I - P ( I nch- Pound) or METRI C. See “ Unit s of Measure” for
a com plet e definit ion of t hese and ot her user- defined set s of unit s
of m easure.
• Rat es t o be applied for evaluat ing cost s of freight , t axes, cont ingencies,
fee, and special charges.
The specificat ion of t he Proj ect Tit le Dat a should be prepared and reviewed
carefully. Special considerat ion should be given t o t his dat a since it cont rols
t he cont ent and num eric values of t he ent ire proj ect .
Country Base
Table T- 1 illust rat es t he differences in st yle upon select ion of t he “ count ry
base.” The differences are sum m arized in t his t able according t o t he hierarchy
of t he syst em ; t he t abulat ion does not im ply relat ive im port ance of each it em .
Designat ion of t he count ry base locat ion is m andat ory, as t he count ry base
defines t he st yle of engineering, m at erials select ion and cost s, and
const ruct ion m anpower and cost s. Specifically, t he count r y base
locat ion defines:
• Base m onet ary unit ( w hich m ay be redefined)
• Base set of unit s of m easure ( which m ay be redefined)
• Base indices for syst em cost s of m at erial, const ruct ion, design engineering,
and const ruct ion m anagem ent , im port ant for purposes of escalat ing
an est im at e
• Base const ruct ion m anpower pool: craft s, pr oduct ivit y, wage rat es, crew
m ix, w ork w eek, and shift work ( which m ay be adj ust ed t o suit t he act ual
m anpow er pool)
• Base of engineering: disciplines, wage rat es, and expenses ( which m ay be
adj ust ed t o reflect t he rat es, product ivit ies, et c. for t he proposed scope
of engineer ing)
• Base of design codes and inst allat ion st andards and pract ices, for exam ple,
vessel design, elect rical power dist ribut ion ( which m ay be select ed or
adj ust ed) .
Currency Base
The user- designat ed count ry base locat ion im plies a base m onet ary unit , for
exam ple, Dollars for US, Pounds St erling for UK, Thousand Yen for JP, Euros
for EU, and Saudi Arabian Riyals for Saudi Arabia. You can define a curr ency
unit for t he est im at e and provide a conversion for t he est im at e currency
relat ive t o t he base m onet ary unit . Once t he currency base is defined by t he
user, all user- ent ered cost s, such as fr eight rat es, ready- m ix cost , wage rat es,
lum p sum cost s, and equipm ent or bulk cost s, are expect ed t o be in t he user-
defined currency unit s. The syst em uses t he user- defined currency and
conversion value t o convert syst em - developed cost s from t he syst em
m onet ary base t o t he user- defined currency.
Ta ble T- 1 : Syst e m D e fa ult Va lue s Affe ct e d by Se le ct ion of Count r y Ba se
Pr im a r y Effe ct of Se le ct e d Coun t r y Ba se
I t e m D e scr ipt ion US Ba se UK Ba se JP Ba se EU Ba se M E Ba se
Ba se m on e t a r y US Dollars Pounds St erling Thousand Yen Euros Saudi Arabian
Unit Riyals
Ba se Unit s of I-P METRI C METRI C METRI C I-P
M e a su r e
Unit s of M e a sur e revise I - P variable revise METRI C revise METRI C revise METRI C revise I - P variable
variable variable variable
Syst e m Ba se US indices UK indices JP indices EU indices ME indices
I n dice s
Ele ct r ica l Fe e de r 34.5KV ( 60HZ) 33KV ( 50HZ) 33KV ( 50HZ) 33KV ( 50HZ) 115KV ( 60HZ)
Line Volt a ge
( a nd e nt ir e m ode
of dist r ibu t ion )
Pr e ssur e Ve sse l ASME ( Sect ion BS5500 JI S DI N ASME ( Sect ion VI I I ,
D e sign Code VI I I , Division 1) Division 1)
( m a t e r ia ls a nd
t e m pe r a t u r e /
st r e ss
r e la t ionsh ips)
D e pt h of 48 I NCHES [ 1200 36 I NCHES [ 1000 36 I NCHES [ 1000 36 I NCHES [ 1000 30 I NCHES ( 750
Con cr e t e MM] MM] MM] MM] MM)
Foot in gs
St r uct ur a l St e e l AI SC AI SC AI SC AI SC I - P: AI SC
Sha pe s ( I N CH - AI SC BSI BSI Euronorm METRI C: Euronorm
POUN D / M ETRI C)
N ot e 1 : Se e
Be low
M a n pow e r pool; • Houst on/ Gulf • Nort hwest UK • Tokyo, Japan • Rot t erdam , • Dhahran, Saudi
ba se of cr a ft s, Coast • 100,000 MHR • 100,000 MHR Net herlands Arabia
cr e w m ix , • 100,000 MHR • Sit e or Nat ’l • Union • 100,000 MHR • 100,000 MHR
pr odu ct ivit y, • Union Agreem ent • Sit e • Sit e Agreem ent
• 1 shift
w a ge r a t e s Agreem ent
• 1 shift • 1 Shift • 40 hr. week • 1 shift
• 40 hr. week • 40 hr. week • 1 shift • 40 hr. week
• Bonus • 40 hr. week
Pr oj e ct Adj ust ed US Adj ust ed UK Adj ust ed JP MHRS Adj ust ed EU MHRS Adj ust ed ME MHRS
Sche dule : MHRS MHRS
dur a t ion
Equipm e nt US rat es and UK rat es and JP rat es and EU rat es and ME rat es and
Re nt a l/ Pla nt select ion select ion select ion select ion select ion
rental rates
En gin e e r in g US Base UK Base JP Base EU Base ME Base
D e pa r t m e nt :
ba se of
disciplin e s, w a ge
r a t e s,
pr odu ct ivit y ,
a n d e x pe nse s
Pr im a r y Effe ct of Se le ct e d Coun t r y Ba se
I t e m D e scr ipt ion US Ba se UK Ba se JP Ba se EU Ba se M E Ba se
Pr im e From adj ust ed US From adj ust ed UK From adj ust ed JP From adj ust ed EU From adj ust ed ME
Con t r a ct or s: MHRS or user MHRS or user MHRS or user MHRS or user MHRS or user ent ry
con st r u ct ion ent ry US indirect ent ry Uk indirect ent ry JP indirect ent ry EU indirect ME indirect rat es
ove r he a ds rat es rat es rat es rat es
Con t r a ct Fe e Cost s reduced t o Cost s reduced t o Cost s reduced t o Cost s reduced t o Cost s reduced t o
St r u ct u r e : ba se d $, US indirect £, UK indirect Thous ¥, JP €, EU indirect SAR, ME indirect
on cost s r e du ce d rat es rat es indirect rat es rat es rat es
t o ba se t im e
Pow e r 60 HZ 50 HZ 50 HZ 50 HZ 60 HZ
D ist r ibu t ion 13.8 KV 11KV 11KV 11KV 13.8 KV
M AI N 4160V 3300 V 3300 V 3300 V
dist r ibut ion
wire ( t rayed or in m ult i- core cable m ult i- core cable m ult i- core cable
volt a ge UN I T
conduit ) or ( t rayed or in ( t rayed or in ( t rayed or in
volt a ge W ir e
arm ored US wire conduit ) or conduit ) or conduit ) or
t ype s
gauge arm ored gauge in arm ored gauge in arm ored gauge in
MM2) MM2) MM2)
Pr oce ss US cost m odels, UK cost m odels, JP cost m odels, JP EU cost m odels, ME cost m odels, ME
e qu ipm e n t US base cost s UK base cost s base cost s EU base cost s base cost s
Bu lk s: piping, US cost m odes, UK cost s m odes, JP cost m odes, JP EU cost m odes, EU ME cost m odes, ME
civil, st e e l, US t ype UK t ype t ype descript ions, t ype descript ions, t ype descript ions,
inst r um e nt a t ion, descript ions, US descript ions, UK JP base cost s EU base cost s ME base cost s
e le ct r ica l, base cost s base cost s
in su la t ion , pa in t
Use r - spe cifie d none none none none none
su pple m e nt a l
cost
N ot e 1 : I f GB1 5 0 Equipm e nt D e sign is se le ct e d:
° I - P: AI SC
° M ETRI C: Ch ine se St r uct ur a l Sha pe s pe r GB/ T 1 1 2 6 3
Cost Reporting: Currency and System

Base Indices
Cost s developed by t he syst em wit hout assist ance of user- ent ered rat es,
cost s, and so on, are evaluat ed at t he report ed values of t he Syst em Base
I ndices for t he designat ed count r y base. See I ndexing/ Escalat ion Dat a.
Cost Reporting: Currency and Escalation

Cost s provided by t he user in t he form of a cost , cost per unit , et c., are
presum ed t o be in t he user- defined currency and valued at a point in t im e
reflect ed by t he user- specified values for t he User Base I ndices.
Syst em - developed cost s will be elevat ed from t he syst em base t o t he user
base condit ion by index rat io and furt her escalat ed by escalat ion indices.
Units of Measure
The count ry base locat ion, once designat ed by t he user, im plies a base set of
unit s of m easure, for exam ple, I - P for US, METRI C for UK, EU, JP, and ME. You
can reverse t his choice, or creat e a hybrid unit of m easure, by defining t he
variable t o be revised, t he label for t he new unit of m easure, and t he
conversion from old t o new unit of m easur e. How ever, such redefinit ion could
have unpredict able downst ream effect s; for exam ple, in select ion of plat es,
wire, t ubing, pipe, and so on.
Again, all user input is expect ed t o be in t he defined set of unit s of m easure
and all report ing by t he syst em conform s t o t he est ablished set of unit s
of m easure.
W or k for ce
Two of t he m ost significant variables t hat account for const ruct ion cost
differences from one locat ion t o anot her are t he product ivit y of field m anpower
and t he wage rat es t hat prevail for each geographic area.
The syst em recognizes four count r y base locat ions — US, UK, JP, EU, and ME.
Upon select ing a count ry base locat ion, t he user obt ains a base set of craft s,
wage rat es, crew m ixes, product ion rat es, and so on, for field m anpower
consist ent wit h t he select ed count ry base locat ion.
The Workforce Dat a can be used t o change t he syst em base wage rat es,
workweek, and product ivit ies. This input can, t herefore, be an effect ive t ool in
helping t he user exam ine t he effect s of local field m anpower on pr ospect ive
plant sit es. I n addit ion, m odificat ions m ay be m ade t o t he syst em craft and
crew m ixes.
Multiple Workforces
I n a pr im e cont ract or est im at e, t he syst em is lim it ed t o one set of wage rat es,
workweek and product ivit ies ( t hat is, one workforce) per est im at e. I n a
cont ract s case, however, t he user m ay define up t o nine different const ruct ion
workforces ( CWF) in one proj ect . This is accom plished by developing m ult iple
set s of wage rat es and product ivit ies wit h each set ident ified by a wor kforce
reference num ber. This reference num ber is used in t he Cont ract Definit ion
Dat a t o indicat e which workforce is assigned t o each cont ract or.
Wage Rates/Productivity
There are t wo t ypes of wage rat e and product ivit y dat a:
• General dat a applicable t o all craft s in t he workforce
• Specific dat a by craft .
The general dat a m ay be used t o globally set t he wage rat es and product ivit ies
of all craft s, eit her as a percent age of som e reference base or as a fixed rat e.
The reference base m ay be eit her t he syst em base rat es or t he rat es of a
previously defined wor kforce. These globally assigned rat es m ay t hen be
m odified for individual craft s by ent ering specific rat e dat a for t hose craft s.
Ex a m ple 1 :
Suppose workforce “ 1” is t o be assigned wage rat es t hat are 110% of t he
syst em base rat es and a pr oduct ivit y of 80% of t he syst em base ( t he sym bol
“ B” signifies t he syst em base) .
Then t he general dat a would be coded as follows:
CWF = 1
( ALL CRAFTS - % OF BASE)
BASE = B
WAGE RATE% = 110
PROD.% = 80
Ex a m ple 2 :
Suppose workforce “ 2” is t o be assigned wage rat es t hat are 105% of t he rat es of
workforce “ 1” and a product ivit y equal t o t he syst em base ( 100% ) . Then a second set
of general dat a would be added as follows:
CWF = 2
( ALL CRAFTS - % OF BASE)
BASE = 1
WAGE RATE% = 105
PROD.% = 125
This would result in wage rat es t hat are 110 x 105/ 100 = 115.5% of t he
syst em base and a product ivit y t hat is 80 x 125/ 100 = 100% of t he syst em
base. Obviously, t he sam e result could have been obt ained for workforce “ 2”
by using t he syst em base “ B” as t he referenced base, a “ WAGE RATE% ” equal
t o 115.5 and a PROD.% ” equal t o 100.
Ex a m ple 3 :
Suppose in w orkforce “ 2” Craft X ( w here X is t he craft code) is t o have a rat e
of $17.70 per hour and a product ivit y of 75% . Then specific craft dat a would
be added for workforce “ 2” wit h t he follow dat a:
CWF = 2
( CRAFT WAGE RATES/ PRODUCTI VI TI ES)
CRAFT CODE = X
WAGE RATE COST/ MH = 17.50
PROD.% = 75
Ex a m ple 4 :
Suppose workforce “ 3” is t o be assigned a fixed wage rat e and product ivit y for
all craft s of $12.00 per hour and 90% , respect ively. Then a t hird set of general
dat a would be coded as follows:
CWF= 3
( ALL CRAFTS - FI XED RATES)
WAGE RATE COST/ MH= 12.00
PROD.% = 90
Again, except ions could be m ade t o t he fixed rat es for workforce “ 3” by
ent ering specific dat a for individual craft s.
Unless t he user had adj ust ed indirect s, t he wage rat e used in t he est im at e
should be t he act ual unloaded cost ( in t he user- defined currency) per m an-
hour for t he craft , and should not include any fringe or burdens. Fringe
benefit s, burdens, and ot her relat ed const ruct ion overhead account s are
it em ized and det erm ined separat ely by t he syst em .
Dat a is available for delet ing indirect cost s from t he est im at e. This m ay be
used if t he wage rat es are t o be considered all- inclusive rat es, and separat e
calculat ion of indirect cost s is unnecessary.
The wage rat es for t wo general craft s are it em ized separat ely. These are craft
code 98 ( Helper) and craft code 99 ( Forem an) . These t w o craft s are accorded
special t reat m ent because t hey appear in m ost crews, and t heir wage rat es
and product ivit ies are t ypically relat ed t o t he crew in which t hey appear. Their
wage rat es m ay be specified as eit her fixed rat es or cr ew dependent rat es.
Their product ivit ies, however, are det erm ined by t he syst em and are a funct ion
of t he crew product ivit y.
The user m ay ent er one or m ore craft wage rat es. Om it t ed rat es are calculat ed
by t he syst em based upon a set of syst em default values as t abulat ed
elsewhere in t he I carus Reference. The ult im at e value used by t he syst em is
det erm ined by:
• The degree t o which t he user has provided craft rat es
• The user- specified value of t he Escalat ion and User Base I ndices for
Const ruct ion in t he I ndexing/ Escalat ion Dat a.
For inst ance, if a user has not subm it t ed any Workforce Dat a, t hen t he values
for wage rat es for all craft s are based upon t he syst em Base Wage Rat es,
subj ect t o:
• Elevat ion t o t he user base of const r uct ion ( UBI / SBI )
• Escalat ion ( EI / UBI ) .
I f, however, t he user has specified one or m ore craft wage rat es, t hose rat es
are t aken by t he syst em as valued at t he User Base I ndex and subj ect t o
escalat ion.
Ex a m ple 5 :
To illust rat e escalat ion, suppose t he user ent ered a craft rat e of 12.00 per hour
and const ruct ion indices of 1248 for escalat ion and 1200 for t he base ( see
I ndexing/ Escalat ion Dat a) . The syst em considers t he user rat e at t he user ’s
base index for “ACCUM” report ing and for “ SPREAD” repor t ing will figure an
escalat ed rat e of 12.00 x ( 1248/ 1200) = 12.48.
I t should be not ed t hat product ivit y is expressed as a percent age value; t hat
is, 100 im plies a base product ivit y. A value of 50 im plies a less effect ive
workforce, t hereby doubling t he syst em - calculat ed base m anhours. A value of
150 im plies a m ore effect ive work force, t hereby obt aining m anhours at t w o
t hirds ( 100/ 150) of t he syst em - calculat ed base m anhours. For a m ore
det ailed descript ion of t he base or norm product ivit y for each craft , refer t o t he
discussion of product ivit y provided lat er in t his sect ion.
Crew Mix Modifications

The syst em cr ew m ixes m ay be m odified using Crew Mix Dat a. This dat a
enables t he t ransfer of m anhours fr om one craft t o anot her. By m anipulat ing
craft s in t his m anner, a proj ect m ay be m odelled as an open or a closed shop
or som e variat ion of t he t wo. All or a port ion of t he m anhours in one craft m ay
be t ransferred t o one or m or e ot her craft s. Man- hours m ay be delet ed from
t he est im at e by t ransferring t hem out of a craft and by not indicat ing a second
craft t o which t hey are assigned. A useful exam ple of t his procedure is t he
rem oval of crane operat ors from t he est im at e if t he rent al rat es for cranes
include operat ors.
Man- hour s are t ransferred bet w een craft s by indicat ing “ FROM” which craft t he
m anhours are rem oved and “ TO” which craft t hey are added. The m anhours
t hat w ill be t ransferred are only t hose init ially assigned t o t he craft by t he
syst em and not t hose previously assigned t o t he craft by t he user t hrough
ot her Crew Mix Dat a.
Craft s 98 and 99 ( Helper and Forem an) m ay be assigned m anhours from any
ot her craft , but t heir m anhours m ay not be assigned t o any ot her single craft .
I f t heir m anhours are reassigned, t hey will be allot t ed t o t he principal craft s in
each crew. The principal craft s are indicat ed elsewhere in t he I carus
Reference. The reason for t his special condit ion is t hat t hese t w o craft s are
com posit e craft s t hat appear in m ost crews, and t o allow t heir assignm ent t o
any single ot her craft would dist ort t he consist ency of m any crews. For
exam ple, if m anhours were t ransferr ed from Forem an t o Pipefit t ers, t hen
Pipefit t ers would appear incorrect ly in ever y crew which had cont ained
a Forem an.
I f m ult iple wor kforces are used, each workfor ce m ay be st ruct ured different ly
by providing t he appropriat e m anhour t ransfers. I f a workfor ce is defined as
having wage rat es and product ivit ies at som e percent age of a previously
defined workforce, it will also use t he sam e crew m ix m odificat ions as t hat
workforce. This m ay be changed, however, by coding new crew m ix
m odificat ions for t he second workforce.
Craft Names
The nam e of any syst em base craft m ay be replaced by ent ering t he craft code
and t he desired nam e. The syst em base craft codes and craft nam es are list ed
elsewhere in t he I carus Reference. I n addit ion, a new craft m ay be creat ed by
specifying a nam e for one of t he blank craft codes. I f, however, a new craft is
creat ed, it m ust be assigned a wage rat e and product ivit y and it m ust be
assigned som e m anhours from anot her craft . Only one set of craft nam es m ay
be defined per est im at e ( t hat is, craft nam es m ay not be changed from one
workforce t o anot her) . I t is not , however, necessary for all craft s t o be used by
all workforces.
Reports
Wage rat es and product ivit y values, as adj ust ed, develop m anhours and
m anpower cost s, craft by craft . Craft m anhours and cost s are report ed
against t asks perform ed in various syst em report s and sum m arized for t he
proj ect in t he Field Manpower Sum m ary.
Productivity Concepts
This sect ion is devot ed t o a discussion of:
• How t he syst em ut ilizes a user- specified pr oduct ivit y value
• The variables affect ing product ivit y and t heir num eric evaluat ion.
The user m ay ent er an all- craft s pr oduct ivit y figure and specific craft
product ivit y. The all- craft s product ivit y value, set at 100% by t he syst em in
t he absence of a user ent ry, will be used t o est ablish t he product ivit y for any
and all user- om it t ed craft product ivit ies. The all- craft s product ivit y will not be
applied in any m anner t o user- specified craft product ivit y
User- ent ered craft product ivit ies should be considered as efficiencies, and
m anhours developed by t he syst em t o perform a specific t ask by t hat craft
will be adj ust ed accordingly.
Ex a m ple 6 :
Suppose at t he syst em ’s base, six hours of Craft A are requir ed t o set a vessel.
I f t he product ivit y of Craft A were ent ered as 50% , t hen t he adj ust ed syst em
value would be ( 100/ 50) x 6 = 12 hours. Thus Craft A is 50% efficient
com pared t o t he syst em ’s base. Sim ilarly, a craft product ivit y of 200% relat ive
t o t he syst em ’s base will indicat e doubly effect ive craft sm en and t hus half t he
base m anhours.
A t im e- pr oven and ext rem ely useful m et hod of quant ifying a com plex subj ect
such as field product ivit y is as follows:
• Est ablish a st andard set of key variables and base condit ions for each
variable
• Evaluat e, for each variable, t he deviat ions expect ed for t he act ual
condit ions from t he base condit ions
• Com bine t he ident ified individual deviat ions, t hereby form ing an overall
product ivit y relat ive t o t he base condit ions.
The five key pr oduct ivit y variables ( PV) and t heir associat ed syst em - base
definit ions are:
PV1:
Sour ce of Manpow er Pool, som et im es ident ical t o locat ion of
const ruct ion sit e.
US Base - Houst on/ Gulf Coast , t im e period 1972- 1973.
UK Base - Nort hw est UK, 1979.
JP Base - Japan.
Evaluat ion of deviat ion for ot her sources - area dat a sources.
PV2:
Size of Proj ect , as m easured by t ot al direct and subcont ract field m an-
hours.
Base - Medium - size, 100,000 m anhours of field m anpower.
Evaluat ion of deviat ion for ot her proj ect sizes - change in product ivit y
vs m anhours shown in Figure W- 1.
Figure W- 1: Job Size Adj ust m ent ( PV2)
PV3:
Mode of Manpow er; closed or open shop.
US Base - Closed shop.
UK Base - Sit e or nat ional agreem ent .
JP Base - Closed shop.
ME Base - Sit e agreem ent .
Evaluat ion of deviat ion - det erm ined by const ruct ion sit e locat ion and local
condit ions, effect of sit e/ nat ional m anpower agreem ent s for t he part icular
proj ect .
PV4:
Lengt h of Work Week:
Base - 40- hour work week.
Evaluat ion of deviat ion - aut om at ically evaluat ed by syst em based upon
user work week input on general Workforce Dat a, specifically t hrough
relat ionships shown in Figure W- 2. The syst em value m ay be offset by
creat ing a value of PV4 sufficient t o adj ust t he syst em value t o t he user ’s
desired value.
Figure W-2: Productivity Versus Work Week (PV4) - First Shift
PV5:
All Ot her Effect s, such as general econom y, work t o be perform ed, kind
of m anpow er, qualit y of supervision, j ob condit ions, weat her, and so on.
Base - Reasonably average condit ions, all ot her pr oduct ivit y variables
at t heir base value. Evaluat ions of deviat ions - Table W- 1 and t he
following associat ed discussion for t his product ivit y variable.
Ta ble W - 1 : Pr oduct ivit y Ele m e nt Ta ble ( PV5 )
Pr oduct ivit y Ele m e nt Pr odu ct ivit y ( % )

Low Ave r a ge H igh
50 85 100 115 140
1 General Econom y Prosperous Norm al Hard t im es
Local business t rend St im ulat ed Norm al Depressed
Const ruct ion volum e High Norm al Low
Unem ploym ent Low Norm al High
2 Am ount of work Ext ensive Average Lim it ed
Sit e com plexit y Dense Average Sparse
Manual Operat ions Ext ensive Average Lim it ed
Mechanized operat ions LI m it ed Average Ext ensive
3 Field Manpower Pool Poor Average Good
Training Poor Average Good
Wages Low Average High
Supply Scarce Norm al Surplus
Pr oduct ivit y Ele m e nt Pr odu ct ivit y ( % )
Low Ave r a ge H igh
4 Field Manpower Supervision Poor Average Good
Training Poor Average Good
Wages Low Average High
Supply Scarce Norm al Surplus
5 Job Condit ions Poor Average Good
Managem ent Poor Average Good
Mat erials and sit e Unfavorable Average Favorable
Required workm anship First Rat e Regular Passable
Lengt h of operat ion Short Average Long
6 Weat her Bad Fair Good
Precipit at ion Much Som e Occasional
Cold Bit t er Moderat e Occasional
Heat Oppressive Moderat e Occasional
7 Const ruct ion Equipm ent Poor Norm al Good
Applicabilit y Poor Norm al Good
Condit ion Poor Fair Good
Maint enance and repairs Slow Average Quick
8 Delays Num erous Som e Minim um
Job Flexibilit y Poor Average Good
Equipm ent delivery Slow Norm al Prom pt
Expedit ing Poor Average Good
The overall product ivit y per craft or for all craft s is developed from t he product
of t he individual deviat ions and final conversion t o a percent age figure:
Overall Product ivit y = PV1 x PV2 x PV3 x PV4 x PV5
I n t he reference chart s and t ables m ent ioned, product ivit y variables are each
ident ified as a percent age deviat ion from t he syst em base of 100% for
t hat variable.
I n developing t he overall product ivit y, each deviat ion should be reduced t o a
fract ion by division by 100, and t he final result ing figure appropriat ely rounded
t o a significant value and t hen convert ed t o a percent age for ent ry in t he dat a.
Pr odu ct ivit y Va r ia ble : Ot h e r Effe ct s - PV3

The Product ivit y Elem ent Table ( Table W- 1) enables you t o det erm ine
product ivit y for proposed plant facilit ies over a wide range of working
condit ions and local rest rict ions. Product ivit y deviat ion is classified int o t hree
basic ranges: low, average and high. The “ low” end of t he range indicat es an
efficiency of 50% t o 85% ; “ average” is indicat ed by an efficiency of 85% t o
115% ; and t he “ high” end of t he range is indicat ed by an efficiency of 115% t o
140% . These percent ages are based on t he am ount of work a t ypical
const ruct ion worker can be expect ed t o perform under a given set of
condit ions. Given ideal circum st ances, a field crew m ay achieve an
approxim at ion of 140% efficiency. I n act ual est im at ing, you should not count
on t his high degree of pr oduct ivit y unless t he operat ions in t he proj ect are
highly m echanized. I n m anual- operat ions such as bricklaying, pipe fit t ing, and
insulat ing, for exam ple, t he scheduling of high- range pr oduct ivit y m ay m ean
t hat t he cont ract or will have t o push field crews for m axim um product ion
during t he ent ire course of t he proj ect s.
I n general, t he product ivit y represent ed by t his class of variables is a funct ion
of t wo m aj or fact ors: t he present nat ional econom y and t he specific local
condit ions under which t he work is t o be accom plished for t he proj ect . The first
m aj or fact or ( present econom y) direct ly affect s t he pr oduct ivit y of t he
individual const ruct ion worker. I n good t im es, when const ruct ion j obs are
plent iful and m anpower is scarce, pr oduct ivit y usually decreases, result ing in
increasing field cost s. I n norm al t im es, average product ivit y and cost s are t he
rules. During depressions, recessions or slum ps in t he econom y, m anpower
becom es plent iful and m ore pr oduct ive; consequent ly, field cost s decline. The
Product ivit y Elem ent Table ( Table W- 1) has been assem bled t o reflect variables
of m aj or im pact .
The second m aj or fact or ( local condit ions) affect ing product ivit y relat es m ore
direct ly t o t he proj ect . I t consist s of t he m any variables t hat influence
const ruct ion act ivit y, such as t he charact er of t he j ob sit e, volum e of work t o
be perform ed, quant it y of available m anpower, and ot her such unusual
condit ions as dense or sparse plot plans, et c. Each of t hese variables is list ed
in t he Product ivit y Elem ent Table. You should r eview t hese variables, keeping
in m ind bot h t he exist ing and foreseeable condit ions t hat will affect t he
proposed const ruct ion proj ect . At t he sam e t im e, you m ust m ake an
evaluat ion of t he cont ract or as a product ive unit t o det erm ine pot ent ial
perform ance under a given set of circum st ances. A reasonable approach t o
obt ain a com posit e value of Product ivit y Variable 5 ( PV5) is t he averaging of
t he eight m aj or cat egories of individual elem ent s in Table W- 1.
Ex a m ple 7 :
Aft er st udying a pr oposed proj ect , a user arrived at t he following values for
individual cat egories of product ivit y:
I tem Pr odu ct ivit y D e via t ion,%
Ele m e nt Ca t e gor y
1 General econom y 9
2 Am ount of work 100
3 Manpower 75
4 Manpower supervision 100
5 Job condit ions 110
6 Weat her 90
7 Const ruct ion equipm ent 110
8 Delays 100
Tot al 765
The average value for product ivit y is t he t ot al divided by eight :

Product ivit y Variable ( PV5) = 765/ 8 = 99.6% .
Ex a m ple 8 :
Consider Exam ple 7 t o be ext ended t o a revam p. Suppose t he revam p requires
t w ice t he m anhour s of a norm al grassroot s proj ect . Then, a large revam p
proj ect ( assum e a 90% Job Size Product ivit y, Figure W- 1) would be figured at
a com pounded effect : Product ivit y per Product ivit y Elem ent Table x Job Size
Product ivit y x Revam p Product ivit y = .956 x.9 x.5 = 0.43 ( 43% product ivit y) .
Ex a m ple 9 :
Should but a sm all port ion of t he proj ect be subj ect t o revam p, t hat port ion
m ay be described as one or m ore Areas or Sub- areas. I n t his exam ple, t he
m anhours would be adj ust ed by 200% values for t he appropriat e account s
using code of account indexing wit hin t he area. The workforce product ivit ies
would, of course, be ent ered fr ee of t he revam p effect .
Work Item Concept

The wor k it em concept , Figure W- 3 relat es m anpower t o m at erials inst allat ion
requirem ent s. The user m ay recall t he role of t he Volum et ric Model t o generat e
a bill of m at er ial t ypes and quant it ies. The role of t he Work I t em Model is t o
develop cr ew requirem ent s t o accom plish t he t ask of inst alling each it em in t he
bill of m at erials. Thus t he Work I t em Model, when applied t o a part icular t ask
such as placing ribber ( Figure W- 4) , m ust develop a crew m ix and m anhours
for each craft .
Figure W- 3: Typical Civil Tasks and Work I t em s
Adj u st m e n t for Cr a ft Pr odu ct ivit y
The syst em cont ains several hundred Work I t em Models wit h base m anpower
requirem ent s est ablished for t he part icular count ry base locat ion. A user-
ent ered craft product ivit y would be used t o adj ust t he base m anhours
developed by t he Work I t em Models.
Adj u st m e n t for t h e Effe ct ive H ou r
I n t he Work I t em Models, when m anhours are assigned t o craft s,
considerat ion is m ade as t o t he realit y of work spread over a day rat her t han
over a short t im e- m easured durat ion. Thus syst em - base m anhours are act ual
hours, based on a 42- m inut e hour, reflect ing t he t im e required t o init iat e t he
com plet e t ask. Should t he proj ect be m anaged under a different working t im e,
t he product ivit y should be adj ust ed as in Figure W- 5.
Figure W- 5: Product ivit y Versus Working Minut es Per Hour
Adj u st m e n t s for W or k W e e k
The durat ion of t he act ual work week and num ber of shift s t o be em ployed
during const r uct ion m ay be defined in t he Workforce Dat a. Should t he user ’s
schedule deviat e from t he 40- hour, 1- shift basis for Work I t em Models, t he
syst em m akes an aut om at ic adj ust m ent t o t he Work I t em - developed m an-
hours for each craft by t he relat ionship illust rat ed in Figure W- 6.
Figure W- 6: Job Durat ion Versus Work Week
En gin e e r in g
The proj ect scope is analyzed by t he syst em ’s engineer ing m odel t o det erm ine
m anhours and cost s for design engineer ing, procurem ent and const ruct ion
supervision. The syst em - calculat ed values for engineering m ay be adj ust ed by
using t he Engineering Dat a. This dat a allows input m odificat ions/ adj ust m ent s
at t wo levels:
• An ent ire phase of engineering
• A part icular discipline wit hin a phase.
The syst em ’s engineering m odel m ay be m odified by specifying t ot al m an-
hours and cost or by specifying a proport ional adj ust m ent t o syst em -
calculat ed m anhours.
The Engineering Draw ings Dat a m ay be used t o m odify t he Basic and Det ail
Engineering phases by specifying adj ust m ent s t o t he num ber and t ype of
drawings pr oduced. This dat a m ay also be used t o add a lum p sum of
engineering hours for special drawings or specific t asks, such as sm all scale
m odels, which are not provided by t he syst em .
Definit ions of t he t ask and work product s considered for each engineering
phase are present ed in Table EN- 1.
Pr im e Con t r a ct or En gin e e r in g
The syst em ’s Prim e Cont ract ors engineering account includes four m aj or
cat egories or phases:
• Basic engineering
• Det ail engineer ing
• Procurem ent
• Hom e office const ruct ion services.
Field supervision and proj ect st art - up are affiliat ed wit h engineering act ivit ies
and are discussed lat er; t hese are, however, considered t o be const r uct ion
overhead it em s and are report ed as cont ribut ions t o t he syst em ’s const ruct ion
overhead account .
Because of t he t urnkey nat ure of t he Prim e Cont ract or m ode, t he Engineering
Managem ent and Const ruct ion Managem ent phases ar e inappropriat e, and
t hese phases are excluded from Prim e Cont ract or est im at es.
Contracts - Assignment of Engineering

