RCGEOE-2021 IOP Publishing

IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1071 (2022) 012002 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1071/1/012002

Landslide susceptibility zone in steep slope landscape at

Gunung Kidul Regency, southeast part of Yogyakarta,
Indonesia

Phoulid Saenkang 1* and Hendy Setiawan1

1
Department of Geological Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
*Corresponding author’s e-mail: phoulids@gmail.com

Abstract. Gunung Kidul is located in Central Java Province, Indonesia. which is vulnerable to
geological hazard such as floods and earthquake. However, it is also susceptible to landslide in
some areas of Gunung Kidul which contributes to damage and loss. The study area is covers sub
districts such as: Patuk, Gedangsari, Nglipar, Ngawen, Playen. It covers an area of 1,485.36 km2
and had a population of 747,161 at the 2020 Census. This research aims to produce a landslide
susceptibility map, construct the detailed geological map, consider geomorphology aspect,
lithology aspect, soil-rock masses, hydrogeology/groundwater aspect, structural geology aspect,
land use. The parameters that caused the occurrence of landslide were determined and the
landslide susceptibility map was produced using Weightage Overlay Method (WOM) in ArcGIS
software. Results showed that the susceptibility map was classified into three zones which is
low, moderate and high zone. The factor that triggered the landslide were identified which is
heavy rainfall intensity and earthquake. As a conclusion, the ability to detect landslide
susceptibility led to a better understanding of landslide mechanisms for the research area, thus
leading to an enhanced identification of the most likely failure sites within a landslide-prone
area.

1. Introduction
Indonesia is a complicated country since it's where many tectonic plates collide and is located on the
ring of fire called pacific plate and the Indo-Australian Below the Eurasian continental plate is a
continent plate that has been pushed down [1]. Since Indonesian region is tectonically active, a complex
geological context emerges.
Landslides are natural disasters that occur often in mountainous areas of the globe, resulting in the
death and destruction of property. It has the potential to wreak a great deal of harm and loss. The human
and environmental factors are the two main factors that can cause a landslide to occur. Despite the fact
that One of the most vulnerable countries is Indonesia in terms as a result of natural calamities, such as
landslides, planning and mitigation efforts in many areas are failing. However, these operations are
required to lessen the geohazard effect is a term that refers to a phenomenon that occurs when.
Yogyakarta is the majority of disasters strike at the same time, beginning with an earthquake,
followed by landslides and flooding, especially in 2017, when the city was proclaimed a state of
emergency. High-intensity rainfalls and earthquakes, particularly in the mountains of the south, could
cause a landslide. Landslides are one of the most common natural dangers that occur after an earthquake,
according to the majority of incidents recorded globally. As a result, Java has been known to be prone
to landslides, particularly in the south portion districts.

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RCGEOE-2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1071 (2022) 012002 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1071/1/012002

To be able to create a landslide susceptibility map, GIS methods can be employed in a variety of
ways. The spatial data from the previous investigation was organized in GIS SPRING program [2]. It’s
feasible to determine the failure of the slope by developing a slope inclination map for the research area
using both methods.
Rodeano and colleagues [3]. A landslide hazard zoning map was created using the Method of
Weighted Overlay (WOM) and the map of the Landslide Susceptibility Level (LSL). The most harmful
factors, such as lithology, drainage, land use, were weighted in the study. Gunung Kidul is a place with
a high mountainous terrain compared to Yogyakarta City and neighbouring areas.