By use of t he Cont ract s Descript ion and Scope Dat a, each phase of
engineering m ay be assigned t o a differ ent cont ract or t o t he owner. Moreover,
each phase m ay be split bet ween m ult iple engineering cont ract s according t o
unit area. I n addit ion, t he Cont ract s feat ure allow s t wo opt ional phases of
supervision t o be assigned:
• Engineering Managem ent
• Const ruct ion Managem ent
Engineering Workforce (EWF)
When cont ract s have been specified, t he user m ay creat e m ult iple engineering
workforces ( EWF) . The syst em uses t he concept of an Engineering Work Force
( EWF) in order t o allow t he user t he flexibilit y of specifying different
adj ust m ent s ( for exam ple, hourly rat es) , for different engineering cont ract ors.
Each cont ract can be cross- referenced t o a part icular EWF ( see Cont ract
Descript ion) . An EWF is, in effect , a descript ion of a work force result ing from a
com binat ion of user- specified and syst em default values for hourly rat es,
product ivit y, and indirect cost s. Up t o 9 EWF set s m ay be cr eat ed. An EWF set
will not be used by t he syst em unless it is referenced by a cont ract t hat has
been assigned an engineering scope of w ork.
I t is not necessary t o define m ult iple engineering workforces for t he cont ract s
m ode; however, if used, t he EWF num bers m ust be referenced by all
engineering cont ract s.
The EWF serves no purpose for est im at es in t he Prim e Cont ract or m ode ( since
only one work force is possible) .
Phase Adjustments
The user m ay specify bot h t he t ot al m anhours and cost for an ent ir e phase,
how ever, if one is specified, t he ot her is also required. When t hese t ot als have
been specified for a phase, any subsidiar y dat a for t hat phase will not be used
by t he syst em .
A percent age adj ust m ent t o an ent ire phase should be considered as an
adj ust m ent t o t he scope of t he est im at e, rat her t han a product ivit y
adj ust m ent . The change will be reflect ed in t he quant it y of work perform ed, for
exam ple, t he drawing count and ot her t asks list ed in Table EN- 1, wit h a
corresponding change in m anhours.
An adj ust m ent by phase is convenient way t o allow for proj ect com plexit y, ( see
Table EN- 2) , but an adj ust m ent by discipline, which does not affect t he
drawing count , m ay be preferable.
The user m ay set t he appropriat e profile for payroll burdens, indirect s, and
expenses. I f cont ract s are specified, t his inform at ion could also be provided as
part of t he Cont ract Descript ion.
Only one Engineering by Phase set of dat a is used per phase and EWF
com binat ion. I f global ( t hat is, phase = * ) Engineering by Phase Dat a are
used, however, addit ional Engineering by Phase dat a m ay be subsequent ly
added t o adj ust individual phases separat ely.
Discipline Adjustments
Adj ust m ent s by discipline will not affect t he num ber of drawings in t he
est im at e and should appr opriat ely be considered as product ivit y or
com plexit y adj ust m ent s.
The user m ay com bine phase and discipline percent age adj ust m ent s, t hereby
changing bot h t he num ber of drawings and t he m anhours. I n t his case, t he
overall effect is a com pounding of t he adj ust m ent s, since new product ivit y is
calculat ed based on t he new scope of work.
Engineering Reports
I f t he Engineering report opt ion is select ed in t he Proj ect Tit le Dat a, det ailed
report s will be provided for each phase calculat ed. I f a t ot al cost is specified for
any phase, t hat t ot al will appear on a sum m ary report , and t he det ailed report
nor m ally prepar ed for t hat phase w ill not be pr ovided.
Ta ble EN - 1 : En gin e e r in g Accou nt s - Ta sk s a nd W or k Pr odu ct s
BASI C ENGI NEERI NG: I ncludes engineering and draft ing for t he following it em s:
• Proj ect and Process Scope Definit ion
• Process Flow Diagram
• Heat and Mat erial Balances
• Equipm ent Process Dat a Sheet s and Requisit ions
• Long- Lead Equipm ent Purchase/ Com m it m ent
• Equipm ent List s

• Piping and I nst rum ent at ion Diagram s
• Cont rol Syst em Vendor Select ion
• I nt erconnect ing Piping Diagram s
• Ut ilit y Process Flow Diagram s
• Ut ilit y Balance
• Ut ilit y Piping and I nst rum ent at ion Diagram s
• Elect rical One- Line Diagram

• Elect rical Syst em Dist ribut ion
• Equipm ent Specificat ions
• Job Specificat ions
• Overall Facilit ies Plot Plans
• Sit e Locat ion Plot Plans

• Area Equipm ent Arrangem ent s
• Fire Prot ect ion and Safet y Syst em s
• Environm ent al Dat a
• Building and Enclosure Requirem ent s
• Com parat ive Econom ic Evaluat ions

• Docum ent at ion
• Early Scheduling
DETAI L ENGI NEERI NG - I ncludes engineering and draft ing for t he following it em s
Equipm ent
• Review Vendor Design
Piping
• Piping Arrangem ent s
• Piping I som et rics
• Pipe Support
• St eam Tracing Drawings
• Piping Text Schedules
Ta ble EN - 1 : En gine e r in g Accoun t s - Ta sk s a n d W or k Pr odu ct s - cont inued

• I nst rum ent at ion Locat ion Drawings
• Cable Schedules
• I nst rum ent at ion Schem at ics & Connect ion Diagram s
• I nst rum ent Loop Diagram s
• Cont rol Room / Console Design
Elect rical
• One- Line Diagram s
• Elect rical Schem at ics
• Subst at ion Layout Drawings
• Power Dist ribut ion
• Light ing
• Tracing
Civil
• Equipm ent Foundat ion Drawings
• St eelwork Foundat ion Drawings
• Area Paving Drawings
• Misc. Concret e, Support s, Et c.
• Underground Piping Drawings
• St ruct ural St eel Plans and Elevat ions
• Ladder and Plat form Det ails
• Grat ing Drawings
Buildings and Enclosures

• Building Arrangem ent Plans and Elevat ions
• Archit ect ural Det ails
General Facilit y Requirem ent s

• Facilit y Plot Plans
• Area Equipm ent Layout s
• Sit e Preparat ion Plans, Det ails
Ot her Job Requirem ent s

• Cost Est im at ion
• Planning and Scheduling
• Mat erial Takeoffs
• Equipm ent , Line List s
• Proj ect Operat ions and St art- up Manual
PROCUREMENT - I ncludes all in- count ry purchasing, inspect ion, and expedit ing.
I nt ernat ional purchasing and shipping adm inist rat ion cost s are not included.
Requisit ioning and t echnical review are included in Basic or Det ail Engineering.
Ta ble EN - 1 : En gine e r in g Accoun t s - Ta sk s a n d W or k Pr odu ct s - cont inued
ENGI NEERI NG MANAGEMENT - Client liaison and design coordinat ion for proj ect s wit h
m ult iple design cont ract ors.
HOME OFFI CE CONSTRUCTI ON SERVI CES - I ncludes cost s for const ruct ion
depart m ent , cost cont rol, const ruct ion planning and scheduling, indust rial relat ions
and adm inist rat ion, subcont ract adm inist rat ion, const ruct ion cost engineering, and
draft ing.
FI ELD OFFI CE CONSTRUCTI ON SUPERVI SI ON - I ncludes cost s for proj ect

superint endent , sit e engineers, subcont ract coordinat ion, planning and scheduling,
safet y and m edical, field engineering, field draft ing, and const ruct ion account ing.
CONSTRUCTI ON MANAGEMENT - An independent , client- appoint ed, organizat ion

responsible for overall const ruct ion budget and schedule m onit oring, inspect ion for
cont ract and specificat ions com pliance, subcont ract coordinat ion.
SUPPORT PERSONNEL - I ncludes cost s for secret arial, clerical, adm inist rat ive, and
account ing support in each engineering cat egory.
I NDI RECTS - I ncludes rent , heat , elect ricit y, and ot her operat ing expenses not
specifically covered in ot her account s in each engineering cat egory.
PAYROLL BURDENS - I ncludes t he following:
For US count ry base - m andat ory cont ribut ions t o vacat ions, holidays, workm en’s
com pensat ion, social securit y, and unem ploym ent insurance in each engineering
cat egory.
For UK count ry base - m andat ory cont ribut ions for Nat ional I nsurance, pensions in
each engineering cat egory.
ENGI NEERI NG AND MI SCELLANEOUS EXPENSES - I ncludes cost of reproduct ion,

com m unicat ion ( t elephone, t elex, and post age) , t ravel, and com put er services in each
engineering cat egory.
PROJECT START- UP - I ncludes t he const ruct ion cont ract or's support of plant st art- up,
inst rum ent calibrat ion, and plant com m issioning. Does not include t he Owner's cost s.
MECHANI CAL COMPLETI ON: The point in t im e when inst rum ent t est ing, elect rical
t est ing and piping syst em t est ing are all com plet e for all const ruct ion areas.
Landscaping, insulat ion and paint ing m ay st ill be unfinished.
Pr im e Con t r a ct or En gin e e r in g
I f t he Engineering report opt ion is not select ed, only an Engineering Sum m ary
report is pr ovided, illust rat ing t ot al hours and cost s for Basic, Det ail,
Procurem ent , and Hom e Office Const ruct ion Services. Field Office Supervision
and St art- up are sum m arized on t he Const ruct ion Overhead Cost report .
Contracts Engineering
Det ailed report s are included w it h t he report s for each cont ract , w here
applicable, when t he Engineering report opt ion is select ed.
The Engineer ing Sum m ary for each cont ract is par t of t he Cont ract Dat a Sheet .
Const ruct ion Managem ent will not be developed by t he syst em unless assigned
t o a specific cont ract or ( see Cont ract Scope - Engineering Dat a) . The syst em -
calculat ed m anhours would t hen be based on t he scope of work for all
const ruct ion cont ract s t o be m anaged.
Ta ble EN - 2 : Pla n t Com ple x it y - Guide line s for Adj ust ing Ba sic a nd D e t a il
En gin e e r in g M a n - hou r s
Sugge st e d Pe r ce n t
Adj ust m e n t t o En gin e e r in g
M a n - hou r s
Ba sic D e t a il Typica l Fa cilit y Type
48 60 St orage Facilit ies
Gas/ Oil Separat ion Facilit ies
60 70 Mining Facilit ies
Ore Processing Facilit ies
84 90 Basic Chem ical Manufact uring
Am bient Tem perat ure and Pressure Processes
100 100 Typical Pet rochem ical/ Refinery Facilit ies
Municipal Sewage Treat m ent Facilit ies
I ndust rial Wast ewat er Treat m ent Facilit ies
120 125 Organic Chem ical Manufact uring
Vacuum Processes
Cryogenic Processes
High Pressure/ High Tem perat ure Processes
140 150 Coal Gasificat ion/ Liquificat ion Facilit ies
Specialized Polym er Product ion Facilit ies
160 175 Pharm aceut ical Facilit ies
Specialit y Food Processing Facilit ies
200 200 Coal Gasificat ion/ Liquificat ion Pilot Facilit ies
High Tem perat ure/ High Pressure Pilot Facilit ies
Engineering Managem ent will not be developed by t he syst em unless assigned

t o a specific cont ract or ( see Cont ract Scope - Engineering Dat a) and all m an-
hours are specified in t he Engineering Dat a. The syst em will not develop m an-
hours for Engineering Managem ent .
Th e En gin e e r in g Or ga n iza t ion
Engineering cost s m ay be affect ed not only by t he scope of t he proj ect and it s
com plexit y, but also by t he size and nat ure of t he engineering organizat ion
assigned t o execut e t he design and procurem ent phases of t he proj ect .
As engineering m anhours, cost s, and calendar t im e com prise a large
proport ion of t he t ot al proj ect effort , it is im port ant t o consider t he nat ure of
t he organizat ion( s) assigned t o perform t he various phases of engineering.
The syst em evaluat es engineer ing m anhours and cost s based upon t he user ’s
proj ect scope definit ions, as if perform ed in- count ry by a large nat ional or
int ernat ional engineering organizat ion for a large- scale proj ect . An expanded
discussion of proj ect t ypes and guidelines for adj ust ing from a large- scale
proj ect / large cont ract or basis t o t he user ’s proj ect requir em ent s
follows.
Adj u st m e n t s t o En gin e e r in g Cost s

Engineering cost s m ay be affect ed not only by proj ect size and com plexit y ( see
Table EN- 2) , but also by t he size of t he engineering organizat ion execut ing t he
design and procurem ent phases of t he proj ect . I n order t o illust rat e t he effect
of organizat ion size, t hree guideline cat egories are defined:
Sm all - 100 t o 400 em ployees, perform ing sm aller, local proj ect s t o less
t han US $50 [ PS25] m illion t ot al inst alled cost ( TI C) .
Medium - 300 t o 750 em ployees, perform ing fairly large nat ional proj ect s
of $50- 500 [ PS25- 250] m illion TI C.
Large - over 600 em ployees, perform ing large and very large nat ional or
int ernat ional proj ect s of great er t han $50 [ PS 25] m illion TI C. ( The syst em
basis is in- count ry design and procurem ent by a large engineering
cont ract or.)
For t he purpose of est im at ing, t he t hree cat egories generally are defined wit h
t he following charact erist ics:
Sm all organizat ions, under norm al m arket ing condit ions, pay slight ly less in
salaries, offer slight ly less in fr inge benefit s, and yet have higher product ivit y
for a num ber of reasons. Work volum e is t ypically st eadier, st aff t urnover
lower, and t im e m anagem ent m ore effect ive t han in larger design groups
because problem s are less likely t o be obscured by t he volum e of work and t he
num ber of people involved. St aff are product ive since t heir work is highly
visible, proj ect s are rar ely very com plex and t he effect s of changes are
m inim ized because of ease of com m unicat ion wit hin t he group. How ever,
working condit ions and lim it ed equipm ent / syst em s m ay be a draw back. Such
organizat ions t end t o use less specialist s in scheduling and est im at ing; inst ead
t he proj ect m anager m ay develop his own barchart s, while proj ect engineers
m ay handle all est im at ing except for t ake- off. Overhead cost s are reduced by
lower real est at e and office equipm ent expenses. While ideally st ruct ured for a
cert ain proj ect size and com plexit y, sm all organizat ions will usually be unable
t o quickly st aff larger, fast- t racked proj ect s or m eet t he t echnical needs of
com plex pr oj ect s. I t should be not ed, however, t hat m any larger organizat ions
current ly m aint ain a specialized sm all proj ect s group, w it h t he benefit s of
econom y and flexibilit y.
Medium - sized, nat ional engineer ing com panies are generally very close t o t he
large organizat ions in t erm s of adj ust m ent s t o engineering cost est im at ion,
except in t he areas of overhead cost s for m aint aining under- ut ilized office
space and key st aff, and product ivit y advant ages derived from low st aff t urn-
over and cent ralized engineering offices. Product ivit ies m ay furt her im prove if
t he com pany t ends t o specialize in cert ain kinds of work. Salaries will be t he
sam e or slight ly less t han paid by t he largest com panies.
Large organizat ions ar e accust om ed t o m aint aining excess capacit y in t er m s of
offices and st aff in order t o be responsive t o t he client ’s needs on large
proj ect s, and t his nat urally carries a price reflect ed in overhead cost s.
Product ivit y will generally be dependent upon proj ect size, t im e const raint s
and proj ect definit ion. The largest proj ect s also oft en cause unusually high
proj ect m anagem ent and procurem ent cost s due t o com plex cont ract ing
procedures and exact ing approval cycles. Not e t hat t he syst em does not
current ly allow for worldw ide procurem ent of equipm ent or m at erials, nor for
overseas expedit ing and ocean fr eight .
Evaluat ion of t hese effect s for each proj ect is a m at t er of est im at ing
j udgem ent . Different engineering organizat ions can be charact erized, phase-
by- phase, as illust rat ed in t he following t able. The use of engineering
adj ust m ent s is st rongly recom m ended, since few ot her elem ent s of a proj ect
com prise as large a proport ion of t he t ot al pr oj ect cost s as does engineering.
The following t able dem onst rat es how t he appropriat e adj ust m ent s for
different sizes of engineering organizat ions m ay be repr esent ed t o t he syst em .
Adj ust m e n t t o:
Size of Or ga niza t ion Pha se D isciplin e Adj u st m e n t I t e m Adj u st m e nt
Ra nge
* * Ope r a t ion Cost s * *
Sm all All na % rat es 85- 95
( on local proj ect s) na % indirect s 55- 65
na % expenses 0 ( incl.)
Medium All na % rat es 90- 100
( on nat ional proj ect s) na % indirect s 65- 75
Basic na % expenses 6- 8
Det ail na % expenses 6- 8
Large ( for worldwide Procurem ent na % expenses 50- 100
procurem ent )
Adj ust m e nt t o:
Size of Or ga niza t ion Pha se D iscipline Adj ust m e nt I t e m Adj u st m e nt
Ra nge
* * M a n H our s* *
Sm all Basic All % m anhours 85- 90
( on local proj ect s) 01 % m anhours 95- 100
14 % m anhours 0
15 % m anhours 50
Det ail All % m anhours 80- 85
01 % m anhours 95- 105
14 % m anhours 0
15 % m anhours 50
Procurem ent 01 % m anhours 90- 95
Hom e Office All % m anhours 50- 70
03 % m anhours 0
04 % m anhours 0
07 % m anhours 0
Field Office All % m anhours 60- 80
13 % m anhours 0
15 % m anhours 0
16 % m anhours 0
Medium ( on nat ional Basic All % m anhours 90- 100
proj ect s) Det ail All % m anhours 85- 95
Procurem ent 01 % m anhours 95- 100
Hom e Office All % m anhours 85095
Field Office All % m anhours 85- 100
Large ( for worldwide Procurem ent All % m anhours 150- 200
procurem ent )
Ge n e r a l I n st r u ct ion s: SPAN * Use r s On ly

Since only four act ivit y groups have been reserved for each account in t he
SPAN* net work, no m ore t han four user- specified drawing t ypes should be
added t o any one m aj or account ( piping, civil, et c.) . User draw ings in excess of
four per account will not be passed from t he est im at e int o t he net work.
* SPAN is a Propriet ar y Mar k of I carus Corporat ion.
Con st r u ct ion Ove r h e a d - Pr im e
Con t r a ct or Ba sis
The inform at ion in t his sect ion applies only t o est im at es prepared on a prim e
cont ract or report ing basis. I f t he proj ect est im at e require cont ract s based on
report ing, t he procedures of t his sect ion are bypassed.
Const ruct ion overhead includes field m anpower fringe benefit s, associat ed
burdens, sm all t ools, t em porary facilit ies, field services, const ruct ion
equipm ent rent al and m iscellaneous overhead expenses. The const r uct ion
overhead dat a can be used t o adj ust any of t he values wit hin t he const ruct ion
overhead account s. The user m ay adj ust each account by specifying t he cost in
t he user- defined currency unit s or as a percent age of t he direct field
m anpow er cost . Not e t hat t he user- defined cost s are presum ed t o be
referenced t o a t im e fram e denot ed by t he User Base Const ruct ion I ndex.
Cost s are subj ect t o escalat ion.
The following t able includes a descript ion of t he overhead account s.
D e scr ipt ion of OVe r he a d Accou nt s
Pr oj e ct Cost s
En gin e e r in g General and Adm inist rat ive overhead cost s for engineering ( basic,
det ail, procurem ent , engineering m anagem ent , hom e office
const ruct ion services and const ruct ion m anagem ent ) perform ed
under t his cont ract , as a percent or lum p sum of engineering
discipline cost s, payroll burdens and ot her indirect s and
expenses. The fee for engineering perform ed under t his cont ract ,
as a percent age of engineering and G&A cost s.
Const r uct ion General and Adm inist rat ive overhead cost s for const ruct ion
perform ed under t his cont act , as a Overhead & Feespercent age or
lum p sum of const ruct ion cost s ( direct field m anpower,
const ruct ion equipm ent rent al, field supervision and ot her
indirect s) . The fee for const ruct ion perform ed under t his
cont ract , as a percent age or lum p sum of const ruct ion and
G&A cost s.
Cont inge ncy The cont ingency for m at erials purchased under t his cont ract , as a
percent age of cost of m at erials, G&A and fee.
I n dir e ct s:
Fr in ge Be n e fit s Prim e cont ract or ’s cont ribut ion t o vacat ions, holidays, sick leave,
ret irem ent , healt h insurance, et c.
Bu r de n s Prim e cont ract or ’s m andat ory cont ribut ions for Federal Social
Securit y ( FI CA) , Federal Unem ploym ent I nsurance ( FUI ) ,
US Coun t r y Ba se Workm en’s Com pensat ion and St at e Unem ploym ent
I nsurance ( SUI ) .
UK Cou nt r y Ba se Prim e cont ract or ’s m andat ory cont ribut ions for
Nat ional I nsurance.
Consu m a ble s/ I ncludes sm all t ools and consum able m at erials.
Sm a ll Tools
M isce lla n e ou s I ncludes j ob cleanup cost s, wat chm en, const ruct ion equipm ent
( I nsur a nce , servicing and handling, public liabilit y, public dam age, aut om obile
Sa fe t y, e t c.) and all- risk insurance, warehousing and nonproduct ive
field m anpower.
D e scr ipt ion of OVe r he a d Accou nt s
Sca ffoldin g I ncludes all scaffolding, except as required for assem bly and/ or
field erect ion by vendor.
Ve n dor I ncludes t ravel and subsist ence as well as average rat es for
vendor field represent at ives.
Re pr e se nt a t ive s
Fie ld Se r vice s I ncludes m edical, first aid, t ransport at ion, weld t est s and
welding supplies.
Const r uct ion Const ruct ion rent al equipm ent cost s.
Re nt a l
Equipm e nt
Te m por a r y Cost of t em porary sanit ary and shelt er facilit ies, roadways,
Const r uct ion a n d rigging, ut ilit ies and fencing.
Ut ilit ie s
M obiliz a t ion / Cost of const ruct ion equipm ent handling and t ransport t o and
D e m obiliza t ion from j obsit e.
Ca t e r in g/ I ncludes all cat ering and accom m odat ions for all field personnel
Accom m oda t ions at sit e.
Tr a ve l I ncludes all t ravel and subsist ence when required.
Con t r a ct s: D e scr ipt ion / Scope

The cont ract s feat ure provides t he user wit h t he m eans of:
• Describing t he desired owner- cont ract or relat ionships and scopes of effort
t o prevail during t he course of t he proposed pr oj ect .
• Obt aining det ailed est im at es of t he cost- t o- const ruct for t he proj ect , t he
owner and each cont ract or in t urn, wit h each est im at e r eflect ing t he t iered
nat ure of cont ract s, scope of effort , and individual cont ract ors’ cost s of
“ doing business”.
I n t his sect ion, t he t erm “ owner ” is used t o ident ify t he “ one” or “ Num ber 01”
cont ract at t he t op of t he t ier of cont ract s. The “ owner ”, whet her operat ing
com pany or cont ract or, is t he focal point for paym ent of all cont ract cost s
relat ive t o t he pr oj ect . An operat ing com pany preparing an est im at e of t he
cost- t o- const ruct m ight designat e it self as t he owner for purposes of
evaluat ing bid package proposals and t he t ot al cost of t he proj ect . Or, a
cont ract or m ight designat e it self t he owner when preparing a client bid.
Organizat ions providing services direct ly t o anot her organizat ion are t erm ed
cont ract ors, or, if indirect ly t hrough anot her cont ract or, are t erm ed
subcont ract ors.
Prime Contractor Basis: Default Condition

(Contracts Not Defined)
I n t he absence of cont ract descript ions t he syst em will revert t o it s st andard
report ing m et hod. That is, all cost s and cost st ruct ures will be on a Prim e
Cont ract or basis. Engineering, m at erials, and const ruct ion will be charged t o
t he Prim e Cont ract or and repor t ed in a single sum m ary r eport .
Wit hin t he Prim e Cont ract or basis of report ing, subcont ract ing is lim it ed t o
individual bulk account s for designat ed Unit Areas and sit e developm ent , all
under nonadj ust able cost st ruct ures. The cont ract s feat ure of t his sect ion
relieves t hese const raint s.
Con t r a ct D e fin it ion - D e scr ipt ion a n d Scope

Two set s of cont ract inform at ion m ust be assem bled. The Cont ract Descript ion
Dat a and t he Cont ract Scope Dat a provide t he m eans of assem bling
t his inform at ion.
Con t r a ct D e scr ipt ion

The cont ract descript ion m ust be provided for each cont ract and is assem bled
in t he Cont ract Descript ion Dat a. The cont ract descript ion includes:
• Charact erist ic nam e or t it le, for report ing purposes
• Reference num ber of cont ract , t o ident ify t he cont ract and chain of
responsibilit y
• To whom responsible, via cont ract reference num ber
• Cont ract overheads t o be applied ( G&A, fee, cont ingency) for -
- engineering
- m at erials
- const ruct ion
• Charge for handling subcont ract s
• Field indirect s, in lieu of t he I ndirect Dat a, see Const ruct ion Over head -
Prim e Cont ract or Basis Dat a Equipm ent rent al
• Definit ion of t he engineering workfor ce ( EWF) t o be used for each
engineering cont ract . Adj ust m ent s t o wages, m anhours and over heads for
t he desired EWF are m ade using Engineering Dat a.
• Definit ion of t he const ruct ion workforce ( CWF) t o be used for each
cont ract . Adj ust m ent s t o wages, product ivit y and craft s for t he desired
CWF ar e m ade in t he Workforce Dat a.
The second set of cont ract inform at ion is ent ered in t he Cont ract Scope Dat a.
Cont ract Scope Dat a describes t he scope of each cont ract for:
• has of engineering, which m ay be allocat ed t o areas ( Unit Areas) :
- basic engineering
- det ail engineering and pr ocurem ent
- engineering m anagem ent ( opt ional)
- const ruct ion m anagem ent ( opt ional)
- st art up.
• Mat erials and/ or const ruct ion ( inst allat ion) wit hin defined areas ( Unit
Areas) and covering or excluding it em s or t asks in t he following cat egories
as defined by t he code of account s:
- equipm ent
- piping
- civil
- st eel
- inst rum ent at ion
- elect rical
- insulat ion
- paint .
Contracts - Concepts
By t he very nat ure of cont ract s and t his cont ract s feat ure, cost s of
engineering, m at erials, and const ruct ion are assigned t o t hat cont act bearing
t he scope responsibilit y. Cont ract Scope Dat a form s a cont ract set ( CONSET)
and is used t o assign scope responsibilit ies. The funct ion of t he CONSET is t o
define a fram ework of cont ract responsibilit ies for engineering, m at erials, and
const ruct ion. This fram ework m ay be det ailed down t o t he phase level for
engineering, and t o t he code of account ( COA) level for m at erials and
const ruct ion. The CONSET num ber w hich ident ifies t his fram ework m ay t hen
be indicat ed in t he following proj ect areas t o designat e responsibilit y:
• Unit areas
• Power Dist ribut ion it em s
• Process Cont rol Cent ers or Operat or Cent ers
• Sit e Developm ent it em s ( proj ect- level only) .
Mult iple CONSETS would be required only where different fram eworks of
responsibilit y exist ; for inst ance, varying by area or groups of areas.
The responsibilit ies of a cont ract for m at erials purchasing and const ruct ion are
defined first for each m aj or account , t hat is, equipm ent , piping, et c., t hen by
COA except ion. Mat erials cont ract responsibilit ies are for paym ent for
m at erials, but not procurem ent . The responsible purchasing cont ract or is
defined for each m aj or account . Const r uct ion cont ract responsibilit ies include
field m anpower, equipm ent rent al, field supervision, and hom e office
const ruct ion services. The responsible const ruct ion cont ract or is ident ified for
each m aj or account .
Cont ract except ions are defined for m at erials and const ruct ion by ident ifying
t he cont ract ( cont ract num ber) responsibilit y by t he code of account ( COA) .
Owner- cont ract- subcont ract responsibilit ies are ident ified by t he syst em based
upon t he user ’s assignm ent of cont ract num bers. The owner is always
assigned cont ract reference num ber “ 01”. Cont ract ors direct ly responsible t o
t he owner would be assigned cont ract num bers such as “ 02”, “ 03”, et c. To
ident ify t he chain of responsibilit y, a “ cont ract ed- by” reference num ber is
required. Thus “ 02” is responsible t o “ 01”. Should a subcont ract or t o “ 02” be
desired and ident ified as cont ract or num ber “ 13”, t he chain would be: “ 13” is
responsible t o “ 02”. These reference num ber s are assigned as part of t he
cont ract descript ion.
Contracts - Cost Elements
Table CDS- 1 illust rat es t he pr incipal cost elem ent s of a cont ract ; each will be
discussed in t urn relat ive t o t he m anner of evaluat ion and adj ust m ent .
Ta ble CD S- 1 : Cost Com pone n t s of Cont r a ct Ele m e nt s
Cla ss Ex pe ndit ur e s
Const r uct ion
D a t a Type D e sign En g’g @ M a t e r ia ls M a npow e r I ndir e ct s All
Pr ocur e m e nt Subcont r a ct s
Engineering Basic, Det ail, na na St art- up na
Procurem ent
Mgt , Const ruct ion
Mgt .
G@A, Fee, G@A, Fee,

Cont ingency Cont ingency
Purchasing na Equipm ent na Freight , na
and bulks Taxes
G@A, Fee, G@A, Fee, ( 1)

Cont ingency Cont ingency
I nst allat ion Hom e Office na Manpower Field na
Const ruct ion t o I nst all I ndirect s,
Services Field
Supervision
G@A, Fee, G@A, Fee, G@A, Fee, ( 1)

Cont ingency Cont ingency Cont ingency
na = not applicable
( 1) = Subcont ract cost s are allocat ed t o each cont ract or based on t he cont ract
hierarchy est ablished.
Overheads, fee, and cont ingency are added t o t he direct cost s t o develop t he
cont ract t ot al for each cat egory.
Cont ract cost s are t hen charged t o t he responsible cont ract higher in t he chain
as a subcont ract wit h at t endant handling charge.
Con t r a ct Engin e e r in g a n d Pr ocu r e m e n t
Each phase of cont ract engineering:
• Basic
• Det ail ( wit h procurem ent )
• Engineering m anagem ent
• Const ruct ion Managem ent
• St art- up
is considered assignable t o an individual cont ract . Work effort s w it hin a phase
m ay be split am ong several cont ract s. A cont ract m ay cover one or m ore
phases for t he ent ire proj ect . Cont ract s m ust be assigned for basic, det ail, and
st art- up. I f const r uct ion m anagem ent is not assigned, const ruct ion
m anagem ent will not be included in t he est im at e. I f engineering m anagem ent
is not assigned and t he required m anhours and cost have not been specified
by t he user, engineering m anagem ent will not be included in t he est im at e.
Not e t hat t he procurem ent effort for m at erials and equipm ent is not assigned
by t he user, but follows t he det ail engineering assignm ent aut om at ically. The
procurem ent effort for subcont ract s is aut om at ically assigned t o t he
responsible cont ract .
Sim ilarly, hom e office const ruct ion services and field office supervision are not
assigned by t he user, but follow t he const r uct ion assignm ent . However, t hese
cost s are adj ust able by t he user via Engineering Dat a.
Discipline m anhours are evaluat ed by t he syst em using engineering m odels
for equipm ent , unit bulk it em s, area and proj ect bulks, and sit e developm ent
for t he above cat egories in t he sam e m anner as for Prim e Cont ract or report ing
( const ruct ion m anagem ent excluded) . For cont ract engineering, t he syst em
uses t he Engineering Dat a t o define t he engineering w orkforce ( EWF) . An
engineering cont ract is cross- referenced t o an EWF, and discipline and phase
adj ust m ent s are m ade in t he Engineering Dat a.
Engineering discipline cost s ( product of m anhours x wage rat e for each
discipline) are com bined w it h user- specified or syst em default values for
payroll burdens, office indirect s, and m iscellaneous expenses. The cont ract
t ot al is evaluat ed upon considering G&A, fee, and cont ingency as described
lat er in t his sect ion as Cont ract Overheads.
M a t e r ia ls
A m at erials cont ract consist s of paym ent for m at erials, subcont ract s, freight ,
and t axes. General and adm inist rat ive cost s ( G&A) , fee and cont ingency
specific t o each cont ract are com bined wit h t hese m at erial cost s t o form t he
cont ract t ot al.
The syst em generat es m at erial t ypes, quant it ies, and cost s based upon
Equipm ent Models and Volum et ric Models. Mat erial cost s are est ablished by
t he syst em t hrough t he appropriat e count ry base of cost s, adj ust ed for
escalat ion and indexing and any ot her m at erial adj ust m ent s, and convert ed t o
t he user ’s count ry base.
Each cont ract assigned t he responsibilit y for m at erials is charged wit h
paym ent for t hose m at erials.
The t ot al m at erial cost is report ed in t he cont ract sum m ary as t he cost of
m at erials, including fr eight and t axes, for const ruct ion. Det ail report s ident ify
t he cont ract responsibilit y for m at erials.
Con st r u ct ion Con t r a ct s