2. Methodology
The research area is in the Gunung kidul regency, southeast part of Yogyakarta, the Almost the entire
research area is covered 40 km2, which coincided with latitude 8’51’’ 7’51’’S to 8’51’’ 7’51’’S and
longitude 110° 20' 110.40’’E to 110° 20' 110.40’’E. To produce the landslide susceptibility map, The
field of study's geomorphology takes the form of corrugated mountains and claystone units, andesite
units, and alluvial units make up the plain morphological units of stratigraphy, as well as structures of
the Gunung kidul regency. The use of secondary data such as topographical data, Shuttle Radar
Topography Mission (SRTM) year 2021 DEM and Digital Elevation acquired as of the United States
survey of geology is critical. To be able to create the map of landslide susceptibility, the criteria that
produced landslides were considered, such as slope, lithology, drainage density, vegetation, land use,
aspect are all factors to consider. and these parameters were used for Weight Overlay Method [4]. The
parameters were chosen and then implemented [3]. After that, parameters were constructed using DEM
data from the year 2021. To calculate the landslide susceptibility area, the average weightage score of
each criterion was used. The expected output of the map of landslide susceptibility was then created
with the use of a geographic information system (GIS) overlay and raster calculation. Those factors were
obtained landslide susceptibility levels ranging from very low to very high, according to the topographic
database, indicating the likelihood of a landslide occurring in the research area. The landslide was
precipitated by heavy rains, which changed the intensity of the land and soil. Layering approach using
raster input was weighted out of all the data. The study area's base map is shown in Figure 1. A field
investigation was carried out in numerous locations where landslides had occurred. In order to back up
the outcome, obtained the use of a weighted overlay approach, the truth occurrence and situation on the
field producing Based on the identified parameter, landslides were detected, allowing the landslide is at
risk region to be calculated. The landslide began with a failure in the higher a section of the cliff, with
the a flow of residue downstream in relation to gravity. Weathered lava that isn't covered by vegetation
makes up the lithology of the area. The porosity of soil gets filled up as a result of high precipitation and
continuous rainfall, until it can no longer contain the water and subsequently slides downwards. It also
has weathered lava lithology from the Gunung kidul Formation, with a relatively steep slope of 24°. The
lithology is sandstone carbonate sedimentary rock. The stability of the rock becomes weakened as a
result of the high concentration of rain. The following are the parameters of this study: Slope, Drainage
density, Lithology, Aspect, and Land use/cover.

2.1 Lithology
Among the parameters utilized in estimating the lithology map shows the study area's susceptibility to
landslides. Where the terrain is prone or low sensitivity to landslides, lithological differences had a vital
effect. The properties of rock and soil are distinguished by their lithologic state and formation. Figure 1
depicts the lithology of the research area, showing from north (oldest) to south (youngest) rock
distribution. The Formation, which consists of pyroclastic and epiclastic breccia units, dominated the
northern area.

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RCGEOE-2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1071 (2022) 012002 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1071/1/012002

Figure 1. Study Area with Lithological Map.

2.2 Slope
The slope is a key factor in assessing the susceptibility of the study region to landslides. According to
the works, the slopes were divided into Nine groups. The research area was separated into two sections:
a mountainous region in the north and a flat region in the south. The northern section of the research
area has high to extremely steep slopes of 29.97° – 35.96° and 35.96° and more, whereas the southern
part has a moderate to mild grade. Figure 2 depicts the study area's slope map.

2.3 Aspect
DEM data was used to create an aspect map. The slope direction due to the north was classified into
eight categories on the aspect map. The parameter was utilized to observe the slope direction, which
resulted in gravitational force differences. It is possible to determine the slope's instability and direction.
As indicated in Figure 3, it is measured in degrees counter clockwise from 0 to 360 degrees -referencing
due North. North, East, Southeast, South, Flat, Southwest, West, Northwest, Northeast, and North are
some of the slope direction classes that arise from the aspect direction. Because of wind exposure, the
angle at which a slope faces the sun (aspect) has an effect on vegetation and architecture.

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RCGEOE-2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1071 (2022) 012002 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1071/1/012002

Figure 2. Slope map. Figure 3. Aspect map.

2.4 Vegetation and Land use

Land use map was created using secondary data gathered from Esri Global land use/cover map [7].
Majority of the land was used for plantation purposes, such as paddy fields and eucalyptus groves
grassland, flooded vegetable Some of them were engulfed by trees. Aside from that, settlements with a
middling population density. The stability of the slopes is determined by the amount of land cover.
Landslides can be accelerated and have a significant impact due to human activity. Human interference
slope deforestation, elimination of slope support in road cuts, and other natural land cover changes and
altering of drainage from the surface routes, has converted a feature trigger for the occurrence of
landslides, causing environmental harm. Human activities can alter groundwater flow by destroying
vegetation through logging, fires, or droughts, increasing the danger of landslides. Figure 4 depicts the
research area's land use and vegetation maps.