A const ruct ion cont ract consist s of t he following classes of expendit ure:
• Const ruct ion:
- direct field m anpower
- field supervision
- G&A, fee, cont ingency.
• Const ruct ion Super vision:
- hom e office const ruct ion services
- field supervision
- G&A, fee, cont ingency.
Each of t hese classes is described in det ail below. G&A, fee and cont ingency
are covered below under Cont ract Overheads.
Con st r u ct ion - D ir e ct Fie ld M a n pow e r

The syst em develops crew m ix, m anhours and const r uct ion equipm ent
requirem ent s fr om Work I t em Models for equipm ent , unit and area bulks, and
sit e developm ent . These values and user- ent ered m anhours are com bined
wit h t he appropriat e craft wage rat es t o obt ain m anpower cost s.
Construction - Field-erected Vessels

A special cont ract s feat ure m ay be used t o change t he way t he syst em report s
m anpow er for field- erect ed st orage vessels.
The syst em will norm ally include t he cost of field- erect ion ( m at erials and
m anpow er) as part of t he purchased equipm ent cost of a field- erect ed st orage
t ank. The user m ay t hen only adj ust t he overall equipm ent cost , but will not
have t he opport unit y t o adj ust m anpower ( such as wages, product ivit y,
burdens) . I n fact , t he m anpower would be considered t o be t he equipm ent
vendor ’s m anpower and not subj ect t o adj ust m ent s pert inent t o t he m at erials
cont ract or.
However, if t he user includes an inst allat ion assignm ent t o designat e a specific
cont ract for code of account 121 ( or t he equivalent new COA, t he syst em will
t hen consider all field- erect ed st orage vessels ( wit hin t he area specified) , as
being inst alled by direct m anpower and consequent ly t he part icular designat ed
cont ract adj ust m ent s for m anpower will be observed. Not e t hat t his m ust be
done specifically for t he indicat ed COA only, not as part of a range.
I n t he absence of an inst allat ion assignm ent designat ing a cont ract for t his
specific code of account , t he cost s for field- erect ion vessels would be charged
as a m at erial cost t o t he cont ract responsible for equipm ent purchase.
Con st r u ct ion - Fie ld I n dir e ct s
An equipm ent rent al est im at e is developed for each const ruct ion cont ract
based upon rent al it em s developed from Work I t em Models. I n det erm ining
equipm ent rent al rat es and rent al durat ions, t he syst em uses a cont ract
durat ion based upon t he user ’s defined schedule or a syst em - developed
schedule. The value for cont ract equipm ent rent al is adj ust able in t erm s of
rent al rat es. Should t he user wish t o ent er a lum p sum cost or t ake equipm ent
rent al as a fract ion of m anpower cost s, t he user- specified value will prevail
over t he syst em - calculat ed figures.
Ot her field indirect cost s such as fr inge benefit s, burdens, t ravel, consum able,
scaffolding, field services, t em porary const ruct ion and ut ilit ies, and
m iscellaneous it em s m ay be specified relat ive t o direct field m anpower.
Cost s of vendor represent at ives, m obilizat ion/ dem obilizat ion, cat ering and
accom m odat ion, and any special it em s m ay be specified as lum p sum cost s.
Should a single value for field indirect cost s be ent ered, t his value will prevail
for field indirect s over any ot her user- specified or syst em - developed field
indirect cat egory value.
Const r u ct ion - Fie ld Su pe r vision

Field supervision is est im at ed for each const r uct ion cont ract based upon t he
direct field m anpower requirem ent s and cont ract durat ion in t he sam e m anner
as for Prim e Cont ract or repor t ing. Payroll burdens, indirect s, and
m iscellaneous expenses ar e evaluat ed and added t o t he supervision cost , t hus
arriving at t he t ot al cost for field supervision - classed as a const ruct ion field
indirect cost .
Construction - Home Office Construction Services

Hom e office const ruct ion services cost is est im at ed in t he sam e m anner as
field supervision. Man- hour requirem ent s ( t ied t o cont ract durat ion and field
requirem ent s) are com bined wit h appropriat e discipline rat es t o develop direct
discipline cost s. The payroll burdens, indirect s, and m iscellaneous expenses
are added t o develop t he t ot al cost . Associat ed cost s for G&A, fee, and
cont ingency are applied as described below.
Contract Overheads
The overheads:
• General and adm inist rat ive cost s ( G&A)
• Fee
• Cont ingency
are part of t he user ’s cont ract descript ion or are evaluat ed t hrough syst em
default procedures. These overheads are applied and report ed against cost s in
t he following cat egor ies:
• Design ( engineering and procurem ent , including hom e office const ruct ion
services)
• Mat erials
• Const ruct ion.
General and adm inist rat ive cost s are evaluat ed as a percent age of direct and
indirect cost s.
Cont ract fee percent ages are calculat ed by t he syst em as a funct ion of t he
t ot al cost of t he scope of effort : direct s, indirect s, and G&A. Figure CDS- 1 and
t he exam ple below illust rat e t he m et hod used by t he syst em t o develop a fee.
The fee is det erm ined by t he phase ( engineer ing, m at erials, const ruct ion) and
ext ent ( t ot al cost ) of each phase. The t ot al cost of direct s, indirect s, and G&A
is reduced by t he Escalat ion I ndex t o a graph base. The fee percent age
obt ained from Figure CDS- 1 using t his reduced cost is applied t o t he phase
t ot al cost .
For exam ple, suppose ( 1) a US count ry base is chosen and all cost s are in US
Dollars, ( 2) t he Syst em Base I ndex for all cost s is set and t abulat ed ( see
I ndexing/ Escalat ion Dat a) at “ 1200,” ( 3) t he user has indicat ed a requirem ent
for 21% escalat ion from t he base by ent ering 1.21 x 1200 = 1452, and ( 4) t he
syst em has arrived at an escalat ed t ot al cost for const ruct ion direct s, indirect s,
and G&A of $290,400. The syst em would develop a reduced t ot al cost of
$290,400/ ( 1452) = 200. Applying t his value t o Figure CDS- 1, t he curve for
const ruct ion would be used t o obt ain t he fee percent age ( 11.1% for
const ruct ion) applied t o t he $290,400 figure. The user of anot her count ry base
locat ion and currency would use t he appropriat e count ry base scale and
currency conversion t o use Figure CDS- 1; t he syst em would perform t hese
conversions aut om at ically.
Cont ingency m ay be adj ust ed by t he user on a cont ract basis or on a proj ect
basis.
A fee for handling ot her cont ract s is det erm ined by t he percent age of t he value
of cont ract s handled.
The above individual fee cat egories are disregarded should t he user ent er a
single lum p sum fee for t he cont ract .
Con t r a ct s - I m pa ct Upon Ot h e r Use r I n pu t
The use of t he cont ract s feat ure has a significant im pact on ot her user input .
The int errelat ionships bet ween cont ract definit ions and ot her syst em dat a are
described in each sect ion of t his docum ent so affect ed.
Figure CDS- 1: Syst em Calculat ed Fee Percent age t o be Applied t o Tot al Cost of
Direct s, I ndirect s, and Overheads for Engineering ( Curve E) , Mat erials ( Curve
M) , and Const r uct ion ( Curve C) .
N ot e : Use t he appropriat e count ry base locat ion scale and Escalat ion I ndex
and should apply t he appropriat e currency conversion t o ent er t his chart . The
syst em will perform t his calculat ion in norm al fashion.
3 7 Re se r ve d ( G7 )
Reserved for fut ure use
3 7 Re se r ve d ( G7 ) 37-1
37-2 3 7 Re se r ve d ( G7 )
3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 )
AACE
Am erican Associat ion of Cost Engineers.
ABC
Tracking cost s on an act ivit y- by- act ivit y basis. Tracking cost s t his way
provides t he abilit y t o ident ify t asks which are on t rack and are beginning t o
run
over budget .
Acce le r a t e d de pr e cia t ion

Depreciat ion m et hods t hat allow t he com pany t o depreciat e and writ e- off t he
cost of asset s at a rat e fast er t han t he writ e- off under t he st raight line
m et hod.
Accou n t
A m aj or account series, e.g., piping 300- 399.
Acid- t e st r a t io
See Quick rat io.
Act ion bu t t on
An act ion t hat m ay be perform ed represent ed by a but t on on a m enu.
Act ivit y
An individual t ask needed for t he com plet ion of a proj ect . I t is t he sm allest
discret e block of t im e and t he resources are t ypically handled by proj ect
m anagem ent soft ware. I t is a single t ask which needs t o be done in a proj ect .
Mult iple act ivit ies are relat ed t o each ot her by ident ifying t heir im m ediat e
predecessors. Solit ary act ivit ies, which have no predecessors or successors,
are allowed.
3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 ) 38-1
Act ivit y du r a t ion
Specifies t he lengt h of t im e ( hours, days, weeks, m ont hs) t hat it t akes t o
com plet e an act ivit y. This inform at ion is opt ional in t he dat a ent ry of an
act ivit y. Work flow ( predecessor relat ionships) can be defined before durat ions
are assigned. Act ivit ies wit h zero durat ions are considered m ilest ones
or ham m ocks.
Act u a l da t e s
Act ual dat es are ent ered as t he proj ect progresses. These are t he dat es t hat
act ivit ies r eally st art ed and finished as opposed t o planned or est im at ed dat es.
Adde n du m
A change or graphic inst rum ent issued before t he dat e bids are opened. An
addendum m ay int erpret and/ or m odify t he bidding docum ent s by m aking
addit ions, delet ions, clarificat ions or correct ions.
AFC
Approved for const ruct ion.
AFD
Approved for design.
AFE
Aut horized for expendit ures.
Alloca t e
To book t he cost s under one COA t o anot her COA.
Allow a n ce s
Addit ional resources included in est im at es t o cover t he cost of known but
undefined requirem ent s for any individual act ivit y, work it em or account .
Alt e r na t e
A request from t he owner for t he cost of adding or delet ing an it em or work
elem ent from t he basic bid. The cost of adding an it em is usually known as
addit ive alt ernat e, while t he cost of delet ing an it em is known as
deduct ive alt ernat e.
Am or t iza t ion
See Loan am or t izat ion and Full loan am ort izat ion.
38-2 3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 )
AN SI
Am erican Nat ional St andards I nst it ut e.
API
Am erican Pet roleum I nst it ut e.
Apply
For Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or, includes t he ent ered inform at ion in t he
proj ect specificat ions.
Apply & Close

For Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or, includes t he ent ered inform at ion in t he
proj ect specificat ions and closes t he ent ry window.
ASM E
Am erican Societ y of Mechanical Engineers.
Aspe n Ca pit a l Cost Est im a t or

I CARUS’ st at e- of- t he- art , int egrat ed, ready- t o- use, com put er aided design,
est im at ing, and scheduling syst em for evaluat ing m aj or pr ocess plant s and
m ills worldwide. Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or is available on bot h a UNI X
workst at ion and a PC running Microsoft Windows NT.
Asse t st r u ct u r e
The part icular m ix of possessions a corporat ion holds. These are divided int o
t hose t o be held for a short t im e ( current asset s) and t hose t o be held for a
long t im e ( fixed asset s) . I n a dynam ic corporat ion t his m ix is cont inuously
changing. I t is t he j ob of t he financial m anager t o keep t his m ix at t he m ost
desirable com binat ion.
Ave r a ge colle ct ion pe r iod

An efficiency rat io. A m easure of how long it t akes t he com pany on t he
average t o collect on a credit sale = receivables X 360/ net sales. I t should be
approxim at ely t he sam e lengt h as t he cr edit t erm s of t he com pany.
Ave r a ge r a t e of r e t u r n ( ARR)
A non- discount ed capit al budget ing t echnique. This is t he rat io of average net
incom e t o average invest m ent .
3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 ) 38-3
B
Ba la n ce sh e e t
A record of t he com pany’s asset s, liabilit ies and equit y as of a cert ain dat e.
Ba lloon
Sym bol for field inst rum ent in a P&I D.
Ba lloon pa ym e n t
A very large paym ent due at t he m at urit y of a loan arrangem ent , which has
not fully am ort ized t he loan.
Ba se lin e sch e du le
A fixed proj ect schedule. I t is t he st andard by which proj ect perform ance is
m easured. The curr ent schedule is copied int o t he baseline schedule which
rem ains frozen unt il it is reset . Reset t ing t he baseline is done when t he scope
of t he proj ect has been changed significant ly. At t hat point , t he original or
current baseline becom es invalid and should not be com pared wit h t he
current schedule.
Ba sic e n gine e r in g
Engineering required t o bring t he Phase I design t o t he AFD level. Basic
engineering is t he init ial st age of proj ect s where process flow diagram s ( Puffs)
are creat ed t o arrange pr ocess operat ions, funct ionalit y and t he necessary
equipm ent list . This is accom plished by t aking t he result s of t he process
analysis ( from a sim ulat or) of a general design t o define process condit ions,
requirem ent s, funct ionalit y and equipm ent for t he specified process. The basic
process design is t hen creat ed. At t his st age, design condit ions are defined
based on process condit ions and operat ions and m odels of act ual equipm ent
are m apped out .
Be ne fit - cost r a t io ( BCR)

A discount ed cash flow capit al budget ing t echnique; also called t he profit abilit y
index. This is t he rat io of t he present value of t he fut ure cash inflows of a
proj ect t o t he init ial invest m ent .
Bid docu m e nt s
The advert isem ent for bids, inst ruct ions t o bidders, inform at ion available t o
bidders, bid form wit h all at t achm ent s and proposed cont ract docum ent s
( including all addenda issued before t he receipt of bids) .
Bond
A corporat e prom issory not e issued t o an invest or.
38-4 3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 )
Bon d cove n a n t s
The t erm s and provisions of a debt issue cont ained in t he indent ure. These
include t he int erest rat e, m at urit y dat e, call price, prot ect ions and
ot her specifics.
Bond inde nt ur e
The cont ract in a debt issue t hat out lines all t he covenant s.
Bon d r e fu n din g
The procedure of recalling an exist ing bond issue and replacing it wit h anot her.
This is usually done t o t ake advant age of changes in m arket int erest rat es.
Book va lu e
For a com pany, t he book value is t ot al net wort h.
Book va lue pe r sha r e

The t ot al net wort h divided by t he num ber of shares out st anding.
Br e a k - e ve n a n a lysis
A planning procedure t hat analyzes t he relat ionships bet w een cost s, revenues
and volum e and uses t hese relat ionships t o pr oj ect profit s at various levels
of sales.
Br e a k - e ve n budge t
The am ount of t he budget at which t he com pany has exhaust ed all int ernally
generat ed equit y and m ust begin t o use ext ernally generat ed equit y.
Br e a k - e ve n poin t
That point in t he level of product ion or sales at which t ot al revenues equal
t ot al cost s.
BS5 5 0 0
Brit ish St andards.
Cle a r
Erases ent ries current ly select ed or displayed in act ive window.
Click
To press and release t he left m ouse but t on.
3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 ) 38-5
Close
For Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or, m akes no changes t o t he proj ect
specificat ions — sim ply closes t he ent r y window.
Close d- e n d m or t ga ge bon d
A m ort gage bond issue t hat prevent s t he com pany fr om issuing addit ional
senior debt by pledging t he sam e asset s.
CM
Const ruct ion m anager/ m anagem ent .
COD
A credit t erm t hat m eans “ Cash on Delivery” and specifies t hat goods m ust be
paid for in full upon delivery.
Code of a ccount ( COA)

A specific cost code ( e.g., 315 CS VALVES: FLANGED.)
Coin cide n t in dica t or

An econom ic indicat or t hat changes concurrent ly wit h changes in t he
general econom y.
Colla t e r a l
An asset used as securit y t o guarant ee paym ent of t he pr incipal and int erest
on a loan.
Colle ct ion cost s

Clerical and adm inist rat ive cost s involved wit h grant ing credit and m anaging
account s receivable.
Com m e r cia l pa pe r
Short - t erm prom issory not es issued only by very financially secure
corporat ions. I t is generally safe and very liquid. I t has very short m at urit ies
and very high denom inat ions. I t has yields higher t han t reasury bills. I t usually
can be eit her placed direct ly or t hrough com m ercial paper dealers.
Com m on e qu it y
That port ion of t he balance sheet account s com posed of com m on st ock, capit al
in excess of par and ret ained earnings. Also called net wort h and
st ockholders’ equit y.
38-6 3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 )
Com pa r a t ive a n a lysis
An analysis of t he overall perform ance of a com pany t hat com par es t he rat ios
of a given com pany wit h rat ios of ot her com panies in t he sam e indust ry.
Com pe n sa t in g ba la n ce
A credit arrangem ent rest rict ion t hat requires a borrower t o keep a specified
percent age of t he out st anding balance of a cert ain loan in a checking account
wit h t he bank.
Com pon e n t s
The pieces of t he process plant ( or m ill) t hat when linked t oget her com plet e a
process. I CARUS com ponent s are cat egorized int o process equipm ent , plant
bulks, sit e developm ent , buildings, quot ed equipm ent , unit cost libraries and
equipm ent m odel libraries.
Com posit ion

A volunt ary financial agreem ent whereby credit ors accept part ial paym ent on
debt s owed t hem as full paym ent .
Con glom e r a t e m e r ge r
A m erger bet w een t wo com panies whose businesses are not direct ly relat ed.
Const r uct ion ove r he a d a nd fe e s

See Over head
Con su m a ble
The cost of sm all t ools, fixings, consum able m at erial ot her t han
welding supplies.
Con su m e r su r ve y m e t h od for for e ca st ing

A survey m et hod of sales forecast ing in which consum ers are asked t o reveal
t heir purchasing int ent ions.
Cont inge ncy

An am ount added t o t he est im at e t o allow for changes t hat will likely be
required. This m ay be derived eit her t hrough st at ist ical analysis of past - proj ect
cost s or by applying experience gained on sim ilar proj ect s. Cont ingency
usually does not include changes in scope or unforeseeable m aj or event s such
as st rikes or nat ural disast ers.
Con t r a ct docu m e n t s
The cont ract form s, general and special condit ions, drawings, specificat ions
and addenda describing t he proj ect scope and cont ract t erm s.
3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 ) 38-7
Con t r ol
The process of com paring act ual perform ance wit h planned perform ance,
analyzing t he differences and t aking t he appropriat e correct ive act ion.
Con t r ol pr oce ss
A procedure t o det erm ine whet her or not act ual perform ance is in keeping w it h
planned or budget ed perform ance.
Con ve r sion pr e m iu m
The difference bet ween a convert ible bond’s issue price and it s conversion
value at issue t im e.
Con ve r t ible se cu r it y
A convert ible bond or preferred st ock t hat allows t he holder t o convert t he
securit y int o a specified num ber of shares of com m on during a specified
t im e period.
Copy & ch a n ge
For Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or, copies an exist ing com ponent ( w it h any
associat ed bulks) and displays t he copy for m odificat ions.
Cost
The am ount a cont ract it em is known or est im at ed t o cost t he cont ract or.
Cost in de x
A num ber t hat relat es t he cost of an it em at a specific t im e t o t he
corresponding cost at som e arbit rarily specified t im e in t he past . A cost index
is useful in t aking known past cost s for an it em and relat ing t hem t o
t he present .
Cost m ode ling

Taking basic process dat a ( such as capacit y of t anks, flow rat es of pum ps and
areas of heat exchange) and applying t hem t o indust ry st andard design
procedures and codes ( ASME, API , TEMA, NEMA, BS5500, JI S and DI N) . Cost
m odeling also includes developing a m echanical design and sim ulat ing t he
fabr icat ion and m anufact uring of equipm ent t o det erm ine a t ot al equipm ent
cost and m anhours for inst allat ion.
Cost of ca pit a l
Cost incurred by ut ilizing various form s of financing for capit al pr oj ect s. I t is
t he m inim um ret urn required fr om a proj ect in order for t hat proj ect t o be
accept able int o t he capit al budget .
38-8 3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 )
Cou pon r a t e
The published rat e of a bond. I t is equal t o t he annual int erest am ount divided
by t he face value = I / F.
Cove na nt s
See Bond covenant s.
Cr e a t e
For Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or, creat es a new proj ect for ent ering
specificat ions.
Cr e dit discount
A credit t erm t hat specifies t he percent age discount which m ay be t aken if t he
invoice is paid wit hin a specified num ber of days.
Cr e dit pe r iod
A credit t erm t hat specifies t he num ber of days a client can t ake t o pay an
invoice wit hout being considered delinquent .
Cr e dit pe r iod on ly
A credit t erm t hat specifies t hat no discount will be given, but t he bill is due
wit hin a specified t im e period.
Cr e dit policy
Policy for m anagem ent decisions on credit st andards, lim it s and specific t erm s.
Cr it ica l a ct ivit y
A crit ical act ivit y has zero or negat ive float . This act ivit y has no allowance for
work slippage. I t m ust be finished on t im e or t he ent ire pr oj ect will fall behind
schedule. ( Non- crit ical act ivit ies have float or slack t im e and are not in t he
crit ical pat h. Super- cr it ical act ivit ies have negat ive float .)
Cr it ica l pa t h
There m ay be several pat hs wit hin one proj ect . The crit ical pat h is t he pat h
( sequence) of act ivit ies which represent t he longest t ot al t im e required t o
com plet e t he pr oj ect . A delay in any act ivit y in t he crit ical pat h causes a delay
in t he com plet ion of t he proj ect . There m ay be m ore t han one cr it ical pat h
depending on durat ions and work flow logic.
CS
Carbon st eel, specifically A285C plat e, A106, pipe
< 2”, A 53 pipe > = 2”, A299 cast ings.
3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 ) 38-9
Cu r r e n t r a t io
A liquidit y rat io. The rat io of t ot al current asset s t o t ot al current liabilit y equals
CA/ CL. I t indicat es t he am ount of m oney in CA for each unit of CL and is a
m easure of liquidit y.
Cur r e n t yie ld
The ret urn a bond is present ly producing, which is equal t o t he annual int erest
rat e divided by it s current m arket value.
D a t a ba se
A collect ion of dat a t hat can be used t o produce addit ional inform at ion.
D e be n t u r e
A bond t hat is backed only by t he earning power of t he com pany and no
specific asset s. Debent ure holders are general credit ors of t he com pany.
D e cision e n gin e e r in g
An engineering of decisions. Decision engineering allows you t o develop a
series of process st rat egies based on inform at ion developed fr om I CARUS’
syst em s. The best st rat egy is t hen ident ified fr om t he ser ies of st rat egies.
Considering t he best st rat egy, a decision can t hen be m ade which t hen
becom es your t act ic on which t o act .
D e cision poin t
A point on a decision t r ee over which m anagem ent has cont rol.
D e cision t r e e
A graphic m et hod of risk analysis t hat shows t he m agnit ude of expect ed net
cash flows, t heir associat ed probabilit ies, and t he int errelat ionships bet ween
t he various out com es.
D e fe r r e d ca ll pr ovision
A rest rict ed call provision t hat does not perm it a bond t o be called before a
specified am ount of t im e passes aft er t he init ial issue.
D e fin it ive : - 5 t o + 1 5 pe r ce n t e st im a t e
( as defined by AACE)
This t ype of est im at e is developed from very defined engineering dat a
including plot plans and elevat ions, piping and inst rum ent at ion diagram s, one-
line elect rical diagram s, equipm ent dat a sheet s and quot at ions, st ruct ural
38-10 3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 )
sket ches, soil dat a and sket ches of m aj or foundat ions, building sket ches and a
com plet e set of specificat ions.
D e gr e e of fin a n cia l le ve r a ge
Quant ificat ion of financial leverage t hat m easures t he fract ional change in net
incom e due t o a fract ional change in operat ing incom e.
D e gr e e of ope r a t in g le ve r a ge
The fract ional change in earnings before int erest and t axes for each fract ional
change in sales.
D e le t e
For Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or, rem oves t he specified it em from t he proj ect .
D e lphi m e t hod for for e ca st ing

A qualit at ive sales forecast m et hod in which several expert s give t heir own
opinions, list en t o t he opinions of t he ot hers, give individual opinions again and
cont inue t hrough t his process unt il t hey reach a consensus. This consensus
t hen const it ut es t he sales forecast .
D e m a nd- dive r sit y fa ct or

The rat io of t he act ual power dem and of an elect rical syst em t o t he sum of t he
nam eplat e rat ings of each piece of equipm ent wit hin t hat elect rical syst em .
This rat io will always be less t han unit y for t hree reasons. First , m ot ors are
m anufact ured in st andard sizes so t he act ual power used will always be less
t han t he nam eplat e rat ing of t he m ot or. Second, elect rical equipm ent is
norm ally brought wit h som e excess capacit y; and t hird, not all equipm ent
operat es at t he sam e t im e.
D e m obiliza t ion
See Mobilizat ion/ Dem obilizat ion.
D e sign ba sis
A set of specificat ions defining t he count ry base, unit s of m easure and
currency used in a proj ect .
D e t a ile d e n gin e e r in g
Defining specific equipm ent needs, areas, capacit ies, plot plans, ut ilit y
syst em s and t racks based on process engineering specificat ions and designs
defined during t he Basic engineering phase. Pads and Oasis are creat ed during
t he det ailed engineering phase. I n addit ion, equipm ent is defined in relat ion t o
t he process flow during t his phase.
3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 ) 38-11
D H ( D ir e ct h ir e )
Pract ice by som e general cont ract ors of hiring craft sm en direct ly from t he local
labor pools rat her t han subcont ract ing t he work.
D ia log box
A w indow t hat eit her request s or provides inform at ion.
DI N
Dut ch- I ndust rie- Norm en.
D ir e ct cost s
Cost s t hat can be direct ly at t ribut ed t o a part icular it em of work or act ivit y.
D ir e ct fie ld cost ( D FC)

Perm anent equipm ent and m at erials and t he const ruct ion cont ract or ’s labor t o
inst all t hem .
D iscount pe r iod
A credit t erm t hat specifies t he num ber of days during w hich t he credit
discount can be t aken.
D iscount r a t e
The int erest rat e used t o discount a fut ure am ount of m oney back t o t he
present . I t is equal t o t he opport unit y cost rat e.
D ispla y
For Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or, shows t he select ed P&I D.
D ist r ibu t a ble

A cost it em t hat is spread over ot her cost it em s rat her t han m anaged as a
separat e account .
D ist r ibu t ion of a sse t s

Bot h t he paym ent of dividends by t he corporat ion t o it s st ockholders and t he
dist ribut ion of t he liquidat ion proceeds t o t he credit ors and t he st ockholders.
D ivide n d de cla r a t ion da t e

The dat e upon which t he board of direct ors m et and declared t he dividend.
D ivide n d pa ym e n t da t e
The dat e upon which t he dividend checks are m ailed t o t he st ockholders.
38-12 3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 )
D ivide n d pa you t r a t io
A m easure of t he percent age of earnings t hat are paid out in dividends. I t can
be calculat ed by dividing dividends per share by earnings per share or by
dividing t ot al dividends by net incom e.
D ivide n d policy
The est ablished course of act ion m anagem ent m aint ains in t erm s of t hat
port ion of ret ained earnings paid out in dividends.
D ivide n d yie ld
A m easure of t he dividend ret urn t o invest ors for t heir invest m ent in t he
com pany. I t is calculat ed by dividing dividends per share by t he price of a
share of com m on st ock.
D ivide nds
That port ion of ret ained earnings which is paid t o t he st ockholders.
D u r a t ion
Lengt h of t im e needed t o com plet e an act ivit y. The t im e lengt h can be
det erm ined by user input or resource usage. Act ivit ies wit h no durat ion are
called m ilest ones which act as m arkers. Est im at ing durat ions for fut ure
act ivit ies is difficult . I t is recom m ended t hat t he largest durat ion possible be
used t o account for possible delays.
E- P- C ( En gin e e r in g, pr ocu r e m e n t a n d con st r u ct ion)

Consolidat ion of t he responsibilit y for t hose act ivit ies under a single
cont ract ( or) .
• Engineering- Designing t he plant or facilit y, calculat ing all t he sizes,
dim ensions, quant it ies and how and when t he plant is t o be assem bled.
• Procurem ent- Purchasing m at erial quant it ies and set t ing cont ract s wit h
engineering firm s.
• Const ruct ion- Act ually building t he plant or facilit y based on engineering
specificat ions.
Ea r ly finish
The earliest calculat ed dat e on which an act ivit y can end. I t is based on t he
act ivit y’s Early st art which depends on t he finish of predecessor act ivit ies and
t he act ivit y’s durat ion.
3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 ) 38-13
Ea r ly st a r t
The earliest calculat ed dat e on which an act ivit y can begin. I t is dependent on
when all predecessor act ivit ies finish.
Ea r n e d su r plu s
Also called ret ained earnings — t he accum ulat ed annual earnings of
a corporat ion.
Ea r n in gs pe r sh a r e
The am ount of earnings available for each share of com m on st ock. I t is
calculat ed by dividing t he net incom e by t he num ber of com m on
shares out st anding.
Econ om ic for e ca st
Proj ect ion of t hose fact ors t hat indicat e t he general condit ion of t he
nat ional econom y.
Econ om ic in dica t or
The fact or wit hin t he nat ional econom y t hat can be used t o ident ify a par t icular
t r end in t he general econom y.
Econ om ic or de r qu a n t it y
The appropriat e num ber of unit s t hat should be ordered t o efficient ly balance
holding and reorder cost s.
Efficie n cy
The abilit y of a corporat ion t o m ost effect ively use it s asset s t o pr oduce sales
in a part icular sales period.
Efficie n cy r a t ios
Rat ios drawn wit h it em s concerning t he com pany’s asset base and sales. They
are useful in evaluat ing t he abilit y of m anagem ent t o generat e sales using
t he asset s.
Ela pse d t im e
Tot al num ber of calendar days needed t o com plet e an act ivit y. This provides a
realist ic view of an act ivit y’s lengt h.
En gin e e r in g Ex pe n se r a t e
Used t o calculat e t he Basic Engineering Report 's " Overhead I t em s," which
collect ively com pr ise engineering expenses. See Chapt er 31 for
m ore inform at ion.
38-14 3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 )
EOM
A credit t erm t hat m eans “ End of Mont h” and indicat es t hat t he credit period
begins on t he first of t he following m ont h.
Equit y
See Com m on equit y.
Equ it y r a t ios
Rat ios generat ed using it em s of int erest t o st ockholders t hat give t he
st ockholder an indicat ion of how desirable t he com pany is for invest m ent .
Equ iva le n t divide n d r e t u r n

This is a t heoret ical evaluat ion of t he ret urn t he invest or would be receiving if
t he ret urns on t he convert ible bonds were t hought of as dividends for each
share t hat could be realized by conversion. I t allows for com parison of t he
ret urn on t he bond and t he current ret ur n on t he com m on st ock of
t he com pany.
Esca la t ion
Provision for an increase in t he cost of equipm ent , m at erial, labor, et c., over
t he cost s specified in t he cont ract , due t o cont inuing price- level change
over t im e.
EW F
Engineering workforce.
Ex e r cise pr ice
The price for which one share of com m on st ock can be purchased t hrough t he
exercise of war rant s.
Ex it
Leaves t he program .
Ex pe ct e d r e t u r n
The m at hem at ically ant icipat ed ret urn of a pr oj ect , obt ained by m ult iplying
each possible out com e by t he associat ed probabilit y of t hat out com e and
sum m ing all t he result ing values.
Ex pon e n t ia l sm oot h in g
A quant it at ive sales forecast ing m et hod in w hich past sales dat a and past sales
forecast s are used t o forecast sales.
3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 ) 38-15
Ex por t
Copies dat a fr om t he current proj ect int o a form at t hat can be read by anot her
applicat ion, such as a spreadsheet program .
Ex t e nsion
A volunt ary financial agreem ent whereby t he repaym ent period for debt
is ext ended.
Fa ct or e d e st im a t ing
Making est im at es based on m ult iple fact ors. Equipm ent it em s ar e on- sit e as
are com plet ed cost s, equipm ent schedules and plot t ing schedules from earlier
proj ect s. These num bers are t hen adj ust ed wit h m ult ipliers from current
equipm ent and m anhour cost s. Fact ored est im at ing is a m et hod of generat ing
t he cost of relat ed it em s wit hout designs. I CARUS’ syst em s are not based on
fact ored est im at ing.
Fa st t r a ck in g
Overlapping of pr oj ect act ivit ies norm ally execut ed in a consecut ive m anner.
Fie ld cost s
I ndirect cost s of engineering and const ruct ion associat ed wit h t he proj ect ’s
field sit e rat her t han wit h t he hom e office.
Fie ld se r vice s
An indirect cost including m edical, first aid, t ransport , welder t est s and
welding supplies.
Fie ld w a r e h ou se r e ce ipt
Short - t erm financing inst rum ent used wit h pledged invent ories whereby t he
goods are t ransferred t o a specified warehouse on t he borrower ’s pr opert y.
The goods cannot be released wit hout t he lender ’s aut horizat ion. This is done
in cases when it is im pract ical t o m ove t he invent ory.
Fin a n cia l for e ca st in g

Proj ect ion of fut ure revenues and cost s.
Fina ncia l le a se
A lease t hat cannot be canceled unt il t he lessee has paid an ent ire fixed
am ount of m oney over a specified period in order t hat t he lessor get s back all
38-16 3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 )
cost s plus a reasonable ret urn. I t generally does not include repair and
m aint enance service.
Fin a n cia l le ve r a ge
The operat ionalizat ion of financial risk t hat can be m easured t o show t he
influence of differing form s of financing on net incom e as operat ing
incom e changes.
Fin a n cia l r a t ios

Rat ios draw n bet w een it em s from t he balance sheet and incom e st at em ent s
t hat provide indicat ions of a com pany’s st rengt hs and weaknesses.
Fin a n cia l r isk

The risk inher ent in using a part icular form of funding for t he asset base of
a corporat ion.
Fin a n cia l st a t e m e n t s
The financial records of a corporat ion som e of which are used as int ernal
cont rols and som e of which are published for various ext ernal par t ies.
Fina ncia l st r uct ur e

The part icular com binat ion of com m on equit y, preferred st ock and short - and
long- t erm liabilit ies m aint ained by a com pany.
Finish floa t
The am ount of excess t im e an act ivit y has at it s finish before a successor
act ivit y m ust st ar t . This is t he difference bet ween t he st ar t dat e of t he
predecessor and t he finish dat e of t he current act ivit y, using t he early or lat e
schedule. ( Early and lat e dat es are not m ixed.) This m ay be referred t o as
slack t im e. All float s are calculat ed when a pr oj ect has it s schedule com put ed.
Finish- t o- finish la g
The m inim um am ount of t im e t hat m ust pass bet ween t he finish of one act ivit y
and t he finish of it s successor( s) . I f t he predecessor ’s finish is delayed, t he
successor act ivit y m ay have t o be slowed or halt ed t o allow t he specified t im e
period t o pass. All lags are calculat ed when a proj ect has it s schedule
com put ed. Finish- t o- finish lags are oft en used wit h st art- t o- st art lags.
Finish - t o- st a r t la g
The m inim um am ount of t im e t hat m ust pass bet ween t he finish of one act ivit y
and t he st art of it s successor( s) . The default finish- t o- st art lag is zero. I f t he
predecessor ’s finish is delayed, t he successor act ivit y’s st art will have t o be
delayed. All lags are calculat ed when a proj ect has it s schedule com put ed. I n
m ost cases, finish- t o- st art lags are not used wit h ot her lag t ypes.
3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 ) 38-17
Fin ish in g a ct ivit y
The last act ivit y t hat m ust be com plet ed before a proj ect can be considered
finished. This act ivit y is not a predecessor t o any ot her act ivit y — it has
no successors.
Fix e d cost s
Cost s t hat do not vary over t he product ion or sales range.
Flg.
Flanged.
Floa t
The am ount of t im e t hat an act ivit y can slip past it s durat ion wit hout delaying
t he rest of t he pr oj ect . The calculat ion depends on t he float t ype ( st art float ,
finish float , posit ive float and negat ive float .) All float is calculat ed when a
proj ect has it s schedule com put ed.
Floa t in g lie n
A loan ar rangem ent used w hen account s receivable and invent ories are used
as collat eral. Wit h t his t here is a general loan against t he account s on t he
goods wit hout any records being kept on specific ones.
Fr e e floa t
The excess t im e available befor e t he st art of t he following act ivit y, assum ing
t hat bot h act ivit ies st art on t heir early st art dat e. Fr ee float can be t hought of
as t he am ount of t im e an act ivit y can expand wit hout affect ing t he following
act ivit y. I f t he current act ivit y t akes longer t o com plet e t han it s proj ect ed
durat ion and free float com bined, t he following act ivit y will be unable t o begin
by it s earliest st art dat e.
Fr in ge be n e fit s ( FB)
Cont ract ual adders t o t he base labor rat e: m edical and pension plans,
vacat ion, t ravel pay, holidays, et c.
Fu ll loa n a m or t iz a t ion
A t ype of loan am ort izat ion pr ocedure under which periodic paym ent s are
m ade unt il all of t he pr incipal of t he loan and all int erest due are paid in full.
Fu n de d de bt
Debt wit h a m at urit y of m ore t han 1 year. I t includes bonds, debent ures, t erm
loans and m ort gages.
38-18 3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 )
Fu n de d de bt t o n e t w or k in g ca pit a l
The leverage rat io, which gives an indicat ion of t he com pany’s abilit y t o ret ire
it s debt by using it s liquid asset s = funded debt / NWC.
Funds for e ca st
The proj ect ion of any addit ional financing t hat m ay be necessary t o achieve
and support proj ect ed sales.
G& A
General and adm inist rat ive cost s. I ncludes head office ( corporat e) expenses,
such as r ent al, heat ing and air condit ioning ( HVAC) , m aint enance, and
allocat ed cost s ( e.g., account ing) .
Ga n t t ( ba r ) ch a r t
A graphic display of act ivit y durat ions. I t is also r eferred t o as a bar char t .
Act ivit ies are list ed wit h ot her t abular inform at ion on t he side wit h t im e
int ervals over t he bars. Act ivit y durat ions are shown in t he form of
hor izont al bars.
GC
General cont ract or.
Ge n e r a l con dit ion s

A specific port ion of t he cont ract docum ent s. They st at e t he responsibilit ies
and relat ionships of all part ies t o t he cont ract , as well as any condit ions
applicable t o t he cont ract .
GM P
Guarant eed m axim um price.
Go Ba ck
For Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or, ret races your st eps one level.
Gr a ssr oot s
Const ruct ing an ent irely new facilit y from pre- basic, t hrough basic, t hrough
det ailed engineering t hrough const ruct ion on an undeveloped sit e.
3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 ) 38-19
H
H a m m ock s
A ham m ock groups act ivit ies, m ilest ones, or ot her ham m ocks for report ing.
Most proj ect m anagem ent soft ware calculat es t he durat ion of a ham m ock from
t he early and lat e dat es of t he act ivit ies t o which t hey are linked.
H e dgin g a ppr oa ch
I n t he hedging approach t o working capit al financing, t he port ion of current
asset s t hat fluct uat es is financed wit h current liabilit ies, and t he port ion t hat is
in effect fixed is financed t hrough perm anent financing.
H e lp
I n Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or, accesses t he online help syst em .
H ist ogr a m
A graphic display of resource usage over a period of t im e. I t allows t he
det ect ion of overused or under- used resources. The resource usage is
displayed in bars.
H ist or ica l a ve r a ge cost of ca pit a l

The cost associat ed w it h t he com pany’s exist ing financing.
H ist or ica l cost e st im a t in g

Using old specificat ions and est im at es from sim ilar, earlier and already built
proj ect s, and t hen adding som e form of index t o t hese past num bers t o
det erm ine cost s for a current proj ect .
H ost
For Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or ( on a UNI X workst at ion) , t he com put er t hat
is in charge of t he operat ion of a group of com put ers linked in a net w ork.
HP
Horsepower.
H VAC
Heat ing, vent ilat ing and air condit ioning.
38-20 3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 )
I
Aspe n Pr oce ss Econom ic Ana lyze r ( I PE)

I CARUS’ powerful PC- based soft ware package designed for t he aut om at ic
preparat ion of det ailed process facilit y designs, est im at es and engineering and
const ruct ion schedules from your process sim ulat ion result s.
Aspe n I n - Pla n t Cost Est im a t or ( I PM )

I CARUS’ easy- t o- use, fully- int egrat ed, PC- based design, est im at ing,
scheduling, cost t racking and report ing syst em for in- plant and m ill proj ect s.
I con
A graphical represent at ion of an applicat ion or docum ent .
I m por t
For Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or, copies specified inform at ion from an exist ing
proj ect int o t he current proj ect .
I n com e bon ds
A debt inst rum ent t hat requir es int erest paym ent s only w hen t he corporat ion
has posit ive earnings. I t is oft en used for reorganizat ions.
I n com e st a t e m e n t
A r ecord of a com pany’s recorded earnings and expenses for a given
t im e period.
I n cr e m e n t a l a ve r a ge cost of ca pit a l
The cost associat ed w it h using or generat ing new funds.
I n de n t u r e
See Bond indent ure.
I n dir e ct cost s
All cost s t hat do not becom e a final part of t he inst allat ion. I ndirect cost s are
t em porary const ruct ion cost s and cont ract or overheads, burdens, fees, proj ect
fr eight , design engineering, proj ect m anagem ent , t axes, insurance, cleanup
and cont ingency.
I ndust r y for e ca st
Proj ect ion of revenue and cost t rends for a part icular indust ry.
3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 ) 38-21
I ndust r y r a t ios
Rat ios generat ed for an ent ire indust ry by calculat ing t he rat ios for each
corporat ion in t hat indust r y.
I n fla t ion
An econom ic sit uat ion in which t he cost s of goods and services increase and
t he relat ive w ort h of a given am ount of m oney decreases.
I n fo
For Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or, list s infor m at ion about t he cur rent backup or
ret rieval.
I n pu t - ou t pu t m ode l
A causal sales forecast ing m et hod in which int erindust ry t ransact ions are used
t o set up a purchaser- seller m at rix, which in t urn is used t o est ablish
sales t rends.
I n st a lla t ion bu lk s
I t em s t hat are direct ly associat ed wit h t he com ponent being defined and t hat
are used t o com plet e t he inst allat ion of t he it em . Refer t o t he user ’s guide for
det ails on t he t welve t ypes of inst allat ion bulks sum m arized below:
1 Mat erial/ m anhour% adj ust m ent - specifies percent age adj ust m ent s t o
syst em developed m at erial cost s and m anhours.
2 Mat erial/ m anhour addit ions - adds lum p sum m at erial cost s and/ or m an-
hours t o a specified code of account .
3 Piping - General Specs - defines t he rules for developing all of t he
com ponent ’s inst allat ion piping, which carry liquids, gasses and/ or solids
bet ween successive equipm ent it em s in t he pr ocess st r eam .
4 Piping - Det ail I t em s - specifies individual runs of piping and associat ed
fit t ings, t racing, paint and insulat ion.
5 Duct - for applicable com ponent s, specifies individual runs of duct ing and
associat ed fit t ings and insulat ion. Up t o five duct lines m ay be specified for
each com ponent .
6 Civil - specifies addit ional bulk excavat ion and up t o t hree different
foundat ion t ypes/ sizes. I ncludes t he excavat ion, erect ion of form work,
inst allat ion of reinforcing st eel and pouring of concret e for foundat ions t o
support equipm ent .
7 St eel - specifies ladders, st airs, plat form s, and up t o t hree different st eel
it em s ( e.g., st ruct ural elem ent s such as t he pipe rack and open
st eel st ruct ures) .
8 I nst rum ent at ion - specifies individual inst rum ent at ion loops ( or part s of
loops) wit h associat ed sensors, t ransm it t ers and signal cabling. Up t o 50
loops m ay be defined for each com ponent .
9 Elect r ical - specifies local equipm ent wiring and up t o t hree different t ypes
of loads. Elect rical equipm ent and cable carries power from a m ain plant
38-22 3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 )
subst at ion t o a unit area subst at ion and, in t urn, t o each equipm ent it em
requiring elect r icit y.
1 0 I nsulat ion - specifies insulat ion and firepr oofing for com ponent and
inst allat ion bulk st eel. For com ponent s, t he insulat ion t ype, j acket t ype,
t hickness, and area can be specified. For com ponent and st eel fireproofing,
t ype, rat ing and area can be specified.
1 1 Paint - specifies paint preparat ion and paint ing of com ponent and
inst allat ion bulk st eel.
1 2 Nozzel - for applicable com ponent s, replaces t he syst em - st andard nozzle
schedule for vessels and t owers. Up t o 12 set s of nozzles m ay be specified,
including diam et er, quant it y, and locat ion ( e.g., shell or j acket ) .
I n t e r m e dia t e t e r m loa n
A loan t hat is repaid wit hin 1 t o 10 years. These loans are usually acquired
t hrough banks, insurance com panies and pension funds.
I n t e r n a l r a t e of r e t ur n ( I RR)
A discount ed cash flow capit al budget ing t echnique. The int ernal rat e of ret urn
is t hat discount rat e which equat es t he pr esent value of fut ure cash inflows
wit h t he init ial invest m ent . I t is calculat ed using a t rial and error procedure.
I n t r in sic va lu e
The underlying “ t rue” value of a com pany as det erm ined by it s m anagem ent of
asset s and liabilit ies and by t he risks t aken on, and t he ret urns given it s
shareholders. I t is also in part det erm ined by t he individual invest or ’s at t it udes
t oward risk and ret urn. For an act ively t raded st ock, given sufficient
inform at ion availabilit y, t he int rinsic value is equal t o t he m arket value.
I n ve n t or y h oldin g cost s
The invent ory cost s t hat arise from t he fact of act ually having t he invent ory.
I ncluded in t he holding cost s are cost s of st oring, handling, insuring and
audit ing t he invent ory, and also t he cost s of t axes, obsolescence, t heft ,
physical dam age and capit al invest m ent .
I n ve n t or y r e or de r cost s
The invent ory cost s incurred when invent ory st ocks m ust be r eplaced. These
include t he cost s of pr ocessing, t elephoning, t yping and receiving orders and
m ailing and st at ionery and invoice cost s.
I n ve n t or y sh or t a ge cost s
The invent ory cost s incurred when a com pany runs out of invent ory. I ncluded
in t his are t he cost s of lost sales, ill will and special orders.
3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 ) 38-23
I n ve n t or y t u r n ove r
An efficiency rat io. A m easure of how m any t im es t he invent ory is “ sold” or
“ t urned over ” in a sales period = net sales/ invent ory. I t indicat es how well t he
size of t he invent ory has been m anaged.
I SO ( I som e t r ic dr a w in g)
A very det ailed piping and engineering drawing which includes very specific
equipm ent it em s like valves, fit t ings, elbows, nut s and bolt s, et c. Can also
refer t o t hree- dim ensional com put er draw ings which display t his piping and
engineering det ail as it will appear when fully const ruct ed.
I ssu e d st ock
The com m on st ock of a corporat ion t hat has act ually been sold t o an invest or.
I tem
I n Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or, a capsule- shaped elem ent of a t r ee diagram
represent ing proj ect specificat ions.
I tem run
The process of having Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or prepare a design and
est im at e at t he com ponent level for all or select ed com ponent s in a proj ect .
JI S
Japanese I ndust rial St andard.
Ju r y of e x e cu t ive opin ion m e t hod for for e ca st ing

A qualit at ive m et hod of sales of forecast ing in which a group of execut ives
est im at e sales and t hen have t hese est im at es averaged t o give t he forecast .
KV
Kilovolt s
38-24 3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 )
KVA
Kilovolt s- am peres
KW
Kilowat t s
La bor bur de n
Taxes and insurance cost s based on labor payroll t hat t he em ployer is legally
required t o pay on behalf of or for t he benefit s of laborers. ( I n t he U.S., t hese
include federal old age benefit s, federal unem ploym ent insurance t ax, st at e
unem ploym ent t ax and workers’ com pensat ion.)
La bor cost
The base salary, plus all fringe benefit cost s and labor burdens associat ed wit h
labor, t hat can be definit ely assigned t o one it em of work, product , area or
account .
La g
The t im e delay bet ween t he st art or finish of an act ivit y and t he st art or finish
of it s successor( s) .
La gging in dica t or
An econom ic indicat or t he changes in which follow t he changes in t he general
econom y during a known per iod of t im e.
La t e finish
The lat est dat es by which an act ivit y can finish t o avoid causing delays in
a pr oj ect .
La t e st a r t
The lat est dat es by which an act ivit y can st art t o avoid causing delays in
a pr oj ect .
Le a din g in dica t or
An econom ic indicat or t he changes in which precede concom it ant changes in
t he general econom y in a know n am ount of t im e.
3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 ) 38-25
Le a se
A legal cont ract whereby a lessee is able t o obt ain t he use of cert ain asset s
wit hout having t o act ually purchase t hese asset s. The asset s rem ain t he
propert y of a lessor who receives a series of paym ent s for t he use of
t he asset s.
Le a se ca pit a liza t ion

The evaluat ion of a lease arrangem ent t hat uses t he present value of fut ure
lease paym ent s as t he value for lease obligat ions t o be shown as liabilit ies and
an equal value t o be shown as net leased asset s on t he balance sheet of t he
lessee. This is done by capit alizing t he lease paym ent s at an appropriat e lease
capit alizat ion rat e. I f t his rat e is applied t o t he lease paym ent s aft er t he first
paym ent is m ade, it result s in a net capit alized value. I f it is done before t he
first paym ent is m ade, a gross capit alized value result s.
Le a se ca pit a liza t ion r a t e

See Capit alizat ion rat e for leases.
Le ve r a ge
The am ount of debt financing used by a corporat ion. A general m easure is t he
rat io of t ot al debt s t o t ot al asset s.
Le ve r a ge r a t ios
The rat ios generat ed using it em s dealing wit h t he com pany’s indebt edness,
which m onit or t he com pany’s abilit y t o m eet it s financial obligat ions.
Libr a r y
A set of user- defined specificat ions t hat m ay be added int o a proj ect when
request ed.
Lie n
A legally recognized pledge against specific physical propert y.
Lin e of cr e dit
An arrangem ent bet ween a bank and a client com pany t hat allows t he client t o
borrow up t o a m axim um am ount of cash at it s own discret ion wit hin a set
am ount of t im e. Designed t o get t he com pany t hrough periods of short- t erm
seasonal needs, a line of credit also allows t he com pany t he flexibilit y of
det erm ining t he t im ing and size of am ount s out st anding at any one t im e. The
account generally m ust be paid up each year.
Link
For Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or, a connect ion bet ween an it em in one t ree
diagram wit h an it em in anot her t r ee diagram .
38-26 3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 )
Liqu ida t ion va lue
The residual proceeds from selling off t he com pany’s asset s and paying off t he
com pany’s liabilit ies.
Liqu idit y
The nearness of a cert ain asset t o cash, t he ease wit h which it can be
convert ed int o cash and t he am ount of cash realized at conversion.
Liqu idit y r a t ios

The rat ios using current asset s and cur rent liabilit ies t hat m easure a
com pany’s abilit y t o pay it s short- t erm liabilit ies.
LJ
Lap j oint .
Loa de d la bor r a t e
Base labor plus PAC's, fringe benefit s and ot her subcont ract ors cost s, including
overhead and proj ect .
Loa n a m or t iza t ion

The procedure of paying off a loan by m aking a series of equal paym ent s
at regular int er vals. These paym ent s include bot h int erest and
principal repaym ent .
Lock - box syst e m

A m et hod of im proving funds collect ions, based upon having funds m ailed t o
post office boxes. These funds are t hen collect ed several t im es a day by
represent at ives of t he com pany’s local banks and deposit ed int o t he banks.
The com pany’s m arket is divided int o regions and t he post offices and banks
are chosen for each region.
Log
For Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or, list s prior backups for select ing files t o
ret rieve.
M a in su bst a t ion
A subst at ion which feeds power at t he dist ribut ion volt age t o eit her a unit
subst at ion or direct ly t o a m ot or driven at t he dist ribut ion volt age.
3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 ) 38-27
M a in t e n a n ce le a se
A t ype of financial lease under which t he lessor pays m aint enance and
insurance cost s.
M a k in g a m a r k e t
The act of m aint aining an invent ory of unlist ed st ocks and selling t hem as
orders for t hem are received.
M a r gin a l a ve r a ge cost of ca pit a l

The weight ed average cost associat ed wit h raising t he last dollar of a
hypot het ical new budget .
M a r gin a l cost of ca pit a l

The m inim um rat e of ret urn expect ed by t he com pany’s suppliers of capit al.
Mark text
For Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or, t o select t ext by dragging t he m ouse point er
over t he select ed t ext while holding down t he left m ouse but t on.
M a r k - up
As variously used in const ruct ion est im at ing, such percent age applicat ions as
general overhead, profit , and ot her indirect cost s. When m ark- up is applied t o
t he bot t om of a bid sheet for a part icular it em , syst em or ot her const ruct ion
price, any or all of t he above it em s ( or m ore) m ay be included, depending on
local pract ice.
M a r k e t e x t e nsion m e r ge r
A horizont al m erger by which t he geographical m arket of t he m erging
com panies is ext ended.
M a r k e t va lu e
The value est ablished in t he m arket place by supply and dem and and
m arket t ransact ions.
M a t u r it y va lu e of a bon d
The value of a bond if held unt il t he m at urit y dat e and t hen redeem ed. I t is
usually t he sam e as t he face value and rem ains const ant over t he life of
t he bond.
M CC
Mot or cont rol cent er.
38-28 3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 )
M CC e qu ippe d spa ce
Mot or cont rol cent er equipm ent , i.e., cabinet ry and back- plane wiring,
exclusive of st art er gear; unfilled MCC space available for rearrangem ent
or expansions.
M e ch a n ica l e n gin e e r in g
Prim arily concerned wit h t he funct ion, use, design and fabricat ion of
equipm ent . The designing, t est ing, building and operat ing of m achinery are
also of im port ance. Mechanical engineering focuses on t w o areas: m achinery
and t herm odynam ics ( heat and energy m anagem ent based on laws of
conversion of m at t er and energy) .
M icr o- sche duling

The scheduling of act ivit ies wit h durat ions less t han one day ( in hours or
fract ional days.)
M ile st one s
An act ivit y wit h zero durat ion ( usually m arking t he end of a period.)
M in im u m m a r k e t va lu e
For a convert ible bond at any given point in t im e, t his is t he higher of t he pure
bond value or t he conversion value.
M isce lla ne ou s indir e ct cost s

Job cleanup cost s, wat chm en, equipm ent servicing ( insurance and safet y) ,
public liabilit y, dam age, aut om obile and all- risk insurance, warehousing and
nonproduct ive field labor.
M obiliza t ion / D e m obiliza t ion

An indirect cost including t ransport at ion cost of equipm ent , offices, et c. t o and
fr om t he const ruct ion sit e.
M or t ga ge bon d
A bond t hat is backed by t he pledge of specific asset s of t he com pany. I f t he
com pany is liquidat ed, proceeds from t he liquidat ion of t hese asset s are used
t o sat isfy t hese bondholders’ claim s. They are considered t he m ost secure t ype
of bond alt hough t hey do not guarant ee perfect safet y. They can be eit her
senior or j unior m ort gage bonds, t he senior having pr iorit y over all ot her
credit ors of t he com pany, t he j unior com ing next .
M ouse
A device connect ed t o t he com put er, t hat w hen m oved, m oves t he cursor on
t he m onit or screen. I n addit ion, t he but t ons on t he m ouse enable t he user t o
select t ext and obj ect s.
3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 ) 38-29
M ovin g a ve r a ge s
A quant it at ive sales forecast ing m et hod in which an arit hm et ic average over
som e predet erm ined num ber of sales periods is used t o det erm ine t rends.
M PS
Mast er proj ect schedule.
M u lt i- pr oj e ct a n a lysis
Used t o analyze t he im pact and int eract ion of act ivit ies and resources whose
progress affect s t he progress of a group of proj ect s or for proj ect s wit h shared
resources or bot h. Mult i- proj ect analysis can also be used for com posit e
report ing on pr oj ect s having no dependencies or resources in com m on.
N e ga t ive floa t
I ndicat es act ivit ies m ust st art before t heir predecessors finish in order t o m eet
a t arget finish dat e. All float is calculat ed when a proj ect has it s schedule
com put ed. Negat ive float occurs when t he difference bet ween t he lat e dat es
and t he early dat es ( st art or finish) or any act ivit y are negat ive. I n t his
sit uat ion, t he lat e dat es are earlier t hen t he early dat es. This can happen w hen
const raint s ( act ivit y t arget dat es or a proj ect t arget finish dat e) are added t o
a pr oj ect .
N e ga t ive ly cor r e la t e d pr oj e ct s
Proj ect s whose net cash flow pat t erns are inversely relat ed.
N EM A
Nat ional Elect r ical Manufact ur ing Associat ion.
N e t ca sh flow s
The difference bet ween cash inflows and out flows.
N e t pr e se n t va lu e ( N PV)
A discount ed cash flow capit al budget ing t echnique: NPV is t he difference
bet ween t he present value of t he fut ure net cash flows of a proj ect and t he
init ial invest m ent .
38-30 3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 )
N e t w or k in g ca pit a l ( N W C)
The difference bet ween current asset s and current liabilit ies: CA - CL = NWC.
I t can be t hought of as t he com pany’s “ conscious com m it m ent in CA t o
generat e sales.”
N e t w or k in g ca pit a l t u r n ove r
An efficiency rat io. A m easure of how well m anagem ent generat es sales
ut ilizing current asset s = net sales/ net working capit al.
N e t w or t h
Tot al st ockholders’ equit y or t ot al asset s m inus t ot al liabilit ies.
N e t w or t h t u r n ove r
An efficiency rat io. A m easure of how well m anagem ent ut ilizes st ockholders’
equit y t o generat e sales = net sales/ net wort h.
N e t w or k
A group of com put ers connect ed t oget her.
N e t w or k a n a lysis
The process of ident ifying early and lat e st art and finish dat es for
proj ect act ivit ies.
N e t w or k dia gr a m
A graphic represent at ion of act ivit y sequence and relat ionships. Act ivit y boxes
are connect ed t oget her wit h one- way arr ow t o indicat e precedence. The first
act ivit y is placed on t he left side of t he diagram wit h t he last act ivit y on t he
right side. Act ivit y boxes are usually placed at different levels ( not in a single
row) t o accom m odat e act ivit ies t hat are done sim ult aneously.
Offse t s
I t em s locat ed ext ernal t o t he facilit y bat t ery lim it s, including cooling t owers
and boilers.
OH
Overhead.
3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 ) 38-31
OK
For Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or, specifies t hat you wish t o cont inue wit h t he
current act ivit y.
Ope n - e n d m or t ga ge bon d
A m ort gage bond issue t hat does not lim it t he abilit y of t he com pany t o sell
addit ional senior m ort gage bonds by pledging t he sam e asset s.
Ope r a t in g le a se
Also called service lease — a lease t hat allow s t he lessee t o t erm inat e t he
lease at his convenience. The paym ent s under an operat ing lease usually
include service and m aint enance charges.
Ope r a t ing le ve r a ge
A m easure of t he effect of changes in sales level on changes in earnings before
int erest and t axes. The m agnit ude of t he effect is det erm ined by t he port ion of
sales revenue t hat has t o be used t o cover fixed cost s.
Ope r a t iona l unit a r e a

Any physical or geographical area of t he facilit y, eit her inside or ext ernal t o t he
bat t ery lim it s.
Oppor t unit y cost

The cost incurred by foregoing t he opport unit y t o t ake advant age of t he next
best alt ernat ive.
Opt ion m e n u
Wit hin a dialog box or ent ry form , a list ing of all allowable ent ries/ opt ions.
Or de r of m a gn it u de : - 3 0 t o + 5 0 pe r ce n t e st im a t e
( as defined by AACE) This t ype of est im at e is m ade wit hout any det ailed
engineering dat a. The est im at e is oft en developed using cost - capacit y curves,
scale- up or - dow n fact ors or rat io est im at ing t echniques.
Or ga n iza t ion a l goa l

The aim or end product t hat t he corporat ion as a whole works t o achieve. All of
t he decisions m ade wit hin t he corporat ion should be m ade in t erm s of
t his aim .
Or ga n ize d e x ch a n ge
An organized capit al m arket com plet e wit h physical facilit ies, governing boards
and m em bership regulat ions and requirem ent s.
38-32 3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 )
Or ifice u n ion
Special set of flanges designed t o hold an orifice plat e.
Or igin
The ident it y of a direct cost com ponent ( such as a pum p) , consist ing of a 3-
charact er sym bol and a num ber from 100 t o 999 ( e.g., CP 100 for Cent rifugal
Pum p num bered 100) . This ident it y is also used t o label all inst allat ion bulks
at t ached t o t he pum p.
OSH A
U.S. Occupat ional Safet y and Heat h Adm inist rat ion.
OT
Overt im e.
Ove r h e a d
A cost or expense inherent in perform ing an operat ion, i.e., engineering,
const ruct ion, operat ing, or m anufact uring, t hat cannot be charged t o or
ident ified wit h a part of t he work, product , or asset and which, t herefore, m ust
eit her be allocat ed on som e arbit rary basis believed t o be equit able, or
handled as a business expense independent of t he volum e of product ion.
P& I D
Piping and inst rum ent at ion diagram . Basics of det ailed engineering. P&I Ds are
det ailed drawings of a specific process t o be built . P&I Ds do not list specific
it em s, such as inessent ial valves, fit t ings and elbows.
PAC's
Payroll added cost s: Social Securit y, workers' com pensat ion, insurance,
federal and st at e t axes.
Pa id- in ca pit a l
See Paid- in surplus.
Pa id- in su r plu s
Also called paid- in capit al, excess over par, and capit al in excess of par — t he
difference bet ween t he par value of a share of st ock and t he am ount t he
com pany realized on t he init ial issue of t hat share.
3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 ) 38-33
Pa r va lu e
An arbit rary value assigned t o each shar e of com m on st ock. I t is used for
account ing purposes only and has no influence on eit her t he issue price or t he
m arket pr ice of a shar e of st ock.
Pa r a lle l a ct ivit ie s
Two or m ore act ivit ies t hat can be done at t he sam e t im e. This allows a proj ect
t o be com plet ed fast er t han if t he act ivit ies were arranged serially in a
st raight line.
Pa t h
A series of connect ed act ivit ies. Refer t o Crit ical pat h for inform at ion on crit ical
and non- crit ical pat hs.
Pa yba ck m e t h od ( PM )
A non- discount ed capit al budget ing t echnique. This m et hod calculat es t he
lengt h of t im e necessary t o recover init ial invest m ent . Most calculat ions of
payback assum e t hat t he cash inflows occur uniform ly.
PC
Any personal com put er ( such as an I BM PC or com pat ible) using MS- DOS, OS/
2, Windows, Window s for Workgroups, Windows 95, Windows NT Workst at ion,
or Window s NT Server operat ing syst em s.
Pe r ce n t - of- sa le s m e t h od for for e ca st ing