2.5 Drainage Density

The entire length of streams and rivers in a drainage basin divided by the drainage basin's total area is
known as drainage density. Rainwater penetration has caused a lot of debris flow and seepage. can be
used to evaluate the landslide's vulnerable area. In ArcGIS, DEM data was used to create a drainage
density map. Classifying the drainage density as shown in Figure 5 to obtain reference values.

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RCGEOE-2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1071 (2022) 012002 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1071/1/012002

Figure 4. Vegetation and Land use map [5]. Figure 5. Drainage density map.

The presence of a high drainage density implies the likelihood of a landslide. Because of the large
volume of surface runoff, this is the case.

2.6 Analysis of Landslide Susceptibility

All chosen parameters are transformed into raster data collection before processing and combining into
landslide susceptibility. Reclassification is done upon weightage of raster data collection. These many
methodologies use a variety of rating systems, weights, and regulating elements, all of which are very
dependent on the subject area. As a result, these weights and ratings are crucial when creating
susceptibility maps using any method. The landslide susceptibility map was created using ArcGIS
software and the weightage overlay method (WOM). The lithological data, aspect, slope, vegetation &
land use, and drainage density characteristics for landslide causative factors were chosen. The weights
were applied to the parameters, and the sum of all factors was set to 100%. All of the resulting maps are
classed using weighted values based on their landslide occurrence magnitude. Finally, using the
Weighted Overlay Analysis Model, two landslide susceptibility maps were created.

Landslide Susceptibility by WOM = [Lithology*21 + Slope*29 + Aspect*13 + Vegetation & land

use*7 + Drainage Density *30] ……………… (1)

The weightage overlay was used to create the landslide susceptibility map approach as described in
Table 1, it is necessary to reclassify the data.

Table 1. Influence value and raster datasets

No Raster Datasets Influence
Lithology:
Alluvium
Volcanic Rocks
Sandstone lenses of limestone
1 Conglomeratic sandstone, Siltstone, tuff 21
Volcanic breccia
Tuffceous marl
Mart, bedded limestone
Volcanic with sandstone

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RCGEOE-2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1071 (2022) 012002 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1071/1/012002

Sandstone & claystone

Agglomerate
Limestone
Sandstone & claystone
Volcanic rock with Diorite Dykes
Slope:
0 – 6.99º
6.99 – 12.98º
12.98 – 18.65 º
18.65 – 24.31º
2 29
24.31 – 29.97 º
29.97 – 35.96º
35.96 – 42.63º
42.63 – 51.29º
51.29 – 84.92º
Aspect:
Flat (-1)
North (0– 22.5)
North-East (22.5 – 67.5)
East (67.5 – 112.5)
3 13
South-East (112.5 – 157.5)
South (157.5 – 202.5)
South-west (202.5 – 247.5)
West (247.5 – 292.5)
North-West (292.5 – 337.5)
North (337.5- 360)
Vegetation & Land use:
Water
Tree
Flooded Vegetable
Crops
4 7
Built Area
Bare Ground
Snow/Ice
Clouds
Rangeland
Drainage density:
(0 – 0.23)
(0.23 – 0.47)
(0.47 – 0.71)
(0.71 – 0.95)
5 30
(0.95 – 1.18)
(1.18 – 1.42)
(1.42 – 1.66)
(1.66 – 1.90)
(1.90 – 2.13)
TOTAL 100

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RCGEOE-2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1071 (2022) 012002 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1071/1/012002