A funds forecast ing m et hod in which it is assum ed t hat a change in sales will
require a det erm ined change in t he asset s of t he com pany, which in t urn need
t o be funded in som e way.
Pe r pe t ua l bond
A bond wit h no m at urit y dat e.
Pe r pe t u a l w a r r a n t s
Warrant s wit h no expirat ion dat e.
PFD
Process flow diagram . Pr ocess configurat ion wit h heat and m at er ial balances.
Ph a se 0
Prelim inary pr ocess design.
38-34 3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 )
Ph a se I
Firm process design.
Ph a se I I
Det ailed engineering design, procurem ent and proj ect cont rol.
Pla n t bulk
An it em ( piping, civil, st eel, inst rum ent at ion, elect rical, insulat ion and/ or
paint ) which is needed t o properly inst all a proj ect com ponent or operat e
a facilit y
Pla n t st a r t - up
I ncludes m anhours spent by t he cont ract or ’s discipline represent at ives
( specialist s, forem en, superint endent s, et c.) , aft er m echanical com plet ion of
t he proj ect , t o perform t he following t asks:
1 Support t he t est ing and calibrat ion of field inst rum ent s, elect rical
m easuring devices, et c.
2 Assist t he owner wit h st art ing t he plant and address any t echnical issues.
3 Consult wit h t he owner on adj ust m ent s during t he com m issioning process.
I t em s not included in t his cont ract or cost are such t hings as conferring wit h
t he DCS vendor, developing cont rol soft ware, t em porary ut ilit ies ( e.g., m ore
st eam required for st art- up t han t hereaft er) , init ial cat alyst charges, changes
t o t he proj ect scope or exchanging it em s, and any of t he owner ’s calibrat ion or
com m issioning st aff.
PLC
Program m ed logic cont roller.
Plot pla n
A geographic ( sky- view) plan for a fut ure sit e. This is som et im es
called “ dim ensioning.”
PM / PE
Proj ect m anager/ engineer.
PO
Purchase order.
Por t folio e ffe ct

The reduct ion in port folio risk realized by diversificat ion int o negat ively
correlat ed proj ect s.
3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 ) 38-35
Por t folio r isk
The t ot al risk incurred by holding a port folio of asset s.
Posit ive floa t

The am ount of t im e t hat an act ivit y’s st art can be delayed wit hout affect ing
t he pr oj ect com plet ion dat e. An act ivit y wit h posit ive float is not on t he crit ical
pat h and is called a non- crit ical act ivit y.
Pow e r fa ct or
The rat io of KW/ KVA for an elect rical syst em .
Pr e ca u t ion a r y m ot ive
A m ot ive for holding cash reserves t hat st em s fr om m anagem ent ’s desire t o be
able t o handle any ext raordinary and unexpect ed cash out flows.
Pr e ce de n ce n ot a t ion
A m eans of describing proj ect work flow. I t is som et im es called act ivit y- on-
node not at ion. Each act ivit y is assigned a unique ident ifier. Work flow direct ion
is indicat ed by showing each of t he act ivit y’s predecessors and t heir lag
relat ionships. Graphically, precedence net works are represent ed by using
descript ive boxes and connect ing arrows t o denot e t he flow of work.
Pr e de ce ssor
An act ivit y t hat m ust be com plet ed ( or part ially com plet ed) before a specified
act ivit y can begin. The com binat ion of all predecessors and successors
relat ionships am ong t he proj ect act ivit ies form s a net work. This net work can
be analyzed t o det erm ine t he crit ical pat h and ot her proj ect
scheduling im plicat ions.
Pr e fe r r e d st ock
A t ype of equit y t hat has cert ain priorit ies over com m on st ock. I t is generally
charact erized by fixed dividend paym ent s, which are payable before
com m on st ock
dividends and claim s on t he liquidat ion value of t he com pany t hat are
subordinat e t o all credit or claim s but prior t o com m on st ockholder claim s.
Pr e pr oce ssor
A set of one or m ore I CUE com m ands stored in a file which can be opened,
edit ed, saved and run. Preprocessors are helpful when you access t he est im at e
result s dat abase and run t he sam e I CUE com m ands.
Pr e se nt va lu e
The m echanism whereby fut ure cost s and benefit s can be m ade com parable t o
present cost s and benefit s.
38-36 3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 )
Pr ice
The am ount of m oney asked or given for a product . The chief funct ion of price
is t o rat ion t he exist ing supply am ong prospect ive buyers. Price incorporat es
direct and indirect cost s, general overhead, profit and cont ingency.
Pr im a r y KV
Volt age in KV of t he incom ing pow er t o a subst at ion.
Pr im a r y m a r k e t
That segm ent of t he capit al m arket which deals wit h new issues of securit ies
and t he m ovem ent of funds from invest ors t o issuing com panies.
Pr im e r a t e
The lowest int erest rat e applicable t o business loans.
Pr ivile ge le ve l
For Window s NT, one of t hree set t ings ( User, Adm inist rat or, or Guest )
assigned t o each user account . The pr ivilege level a user account has
det erm ines t he act ions t hat t he user can perform on t he net wor k.
Pr o for m a fina n cia l st a t e m e n t s

Proj ect ions of possible fut ure st at em ent s developed by t aking exist ing
st at em ent s and changing t hem according t o t he effect s of assum ed financial
t ransact ions. This is m ost oft en done w it h incom e st at em ent s, balance sheet s
and funds st at em ent s.
Pr oce ss e n gin e e r in g
Perform ing and det erm ining process needs prior t o Basic engineering and
Det ailed engineer ing. Process engineering, usually perform ed by chem ical
engineers, includes defining process st ream s using t he dat a fr om
process sim ulat ors.
Pr oce ss e qu ipm e n t
Equipm ent for handling liquids, gasses and solids.
Pr oce ss flu id
A gas or liquid raw m at erial, int erm ediat e proj ect or chem ical ( e.g., a solvent )
used in t he m anufact ure of t he pr oduct .
Pr oduct e x t e nsion
A horizont al m erger by which t he product line of t he m erger com panies
is ext ended.
3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 ) 38-37
Pr oduct ivit y
A r elat ive m easure of labor efficiency, eit her good or bad, when com pared t o
an est ablished base or norm as det erm ined from an area of great experience.
Alt ernat ively, product ivit y is defined as t he reciprocal of t he labor fact or.
Pr ofit m a r gin
A profit abilit y rat io. A m easure of how well m anagem ent has cont rolled cost s
while successfully m arket ing t he com pany’s product s = net profit s/ net sales. I t
shows how m any cent s of profit are realized out of each sales dollar.
Pr ofit a bilit y
The abilit y of a corporat ion t o show a surplus of incom e over expenses in a
part icular sales period. This is usually m easured in dollars of t ot al profit t o
sales for t he period.
Pr ofit a bilit y r a t ios

Rat ios t hat m easur e how effect ive m anagem ent has been in generat ing a
ret urn ut ilizing t he asset s of t he com pany.
Pr ogr a m e va lu a t ion a n d r e vie w t e ch n iqu e ( PERT)

A proj ect m anagem ent t echnique for det erm ining how m uch t im e a pr oj ect
needs before it com plet ed. Each act ivit y is assigned a best , worst and m ost
probable com plet ion t im e est im at e. These est im at es are used t o det erm ine t he
average com plet ion t im e. The average t im es are used t o figure t he crit ical
pat h and t he st andard deviat ion of com plet ion t im es for t he ent ire proj ect .
Pr oj e ct
A collect ion of general specificat ions and com ponent design specificat ions
which describe a facilit y for an I CARUS syst em t o designat e/ est im at e.
Pr oj e ct da t a ba se
The design and cost inform at ion st ored in m ult iple SQL files for a
specific proj ect .
Pr oj e ct e st im a t e
The process of designing and cost ing t he direct cost com ponent s and t he
indirect cost s in t he proj ect scope and creat ing dat abase files.
Pr oj e ct m a n a ge r
I n owner/ operat or plant s, som eone w ho is responsible for design decisions and
reviewing processes, t heir viabilit y and som et im es t heir com plet ion. I n
cont ract or com panies, som eone who is responsible for det ailed design
decisions ( int egrat ing PFD, P&I D and I SO specificat ions) t o com plet e a
proj ect ’s const ruct ion.
38-38 3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 )
Pr oj e ct r un
The pr ocess of having an I CARUS syst em prepare a design and est im at e at t he
proj ect level for t he ent ire pr oj ect .
Pr om issor y n ot e
An I OU t hat est ablishes t angible proof of debt .
Pr ox y
An arrangem ent t hat allows com m on st ockholders of a corporat ion t o assign
t heir vot ing right s over t o som eone else for one part icular
st ockholders’ m eet ing.
QA/ QC
Qualit y assurance and cont rol.
Qu e u e
For Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or, list s act ive print j obs.
Qu ick r a t io
The liquidit y rat io. Rat io of t ot al current asset s less invent ories t o t ot al current
liabilit ies = ( CA - I nv) / CL. Also called t he acid- t est rat io.
Quit
For Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or, t erm inat es an act ivit y.
Ra pid gr ow t h st ock s
St ocks for which t he dividends are expect ed t o grow at a rapid rat e for a few
years and t hen level t o a norm al, const ant growt h rat e.
Re ce ssion
A sit uat ion in w hich t he econom y of a given area worsens.
3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 ) 38-39
Re d h e r r in g
A prelim inary prospect us on a new securit ies issue sent out by t he
underwrit ers. I t includes a hist ory of t he com pany, t he int ended use of t he
funds, up- t o- dat e cert ified financial st at em ent s and a st at em ent on risks. I t is
used t o provide inform at ion, generat e int erest and help set t he final selling
price of t he new securit ies.
Re fit
Changing an exist ing facilit y by adding som et hing left out , overhauling w orn
out com ponent s or adding or subt ract ing from t he current capacit ies of
exist ing com ponent s.
Re gist e r e d bond
A bond t hat belongs t o a specific invest or whose nam e is recorded wit h t he
com pany. This bondholder receives int erest paym ent s aut om at ically.
Re gr e ssion a n a lysis
A causal sales forecast ing m et hod in which sales are defined as a funct ion of a
num ber of independent var iables. Changes in t hese independent variables are
t hen used t o det erm ine a m odel t hat will forecast fut ure sales levels.
Regression analysis can also be used t o forecast t he need for funding.
Re m ot e Shop Fa b
Cont ains vendor cost s for labor, overhead and profit , which is t ypically
report ed from t he vendor in w eight .
Re m ot e Sh op M a t
Cont ains m at erial cost ( excluding freight , t axes, and dut ies, which should be
specified as pr oj ect indirect s) .
Re or ga n iza t ion
Under bankrupt cy proceedings, t his is t he form al rest ruct uring of t he debt or
com pany’s financial st ruct ure. I t involves discharging t he debt , m aking
m anagerial and operat ional changes and acquiring new working capit al.
Re sche duling
Recalculat ing t he st art and finish dat es of all uncom plet ed act ivit ies based on
progress as of a specified dat e.
Re sidua l a sse t s
Any asset s t hat rem ain aft er asset s have been liquidat ed t o pay off credit ors.
38-40 3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 )
Re sidua l t he or y of divide n ds
A dividend policy which m aint ains t hat ret ained earnings should first be
applied t o any financing needs of t he corporat ion. Any ret ained earnings not
needed int ernally can be paid out as dividends.
Re sour ce
Anyt hing t hat is assigned t o an act ivit y or needed t o com plet e an act ivit y. This
m ay include equipm ent , people, buildings, et c.
Re sour ce ba se d du r a t ion
Provides t he opt ion t o det erm ine act ivit y durat ion, rem aining durat ion and
percent com plet e t hrough r esource usage. The r esource requir ing t he gr eat est
t im e t o com plet e t he specified am ount of work on t he act ivit y det erm ines
it s durat ion.
Re sou r ce le ve lin g
Provides t he capabilit y t o adj ust proj ect schedules t o m inim ize t he peaks in
daily resource usages. This is usually done when resources are over- allocat ed.
Act ivit ies are m oved wit hin t heir available float t o pr oduce a new schedule.
Resources and proj ect s m ay have leveling priorit ies. Som e act ivit ies m ay not
have any rescheduling flexibilit y due t o lack of float . Eit her resource-
const rained or schedule- const rained leveling m ay be select ed.
Re t r ofit
See Refit .
Re t u r n on n e t w or t h
A pr ofit abilit y rat io. A m easure of t he am ount of profit realized t hrough t he use
of t he com pany’s equit y, w hich represent s a ret urn t o st ockholders = net
profit s/ net wort h.
Re t u r n on n e t w or k in g ca pit a l
A pr ofit abilit y rat io. A m easure of t he am ount of profit realized t hrough t he use
of t he com pany’s current asset s = net profit / NWC.
Re t u r n on t ot a l a sse t s
A profit abilit y rat io. A m easure of t he am ount of profit realized t hrough t he
ut ilizat ion of t he com pany’s asset s = net profit / t ot al asset s.
Re va m p
See Refit .
3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 ) 38-41
Re volving cr e dit
A credit arrangem ent bet ween a bank and a client in which t he bank m akes a
form al, legally binding com m it m ent t o ext end credit t o t he client up t o a
specified lim it . I t incurs a com m it m ent fee in addit ion t o t he int erest . Quit e
oft en it ext ends for m ore t han 1 year.
Right s offe r ing

The m et hod whereby st ockholders who have t he preem pt ive right are offered
t he opport unit y t o m aint ain t heir proport ionat e share when new st ock is
being issued.
Risk a ve r t e r
A person who possesses very lit t le ut ilit y for high risk undert akings.
Risk ne ut r a l
The st at e of having ut ilit y only for t he expect ed ret urn of a pr oj ect .
Risk - a dj ust e d discou nt r a t e

A discount rat e t hat includes a prem ium t o allow for t he risk associat ed wit h
t he net cash flows t o be analyzed.
Risk - fr e e int e r e st r a t e
The ret urn offered by invest m ent s t hat have no risk in t hem . This rat e is
usually est ablished by t he rat e of ret urn offered by U.S. Treasury
debt inst rum ent s.
Risk - se e k e r
A person who has very high ut ilit y for high risk proj ect s.
ROG
A credit t erm t hat m eans “ receipt of goods” and indicat es t hat t he credit period
does not begin unt il t he day t he goods are received.
Ru n
For Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or, produces t he select ed est im at e t ype.
38-42 3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 )
S
Sa fe t y st ock
A quant it y of invent ory above t he am ount det erm ined by using an EOQ m odel,
which will handle unant icipat ed dem and. These levels are dependent upon lead
t im e t o delivery, t he probabilit y dist ribut ion of dem and and cust om er
service policies.
Sa le a n d le a se ba ck
A t ype of financial lease whereby a com pany sells an asset t o a second
com pany, which in t urn leases t he asset back t o t he first com pany. These
asset s can be eit her old or new. They m ust be sold near t heir appraised
m arket value and t he lease m ust be fully am ort ized. The only real differ ence
bet ween a sale and leaseback arrangem ent and a financial lease is t hat t he
form er usually involves asset s t he com pany is already using and t he lat t er
usually involves asset s new t o t he com pany.
Sa le of a sse t s
A business com binat ion w her eby one com pany purchases t he asset s of
anot her. The buying com pany m ay also assum e som e or all of t he liabilit ies of
t he ot her com pany.
Sa le s for ce com posit e m e t hod for for e ca st ing

A Sa le s for e ca st The proj ect ion of est im at ed sales for a specific period for a
part icular com pany, which serves as t he basis for ot her forecast s m ade by t he
com pany and for m any of it s decisions.
Sa lva ge va lue
The expect ed value of an asset at t he end of it s usable life for t he com pany.
The difference bet ween an asset ’s cost and it s salvage value is t he am ount t o
be depr eciat ed over t he asset ’s usable life.
SC
Subcont ract / subcont ract or.
Sca n
The process of checking t he proj ect scope for feasibilit y of design.
Sch e duling
The process of det erm ining when proj ect act ivit ies will t ake place depending
on defined durat ions and precedent act ivit ies. Schedule const raint s specify
when an act ivit y should st art or end based on durat ion, predecessors, ext ernal
predecessor relat ionships, resource availabilit y or t arget dat es.
3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 ) 38-43
Scope
The equipm ent and m at erials t o be provided, and t he work t o be perform ed.
Scope is docum ent ed by t he cont ract param et ers for a proj ect t o which t he
com pany is com m it t ed.
Se a son a l da t in g
A credit arrangem ent t hat ext ends t he credit per iod for cert ain seasonal goods
int o t heir selling season.
Se con da r y m a r k e t s
That segm ent of t he capit al m arket s t hat deals wit h exist ing securit ies and t he
t ransact ions t hat occur bet ween invest ors.
Se cu r it y
A m eans of ensuring t hat shared files can be accessed only by
aut horized users.
Se le ct
For Aspen Capit al Cost Est im at or, t o highlight an it em by clicking it wit h t he
m ouse or using key com binat ions. Select ing does not init iat e an act ion.
Se llin g gr ou p
A group of br okerage houses and dealers who sell t he new secur it ies
t o invest ors.
Se m i va r ia ble cost s
Cost s t hat have bot h fixed and var iable com ponent s.
Se n sit ivit y a n a lysis in ca sh bu dge t in g

The syst em at ic change of cert ain assum pt ions underlying t he cash budget in
order t o st udy t he effect s of t hese changes and t o ant icipat e and cont rol any
real life sit uat ions involving t hese assum pt ions.
Se qu e n ce
The order in which act ivit ies occur wit h respect t o one anot her. This
est ablishes t he pr iorit y and dependencies bet ween act ivit ies. Successor and
predecessor relat ionships are developed in a net work form at . This allows t hose
involved in t he pr oj ect t o visualize t he wor k flow.
38-44 3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 )
Sink ing fund
A bond indent ure provision t hat requir es t he com pany t o m ake periodic
paym ent s t o t he t rust ee. This fund is t o be used t o ret ire port ions of t he bond
issue, eit her by buying t he bonds off t he m arket or calling and ret iring port ions
of it by lot t ery.
Sit e de ve lopm e n t
I ncludes t hose act ions t hat m ust be t aken t o convert a prospect ive facilit y sit e
int o a reasonably flat plant area, free of m aj or obst ruct ions, and wit h
provisions for wat er drainage, fencing, paving and rail spurs.
Slippa ge
The am ount of slack or float t im e used by t he current act ivit y due t o a delayed
st art . I f an act ivit y wit hout float is delayed, t he ent ire proj ect will slip.
Sou r ce of fu n ds
The inflows of funds from operat ions, decreases in asset s and increases in
liabilit ies and net wort h account s.
Sou r ce s a n d u se of funds st a t e m e nt
A financial st at em ent t hat t races t he flow of funds t hrough t he incom e, asset s
and liabilit ies of a com pany.
Spe cia l r e por t s

Cust om ized report s creat ed by t he I CUE Report er.
Spe cu la t ive m ot ive for h oldin g ca sh

A m ot ive for holding cash reserves t hat st em s fr om m anagem ent ’s desire t o
t ake advant age of any unexpect ed opport unit ies.
SQL
St ruct ured query language, a dat abase sub language for quer ying, updat ing,
and m anaging relat ional dat abases. The basic st ruct ure of t he relat ional m odel
is a t able, consist ing of rows and colum ns. Dat a definit ion includes declaring
t he nam e of each t able t o be included in a dat abase, t he nam e and dat a t ypes
of all colum ns of each t able, const raint s on t he values in and am ong colum ns,
and t he grant ing of t able m anipulat ion privileges t o prospect ive users. Tables
can be accessed by insert ing new rows, delet ing or updat ing exist ing rows, or
select ing rows t hat sat isfy a given search condit ion for out put .
SS
St ainless st eel.
3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 ) 38-45
St a ble dolla r divide n d policy
A dividend policy adopt ed by a com pany t o pay out a fixed dollar am ount of
dividend per share annually.
St a ble pa you t r a t io policy

A dividend policy used by a com pany t hat would result in t he dollar am ount of
t he dividend per share changing fr om year t o year t o conform t o an
est ablished rat io of earnings per share and dividends per share. This policy is
used by com panies wit h fluct uat ing earnings.
St a n da r d ba sis
A previously defined pr oj ect which is copied t o provide t he st art ing point for a
new proj ect .
St a r t floa t
The am ount of excess t im e an act ivit y has bet ween it s early st art and lat e
st ar t dat es.
St a r t - t o- st a r t la g
The m inim um am ount of t im e t hat m ust pass bet ween t he st art of one act ivit y
and t he st art of it s successor( s) .
St a r t in g a ct ivit y
A st art ing act ivit y has no predecessors. I t does not have t o wait for any ot her
act ivit y t o st art .
St a t u t or y con solida t ion

A m erger in which bot h m erging com panies cease t o exist as separat e
com panies and a brand new com pany is form ed. Shares of t he old com panies
are exchanged for shares of t he new. The new com pany assum es all t he asset s
or liabilit ies of t he old com panies.
St a t u t or y m e r ge r
A m erger in w hich one of t he par t ners is com plet ely t aken over and ceases t o
exist as a separat e business. There is a t ax- free exchange of shares. All of t he
asset s and liabilit ies of t he acquired com pany are assum ed by t he
surviving com pany.
St ock divide n d
The paym ent of dividends in st ock. This increases t he num ber of shares
out st anding, leaves unchanged t he par value of t he st ock and capit alizes part
of t he ret ained earnings.
38-46 3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 )
St ock m a r k e t s
St ock m arket s such as t he New York St ock Exchange, t he Am erican St ock
Exchange and t he Midw est St ock Exchange are exam ples of or ganized
exchanges where corporat e securit ies are t raded.
St ock r igh t
A subscript ion opt ion t hat exist s wit h each share of exist ing st ock during a
right s offering. I t has a value during t he right s offering but is wort hless
t hereaft er. The exist ing st ockholder can choose t o exercise t he right , sell it or
allow it t o expire.
St ock split
A st ock dividend t hat result s in an increase of 25 percent or m ore in t he
num ber of shar es of st ock out st anding. The par value of t he st ock is adj ust ed
t o account for t his increase in num ber. Ret ained earnings do not change.
St ock h olde r s’ e qu it y
See Tot al st ockholders’ equit y.
St r a igh t r u n e qu iva le n t pipe

A short cut m et hod t o approxim at e t he m at erial plus labor cost of insulat ing
pipe valves and fit t ings. The SREL is t he lengt h of like t ype, diam et er and
t hickness st raight run pipe insulat ion which has an " equivalent " cost .
St r a igh t r u n pipe
Pipe wit h no fit t ings/ valves; j ust t he st raight pipe ( no bends or t urns) .
St r u ct u r e d qu e r y la n gu a ge ( SQL)
A dat abase sub language for querying, updat ing, and m anaging relat ional
dat abases. The basic st ruct ure of t he relat ional m odel is a t able, consist ing of
rows and colum ns. Dat a definit ion includes declaring t he nam e of each t able t o
be included in a dat abase, t he nam e and dat a t ypes of all colum ns of each
t able, const raint s on t he values in and am ong colum ns, and t he grant ing of
t able m anipulat ion pr ivileges t o prospect ive users. Tables can be accessed by
insert ing new rows, delet ing or updat ing exist ing rows, or select ing rows t hat
sat isfy a given search condit ion for out put .
Su b- cr it ica l a ct ivit y
A sub- crit ical act ivit y has a float t hreshold value assigned t o it by t he pr oj ect
m anager. When t he act ivit y reaches it s float t hreshold, it is ident ified as being
crit ical. Since t his t ype of crit icalit y is art ificial, it norm ally does not im pact t he
proj ect ’s end dat e.
3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 ) 38-47
Su bor din a t e d de be n t u r e
A bond whose holders’ claim s are subordinat e or lower t han t he claim s of all
ot her credit or s. They t end t o have rat her high int erest rat es.
Su bpr oj e ct
A dist inct group of act ivit ies t hat com prise t heir own proj ect which in t urn is a
part of a larger proj ect . Subproj ect s can be sum m arized int o a single act ivit y
t o hide t he det ail.
Su bscr ipt ion pr ice

The price at w hich a new shar e of com m on st ock can be purchased at issue.
Su cce ssor
An act ivit y w hose st ar t or finish depends on t he st art or finish of a
predecessor act ivit y.
Su m m a r y fu n ds st a t e m e n t
A sources- and- use- of- funds st at em ent t hat com bines cert ain account s int o
broad cat egories.
Su pe r - cr it ica l a ct ivit y
An act ivit y t hat is behind schedule is considered t o be super- crit ical. I t has
been delayed t o a point where it s float is calculat ed t o be a negat ive value. The
negat ive float is represent at ive of t he num ber of unit s an act ivit y is
behind schedule.
SW
Socket weld.
T- T
Tangent t o t angent . St raight- side dim ension of vessels, colum ns and react ors.
Ta k e - off
Det ailed quant it y count of work com ponent s: cubic yards, t ons, feet , et c.
Ta r ge t finish — a ct ivit y
The user ’s im posed finish dat e for an act ivit y. A t arget finish dat e is used if
t here are pre- defined com m it m ent dat es.
38-48 3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 )
Ta r ge t fin ish — pr oj e ct
A user ’s t arget finish dat e can be im posed on a proj ect as a whole. A t arget
finish dat e is used if t here is a pr e- defined com plet ion dat e.
Ta r ge t st a r t — a ct ivit y
An im posed st art ing dat e on an act ivit y.
Te ch n ica l in solve n cy
A financial st at e in w hich a com pany cannot pay it s due and payable
financial obligat ions.
TEFC
Tot ally enclosed fan cooled. Term applied t o elect rical m ot ors.
TEM A
Tubular Exchanger Manufact uring Associat ion.
TEW AC
Tot ally Enclosed Wat er Cooled.
Te m por a r y con st r u ct ion

An indirect cost including t em porary shelt er and sanit ary facilit ies, ut ilit ies,
t em porary power, roadways, rigging and fencing.
Te nde r offe r
An offer m ade by one com pany direct ly t o t he st ockholders of anot her t o
purchase t he shares of t he second com pany. This is a m et hod used in a
t akeover of a com pany. I t is usually done wit hout t he consent of t he
m anagem ent of t he second com pany.
Te r m ina l w a r e house r e ce ipt

Short - t erm financing inst rum ent used wit h pledged invent ories by which t he
goods are t ransferred t o a public warehouse and released only by
aut horizat ion of t he lender. I t is used when t here is concern t hat t he borrower
m ight liquidat e t he invent ory wit hout paying.
TEW AC
Tot ally enclosed wat er cooled.
Te x t st r in g
A set of one or m ore charact ers, including let t ers, num bers, sym bols and
blank spaces.
3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 ) 38-49
Tim e va lu e of m on e y
The concept t hat t he value of an am ount of m oney changes over t im e. I t
assum es t hat m oney now is preferable t o t he sam e am ount lat er and im plies
t hat $1 received t oday is wort h m ore t han $1 received lat er.
Tim e s in t e r e st e a r n e d
A leverage rat io. The rat io of operat ing incom e t o int erest expense = OI /
int erest . This m easures t he abilit y of t he com pany t o m eet int erest paym ent s
wit h funds generat ed from operat ions.
Tot a l a sse t s t u r n ove r

An efficiency rat io. A m easure of how well m anagem ent uses t he asset s of t he
com pany t o generat e sales = net sales/ TA.
Tot a l de bt t o t ot a l a sse t s r a t io
A leverage rat io. This gives an indicat ion of t he am ount of debt used t o finance
each dollar of t ot al asset s = TD/ TA.
Tot a l floa t
The excess t im e available for an act ivit y t o be expanded or delayed wit hout
affect ing t he rest of t he proj ect — assum ing it begins at it s earliest t im e.
Tot a l st ock holde r s’ e qu it y

Also called t ot al net wort h — t he sum of com m on st ock, paid- in surplus and
ret ained earnings less t reasury st ock.
Tr a de a cce pt a n ce
A form al acknowledgm ent of debt t hat is init iat ed by t he seller of t he goods
and accept ed by t he buyer in order t o perm it shipm ent of t he desired goods.
Tr a de cr e dit
Also called account s payable. A short- t er m financing source realized by
assum ing a liabilit y by buying goods on credit . Three t ypes of t rade credit
arrangem ent s are open account s, not es payable and t rade accept ances.
Tr a n sa ct ion loa n s
A short- t erm , 30 - 90 days, credit arrangem ent t hat allows a bank client t o
borrow m oney for som e special purpose.
Tr a nsa ct iona l m ot ive for h oldin g ca sh

A m ot ive for holding cash t hat st em s from m anagem ent ’s desire t o m eet
operat ing r equirem ent s.
38-50 3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 )
Tr e a su r y st ock
The aut horized and issued st ock of a corporat ion t hat t he corporat ion it self has
repurchased off t he m arket . This st ock is no longer out st anding.
Tr e e dia gr a m
Branched graphical represent at ion of specificat ions for cont ract ors, cont ract or
scopes, power dist ribut ion, process cont rol and areas.
Tr e n d pr oj e ct ion
A quant it at ive sales forecast ing m et hod in which sales t rends are est im at ed
t hrough t he analysis of dat a t hat have been syst em at ically gat her ed for som e
period of t im e.
Tr ust r e ce ipt
A short- t erm financing inst rum ent used in invent ory pledging in which t he
borrower acknowledges it holds m erchandise in t rust for t he lender. I t is used
when t he goods are m ore easily held by t he borrower and when t hey can be
ident ified by serial num ber.
Tr u st e e
The overseer of a bond issue who prot ect s t he int erest s of t he bondholders. I t
is usually a bank or som e ot her responsible financial inst it ut ion.
Un de r w r it in g syn dica t e
A t em porary alliance of invest m ent brokers who j oint ly underwrit e a part icular
new issue.
Un it cost da t a ba se
An elect ronic, com put er- based version of t he once encyclopedic versions of
list s of process equipm ent it em s and t heir associat ed unit cost s. Mean’s and
Richardson’s and ot her book versions have been t ransferred t o com put er
dat abases. Unit cost dat abases are used for definit ive ( det ailed) engineering
and est im at ing.
Un it su bst a t ion
A subst at ion which feed power at a volt age less t han t he dist ribut ion volt age
( a) elect rical equipm ent such as m ot ors and light s wit hin t he process facilit y or
( b) anot her unit subst at ion for furt her t ransform at ion t o a lower ut ilizat ion
volt age. Thus for ( b) , t he subordinat e unit subst at ion would draw power from
t he serving principle unit subst at ion.
3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 ) 38-51
Unse cur e d loa n
A loan for which t he bank requires no collat eral.
Use s of fu n ds
The out flow of funds used for increases in asset s and decr eases in liabilit ies
and net wort h account s.
Va lu e
The perceived ut ilit y or sat isfact ion inherent in a product or service.
Va lu e e n gin e e r in g
A pract ice funct ion t hat is t arget ed at t he design it self. The obj ect ive of value
engineering is t o develop or design a facilit y or it em t hat will yield t he least life
cycle cost s or provide t he great est value while sat isfying all perform ance and
ot her crit eria est ablished for it .
Va r ia ble ca sh bu dge t
A series of budget s developed at various levels of product ion or sales t hat
allow s for im m ediat e react ion t o any shift s.
Va r ia ble cost s
The cost s t hat change direct ly wit h changes in product ion or sales levels.
Va r ia ble pa ym e n t sin k ing fu n d

A sinking fund arrangem ent t hat requires paym ent s only when t he com pany’s
earnings are high enough. This arrangem ent m inim izes t he possibilit y of
default due t o a m issed paym ent .
Ve n dor r e pr e se n t a t ive s
An indirect cost including t ravel, sust enances and average rat es for vendor
field r epresent at ives, e.g., a com pressor specialist .
Ve r t ica l m e r ge r
A m erger t hat involves t wo com panies in t he sam e business at different
m anufact uring and dist ribut ion levels.
38-52 3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 )
W
W a ge r a t e
The wage paid t o a specific discipline.
W e igh t e d cost of ca pit a l

Also called average cost of capit al. Calculat ion of t he cost of capit al t hat t akes
int o account t he proport ionat e weight s of each com ponent ut ilized.
W indow s N T w or k st a t ion
The port able, secure 32- bit preem pt ive m ult it asking m em ber of Micr osoft
Windows operat ing syst em fam ily.
W or k br e a k dow n st r uct ur e ( W BS)

A t ool for defining t he hierarchical breakdown of responsibilit ies and work in a
proj ect . I t is developed by ident ifying t he highest level of wor k in t he proj ect .
These m aj or cat egories are br oken down int o sm aller com ponent s. The
subdivision cont inues unt il t he lowest required level of det ail is est ablished.
These end unit s of t he WBS becom e act ivit ies in a proj ect . Once im plem ent ed,
t he WBS facilit at es sum m ary report ing at a variet y of levels.
W or k flow
The relat ionship of t he act ivit ies in a proj ect from st art t o finish. Work flow
t akes int o considerat ion all t ypes of act ivit y relat ionships.
W or k loa d
The am ount of work unit s assigned t o a resource over a period of t im e.
W or k unit
St andard unit est ablished t o value all work com ponent s in a rat ional and
consist ent m anner. ( The m easurem ent of resources.) For exam ple, people as
a resource can be m easured by t he num ber of hours t hey work.
W or k ing ca pit a l
Current asset s such as cash, m arket able securit ies, account s receivable and
invent ories. Working capit al has a life of less t han 1 year.
W or k ing ca pit a l m a na ge m e nt
Managerial decisions on t he am ount of capit al t o be invest ed in various current
asset s and how t his invest m ent is t o be financed.
3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 ) 38-53
Y
Yie ld t o m a t u r it y
That discount rat e which m akes t he present value of fut ure inflows from a
bond equal t o it s pr esent m arket value.
Ze r o floa t
Zero float is a condit ion where t here is no excess t im e bet w een act ivit ies. An
act ivit y w it h zero float is considered a crit ical act ivit y. I f t he durat ion of any
crit ical act ivit y is increased ( t he act ivit y slips) , t he proj ect finish dat e will slip.
Ze r o gr ow t h st ock s
St ocks for which expect ed dividends are considered t o rem ain const ant .
Ze r o- ba se bu dge t in g
A planning procedure t hat assum es t hat t he relevant base for all planning is
zero dollars.
38-54 3 8 Glossa r y ( G5 )
I n de x ( G6 )
Num erics pacing m at erials 72

1 1 , 2 , 5 , 2 , 51 , 9 , 10 , 14 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 6 , 7 , packing 4
24 , 25 , 29 , 2 , 6 , 8 , 12 , 15 , 16 , 27 , 41 , 45 , 46 , Act ivit y durat ion 2
10 , 29 , 32 , 39 , 43 , 52 , 53 , 57 , 61 , 62 , 65 , 69 , Act ual dat es 2
1 , 7 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 15 , 16 , 21 , 24 , 25 , 32 , 38 , 44 , Addendum 2
46 , 49 , 50 Adsorpt ion t owers 3
1 SPEED AERATOR
Hoist s ( HO) 18 Wat er Treat m ent Syst em s ( WTS) 8
2 STAGE AFC 2
Ej ect ors ( EJ) 4 AFD 2
4 STAGE Agit at ed falling film
Ej ect ors ( EJ) 5 Evaporat ors ( E) 4
4- STAGE B Agit at ed pan bat ch dryer
Ej ect ors ( EJ) 5 Dryers ( D) 9
5 SPEED Agit at ed Tanks ( AT) 7
Hoist s ( HO) 18 , 22 COND- CELL 20
5- STAGE B FLOAT- CELL 20
Ej ect ors ( EJ) 6 general nom enclat ure 21
MACH- PULP 17
A MI XER 8 , 9
AACE 1 OFF- MACH 17 , 18
ABC 1 OPEN TOP 11
Above- grade piping Agit at ed t hin film evaporat or
piping plant bulks 3 , 6 Wiped Film Evaporat ors ( WFE) 7
Absorber t owers 3 Agit at ors ( AG) 7
Absorpt ion t owers 3 ANCHOR 3
ABVGR- TANK DI RECT 2
civil plant bulks 2 FI XED PROP 3
AC/ DC Transform er GEAR DRI VE 2
elect rical plant bulks 21 HI GH SHEAR 5
Accelerat ed depreciat ion 1 MECH- SEAL 3
Accellerat ion PORT- PROP 3
seism ic dat a 15 PULP STOCK 4
Accom odat ions SAN- FI XED 6
const ruct ion overhead 62 SAN- PORT 7
Account 1 side ent ry 4
ACI D BRI CK t op ent ry 4
Packing, Linings ( PAK, LI N) 8 Air Com pressors ( AC) 8
Acid- t est rat io 1 CENTRI F- M 2
Act ion but t on 1 packaged unit 2 , 3
Act ivat ed alum inas RECI P- GAS 3
packing 4 RECI P- MOTR 4
Act ivat ed carbon SI NGLE 1- S 4
I nde x ( G6 ) 1
SI NGLE 2- S 4 ATM SUSPEN
AI R COOLER Cent rifuges ( CT) 2
Heat Exchangers ( HE) 3 At m ospheric
AI R DRYER solid/ liquid st orage
Dryers ( AD) 8 Vert ical Tanks ( VT) 36
Air Dryers ( AD) 15 At m ospheric t ray bat ch dryer
AI R DRYER 8 Dryers ( D) 9
Air fan ATM- SYSTEM
AI R COOLER ( HE) 3 Tray Drying Syst em s ( TDS) 14
Allocat e 2 ATTRI TI ON
Allowances 2 Mills ( M) 7
ALMNA 72 At t rit ion m ill
Alt ernat e 2 Mills ( M) 7
Alum ina AUTOGENOUS
packing m at erials 72 Mills ( M) 8
Alum inum Aut ogenous m ill
non- ferrous plat e m at erials Mills ( M) 8
ASME 8 Aut om ot ive
DI N 44 const ruct ion equipm ent 2
JI S 32 Average collect ion period 3
Am ort izat ion 2 Average rat e of ret urn ( ARR) 3
Analog, process cont rol 14 Axial
ANCHOR Gas Com pressors ( GC) 5
Agit at ors ( AG) 3 AXI AL FLOW
Anion exchangers Cent rifugal Pum ps ( CP) 11
DEMI NERAL 8
SOFTENI NG 8 B
Anodes BACKFI LL
elect rical plant bulks 11 eart hwork - sit e developm ent 7
ANSI 3 Baghouse
Cent rifugal Pum ps ( CP) 2 clot h bay 6
ANSI PLAST Balance sheet 4
Cent rifugal Pum ps ( CP) 4 Ball
API 3 Fisher cont rol valve inform at ion 23
API 610 BALL MI LL
Cent rifugal Pum ps ( CP) 5 Mills ( M) 8
API 610- I L Ball m ill
Cent rifugal Pum ps ( CP) 7 Mills ( M) 8
Apply 3 Balloon 4
Apply & Close 3 Balloon paym ent 4
APRON BAR
Conveyors ( CO) 7 Screens ( VS) 32
Area Barchart s
insulat ion/ fireproofing 2 proj ect schedule 9
Area light ing BAROMETRI C
elect rical plant bulks 8 Condensers ( C) 2
AREA- LI GHT Base indices
elect rical plant bulks 8 , 9 count ry base
Areas US 2
pipe envelope 7 BASE- PREP
process cont rol 20 sit e developm ent 12
t ypes 3 Basic engineering 4
unreferenced requiring power 35 disciplines and wage rat es
ASME 3 JP 6 , 8
ASPHALT UK 4
sit e developm ent 12 US 2 , 10
Asphalt equipm ent BASI NS
const ruct ion equipm ent 14 drainage - sit e developm ent 4
Asphalt ic resin lining 69 Basins, cat ch
2 I n de x ( G6 )
drainage - sit e developm ent 4 BOT- UNLOAD
Bat ch Cent rifuges ( CT) 3
Cent rifuges ( CT) 2 BOX
Bat ch dryer Furnaces, Process Heat ers ( FU) 39 , 40
Dryers ( D) 9 Boxes
Tray Dring Syst em s ( TDS) 14 st eel plant bulks 16
Bat ch t ray dryer Boxes, j unct ion
Tray Drying Syst em s ( TDS) 14 inst rum ent at ion plant bulks 4
BATCH VAC Bracing
Cryst allizers ( CRY) 2 st eel plant bulks 16
Bat ch vacuum Bracket s
Cryst allizers ( CRY) 2 st eel plant bulks 16
BATCH- AUTO BRADFORD
Cent rifuges ( CT) 2 Crushers ( CR) 6
BATCH- BOTM Brass
Cent rifuges ( CT) 3 non- ferrous plat e m at erials
BATCH- TOP JI S 32
Cent rifuges ( CT) 3 non- ferrous t ube m at erials
BEAM SCALE DI N 50
Scales ( S) 19 JI S 38
Beam s BREAKER
st eel plant bulks 16 elect rical plant bulks 20
BELGR- TANK Break- even analysis 5
civil plant bulks 3 Break- even budget 5
BELT Break- even point 5
Feeders ( FE) 14 Bridge crane
Scales ( S) 19 Cranes ( CE) 13
Belt feeder BRI DGE- CRN
Feeders ( FE) 14 Cranes ( CE) 13
BENCH BRUSH
Scales ( S) 19 eart hwork - sit e developm ent 6
Benefit - cost rat io ( BCR) 4 BS design code
Berl saddle ferrous t ube m at erials
packing 4 high alloy st eel 25
Berl saddles 72 low alloy st eel 24
Bid docum ent s 4 BS5500 5
Bin act ivat or Bubble cap t rays 3
Feeders ( FE) 14 Bucket elevat or
BI N- ACTVTR Conveyors ( CO) 10
Feeders ( FE) 14 Buildings
BLASTI NG dem olish 3
eart hwork - sit e developm ent 7 m ill, st eel plant bulks 12
BLENDER BUMPER
Blenders ( BL) 25 railroads - sit e developm ent 17
Blenders ( BL) 8 Bundle runs - pneum at ic
BLENDER 25 inst rum ent at ion plant bulks 3
KETTLE 25 Burdens
RI BBON 32 , 33 , 34 const ruct ion overhead 61
ROTARY 25 Buried Dept h 4
ROTARYBOWL 26 Buried pipe
BOI LER piping plant bulks 3 , 20
St eam Boilers ( STB) 4 BUS DUCT 19
Bond covenant s 5 But t erfly
Bond indent ure 5 Fisher cont rol valve inform at ion 23
Bond refunding 5 But yl rubber
Book value 5 lined st eel pipe 59
Book value per share 5 But yl rubber lining 69
BORI NGS
eart hwork - sit e developm ent 6
I nde x ( G6 ) 3
C Dust Collect ors ( C) 6
CABLE DUCT 12 CENTRI F
Cable t ray Cent rifugal Pum ps ( CP) 12
elect rical plant bulks 4 Fans, Blowers ( FN) 12
inst rum ent at ion plant bulks 3 Gas Com pressors ( GC) 5
Cable, dat a- highway CENTRI F- I G
inst rum ent at ion plant bulks 9 Gas Com pressors ( GC) 6
Caged ladders 15 CENTRI F- M
st eel plant bulks 6 Air Com pressors ( AC) 2
CAI SSON Cent rifugal
piling - sit e developm ent 15 Fans, Blowers ( FN) 12
Calcium chloride filt ers
packing m at erials 72 Cent rifuges ( CT) 2
Calcium silicat e Cent rifugal precipit at or
insulat ion m at erials 4 Dust Collect ors ( DC) 6
CANNED Cent rifugal Pum ps ( CP) 11
Cent rifugal Pum ps ( CP) 11 ANSI 2
CANNED RTR ANSI PLAST 4 , 17
Gear Pum ps ( GP) 19 API 610 5
Carbon API 610- I L 7
packing m at erials 72 AXI AL FLOW 11
Carbon st eel CANNED 11
lining m at erials 69 CENTRI F 12
packing m at erials 73 FLUME PUMP 17
Carpent er 20 GEN- SERV 13
ASME non- ferrous I N LI NE 13
t ube m at erials 14 MAG DRI VE 15
BS non- ferrous PULP STOCK 14
plat e m at erials 21 SAN- PUMP 15
DI N non- ferrous TURBI NE 14
plat e m at erials 45 Cent rifuges ( CT) 17
t ube m at erials 50 ATM SYSPEN 2
JI S non- ferrous BATCH- AUTO 2
plat e m at erials 33 BATCH- BOTM 3
t ube m at erials 38 BATCH- TOP 3
CARTRI DGE BOT- UNLOAD 3
Filt ers ( F) 11 DI SK 4
Cart ridge filt er I NVERTI NG 5
Filt ers ( F) 11 RECI P- CONV 4
Cascade rings 73 SCREEN- BWL 5
Cast st eel SCROLL- CON 4
cast ing m at erials 71 SOLI D BOWL 4
Cast able refract ories, linings 5 TOP UNLOAD 3
Cat alyst TUBULAR 5
bed react or, packed 8 , 21 VI BRATORY 5
Cat ch basin CENT- TURBO
drainage - sit e developm ent 4 Fans, Blowers ( FN) 10
Cat ering Ceram ic
const ruct ion overhead 62 packing m at erials 72
Cat ion exchangers CERATE Relat ion 10
DEMI NERAL 8 Chain drivers
Cem ent variable speed m ot or reducer 5
lined st eel pipe 59 CHAI N- LI NK
CENT- BKT- L fencing - sit e developm ent 10
Conveyors ( CO) 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 Chem ical lead lining 69
CENT- COMPR CHEST- CYL
Refrigerat ion Unit s ( RU) 6 Vert ical Tanks ( VT) 40
CENTRF- PRE CHEST- MTL
Vert ical Tanks ( VT) 42
4 I n de x ( G6 )
CHEST- REC washers 10
Vert ical Tanks ( VT) 38 Com m ercial paper 6
Chest s, t ile Com m issioning
Vert ical Tanks ( VT) 38 disciplines and wage rat es
Chut es JP 7 , 9
st eel plant bulks 16 UK 5
Circuit breakers US 3 , 11
elect rical plant bulks 20 expenses and indirect s 12 , 13 , 14 , 15
Civil Com m on equit y 6
code of account s 12 COMPACT
concret e foundat ions 3 eart hwork - sit e developm ent 7
concret e t anks 2 Com pact ion
st ruct ures 3 const ruct ion equipm ent 5
Cladding m at erial Com parat ive analysis 7
ASME design code 10 Com pensat ing balance 7
BS design code 22 COMPONENT Relat ion 1 , 12
DI N design code 46 Com ponent s 7
JI S design code 34 Com posit ion 7
Classified- suspension cryst allizer COMPRESGAS
Cryst allizers ( CRY) 3 Filt ers ( F) 16
Clear brush Com pressed gas filt er
eart hwork - sit e developm ent 6 Filt ers ( F) 16
CLEAR- GRUB Com pressor
eart hwork - sit e developm ent 6 const ruct ion equipm ent 8
Clearing Concent rat ors
eart hwork - sit e developm ent 6 THI CKENER
Click 5 Thickeners ( T) 29
Close 6 CONC- PAVNG
CLOSED- BLT sit e developm ent 12
Conveyors ( CO) 4 CONCRETE
Closed- end m ort gage bond 6 civil plant bulks 3
CLOTH BAY Concret e
Dust Collect ors ( DC) 6 const ruct ion equipm ent 9
Clot h bay baghouse pipe, piping plant bulks 20
Dust Collect ors ( DC) 6 t anks, civil plant bulks 3
CM 6 Concret e drainage
CNTRCT Relat ion 1 , 12 civil 5
COAT WRAP COND- CELL
piping plant bulks 34 Agit at ed Tanks ( AT) 20
Coat ings Condensers ( C) 12
Packing, Linings ( PAK, LI N) 9 BAROMETRI C 2
COD 6 CONDENSI NG
Code of account 6 Turbines ( TUR) 9
Code of account s Condit ioning cell
cont ingencies 7 , 28 Agit at ed Tanks ( AT) 20
creat ing 3 , 4 CONDUI T
equipm ent and set t ing 9 elect rical plant bulks 2 , 3
m odifying 2 CONE
out put report s 5 Crushers ( CR) 2
sum m ary report s 5 Cone bot t om
Coincident indicat or 6 Vert ical Tanks ( VT) 34
Coke CONE BTM
paking m at erials 72 Vert ical Tanks ( VT) 34
Collat eral 6 Cone roof t ank ( st orage)
Collect ion cost s 6 Vert ical Tanks ( VT) 29
Colum ns Conglom erat e m erger 7
packed 8 , 21 Conical rot ary vacuum dryer
st eel plant bulks 2 , 16 Rot ary Dryers ( RD) 13
t ray t owers 12 , 24 Coning 4
I nde x ( G6 ) 5
CONSET ( cont ract set num ber) 21 , 23 , 26 Conveyors ( CO) 10 , 11 , 12
Const ruct ion Cont ingencies
cont ract s 66 code of account s 7 , 28
direct field m anpower 67 Cont ingency 7
field office 56 Cont inuous spray drying syst em
field supervision 69 Dryers ( D) 10
hom e office 56 Cont ract docum ent s 7
hom e office const ruct ion services 69 Cont ract s
m anagem ent 52 , 56 concept s 64
Const ruct ion eqiupm ent const rucit on - hom e office const ruct ion
int roduct ion 2 services 69
Const ruct ion equipm ent const ruct ion 66
asphalt equipm ent 14 const ruct ion - direct field m anpower 67
aut om ot ive 2 const ruct ion - field erect ed vessels 67
com pact ion 5 const ruct ion - field indirect s 68
com pressor 8 cost benefit s 65
concret e 9 descript ion 63
crane 6 engineering 57 , 65
crane at t achm ent 7 m at erials 66
drilling 4 overheads 69
eart hm oving 3 prim e cont ract or default s 62
elect ric equipm / t ool 13 procurem ent 65
hoist 14 Cont rol 8
m iscellaneous equipm ent 12 Cont rol cent ers 14 , 15 , 16
piping equipm ent 10 analog 16
pneum at ic port . t ool 13 default 17
pum p 13 defining 23 , 24
sit e/ office equipm ent 14 digit al 17
t railer 5 elect rical plant bulks 20
t ruck 2 PLC 26
welding equipm ent 9 , 10 redundant cont rol 24
Const ruct ion m anagem ent requirem ent s 17
disciplines and wage rat es spares 24
JP 8 t ypes 23
US 2 , 10 Cont rol process 8
Const ruct ion overhead Cont rol valve size
accom odat ions 62 piping 6
burdens 61 Cont rollers, m ult ifunct ion
cat ering 62 inst rum ent at ion plant bulks 6
const ruct ion overhead & fees 61 Conversion prem ium 8
const ruct ion rent al equipm ent 62 Convert ible securit y 8
consum ables 61 Conveyor belt scale
field services 62 Scales ( S) 19
fringe benefit s 61 Conveyor t ransfer t ower
m iscellaneous 61 st eel plant bulks 15
scaffolding 62 Conveyors ( CO) 16
sm all t ools 61 APRON 7
vendor represent at ives 62 CENT- BKT- L 9 , 10 , 11 , 12
Const ruct ion overhead & fees CLOSED- BLT 4
const ruct ion overhead 61 CONT- BKT- L 10 , 11 , 12
Const ruct ion overhead and fees 7 OPEN BELT 2
Const ruct ion rent al equipm ent PNEUMATI C 7
const ruct ion overhead 62 ROLLER 8
Consum ables 7 S BELTCONV 10
const ruct ion overhead 61 S VERTI CAL 11
Consum er survey m et hod for forecast ing 7 S VI BRATORY 11
CONTAI NMNT sanit ary
civil plant bulks 5 horizont al 10
CONT- BKT- L vert ical 11
6 I n de x ( G6 )
vibrat ory 11 Credit period only 9
SCREW 8 Credit policy 9
VI BRATI NG 8 Crew m ixes
COOLI NG workforce 42
Cooling Towers ( CTW) 2 Crit ical act ivit y 9
Cooling Towers ( CTW) 19 Crit ical pat h 9
COOLI NG 2 CROSS BORE
COOLI NG- WP 3 Heat Exchangers ( HE) 24
fact ory assem bled 3 Cross gut t er
PACKAGED 3 sit e developm ent 12
COOLI NG- WP Crossflow t rays 3
Cooling Towers ( CTW) 3 bubble cap 3
Copper sieve 3
ASME non- ferrous valve 3
t ube m at erials 14 CROSS- GUTT
BS non- ferrous sit e developm ent 12
t ube m at erials 26 CROSSI NG
DI N non- ferrous railroads - sit e developm ent 17
t ube m at erials 50 Crossing signal
JI S non- ferrous railroads - sit e developm ent 17
t ube m at erials 38 Crude Oil Desalt er 11 , 12 , 13
Copy & change 8 Crushed lim est one
Cost 8 packing m at erials 72
Cost index 8 Crushed st one
Cost m odeling 8 packing m at erials 72
Cost of capit al 8 Crushers ( CR) 14
Cost report ing BRADFORD 6
currency and escalat ion 39 CONE 2
COST…f1COST® I CARUS’ m ainfram e- based es- ECCENTRI C 3
t im at ing and scheduling syst em for evaluat ing GYRATORY 3
m aj or process plant s and m ills. COST® was HAMMER- MED 6
first m arket ed by I CARUS in 1969. 12 JAW 4
Count er flow t rays 3 PULVERI ZER 6
COUNT- ROT reversible ham m erm ill 6
Agit at ors ( AG) 5 REV- HAMR 5
Count ry base ring granulat or 7
base indices ROLL RI NG 7
EU 2 ROTARY 4
JP 2 rot ary breaker 6
UK 2 SAWTOOTH 5
US 2 S- I MPACT 6
proj ect definit ion 37 single roll 4
Covenant s 9 size reduct ion 5
Craft s S- ROLL- HVY 5
nam es 43 S- ROLL- LT 4 , 5
product ivit y 50 S- ROLL- MED 5
wage rat es 42 swing j aw 4
Crane SWI NG- HAMR 6
const ruct ion equipm ent 6 CRWSCH Relat ion 1 , 11
Crane at t achm ent CRYOGENI C
const ruct ion equipm ent 7 Vert ical Tanks ( VT) 31
Cranes ( CE) 16 Cryogenic st orage t ank
BRI DGE- CRN 13 Vert ical Tanks ( VT) 31
HOI ST 13 Cryst allizers ( CRY) 15
hoist t rolley 13 BATCH VAC 2
t ravelling bridge crane 13 bat ch vacuum 2
Creat e 9 classified- suspension 3
Credit discount 9 growt h 3
Credit period 9 MECHANI CAL 2
I nde x ( G6 ) 7
m echanical scraped- surface cryst allizer 2 Dem ineralizing syst em
OSLO 3 Wat er Treat m ent Syst em s ( WTS) 8
scraped surface 2 Dem obilizat ion 11
CS 9 DEMOL
CSTCRL Relat ion 11 dem olit ion - sit e developm ent 3
CSTCTRL Relat ion 1 DEMOLI TI ON
CURB dem olit ion - sit e developm ent 3
sit e developm ent 12 DERRI CK
Curb and gut t er Flares ( FLR) 3 , 4
sit e developm ent 13 Design basis 11
Currency base DESI GN Relat ion 1 , 9
conversion 37 Desorpt ion t owers 3
proj ect definit ion 37 Desulferizat ion react ors
Current rat io 10 packed 8 , 21
Current yield 10 Det ail engineering 54
CUSSPC Relat ion 12 disciplines and wage rat es
CUT- FI LL UK 4
eart hwork - sit e developm ent 7 US 2 , 10
CYCLONE Det ailed engineering 11
Dust Collect ors ( DC) 9 DETAI LS Relat ion 1 , 7
CYLI NDER DEWATERI NG
Heat ing Unit s ( HU) 5 drainage - sit e developm ent 4
Vert ical Tanks ( VT) 14 Dewat ering wells
Cylindrical chest s drainage - sit e developm ent 5
Vert ical Tanks ( VT) 40 DH ( Direct hire) 12
Dialog box 12
D DI APHRAGM
Dat abase 10 Pist on, Ot her Posit ive Displacem ent Pum ps
Dat a- highway cable ( P) 22
inst rum ent at ion plant bulks 9 Digit al, process cont rol 14
DC HE TW DI KE
Single Diam et er Towers ( TW) 27 eart hwork - sit e developm ent 6
Debent ure 10 DI KE- MEMBR
Decision engineering 10 civil plant bulks 5 , 7
Decision t ree 10 DI RECT
DEEP- ANODE Rot ary Dryers ( RD) 13
elect rical plant bulks 11 Direct cont act heat exchanger t ower 27
Deferred call provision 10 Direct cost s 12
Definit ive Direct feld fanpower
- 5 t o + 15 percent est im at e 10 const ruct ion 67
DEFLAKE- CN Direct field cost ( DFC) 12
St ock Treat m ent ( ST) 10 Direct st eam heat m odule
DEFLAKE- DK sanit ary 29
St ock Treat m ent ( ST) 9 Discharge elevat or
Deflakers Conveyors ( CO) 9
St ock Treat m ent ( ST) DI SCNCT SW 19
concent ric conical t ype 9 Discount period 12
plat e t ype 9 Discount rat e 12
Degree of financial leverage 11 DI SK
Degree of operat ing leverage 11 Cent rifuges ( CT) 4
Delet e 11 Disk filt er
Delivery t im es Filt ers ( F) 12
process equim ent procurem ent 10 Display 12
Delphi m et hod for forecast ing 11 DI SPOSAL
Dem and- diversit y fact or 11 dem olit ion - sit e developm ent 3
DEMI NERAL Dist illat ion t owers 2
Wat er Treat m ent Syst em s ( WTS) 8 Dist ribut able 12
Dem ineralizers Dist ribut ion of asset s 12
packed t owers 8 , 21 Dit ching
8 I n de x ( G6 )
eart hwork - sit e developm ent 9 CENTRF- PRE 6
Dividend declarat ion dat e 12 CLOTH BAY 6
Dividend paym ent dat e 12 CYCLONE 9
Dividend payout rat io 13 ELC- H- VOLT 10
Dividend policy 13 ELC- L- VOLT 10
Dividend yield 13 MULT- CYCLO 10
Dividends 13 PULSE SHKR 8
Dollars WASHERS 10
currency base 37
DOUBLE ATM E
Drum Dryers ( DD) 11 Early finish 13
Double Diam et er Towers ( DDT) 12 Early st art 14
PACKED 8 Earned surplus 14
TRAYED 12 Earnings per share 14
Double- arm Eart h ( dirt )
Kneaders ( K) 28 packing m at erials 72
Mixers ( MX) 30 Eart hm oving
Dowt herm unit const ruct ion equipm ent 3
Heat ing Unit s ( HU) 5 EARTHWORK
Drain field eart hwork - sit e developm ent 6
drainage - sit e developm ent 4 Ebonit e
DRAI NAGE lined st eel pipe 59
drainage - sit e developm ent 5 ECCENTRI C
Drainage Crushers ( CR) 3
civil 5 Econom ic forecast 14
DRAI NS Econom ic indicat or 14
drainage - sit e developm ent 4 Econom ic order quant it y 14
Drilling Efficiency 14
const ruct ion equipm ent 4 Efficiency rat ios 14
DRUM Ej ect ors ( E) 12
Flakers ( FL) 7 Ej ect ors ( EJ)
Drum Dryers ( DD) 15 2 STAGE 4
DOUBLE ATM 11 4 STAGE 5
S- COOKCOOL 11 4- STAGE B 5
SI NGLE ATM 11 5- STAGE B 6
single at m ospheric 11 SI NGLE STG 3
SI NGLE VAC 11 TWO STAGE 3
vacuum rot ary 11 EL6 4
Drum filt er Elapsed t im e 14
Filt ers ( F) 13 ELC- H- VOLT
Dryers ( D) 15 Dust Collect ors ( DC) 10
agit at ed pan bat ch 9 ELC- L- VOLT
at m ospheric t ray- t ype bat ch 9 Dust Collect ors ( DC) 10
cont inuous spray syst em 10 ELEC- TRAY
PAN 9 elect rical plant bulks 4
SPRAY 10 Elect rical
VAC- TRAY 9 cable t ray 4
vacuum t ray- t ype bat ch 9 circuit breakers 20
DUCT RD code of account s 15
piping plant bulks 21 const ruct ion equipm ent 13
DUCT SQ galvanic anode 11
piping plant bulks 22 , 23 ground grid 7
Duct work group of anodes in shallow surface bed 11
piping 21 m ot or cont rol cent er 20
DUPLEX pot ent ial m easurem ent t est st at ion 11
Pist on, Ot her Posit ive Displacem ent Pum ps rigid conduit 2 , 3
( P) 21 solar panel 12
Durat ion 13 t racing ( exist ing equipm ent ) 4
Dust Collect ors ( DC) 18 t racing ( exist ing piping run) 5
I nde x ( G6 ) 9
t ransform er/ rect ifier 11 US 3 , 11
unint erupt ed power supply 21 EOM 15
Elect rical Generat ors ( EG) 20 E- P- C ( Engineering, procurem ent and
PORTABLE 7 const ruct ion) 15
TURBO- GEN 7 Epoxy resin lining 69
Elect rical Mot ors ( MOT) 9 EQPT- TRACE
ENCLOSED 3 elect rical plant bulks 4
explosion proof 4 EQRENT Relat ion 1 , 11
EXP- PROOF 4 Equipm ent and set t ing
OPEN 2 code of account s 8 , 9
SYNCHRON 3 Equipm ent fabricat e/ ship t im es 10
Synchronous m ot ors 3 Equipm ent m odel library 2
TEFC 3 Equipm ent SUBTYPE 41
TEWAC 4 Equit y 15
VARY- SPEED 5 Equivalent dividend ret urn 15
Elect ronic signal wire EROSI ON
inst rum ent at ion plant bulks 3 landscaping - sit e developm ent 11
Elevat ed access plat form s Erosion cont rol
st eel plant bulks 13 landscaping - sit e developm ent 11
Elevat ors, Lift s ( EL) 16 Escalat ion 15
FREI GHT 13 Escalat ion, cost report ing 39
PASSENGER 13 EU count ry base
Ellipsoidal t owers 5 base indices 2
Ellipt ical t owers 5 Euros 37
EMER LI GHT 12 Evaporat ors ( E) 15
Em ergency diesel generat or agit at ed falling film 4
elect rical plant bulks 21 FALL- FI LM 4
Em ergency eyewash and shower unit s 40 FORCED CI R 4
Em ergency light forced circulat ion 4
elect rical plant bulks 12 LONG TUBE 4
EM- PWR- SET long t ube rising film 4
elect rical plant bulks 21 long t ube vert ical 5
ENCLOSED LONG- VERT 5
Elect rical Mot ors ( MOT) 3 st andard horizont al t ube 6
Engineering STAND- HOR 6
adj ust m ent s t o cost s 58 STAND- VERT 5
const ruct ion m anagem ent 56 EWF 15
cont ract s 57 EWF ( engineering work force) 53
cont ract s assignm ent 52 Excavat ion
det ail 54 eart hwork - sit e developm ent 7
discipline adj ust m ent s 53 m achine 9
field office const ruct ion supervision 56 m anual 7
hom e office const ruct ion services 56 Exchange resin
indirect s 56 dem ineralizer 8
m iscellanious expenses 56 packed t owers 8 , 21
organizat ion 58 Packing ( PAK) 7
payroll burdens 57 Exercise price 15
phase adj ust m ent s 53 Exit 15
prim e cont ract or 52 Expect ed ret urn 15
procurem ent 55 EXPL- DEMOL
report s 54 , 57 dem olit ion - sit e developm ent 3
SPAN* 60 Explosion- proof m ot ors
st art - up 56 Elect rical Mot ors ( MOT) 4
support personnel 56 Exponent ial sm oot hing 15
workforce 53 Export 16
Engineering m anagem ent 52 EXP- PROOF
disciplines and wage rat es Elect rical Mot ors ( MOT) 4
JP 9 Ext ension 16
UK 5 Ext ract ion t owers 3
10 I n de x ( G6 )
EXTRUDER Field services 16
Mixers ( MX) 29 const ruct ion overhead 62
Eyewash Filt er
WSHWR 40 presses
PLATE+ FRAM 12
F Screens ( VS) 32
Fabric filt ers Filt er Upst ream 23
Dust Collect ors ( DC) 6 Filt ers
Fabricat ed plat e it em s Sedim ent Rem oval 19
st eel plant bulks 16 Filt ers ( F) 18
FABR- PLATE CARTRI DGE 11
st eel plant bulks 16 COMPRSGAS 16
Fact ored est im at ing 16 LEAF- DRY 11
FALL- FI LM LEAF- WET 11
Evaporat ors ( E) 4 PLATE+ FRAM 12
Fans, Blowers ( FN) 9 RECL- REEL 17
CENTRI F 12 ROTY- DI SK 12
CENT- TURBO 10 ROTY- DRUM 13
general purpose blower 13 SAN- PI PE 18
heavy dut y, low noise blower 10 SAN- PRESS 19
PROPELLER 13 SAN- STRAI N 22
ROT- BLOWER 13 SCROLL 14
VANEAXI AL 14 SEWAGE 14
Fast t racking 16 SPARKLER 15
Feeders ( FE) 17 TUBULAR 15
BELT 14 WHI TEWATER 15
BI N- ACTVTR 14 Fin fan coolers
ROTARY 14 AI R COOLER ( HE) 3
SACK- DUMP 16 FI N TUBE
SAN- BELT 17 Heat Exchangers ( HE) 23
SAN- FLOOR 21 Financial forecast ing 16
SAN- SCREW 16 Financial lease 16
VI BRATI NG 15 Financial leverage 17
WT- LOSS 15 Financial rat ios 17
FENCE- WOOD Financial risk 17
fencing - sit e developm ent 10 Financial st at em ent s 17
FENCI NG Financial st ruct ure 17
fencing - sit e developm ent 10 Finish float 17
Fiber opt ic cables Finishing act ivit y 18
inst rum ent at ion plant bulks 9 Finish- t o- finish lag 17
Field cost s 16 Finish- t o- st art lag 17
Field erect ed vessels Finned double- pipe heat exchanger 23
agit at ed open t anks Fireclay
Agit at ed Tanks ( AT) 12 lining m at erials 67
const ruct ion 67 Fireproofing
float ing roof t anks 28 insulat ion plant bulks 2
gas holders 33 FI REP- SSTL
lift er roof t anks 29 insulat ion plant bulks 2 , 3
open t op t anks 29 FI TSPC.DAT file 13
st orage t anks 28 Fit t ing specs file 13
t ray t owers 12 , 24 Fixed cost s 18
Field Manpower Sum m ary report FI XED PROP
workforce 43 Agit at ors ( AG) 3
Field office Mixers ( MX) 29
disciplines and wage rat es Fixed t ube
JP 6 , 8 Heat Exchangers ( HE) 4
UK 4 FI XED- T- S
US 2 , 10 Heat Exchangers ( HE) 4 , 5 , 6 , 7
Field office const ruct ion supervision 56 Flakers ( FL) 14
I nde x ( G6 ) 11
DRUM 7 Fringe benefit s
Flares ( FLR) const ruct ion overhead 61
DERRI CK 4 Fringe benefit s ( FB) 18
diam et er of flare t ip 2 Froude num ber
em m isivit y of flam e 3 Agit at ed Tanks ( AT) 21
GUYED 5 Full loan am ort izat ion 18
height of flare st ack 2 FULL- FRAME
HORI ZONTAL 8 Scales ( S) 19
int roduct ion 2 Funded debt 18
SELF- SUPP 7 Funded debt t o net working capit al 19
STORAGE 10 Funds forecast 19
THRM- OX LC 9 Furnaces, Process Heat ers ( FU) 10
vapor cont rol 10 BOX 39
Flat roof t ank ( st orage) BOX - cont inued. 40
Vert ical Tank ( VT) 28 HEATER 40
Flg. 18 PYROLYSI S 40
FLO PANEL PYROLYSI S - cont inued. 41
piping plant bulks 41 REFORMER 41
FLOAT- CELL VERTI CAL 41
Agit at ed Tanks ( AT) 20
FLOAT- HEAD G
Heat Exchangers ( HE) 8 , 9 , 10 G & A 19
Float ing lien 18 GALLERY
Float ing roof t ank ( st orage) st eel plant bulks 14
Vert ical Tanks ( VT) 28 Galvanic anode
Flue gas scrubbing syst em s elect rical plant bulks 11
packed t owers 8 , 21 Gant t ( bar) chart 19
Fluid heat t racing GAS
exist ing equipm ent 24 Turbines ( TUR) 10
exist ing pipe runs 25 Gas
Fluidized bed react ors st andard equat ions for piping
dem ineralizers ( WTS) 8 diam et ers 44
SPHERE 24 Gas absorbers
SPHEROI D 26 dem ineralizer 8
WASHERS ( DC) 10 packed colum ns 8 , 21
FLUME PUMP Gas Com pressors ( GC) 9
Cent rifigal Pum ps ( CP) 17 axial 5
Foam glass CENTI FG- I G 6
insulat ion m at erials 4 CENTRI F 5
Foam spray syst em s inline 5
FOAM 38 RECI P- GAS 9
FORCED CI R RECI P- MOTR 8
Evaporat ors ( E) 4 GAS HOLDER
Forced circulat ion Vert ical Tanks ( VT) 33
Evaporat ors ( E) 4 Gas t urbine 9
Foundat ion subdrain GATES
drainage - sit e developm ent 4 fencing - sit e developm ent 10
Foundat ions GB 150 Design Code - Plat e Mat erials 2
civil plant bulks 3 GB 150 Design Code - Plat e Mat erials Carbon
Fram e filt ers ( F) 12 St eels 2
Free float 18 GB 150 Design Code - Tube Mat erials 2
Free st anding wall GB 150 Plat e Mat erials - Carbon St eels 2
fencing - sit e developm ent 10 GB 150 Plat e Mat erials - High Alloy St eels 2
FREI GHT GB 150 Plat e Mat erials - Low Alloy St eels 2
Elevat ors, Lift s ( EL) 13 GB 150 Tube Mat erials - Carbon St eels 2
Freight GB 150 Tube Mat erials - High Alloy St eels 2
code of account s 6 , 27 GB 150 Tube Mat erials - Low Alloy St eels 2
Freight elevat or GC 19
Elevat ors, Lift s ( EL) 13 GEAR
12 I n de x ( G6 )
Gear Pum ps ( GP) 19 Hand hoist s
GEAR DRI VE Hoist s ( HO) 18
Agit at ors ( AG) 2 HAND NT
Gear Pum ps ( GP) 11 Hoist s ( HO) 19
CANNED RTR 19 HAND PT
GEAR 19 Hoist s ( HO) 18
MECH- SEAL 20 HAND- EXCV
General condit ions 19 eart hwork - sit e developm ent 7
General elect rical Hangers
elect rical plant bulks 5 piping plant bulks 3
General service pum ps 2 Hast elloy
GEN- SERV non- ferrous plat e m at erials
Cent rifugal Pum ps ( CP) 13 ASME 9
Globe DI N 44
Fisher cont rol valve inform at ion 23 JI S 33
GMP 19 non- ferrous t ube m at erials
Go Back 19 ASME 14
Grading, sit e developm ent DI N 50
landscaping 11 HAULI NG
roads - slabs - paving 12 eart hwork - sit e developm ent 7
Grassroot s 19 HD STOCK
GRATE Pist on, Ot her Posit ive Displacem ent Pum ps
st eel plant bulks 15 ( P) 24
Grat ing HDPE PI PE 41
GRATE, st eel plant bulks 15 Head design, t owers/ colum ns 1 , 6
Gravel Heat Exchanger ( HE)
packing m at erials 72 MULTI - P+ F 27
GRND- GRI D Heat Exchangers ( HE) 9
elect rical plant bulks 7 AI R COOLER 3 , 27
Ground grid CORRUGATED 26 , 27
elect rical plant bulks 7 CROSS BORE 24
Grout FI N TUBE 23
CONCRETE - civil plant bulks 3 FI XED- T- S 4
Growt h cryst allizer FI XED- T- S - cont inued 5 , 6 , 7
Cryst allizers ( CRY) 3 FLOAT- HEAD 8
Grubbing FLOAT- HEAD - cont inued 9 , 10
eart hwork - sit e developm ent 6 HEATER- ELC 22
GUNI TE HEATER- STM 22
eart hwork - sit e developm ent 6 HOT WATER 27
Gunit e JACKETED 22 , 23
lining m at erials 68 MULTI - P+ F 27
Gunit e slope prot ect ion ONE SCREW 24
eart hwork - sit e developm ent 6 PLAT+ FRAM 26
Gunning m ixes, linings 1 , 5 PRE- ENGR 20
Gut t er ( and curb) PRE- ENGR - cont inued. 21
sit e developm ent 13 SHELL+ TUBE 24
GUYED SPI RAL PLT 25
Flares ( FLR) 3 , 5 SUC- HEATER 25
GYRATORY TEMA- EXCH 14
Crushers ( CR) 3 TWO SCREW 24
U- TUBE 11 , 37 , 38
H U- TUBE - cont inued 12 , 13
HAMMER- MED WASTE HEAT 25
Crushers ( CR) 6 Heat t racing
Ham m ocks 20 piping plant bulks 24
Hand excavat ion HEATER
eart hwork - sit e developm ent 7 Furnaces, Process Heat ers ( FU) 40
HAND GT HEATER- ELC
Hoist s ( HO) 18 Heat Exchangers ( HE) 22
I nde x ( G6 ) 13
HEATER- STM HORI Z- DRUM 2
Heat Exchangers ( HE) 22 JACKETED 7
Heat ing Unit s ( HU) 20 MULTI WALL 5
CYLI NDER 5 SAN- TANK 9
dowt herm unit 5 Hort onspheriod
Hedging approach 20 spheroid vert ical t anks 26
Help 20 Host 20
Helper, crew m ix 43 HOT TAP
Hem ispherical t owers 5 piping plant bulks 34
Hem ispheriod HOT WATER
speheroid vert ical t anks 26 Heat Exchangers ( HE) 27
High alloy st eel HP 20
ferrous t ube m at erials HUMMER
BS 25 Screens ( VS) 31
High densit y polyet hylene pipe 41 HVAC 20
High densit y st ock pum p Hydrogenat ion react ors
Pist on, Ot her Posit ive Displacem ent Pum ps packed colum ns 8 , 21
( P) 24 Hydrot reat ers
High energy level process int erface unit s CYLI NDER 14
inst rum ent at ion plant bulks 9
High pressure gas/ liquid st orage I
Vert ical Tanks ( VT) 24 I CARUS Process Evaluat or ( I PE) 21
HI GH SHEAR I CARUS Proj ect Manager ( I PM) 21
Agit at ors ( AG) 5 I con 21
HI GH SPEED I m m ersion heat ers
Mixers ( MX) 32 HEATER- ELC ( HE) 22
Hist ogram 20 I m port 21
Hist orical average cost of capit al 20 I N LI NE
Hist orical cost est im at ing 20 Cent rifugal Pum ps ( CP) 13
Hist ory m odule 6 I ncoloy
HL- PI U t ube m at erials
inst rum ent at ion plant bulks 9 ASME 14
HOI ST BS 26
Cranes ( CE) 13 DI N 50
Hoist s ( HO) 18 I ncom e st at em ent 21
Hoist I nconel
const ruct ion equipm ent 14 clad plat e m at erials
Hoist t rolley ASME 10
Cranes ( CE) 13 JI S 34
Hoist s ( HO) 17 t ube m at erials
1 SPEED 18 ASME 14
5 SPEED 18 , 22 BS 26
HAND GT 18 DI N 50
HAND NT 19 JI S 38
HAND PT 18 I ncrem ent al average cost of capit al 21
HOI ST 18 I ndent ure 21
Hom e office I NDI RECT
disciplines and wage rat es Rot ary Dryers ( RD) 13
JP 6 , 8 I ndirect cost s 21
UK 4 I NDI RECT Relat ion 13
Hom e office const ruct ion services 56 I NDI RECTS 1
Honeywell TDC 2000/ 3000 process cont rol I ndirect s 56
syst em 6 const ruct ion 68
HORI Z- DRUM I NDI RECTS Relat ion 1
Horizont al Tanks ( HT) 2 I ndust rial gat e
HORI ZONTAL fencing - sit e developm ent 10
Flares ( FLR) 8 I ndust ry forecast 21
Horizont al plat e filt ers 12 I ndust ry rat ios 22
Horizont al Tanks ( HT) 13 I nflat ion 22
14 I n de x ( G6 )
I nfo 22 J
I nline JACKETED
Gas Com pressors ( GC) 5 Heat Exchangers ( HE) 22 , 23
I nput - out put m odel 22 Horizont al Tanks ( HT) 7
I nst allat ion bulks 22 Vert ical Tanks ( VT) 21
I NST- PANEL Jacket ed rot ary vacuum dryer
inst rum ent at ion plant bulks 2 Rot ary Dryers ( RD) 14
I nst rum ent at ion Jackham m er
cable t ray 3 eart hwork - sit e developm ent 8
fiber opt ic cables 9 JAC- VACUUM
Honeywell TDC 2000/ 3000 process cont rol Rot ary Dryers ( RD) 13
syst em 6 JAW
Honeywell TDC3000 5 Crushers ( CR) 4
j unct ion boxes 4 J- HAMMER
m ult ifunct ion cont rollers 6 eart hwork - sit e developm ent 8
operat or cent er 6 JI S 24
panel 2 JI S design code
pneum at ic m ult i- t ube bundle runs 3 ferrous plat e m at erials
signal wire 3 low alloy st eel 29
SUBTYPE 41 , 45 , 46 JP count ry base
t herm ocouple wire 4 unit s of m easure 40
I NST- TRAY JUNC- BOX
inst rum ent at ion plant bulks 3 inst rum ent at ion plant bulks 5
I NST- WI RE Junct ion boxes
inst rum ent at ion plant bulks 3 inst rum ent at ion plant bulks 4
I NSUL- AREA Jury of execut ive opinion m et hod for
insulat ion plant bulks 2 forecast ing 24
I nsulat ion
code of account s 16 K
exist ing piping 3 KETTLE
exist ing surface area 2 Blenders ( BL) 25
fireproofing 2 Reboilers ( RB) 30 , 31 , 32 , 34
piping ( exist ing) 3 Ket t le reboiler
st ruct ural st eel ( exist ing) 2 Reboilers ( RB) 30
SUBTYPE 50 Kneaders ( K) 8
I nt alox saddles STATI ONARY 28
packing m at erials 72 TI LTI NG 28
I nt erm ediat e t erm loan 23 VAC- TI LTI NG 28
I nt ernal rat e of ret urn ( I RR) 23 KV 24
I nt rinsic value 23 KVA 25
I nvent ory holding cost s 23 KW 25
I nvent ory reorder cost s 23 Kynar
I nvent ory short age cost s 23 lined st eel pipe 59
I NVERTI NG Kynar sheet lining 69
Cent rifuges ( CT) 5
I on exchangers L
dem ineralizer 8 Labor burden 25
I - P ( inch- pound) Labor cost 25
unit s of m easure 40 LADDER
I ron st eel plant bulks 15
cast ing m at erials 70 Ladders 15
I SO 24 caged 6 , 15
I ssued st ock 24 Lag 25
I t em 24 Lagging indicat or 25
I t em run 24 LANDSCAPE
I t em sym bols landscaping - sit e developm ent 11
process equipm ent 6 Lat e st art 25
LAUNDER RD
I nde x ( G6 ) 15
piping plant bulks 34 Liquidat ion value 27
LAUNDER SQ Liquidit y 27
piping plant bulks 34 Liquidit y rat ios 27
Launders Live bot t om
piping 34 Vert ical Tanks ( VT) 36
LD STOCK LI VE BTM
Screens ( VS) 32 Vert ical Tanks ( VT) 36 , 37
Lead LL- PI U
linings 6 inst rum ent at ion plant bulks 9
Leading indicat or 25 LNG Tank 44
LEAF- DRY Loaded labor rat e 27
Fit lers ( F) 11 Loan am ort izat ion 27
LEAF- WET Local cont rol net work ( LCN) 18
Filt ers ( F) 11 Lock- box syst em 27
Lease 26 Log 27
Lease capit alizat ion 26 LONG TUBE
Lease capit alizat ion rat e 26 Evaporat ors ( E) 4
Level Long t ube rising film
sensor loop descript ions 14 Evaporat ors ( E) 4
Leverage 26 Long t ube vert ical
Leverage rat ios 26 Evaporat ors ( E) 5
Libraries LONG- VERT
equipm ent m odel 2 Evaporat ors ( E) 5
unit cost 2 Low alloy st eel
Library 26 plat e m at erials
Lien 26 JI S 29
LI FT t ube m at erials
Vert ical Tanks ( VT) 28 BS 24
Lift er roof t ank ( st orage) Low consist ency st ock pum p