3. Results and discussion

The landslide susceptibility maps of Gunung Kidul and its environs are shown in Figure 6. According
to the maps, the majority of the study region (39.84 %) is moderately susceptible to landslides. Low
susceptibility to landslides makes up 28.26% of the research area, whereas high susceptibility to
landslides makes up 31.54 %. The study's findings are derived from determining the map analysis
results, which are divided into zones, including the three zones that are analysed, and then using the
analysis values of the three zones as parameters in calculating the total area, we get the percentage of
each zone as described in the analysis results.
The susceptibility class for the landslide hazard in the research area is shown in Table 2. In studies
of landslide susceptibility, lithology, slope & drainage density parameters are relevant characteristics.
Landslides are more likely to occur on slopes with a steeper angle. In addition, condition of rocks and
soils that exist in the area are important to look at due to its porosity and void that saturates upon water
contact, also, the lithology profile is correlated to landslide prospects. Most landslides might occur along
streams or river system, as drainage density indicates that the hydrological factors can trigger landslides.
The landslide phenomena are moderately influenced by vegetation, land use, and aspect.
The landslide is riskier near the stream and river, according to the landslide susceptibility map. This
is most likely owing to the moderate to high density of the stream. It reveals that landslides are more
likely to occur in northern areas with moderately steep to extremely steep slopes, volcanic rocks, and
breccia lithologies. When weathered lava rocks became soil, landslides were common. Figure 6 Gunung
kidul Area Landslide Susceptibility Map Table 2.

Figure 6. Landslide Susceptibility Map of Gunung Kidul Area.

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RCGEOE-2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1071 (2022) 012002 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1071/1/012002

Table 2. Values of Landslide susceptibility.

Area Percentage
Susceptibility Class Value
(%)
Low <4 28.26
Moderate 4-7 39.84
High >9 31.54

Susceptibility of landslide hazard in the research field dominantly moderate. The amount of time the
surface is exposed of volcanic rocks contributes to being weathered in comparison to the rock that is
beneath the earth's surface Water and wind act as weathering mechanisms, causing soil instability. The
porosity between the soils was filled when significant rain fell in the study location. When the lowest
layer of interflow is bedrock, an excessive amount of water flows and may cause debris slide. The
breakdown of the land structure caused the earth's bulk to slide. The landslide was prompted by severe
rainfall and an earthquake, primarily in the northern part of the country. and eastern part has a steep
slope and a high elevation. Aside from that, the southern section of the research area reveals a high risk
of landslide, particularly along the river. That region's lithology is characterized by granite by limestone
and some carbonate bearing-sandstone, clay & silt. Although the locations were low in elevation,
landslides in limestone and sandstone are the most common. River actively flows erode slope angles in
river basements and lose Strength of the soil and rock as a result, the sites were recognized as landslide-
prone.

4. Conclusion
In the research area, the intensity of rainfall and earthquakes have been as the most important factors
causing landslides every year, cause rainfall alters the pressure within the slope, which leads to slope
instability and by imposing inertial loads or creating a loss of strength in the slope materials, earthquakes
can make a slope unstable. Rainfall that is too heavy might cause flooding cause landslides, especially
in areas with dense soils and weather soil conditions. When heavy rains came down, filling the soil's
porosity and voids, causing landslide because it leaves the large volume of water that flows through the
bedrocks Clay with a lot of flexibility causes a soil with a high pore pressure a small shear angle which
will cause landslides. Earthquakes can trigger the movement of land masses. The research area is close
to major faults such as fault movements may be less than an inch per year but cause earthquakes.
Landslide risk maps were developed for the research region utilizing the most relevant parameters such
as lithology, slope, aspect, vegetation & land use, and drainage density. Susceptibility maps were created
using the weighted overlay approach in ArcGIS and classed into three categories: low, medium, and
high potential for landslide susceptibility. In general, the research areas were prone to landslides, with
28.26% of low susceptibility, 31.54 % of high susceptibility, and 39.84 % of medium susceptibility.
Although Indonesia is a country that is constantly threatened by geohazards, mitigation efforts in many
areas, such as Gunung Kidul, are failing. There is an Early Warning System in place for the high
geohazard cases that have been documented, as well as potential locations (EWS). EWS aids in the
monitoring and prediction of landslides. It's one of the mitigating techniques used in the research area.
As a result of conducting this investigation, the lack of awareness among villagers might be reduced.
due to the estimation of potential risk areas. Villagers' lack of awareness can be reduced due to the
estimation of potential risk areas. With The precision of the generated map will aid decision-makers,
contractors, and local residents in catastrophe mitigation and planning. It could be used by local
governments to implement policies and programs aimed at reducing the risk of landslides. Any
development decision should be based on spatial planning, especially in high-risk areas.

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RCGEOE-2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1071 (2022) 012002 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1071/1/012002

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