Vert ical Tanks ( VT) 29 Cent rifugal Pum ps ( CP) 14
Light ing Low energy level process int erface unit s
( area) elect rical plant bulks 8 inst rum ent at ion plant bulks 9
Lim est one Lum p sum quot at ion
packing m at erials 72 sit e developm ent
Line of credit 26 dem olit ion 3
Line siding crossing drainage 5
railroads - sit e developm ent 17 eart hwork 6
Lining m at erials landscaping 11
fireclay 67 railroads 17
gunit e 68
Linings M
acid brick 5 , 8 Machine excavat ion
brick 1 , 6 , 9 eart hwork - sit e developm ent 9
cast able refract ories 5 , 9 MACH- PULP
firebrick 9 Agit at ed Tanks ( AT) 17
fluorocarbon 1 , 5 MAG DRI VE
glass 9 , 69 Cent rifugal Pum ps ( CP) 15
gunning m ixes 1 , 5 , 8 Main subst at ion 27
int roduct ion 7 power dist ribut ion 31
Lead 1 , 6 Maint enance lease 28
lead 6 Making a m arket 28
organic 9 Manholes
refract ory brick 6 drainage - sit e developm ent 4
resin 6 t owers 5
rubber 6 Marginal average cost of capit al 28
zinc 6 Marginal cost of capit al 28
Link 26 Mark t ext 28
Liquid Market ext ension m erger 28
st andard equat ions for pipe diam et ers 44 Market value 28
16 I n de x ( G6 )
Mark- up 28 const rucit on equipm ent 12
Mat erials of const ruct ion Miscellaneous expenses 56
t owers 6 Miscellaneous indirect cost s 29
Mat urit y value of a bond 28 MI SC- STEEL
MCC 28 st eel plant bulks 16
elect rical plant bulks 20 MI XER
ME Count ry Base 10 Agit at ed Tanks ( AT) 8 , 9
MECHANI CAL Mixers ( MX) 8
Cryst allizers ( CRY) 2 EXTRUDER 29
Refigerat ion Unit s ( RU) 6 FI XED PROP 29
Vacuum Pum ps ( VP) 7 HI GH SPEED 32
Mechanical MULLER EXT 29
seal agit at ors, MECH- SEAL ( AG) 3 PAN 29
Mechanical boost er 7 PI STON HOM 34
Mechanical engineering 29 PORT- PROP 29
Mechanical oil- sealed vacuum pum p 7 SHEAR HOM 35
m echanical scraped- surface cryst allizer SI GMA 30
Cryst allizers ( CRY) 2 SPI RAL RI B 30
MECH- BOOST STATI C 30
Vacuum Pum ps ( VP) 7 TWO- ROLL 32
MECH- SEAL Mobilizat ion/ Dem obilizat ion 29
Agit at ors ( AG) 3 Molecular sieve
Gear Pum ps ( GP) 20 packing m at erials 73
Mercalli Num ber Monel
seism ic dat a 15 t ube m at erials
METAL TRAP ASME 14
Filt ers ( F) 17 DI N 50
Met alic chest s JI S 38
Vert ical Tanks ( VT) 42 , 43 Monolit hic 8
METRI C Mort gage bond 29
unit s of m easure 40 Mot ion
Micro- scheduling 29 axial, radial, vibrat ion
MI KRO- PULV sensor loop descript ions 17 , 18 , 19 , 20
Mills ( M) 8 Mot or cont rol cent er
Milest ones 29 elect rical plant bulks 20
Mill building Mouse 29
st eel plant bulks 12 Moving averages 30
MI LL- BLDG MPS 30
st eel plant bulks 12 MULCH
Mills ( M) 14 landscaping - sit e developm ent 11
ATTRI TI ON 7 MULLER EXT
at t rit ion m ill 7 Mixers ( MX) 29
AUTOGENOUS 8 MULT- CYCLO
aut ogenous m ill 8 Dust Collect ors ( DC) 10
BALL MI LL 8 MULTI WALL
ball m ill 8 Horizont al Tanks ( HT) 5
MI KRO- PULV 8 Vert ical Tanks ( VT) 18
rod charger 8 Mult ifunct ion cont rollers
ROD MI LL 8 inst rum ent at ion plant bulks 6
rod m ill 8 MULTI - P+ F
ROD- CHARGR 8 Heat Exchanger ( HE) 27
ROLLER 8 Mult iple Diam et er Trayed or Packed 15
roller m ill 8 Mult iple workforces 40
Mineral wool Mult i- proj ect analysis 30
insulat ion m at erials 4
Minim um m arket value 29 N
Miscellaneous Near- at m ospheric liquid st orage
const ruct ion overhead 61 Vert ical Tanks ( VT) 28
Miscellaneous equipm ent Negat ive float 30
I nde x ( G6 ) 17
Negat ively correlat ed proj ect s 30 Open t op t ank ( st orage)
NEMA 30 Vert ical Tanks ( VT) 29
Neoprene rubber Open- end m ort gage bond 32
lined st eel pipe 59 Operat ing lease 32
Neoprene sheet lining 69 Operat ing leverage 32
Net cash flows 30 Operat ional unit area 32
Net present value ( NPV) 30 Operat or cent er
Net working capit al ( NWC) 31 inst rum ent at ion plant bulks 6
Net working capit al t urnover 31 Operat or cent ers 14 , 15 , 18
Net wort h 31 defining 21 , 22
Net wort h t urnover 31 m aj or cost it em s 18
Net work 31 OPN- STL- ST
Net work analysis 31 st eel plant bulks 2
Net work diagram 31 Opport unit y cost 32
NEWCOA Relat ion 1 , 10 Opt ion m enu 32
Nickel Order of m agnit ude
cast ing m at erials 71 - 30 t o + 50 percent est im at e 32
plat e m at erials Organizat ional goal 32
BS 21 Organized exchange 32
JI S 33 Origin 33
t ube m at erials OSHA 33
ASME 14 OSLO
BS 26 Cryst allizers ( CRY) 3
DI N 50 OT 33
JI S 38 OTHER
NON- COND Packing, Linings ( PAK, LI N) 9
Turbines ( TUR) 9 Overhead 33
Non- condensing t urbine 9
Non- reversible ham m erm ill P
Crushers ( CR) 6 P&I D 33
Norm an- t ype m ixer PAC's 33
Mixers ( MX) 32 PACKAGED
Nozzles Cooling Towers ( CTW) 3
t owers 5 PACKED
Num ber of walkways Double Diam et er Towers ( DDT) 8
AI R COOLER 3 Single Diam et er Towers ( TW) 21
PACKI NG
O Packing, Linings ( PAK, LI N) 7
OFF- MACH Packing
Agit at ed Tanks ( AT) 17 , 18 act ivat ed alum inas 4
Offsit es 31 act ivat ed carbon 4
OH 31 berl saddle 4
OI L C BRKR 19 Packing, Linings ( PAK, LI N) 11
OI L- WATER ACI D BRI CK 8
Separat ion Equipm ent ( SE) 28 act ivat ed alum inas 4
ONE DECK act ivat ed carbon 4
Screens ( VS) 31 Berl saddle 4
ONE SCREW I nt alox saddle 3
Heat Exchangers ( HE) 24 OTHER 9
OPEN PACKI NG 7
Elect rical Mot ors ( MOT) 2 Pall ring 3
OPEN BELT Raschig rings 3
Conveyors ( CO) 2 ring t ype packing 2
Open excavat ions Saddle t ype 2
drainage - sit e developm ent 4 Packings
Open st ruct ure t ower int ernals 4
st eel plant bulks 2 Paid- in capit al 33
OPEN TOP Paid- in surplus 33
Agit at ed Tanks ( AT) 11 Paint
18 I n de x ( G6 )
code of account s 16 PI PE- TRACE
grades 2 elect rical plant bulks 5
Pall rings 72 Piping
int roduct ion 3 above- grade 3 , 6
packing m at erials 4 buried 3
PAN buried concret e 20
Dryers ( D) 9 coat and wrap 34
Mixers ( MX) 29 const ruct ion equipm ent 10
Panel cont rol valve size 6
inst rum ent at ion plant bulks 2 drainage - sit e developm ent 4
solar, elect rical plant bulks 12 DUCT RD 21
PANEL BRD 12 DUCT SQ 22 , 23
Par value 34 duct work 21
Parallel act ivit ies 34 fluid heat t racing 25
PASSENGER hot t ap 34
Elevat ors, Lift s ( EL) 13 launders 34
Pat h 34 paint 2
PAVI NG PI PE TRACE 25
sit e developm ent 14 Pipeline 50 , 51 , 52
Payback m et hod ( PM) 34 process duct work 21
Payroll burdens 57 t racing exist ing piping run 5
PC 34 t ransfer lines 3
Percent - of- sales m et hod for forecast ing 34 UTI L PI PE 19 , 20
Perm it s ut ilit y headers 19
code of account s 6 , 28 well head 36
Perpet ual bond 34 YARD PI PE 3
Perpet ual warrant s 34 yard pipe runs 3
PF- CORRECT Pist on, Ot her Posit ive Displacem ent Pum ps
Power fact or connect ion capacit or 21 ( P) 11
PFD 34 DI APHRAGM 22
Phase 0 34 DUPLEX 21
Phase I 35 HD STOCK 24
Phase I I 35 ROTARY 23
Piles, sit e developm ent SI MPLEX 21
piling 15 SLURRY 22
PI LI NG TRI PLEX 21
piling - sit e developm ent 16 PKG- TRANSF
PI PE elect rical plant bulks 21
piling - sit e developm ent 15 Plant bulk 35
Pipe PLANTI NG
support s, st eel plant bulks 10 , 11 landscaping - sit e developm ent 11
Pipe envelope PLAST TANK
area specificat ions 7 Vert ical Tanks ( VT) 32
Pipe rack Plast ic st orage t ank
st eel plant bulks 6 Vert ical Tanks ( VT) 32
pipe rout ing t ype 13 PLAT+ FRAM
Pipe runs Heat Exchangers ( HE) 26
piping plant bulks 3 Plat e
Pipe st rainer, sanit ary and fram e filt ers ( F) 12
Filt ers ( F) 22 and fram e heat exchanger 26
PI PE TRACE and fram e heat exchanger, sanit ary 27
piping plant bulks 25 spiral heat exchanger 25
PI PEDATA.SET file 13 st eel plant bulks 16
Pipeline react ors t owers, t ray t owers 24
j ackedt ed pipe heat exchanger ( HE) 22 , 23 PLATE+ FRAM
PI PE- RACK Filt ers ( F) 12
st eel plant bulks 6 PLATFORM
PI PE- SUPPT st eel plant bulks 13
st eel plant bulks 10 , 11 PLC 26 , 35
I nde x ( G6 ) 19
PLC cont rol cent ers 26 Precaut ionary m ot ive 36
Plot plan 35 Precedence not at ion 36
Plunger pum p, reciprocat ing Predecessor 36
Pist on, Ot her Posit ive Displacm ent Pum ps PRE- ENGR
( P) 23 Heat Exchangers ( HE) 20 , 21
PM/ PE 35 Preface iii
PNEUMATI C Preferred st ock 36
Conveyors ( CO) 7 Preprocessor 36
Pneum at ic port able t ool Present value 36
const ruct ion equipm ent 13 PRESSURE
PNU- TUBI NG Screens ( VS) 32
inst rum ent at ion plant bulks 3 Pressure
PO 35 drum
POLE LI NE 19 Horizont al Tanks ( HT) 2
POLE- LI NE vessel
elect rical plant bulks 5 , 21 Vert ical Tanks ( VT) 14
Polypropylene Price 37
lined st eel pipe 59 Prim ary KV 37
packing m at erials 72 Prim ary m arket 37
POND Prim e cont ract or
eart hwork - sit e developm ent 6 engineering 52 , 57
Porcelain Prim e rat e 37
packing m at erials 72 , 73 Privilege level 37
PORTABLE Pro form a financial st at em ent s 37
Elect rical Generat ors ( EG) 7 Process cont rol
Port folio effect 35 area t ypes 3
Port folio risk 36 considerat ions 16
PORT- PROP cont rol cent ers 14 , 16 , 17 , 23 , 24
Agit at ors ( AG) 3 default 14
Mixers ( MX) 29 exam ple 18 , 20 , 21
Posit ive float 36 int roduct ion 14
Pot ent ial m easurem ent t est st at ion operat or cent ers 14 , 18 , 21 , 22
elect rical plant bulks 11 overview 14
POT- TEST proj ect cont rol dat a 19
elect rcial plant bulks 11 report ing 21
Pounds St erling volum et ric m odels 15
currency base 37 Process duct work
POURED piping 21
piling - sit e developm ent 15 piping plant bulks 21 , 22
Power dist ribut ion Process engineering 37
count ry base locat ion differences 29 Process equipm ent 37
default 35 code of account s 8
m ain subst at ion 31 it em sym bols 6
prim ary feeders 31 sym bols 6
report ing 36 Process fluid 37
t ransm ission lines 31 Process int erface unit s
unit subst at ions 31 high enery level 9
unreferenced area requiring power 35 low enery level 9
usage inst ruct ions 34 Procurem ent 55
Power fact or 36 disciplines and wage rat es
Power fact or connect ion capacit or 21 JP 8
Power funct ion UK 4
Agit at ed Tanks ( AT) 21 US 3 , 11
Power num ber Product ext ension 37
Agit at ed Tanks ( AT) 21 Product ivit y 38
PRECAST ot her variables 47
piling - sit e developm ent 15 report ing 43
Precast concret e piles workforce 40 , 42
piling - sit e developm ent 15 Profit m argin 38
20 I n de x ( G6 )
Profit abilit y rat ios 38 RCON PI PE
Program evaluat ion and review t echnique piping plant bulks 20
( PERT) 38 React ors
PROJDATA Relat ion 1 CYLI NDER, Vert ical Tanks ( VT) 14
PROJDATA Relat ions 10 HORI Z- DRUM, Horizont al Tanks ( HT) 2
Proj ect 38 j acket ed horizont al vessel, JACKETED
Proj ect dat abase 38 ( HT) 7
Proj ect definit ion j acket ed vert ical vessel, JACKETED
count ry base 37 ( VT) 21
currency base 37 OPEN TOP
report ing 39 Agit at edTanks ( AT) 11
unit s of m easure 40 packed t owers 8 , 21
Proj ect est im at e 38 t ray t owers 12 , 24
Proj ect m anager 38 Reboilers ( RB) 10
Proj ect run 39 KETTLE 30
Proj ect schedule KETTLE - cont inued 31 , 32 , 34
barchart s 9 , 11 THERMOSI PH 34
im pact ing 12 U- TUBE 35 , 36
int roduct ion 9 Receivers
Prom issory not e 39 CYLI NDER, Vert ical Tanks ( VT) 14
PROPELLER HORI Z- DRUM, Horizont al Tanks ( HT) 2
Fans, Blowers ( FN) 13 Recession 39
Proxy 39 RECI P- CONV
PULP STOCK Cent rifuges ( CT) 4
Agit at ors ( AG) 4 RECI P- GAS
Cent rifugal Pum ps ( CP) 14 Air Com pressors ( AC) 3
Separat ion Equipm ent ( SE) 26 , 27 Gas Com pressors ( GC) 9
PULSE SHKR RECI P- MOTR
Dust Collect ors ( DC) 8 Air Com pressors ( AC) 4
Pulse t ype unit s Gas Com pressors ( GC) 8
Dust Collect ors ( DC) 6 Pist on, Ot her Posit ive Displacem ent Pum ps
PULVERI ZER ( P) 24
Crushers ( CR) 6 Reciprocat ing
Pum ps Air Com pressors ( AC) 3
cast ing m at erials 71 Gas Com pressors ( GC) 8 , 9
const ruct ion equipm ent 13 RECL- REEL
oil- sealed 7 Filt ers ( F) 17
wat er- sealed 7 Rect angular chest s
PVC Vert ical Tanks ( VT) 38
packing m at erials 73 RECTI FI ER
PYROLYSI S elect rical plant bulks 11
Furnaces, Process Heat ers ( FU) 40 , 41 Rect ifier
elect rical plant bulks 11
Q Recuperat ive t herm al oxidizer
QA/ QC 39 Flares ( FLR) 9
Queue 39 Red herring 40
Quick rat io 39 Redundancy
Quit 39 int roduct ion 32
sim ple radial syst em 32
R spot net work syst em 32
Radial net work REFI NER
power dist ribut ion 32 St ock Treat m ent ( ST) 9
RAI LROADS Refiners
railroads - sit e developm ent 17 St ock Treat m ent ( ST) 9
Rapid growt h st ocks 39 Refit 40
Raschig rings 72 REFORMER
int roduct ion 3 Furnaces, Process Heat ers ( FU) 41
RAYMOND Refrigerat ion Unit s ( RU) 20
piling - sit e developm ent 15 CENT- COMPR 6
I nde x ( G6 ) 21
cent rifugal com pression 6 ONE SCREW ( HE) 24
MECHANI CAL 6 Right s offering 42
m echanical com pression 6 Ring granulat or
Regist ered bond 40 Crushers ( CR) 7
Regression analysis 40 Rings
Relat ions 6 I nert 2
Relat ionship of Dat abase 6 I nt alox saddle 3
Relief int roduct ion 2
st andard equat ions for pipe diam et er 45 Pall, packing m at erials 3
REMARKS Relat ion 1 , 9 Raschig, packing m at erials 3
Rem ot e shop Saddle t ype 2
m at erials 40 RI P- ROCK
REMOVAL eart hwork - sit e developm ent 8
dem olit ion - sit e developm ent 3 Risk avert er 42
Reorganizat ion 40 Risk neut ral 42
REPGRP Relat ion 1 , 12 Risk- adj ust ed discount rat e 42
Report groups 8 Risk- free int erest rat e 42
Report ing Risk- seeker 42
engineering 57 Rock excavat ion
power dist ribut ion 36 eart hwork - sit e developm ent 8
proj ect definit ion 39 Rod charger
proj ect schedule Mills ( M) 8
barchart s 11 Rod crushers
workforce 43 Crushers ( CR) 8
Rescheduling 40 ROD MI LL
Residual asset s 40 Mills ( M) 8
Residual t heory of dividends 41 Rod m ill
Resins Mills ( M) 8
dem ineralizer 8 ROD- CHARGR
packing m at erials 73 Mills ( M) 8
Resist ance t em perat ure det ect or ROG 42
inst rum ent at ion plant bulks 7 ROLL RI NG
Resource 41 Crushers ( CR) 7
Resource based durat ion 41 ROLLER
Resource leveling 41 Conveyors ( CO) 8
Resurfacing Mills ( M) 8
sit e developm ent 14 Roller conveyor
RETAI N Conveyors ( CO) 9
eart hwork - sit e developm ent 6 Roller m ill
Ret aining wall Mills ( M) 8
eart hwork - sit e developm ent 6 Roofing
Ret rofit 41 st eel plant bulks 17
Ret urn on net working capit al 41 ROTARY
Ret urn on net wort h 41 Blenders ( BL) 25
Ret urn on t ot al asset s 41 Crushers ( CR) 4
Revam p 41 Feeders ( FE) 14
Reverse osm osis syst em s Pist on, Ot her Posit ive Displacem ent Pum ps
HORI Z- DRUM, Horizont al Tanks ( VT) 2 ( P) 23
Reversible ham m erm ill pist on, ot her posit ive displacem ent pum ps
Crushers ( CR) 6 ( P) 23
REV- HAMR Rot ary breaker
Crushers ( CR) 5 Crushers ( CR) 6
Revolving credit 42 Rot ary double- cone
Reynolds num ber Blenders ( BL) 25
Agit at ed Tanks ( AT) 21 Rot ary drum
Ribbon blenders Blenders ( BL) 25
SPI RAL RI B Rot ary drum cooker- cooler
Mixers ( MX) 30 Drum Dryers ( DD) 11
Riet z single screw Rot ary Dryers ( RD) 16
22 I n de x ( G6 )
Conical rot ary vacuum 13 Sanit ary direct st eam heat m odule
DI RECT 13 Heat Exchangers ( HE) 29
I NDI RECT 13 Sanit ary dum per
Jacket ed rot ary vacuum 14 Feeders ( FE) 15
JAC- VACUUM 13 Sanit ary filt er press
VACUUM 13 Filt ers ( F) 19
Rot ary vane feeder Sanit ary fixed propeller/ t urbine m ixer
Feeders ( FE) 14 Agit at ors ( AG) 6
ROTARYBOWL Sanit ary floor scale
Blenders ( BL) 26 Scales ( S) 21
ROT- BLOWER Sanit ary flow diversion panel
Fans, Blowers ( FN) 13 piping plant bulks 41
ROTY- DI SK Sanit ary flum ing pum p
Filt ers ( F) 12 Cent rifigal Pum ps ( CP) 17
ROTY- DRUM Sanit ary flum ing reclaim reel
Filt ers ( F) 13 RECL- REEL 17
RTABLE 1 Sanit ary highshear hom ogenizing agit at or
RTABLE Relat ion 14 , 21 Agit at ors ( AG) 5
RTD 9 Sanit ary horizont al conveyor
resist ance t em perat ure det ect or 7 Conveyors ( CO) 10
Rubber Sanit ary incline conveyor
linings 6 , 9 Conveyors ( CO) 11
Packing, Linings ( PAK, LI N) 9 Sanit ary inline m et al t rap
Run 42 Filt ers ( F) 17
Runs of pipe Sanit ary ket t le blender
piping plant bulks 3 Blenders ( BL) 25
Sanit ary m ult i- zone plat e+ fram e exchanger
S Heat Exchanger ( HE) 27
S BELTCONV Sanit ary pipe filt er
Conveyors ( CO) 10 Filt ers ( F)
S I NCLI NE SAN- PI PE 18
Conveyors ( CO) 11 Sanit ary pipe st rainer
S VERTI CAL Filt ers ( F) 22
Conveyors ( CO) 10 Sanit ary pist on- t ype hom ogenizer
S VI BRATRY Mixers ( MX) 34
Conveyors ( CO) 11 Sanit ary port able propeller
Saddle Agit at at ors ( AG) 7
Berl 4 Sanit ary process equipm ent
I nt alox 3 , 4 Agit at ors ( AG)
packing 2 COUNT- ROT 5
Safet y st ock 43 HI GH SHEAR 5
Sale and leaseback 43 SAN- FI XED 6
Sale of asset s 43 SAN- PORT 7
Sales force com posit e m et hod for Blenders ( BL)
forecast ing 43 KETTLE 25
Sales forecast 43 MSHELSTAG 27
Salvage value 43 ROTARYBOWL 26
Sand Cent rifugal Pum ps ( CP)
packing m at erials 73 FLUME PUMP 17
SAN- FI XED SAN- PUMP 15
Agit at ors ( AG) 6 Conveyors ( CO)
Sanit ary bulk bag unloader S BELTCONV 10
Feeders ( FE) 16 S I NCLI NE 11
Sanit ary cent rifugal pum p S VERTI CAL 10
Cent rifugal Pum ps ( CP) 15 S VI BRATRY 11
Sanit ary corrugat ed double pipe exchanger Drum Dryers ( DD)
Heat Exchangers ( HE) 26 S- COOKCOOL 11
Sanit ary count er- rot at ing agit at or Feeders ( FE)
Agit at ors ( AG) 5 DUMPER 15
I nde x ( G6 ) 23
SACK- DUMP 16 Crushers ( CR) 5
SAN- BELT 17 SC 43
SAN- SCREW 16 SCAFFOLD
Filt ers ( F) civil plant bulks 5
METAL TRAP 17 Scaffolding
RECL- REEL 17 civil labor 5
SAN- PI PE 18 const ruct ion overhead 62
SAN- PRESS 19 Scales ( S) 17
SAN- STRAI N 22 BEAM SCALE 19
Heat Exchangers ( HE) BELT 19
CORRUGATED 26 BENCH 19
HOT WATER 27 FULL- FRAME 19
MULTI - P+ F 27 SEMI - FRAME 19
STM- HE- MOD 29 TANK SCALE 20
Horizont al Tanks ( HT) TRACK 20
SAN- TANK 9 TRUCK 20
Mixers ( MX) Scan 43
HI GH SPEED 32 Scheduling 43
PI STON HOM 34 S- COOKCOOL
RI BBON 32 , 33 , 34 Drum Dryers ( DD) 11
SHEAR HOM 35 Scope 44
Pist on, Ot her Posit ive Displacem ent Pum ps Scraped surface cryst allizer
( P) Cryst allizers ( CRY) 2
AI R DI APH 26 SCRAPER LR
ROTARYLOBE 25 piping plant bulks 35
Scales ( S) Screen bowl
SAN- FLOOR 21 Cent rifuges ( CT) 5
Vert ical Tanks ( VT) SCREEN- BWL
SAN- TANK 43 Cent rifuges ( CT) 5
Sanit ary ribbon blender Screens ( VS) 19
Mixers ( MX) 32 , 33 , 34 BAR 32
Sanit ary rot ary bowl blender HUMMER 31
Blenders ( BL) 26 LD STOCK 32
Sanit ary screw feeder ONE DECK 31
SAN- SCREW 16 PRESSURE 32
Sanit ary shear pum p hom ogenizer SI FTER- 1 31
SHEAR HOM 35 SI FTER- 2 31
Sanit ary vert ical conveyor SI FTER- 3 31
Conveyors ( CO) 10 THREE DECK 31
Sanit ary vert ical cylindrical vessel TWO DECK 31
Vert ical Tanks ( VT) 43 SCREW
Sanit ary vibrat ory conveyor Conveyors ( CO) 8
Conveyors ( CO) 11 Screw heat er
Sanit ary, m ult i- shell, st aggered blender one screw t herm ascrew 24
Blenders ( BL) 27 t wo screw t herm ascrew 24
SAN- PI PE SCROLL
Filt ers ( F) 18 Filt ers ( F) 14
SAN- PRESS Scroll conveyor
Filt ers ( F) 19 Cent rifuges ( CT) 4
SAN- PUMP Scroll discharge cent rifugal filt er
Cent rifugal Pum ps ( CP) 15 Filt ers ( F) 14 , 16
SAN- SCREW SCROLL- CON
Feeders ( FE) 16 Cent rifuges ( CT) 4
SAN- TANK SEALCOAT
Horizont al Tanks ( VT) 9 sit e developm ent 14
Vert ical Tanks ( VT) 43 Seasonal dat ing 44
Saran Secondary m arket s 44
lined st eel pipe 59 Securit y 44
SAWTOOTH SEDI MENT 19
24 I n de x ( G6 )
Sedim ent Rem oval 19 , 23 inst rum ent at ion plant bulks 3
SEEDI NG Silencers
landscaping - sit e developm ent 11 CYLI NDER, Vert ical Tanks ( VT) 14 , 43
Seism ic dat a 15 HORI Z- DRUM, Horizont al Tanks ( HT) 2
Select 44 Silica gel
SELF- SUPP packing m at erials 73
Flares ( FLR) 3 , 7 S- I MPACT
SEMI - FRAME Crushers ( CR) 6
Scales ( S) 19 Sim ple radial, redundancy 32
Sem ivariable cost s 44 SI MPLEX
Sensit ivit y analysis in cash budget ing 44 Pist on, Ot her Posit ive Displacem ent Pum ps
Sensor loop descript ions ( P) 21
pressure 10 SI NGLE 1- S
Separat ion Equipm ent ( SE) 19 Air Com pressors ( AC) 4
OI L- WATER 28 SI NGLE 2- S
PULP STOCK 26 , 27 Air Com pressors ( AC) 4
WATER- CYCL 27 SI NGLE ATM
Sept ic t ank Drum Dryers ( DD) 11
drainage - sit e developm ent 4 Single Diam et er Towers ( TW) 12
SEPTI C- TNK DC HE TW 27
drainage - sit e developm ent 4 PACKED 21
Sequence 44 TRAY STACK 27
SEWAGE TRAYED 24
Filt ers ( F) 14 TS ADSORB 30
Sewage filt er Single roll crushers
Filt ers ( F) 14 Crushers ( CR) 4
Shaker t ype filt ers SI NGLE STG
Dust Collect ors ( DC) 6 Ej ect ors ( EJ) 3
SHEAR HOM SI NGLE VAC
Mixers ( MX) 35 Drum Dryers ( DD) 11
Shell and head design Sinking fund 45
t owers 6 Sit e developm ent 45
SHELL+ TUBE Sit e/ office equipm ent
Heat Exchangers ( HE) 24 const ruct ion equipm ent 14
SHORI NG SI TE- EXCVN
eart hwork - sit e developm ent 8 eart hwork - sit e developm ent 8
SI DEWALKS Skirt s
sit e developm ent 14 t owers 5
SI DI NG Slippage 45
railroads - sit e developm ent 17 SLURRY
st eel plant bulks 17 Pist on, Ot her Posit ive Displacem ent Pum ps
Siding and roofing ( P) 22
st eel plant bulks 17 Slurry
SI DI NG- HVY st andard equat ions for pipe diam et ers 44
railroads - sit e developm ent 17 Sm all t ools
Sieve const ruct ion overhead 61
m olecular, packing m at erials 73 Snubbers
Sieve t rays 3 CYLI NDER, Vert ical Tanks ( VT) 14
SI FTER- 1 SODDI NG
Screens ( VS) 31 landscaping - sit e developm ent 11
SI FTER- 2 Soft eners
Screens ( VS) 31 dem ineralizers 8
SI FTER- 3 packed t owers 8 , 21
Screens ( VS) 31 wat er soft ening syst em s 8
SI GMA SOFTENI NG
Mixers ( MX) 30 Wat er Treat m ent Syst em s ( WTS) 8
SI GNAL Soft ening t reat m ent syst em
railroads - sit e developm ent 17 Wat er Treat m ent Syst em s ( WTS) 8
Signal wire Soil
I nde x ( G6 ) 25
sit e developm ent St ainless st eel
st abilizat ion 6 cast ing m at erials 71
st erilizat ion 11 clad plat e m at erials
Solar panel BS 22
elect rical plant bulks 12 DI N 46
SOLAR- PANL packing m at erials 73
elect rical plant bulks 12 STAI R
SOLI D BOWL st eel plant bulks 15
Cent rifuges ( CT) 4 St airs
Solvent ext ract ion t owers 3 st eel plant bulks 15
Source of funds 45 St andard basis 46
Sources and use of funds st at em ent 45 St andard horizont al t ube evaporat or
SPAN* 60 Evaporat ors ( E) 6
SPARKLER STAND- HOR
Filt ers ( F) 15 Evaporat ors ( E) 6
Spary St andpipe
cham bers, washers ( DC) 10 SPHOS 40
Special report s 45 STAND- VERT
Speculat ive m ot ive for holding cash 45 Evaporat ors ( E) 5
SPHERE St art float 46
Vert ical Tanks ( VT) 24 St art ing act ivit y 46
SPHEROI D St art - t o- st art lag 46
Vert ical Tanks ( VT) 26 St art - up 56
Spheroids disciplines and wage rat es
hem ispheriod 26 JP 9
hort onspheriod 26 US 3 , 11
SPHOS 40 , 41 STATI C
SPI RAL PLT Mixers ( MX) 30
Heat Exchangers ( HE) 25 St at ion
SPI RAL RI B pot ent ial m easurem ent t est
Mixers ( MX) 30 elect rical plant bulks 11
Spiral ribbon m ixer STATI ONARY
SPI RAL RI B Kneaders ( K) 28
Mixers ( MX) 30 St at ut ory consolidat ion 46
Spot net work St at ut ory m erger 46
power dist ribut ion 32 St eam
SPRAY plant , Wat er Treat m ent Syst em s ( WTS) 8
Dryers ( D) 10 st andard equat ions for piping
Sprinkler syst em diam et ers 45
SPRNK 3 , 36 St eam Boilers ( STB) 20
SQL 45 BOI LER 4
S- ROLL- HVY field erect ed 4
Crushers ( CR) 5 packaged boiler 4
S- ROLL- LT STM BOI LER 4
Crushers ( CR) 4 , 5 St eam t urbine 9
S- ROLL- MED St eel
Crushers ( CR) 5 boxes 16
SRSC 5 cast ing m at erials 70
SRST 5 chut es 16
SS 45 colum ns, beam s, bracing 2 , 16
STABI LI ZE elevat ed access plat form s 13
eart hwork - sit e developm ent 6 fabricat ed plat e it em s 16
St able dollar dividend policy 46 fireproofing for exist ing st uct ural st eel 2
STACK gallery st ruct ure 14
St acks ( STK) 10 grat e 15
St acks ( STK) 21 ladders 15
height calculat ion 2 m ill building 12
STACK 10 open st ruct ure 2
t hickness 4 pipe rack 6
26 I n de x ( G6 )
siding and roofing 17 SUC- HEATER
st airs 15 Heat Exchangers ( HE) 25
t ransfer t ower 15 Sum m ary funds st at em ent 48
STEEL- H Sum m ary report s
piling - sit e developm ent 16 code of account s 5
STERI LI ZE Sum p pit
landscaping - sit e developm ent 11 drainage - sit e developm ent 4
St irred vessels SUMP- PI T
agit at ed open t anks drainage - sit e developm ent 4
Agit at ed Tanks ( AT) 12 Super- crit ical act ivit y 48
STM BOI LER Support personnel 56
St eam Boilers ( STB) 4 SURF- ANODE
St ock dividend 46 elect rical plant bulks 11
St ock m arket s 47 SW 48
St ock pum ps Swing j aw crusher
high densit y 24 Crushers ( CR) 4
low consist ency 14 SWI NG- HAMR
St ock right 47 Crushers ( CR) 6
St ock split 47 Swit ch board 21
St ock Treat m ent ( ST) 14 Sym bol
DEFLAKE- CN 10 process equipm ent 6
DEFLAKE- DK 9 SYNCHRON
REFI NER 9 Elect rical Mot ors ( MOT) 3
St ockholders_quit y 47 Synchronous m ot ors 3
St one Syst em base indices, cost report ing 39
packing m at erials 72
St oneware T
packing m at erials 72 Take- off 48
STOPS Tank cont ainm ent
railraods - sit e developm ent 17 civil 5
STORAGE TANK SCALE
Flares ( FLR) 10 Scales ( S) 20
Vert ical Tanks ( VT) 28 TAR- CHI P
St ripping t owers 3 sit e developm ent 14
STRI P- SOI L Target finish © roj ect 49
eart hwork - sit e developm ent 9 Target finish šct ivit y 48
STRUC- EXC Target st art šct ivit y 49
eart hwork - sit e developm ent 9 Taxes and perm it s
St ruct ure code of account s 6 , 28
open, st eel plant bulks 2 TC 7 , 9
St ruct ures TC16 5
civil plant bulks 3 TEFC 49
Sub- crit ical act ivit y 47 TEFC ( t ot ally- enclosed fan- cooled)
SUBDRAI N Elect rical Mot ors ( MOT) 3
drainage - sit e developm ent 4 Teflon
Subordinat ed debent ure 48 lined st eel pipe 59
SUBPAVI NG Teflon sheet lining 69
sit e developm ent 14 Telescoping gas holder
Subproj ect 48 Vert ical Tanks ( VT) 33
Subscript ion price 48 Telleret t es H.D. 73
Subst at ions TEMA 49
power dist ribut ion TEMA- EXCH
m ain 31 Heat Exchangers ( HE) 14
unit 31 Tem perat ure swing adsorbt ion unit 30
SUBSTN STL 19 Tem porary const ruct ion 49
SUBTYPE Tender offer 49
dat abase relat ion at t ribut es 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , Term inal warehouse receipt 49
49 , 50 , 51 , 52 Test borings
Successor 48 eart hwork - sit e developm ent 6
I nde x ( G6 ) 27
Test st at ion convey t ransfer, st eel plant bulks 15
elect rical plant bulks 11 descript ion of 1 , 5
TEWAC 49 desorpt ion 3
TEWAC ( t ot ally enclosed wat er cooled) dist illat ion 2
Elect rical Mot ors ( MOT) 4 ellipsoidal 5
generat ed for API 610 pum p 5 ellipt ical 5
Text st ring 49 ext ract ion 3
THCPL- WI RE fract ionat or 3
inst rum ent at ion plant bulks 4 funct ions 5
Therm ascrew ( Riet z) singel screw ( HE) 24 hem ispherical 5
Therm ocouple int ernals 1 , 3
inst rum ent at ion plant bulks 7 m anholes 5
Therm ocouple wire m at erials of const ruct ion 6
inst rum ent at ion plant bulks 4 nozzles 5
THERMOSI PH packings 4
Reboilers ( RB) 34 shell and head design 6
Therm osiphon reboilers sieve t rays 4
Reboilers ( RB) 34 skirt 5
THI CKENER solvent ext ract ion 3
Thickeners ( T) 29 st ripping 3
Thickeners ( T) 19 t orispherical 5
THI CKENER 29 t rays 3
THI N FI LM TRACE CNTR 13
Wiped Film Evaporat ors ( WFE) 7 TRACE PANL 12
This 5 , 1 Tracing
THREE DECK exist ing equipm ent 4
Screens ( VS) 31 exist ing piping run 5
THRM- OX LC piping plant bulks 24
Flares ( FLR) 9 TRACK
Tile Chest s Scales ( S) 20
Vert ical Tanks ( VT) 38 Track scale
TI LTI NG Scales ( S) 20
Kneaders ( K) 28 Track yard siding
Tim e value of m oney 50 railroads - sit e developm ent 17
Tim es int erest earned 50 Trade accept ance 50
Tit anium Trailer
plat e m at erials const ruct ion equipm ent 5
BS 21 Transact ion loans 50
DI N 45 Transact ional m ot ive for holding cash 50
t ube m at erials Transfer lines
ASME 14 piping plant bulks 3
DI N 50 Transfer t ower
JI S 38 st eel plant bulks 15
Tools, sm all TRANSFORM 19
const ruct ion overhead 61 Transform er/ rect ifier
TOP UNLOAD elect rical plant bulks 11
Cent rifuges ( CT) 3 Transm ission line
TOPSOI L overhead - elect rical plant bulks 5 , 21
landscaping - sit e developm ent 11 Transm ission lines
Torispherical t owers 5 power dist ribut ion 31
Tot al asset s t urnover 50 Travelling bridge crane
Tot al debt t o t ot al asset s rat io 50 Cranes ( CE) 13
Tot al float 50 Tray
Tot al st ockholders_quit y 50 cable, elect rical plant bulks 4
Towers Tray Drying Syst em s ( TDS) 16
absorpt ion 3 ATM- SYSTEM 14
adsorpt ion 3 bat ch t ray 14
applicat ions 1 , 2 TURBO 14
appurt enances 6 t urbo drying syst em 14
28 I n de x ( G6 )
VAC- SYSTEM 14 TURNOUT
VACUUM 14 railroads - sit e developm ent 17
TRAY STACK TWO DECK
Single Diam et er Towers ( TW) 27 Screens ( VS) 31
TRAYED TWO SCREW
Double Diam et er Towers ( DDT) 12 Heat Exchangers ( HE) 24
Single Diam et er Towers ( TW) 24 TWO STAGE
Trays Ej ect ors ( EJ) 3
t ower int ernals 3 TWO- ROLL
Treasury st ock 51 Mixers ( MX) 32
Tree diagram 51
TRENCH U
civil plant bulks 5 UBC Zone
TRENCH- EXC seism ic dat a 15
eart hwork - sit e developm ent 9 UK count ry base
Trenching unit s of m easure 40
civil 5 Underground cable duct 12
Trend proj ect ion 51 Underwrit ing syndicat e 51
TRI PLEX Unit cost dat abase 51
Pist on, Ot her Posit ive Displacm ent Pum ps Unit cost library 2
( P) 21 Unit subst at ion 51
TRNS- TOWER Unit subst at ions
st eel plant bulks 15 power dist ribut ion 31
TRUCK Unit s of m easure
Scales ( S) 20 proj ect definit ion 40
Truck Unsecured loan 52
const ruct ion equipm ent 2 UPS
Truck scale elect rical plant bulks 21
Scales ( S) 20 US count ry base
Trust receipt 51 unit s of m easure 40
Trust ee 51 Uses of funds 52
TS ADSORB UTI L PI PE
Single Diam et er Towers ( TW) 30 Piping plant bulks 19
T- T 48 Ut ilit y headers
Tube m at erials piping 19 , 51
DI N Ut ilit y st at ion drop lengt h 19
non- ferrous 50 U- TUBE
TUBULAR Heat Exchangers ( HE) 11 , 12 , 13 , 37 , 38
Cent rifuges ( CT) 5 Reboilers ( RB) 35 , 36
Filt ers ( F) 15 Reboilers ( RB) - cont inued. 35 , 36
Tubular
exchangers ( HE) 4 V
Tubular fabric filt ers VAC- SYSTEM
Filt ers ( F) 15 Tray Drying Syst em s ( TDS) 14
TURBI NE VAC- TI LTNG
Cent rifugal Pum ps ( CP) 14 Kneaders ( K) 28
Turbines ( TUR) 9 VAC- TRAY
CONDENSI NG 9 Dryers ( D) 9
GAS 10 VACUUM
NON- COND 9 Rot ary Dryers ( RD) 13
non- condensing 9 Tray Drying Syst em s ( TDS) 14
st eam t urbine 9 Vacuum Pum ps ( VP) 13
TURBO MECHANI CAL 7
Tray Drying Syst em s ( TDS) 14 MECH- BOOST 7
Turbo drying syst em WATER- SEAL 7
Tray Drying Syst em s ( TDS) 14 Vacuum t ray bat ch dryer
TURBOEXPANDER 10 Dryers ( D) 9
TURBO- GEN Value 52
Elect rical Generat ors ( EG) 7 Value engineering 52
I nde x ( G6 ) 29
Valve t rays 3 spheroid, Vert ical Tanks ( VT) 26
VANEAXI AL t ray or packed t owers 8 , 12 , 21 , 24
Fans, Blowers ( FN) 14 vacuum
Vaneaxial fan Agit at ed Tanks ( AT) 8
Fans, Blowers ( FN) 14 Vessels Mult iple Diam et er Trayed or Packed 15
Vapor cont rol flare VI BRATI NG
Flares ( FLR) 10 Conveyors ( CO) 8
Variable cash budget 52 Feeders ( FE) 15
Variable cost s 52 Vibrat ing conveyor
Variable paym ent sinking fund 52 Conveyors ( CO) 8
VARY- SPEED Vibrat ing feeder
Elect rical Mot ors ( MOT) 5 Feeders ( FE) 15
Vendor represent at ives 52 VI BRATORY
const ruct ion overhead 62 Cent rifuges ( CT) 5
VERTI CAL Volum et ric belt feeder
Furnaces, Process Heat ers ( FU) 41 Feeders ( FE) 14
Vert ical m erger 52 Volum et ric m odels 15
CHEST- CYL 40 W
CHEST- MTL 42 Wage rat es
CHEST- REC 38 report ing 43
cone bot t om 34 workforces 40 , 42
CONE BTM 34 Walkways, gallery 15
cone roof ( st orage) 29 Wall, free st anding
CRYOGENI C 31 fencing - sit e developm ent 10
CYLI NDER 14 WASHERS
flat roof ( st orage) 28 Dust Collect ors ( DC) 10
float ing roof ( st orage) 28 WASTE HEAT
GAS HOLDER 33 Heat Exchangers ( HE) 25
high pressure gas/ liquid st orage 24 Wat er heat er
JACKETED 21 Heat Exchangers ( HE) 27
lift er roof ( st orage) 29 Wat er supply well, cased
LI VE BTM 36 , 37 drainage - sit e developm ent 4
MULTI WALL 18 Wat er Treat m ent Syst em s ( WTS) 20
near- at m ospheric liquid st orage 28 AERATOR 8
open t op ( st orage) 29 DEMI NERAL 8
PLAST TANK 32 SOFTENI NG 8
plast ic st orage 32 WATER- CYCL
pressure/ vacuum service 14 Separat ion Equipm ent ( SE) 27
SAN- TANK 43 Wat er- only cyclones
SPHERE 24 Separat ion Equipm ent ( SE) 22 , 28
SPHEROI D 26 WATER- SEAL
STORAGE 28 Vacuum Pum ps ( VP) 7
t elescoping gas holder 33 Wat er- sealed vacuum pum p 7
t ile chest s 38 WATER- WELL
WOOD TANK 33 drainage - sit e developm ent 4
wooden ( st orage) 33 Weight belt
Vessel base sanit ary 17
design code Weight ed cost of capit al 53
ASME 10 Welding equipm ent
BS 22 const ruct ion equipm ent 9 , 10
JI S 34 WELL HEAD
Vessels piping plant bulks 36 , 38 , 40 , 41
agit at ed open t anks WELLPOI NTS
Agit at ed Tanks ( AT) 11 drainage - sit e developm ent 5
dem ineralizers ( WTS) 8 WELLS
pressure drainage - sit e developm ent 5
Agit at ed Tanks ( AT) 8 WFE- SYSTEM
sphere, Vert ical Tanks ( VT) 24 Wiped Film Evaporat ors ( WFE) 7
30 I n de x ( G6 )
Whit e wat er filt er
Filt ers ( F) 15
WHI TEWATER
Filt ers ( F) 15
Windows NT workst at ion 53
Wiped Film Evaporat ors ( WFE) 15
agit at ed t hin film evaporat or 7
THI N FI LM 7
WFE- SYSTEM 7
Wire m esh fencing
fencing - sit e developm ent 10
WOOD
piling - sit e developm ent 16
WOOD TANK
Work breakdown st ruct ure ( WBS) 53
Work it em s
concept 49
Work load 53
Work unit 53
Work week adj ust m ent s
workforce 51
Workforce
craft nam es 43
craft product ivit y 50
craft wage rat es 42
crew m ix m odificat ions 42
m ult iple workforces 40
product ivit y 40
product ivit y concept s 43
report ing 43
wage rat es 40 , 42
work it em s 49
work week adj ust m ent s 51
Working capit al 53
Working capit al m anagem ent 53
WSHWR 40 , 41
WT- LOSS
Feeders ( FE) 15
Y
YARD PI PE
piping plant bulks 3
Yen
currency base 37
Yield t o m at urit y 54
Z
Zero float 54
Zero growt h st ocks 54
Zero- base budget ing 54
Zinc
coat ing - lining 69
linings 6
I nde x ( G6 ) 31
32 I n de x ( G6 )

Aspen Icarus Reference Guide Icarus Eval

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Aspe n I ca r u s

I ca r u s Eva lu a t ion En gin e ( I EE) V8 .0

Copyright ( c) 2001- 2012 by Aspen Technology, I nc. All right s reserved.

Aspen Technology, I nc.

This chapt er cont ains inform at ion on t he following t opics:

1 I n t r odu ct ion t o Pr oce ss Equ ipm e n t ( G6 ) 1-5

Pr oce ss Equ ipm e n t Ca t e gor ie s

1-6 1 I n t r oduct ion t o Pr oce ss Equ ipm e n t ( G6 )

List of Pr oce ss Equ ipm e n t

1 I n t r odu ct ion t o Pr oce ss Equ ipm e n t ( G6 ) 1-7

Air Com pr e ssor s ( AC)

1-8 1 I n t r oduct ion t o Pr oce ss Equ ipm e n t ( G6 )

Ele ct r ica l M ot or s ( M OT)

Tur bine s ( TUR)

1 I n t r odu ct ion t o Pr oce ss Equ ipm e n t ( G6 ) 1-9

1-10 1 I n t r oduct ion t o Pr oce ss Equ ipm e n t ( G6 )

Pist on, Ot he r Posit ive D ispla ce m e n t Pu m ps ( P)

1 I n t r odu ct ion t o Pr oce ss Equ ipm e n t ( G6 ) 1-11

Sin gle D ia m e t e r Tow e r s ( TW )

1-12 1 I n t r oduct ion t o Pr oce ss Equ ipm e n t ( G6 )

1 I n t r odu ct ion t o Pr oce ss Equ ipm e n t ( G6 ) 1-13

1-14 1 I n t r oduct ion t o Pr oce ss Equ ipm e n t ( G6 )

W ipe d Film Eva por a t or s ( W FE)

1 I n t r odu ct ion t o Pr oce ss Equ ipm e n t ( G6 ) 1-15

Ch a pt e r 1 3 : Solids Con ve yin g

Con ve yor s ( CO)

Ele va t or s, Lift s ( EL)

1-16 1 I n t r oduct ion t o Pr oce ss Equ ipm e n t ( G6 )

Ch a pt e r 1 4 : Se pa r a t ion Equ ipm e n t

1 I n t r odu ct ion t o Pr oce ss Equ ipm e n t ( G6 ) 1-17

1-18 1 I n t r oduct ion t o Pr oce ss Equ ipm e n t ( G6 )

Se pa r a t ion Equ ipm e n t ( SE)

Ch a pt e r 1 5 : Ut ilit y Se r vice Syst e m s

Coolin g Tow e r s ( CTW )

1 I n t r odu ct ion t o Pr oce ss Equ ipm e n t ( G6 ) 1-19

Re fr ige r a t ion Unit s ( RU)

Ele ct r ica l Ge ne r a t or s ( EG)

1-20 1 I n t r oduct ion t o Pr oce ss Equ ipm e n t ( G6 )

1 I n t r odu ct ion t o Pr oce ss Equ ipm e n t ( G6 ) 1-21

This chapt er cont ains inform at ion on t he following t opics:

Wit h large paddle, reversing m ot or, and proxim it y

D e scr ipt ion Type

Two- piece agit at or wit h cent er arm ed shaft and out er

Agit at or ’s perforat ed disk rot at es t o creat e shear for

- Cont inued on next page -

D e scr ipt ion Type

St ainless st eel m at erial for t ot al washdown capabilit y

D e scr ipt ion Type

St ainless st eel m at erial for t ot al washdown capabilit y

D e scr ipt ion Type

I ncludes t op ent ering im peller and geared m ot or-

- Cont inued on next page -

- Cont inued on next page -

SEE CARBON STEEL

- Cont inued on next page -

- Cont inued on next page -

- Cont inued on next page -

I ncludes j acket m ot or gear drive and shaft seal,

- Cont inued on next page -