5.

Connectivity - When two or more computers are

ELEC 1 (MST-IT): LIVING IN THE
I.T. ERA
Living in the IT Era will examine communication and
information technologies with particular emphasis on the
Internet and its components and in particular how they are
used by the Millennial Generation. The goal of the course is
to understand how the communication and information
technologies evolve and the cultural, economic, political and
social implications of such technologies for society.
connected to each other, they can share information and
resources such as sharing of files (data/music etc.), sharing of
printer, sharing of facilities like the internet etc. This sharing
is possible using wires, cables, satellite, infra-red, Bluetooth,
microwave transmission etc.
6. Procedure - is a step-by-step series of instructions to
perform a specific function and achieve desired output.

What is ICT? COMPUTER HARDWARE (Week 2

INFORMATION - Knowledge that you get about something or Part 1)
someone.
HARDWARE COMPONENTS OF THE COMPUTER
COMMUNICATION - Is the transmission of ideas and
 Input Device
emotions between or among persons with the use of verbal
 System Unit
and non-verbal cues.
 Storage Device
TECHNOLOGY (Techne – “Art, Skill, Technique”; Logia –  Output Device
“Study of”) – branch of knowledge dealing with engineering  Communication Device
or applied sciences.
INPUT DEVICE
- the application of scientific knowledge for practical
purposes, especially in industry.  Keyboard
 Mouse
Basic Tool -> Machines/Computer -> Automation vs.
 Microphone
Intelligent System
 Scanner
ICT - described as using computers and other digital
Note: all devices that allows us to enter data in the
technologies to assist individuals or institutions in handling or
computer is what we called input device
using information. ICT is a technology that supports activities
involving information such as gathering, processing, storing
SYSTEM UNIT
and presenting data.
- Is a hard case that contains the electronic
IT - Pertains to the industry that involves computers,
components of the computer that are used to
software, networking, and other IT Infrastructure to help
process data.
relay or manage information important in modern-day living
as seen primarily in large companies or corporations. The two main components of a System Unit (Motherboard)
are: PROCESSOR (brain of computer) – is the electronic
IT is a subset of ICT as the technology used in the field of IT
component that interprets and carries out the basic
aids in the use of ICT (Wang, 2016)
instruction that operate the computer; MEMORY (files and
COMPUTER - a programmable electronic device designed to programs)– consist of electronic components that store
accept data, perform prescribed mathematical and logical instructions waiting to be executed and data needed by those
operations at high speed, and display the results of these instruction.
operations.
Output
Elements of Computer System:
Printer, headphone, monitor, speaker, printer, projector
1. People – Most important element
Input interprets analog to digital signal
2. Hardware – tangible / Physical parts
Output when it comes out the digital signal
3. Software – intangible in nature (programs)

4. Data – facts and figures that are fed into a computer for
further processing
The computer's central processing unit (CPU) is the
portion of a computer that retrieves and executes
Expansion Cards – it is an electronic card that is used to add
instructions. The CPU is essentially the brain of
functionality to a computer. It is inserted into an expansion
computer. It consists of an arithmetic and logic unit
slot on the motherboard of a computer.
(ALU), a control unit (CU), and various registers. The CPU
is often simply referred to as the processor. The ALU
performs arithmetic operations, logic operations, and
related operations, according to the program
instructions.

Ports are slots on the motherboard into which a cable of

external device is plugged in. Examples of external devices
attached via ports are the mouse, keyboard, monitor,
microphone, speakers, etc.

IDE – Integrated Drive Electronics

SATA – Serial Advanced Technology Attachment

BIOS – Basic Input/Output System

The Motherboard is the backbone or the main circuit

board on the CPU. What are the functions of the
motherboard? The motherboard serves as a single
platform to connect all of the parts of a computer
together. It connects the CPU, memory, hard drives,
optical drives, video card, sound card, and other ports
and expansion cards directly or via cables. It can be
considered as the backbone of a computer. The Power supply – converts the alternating high voltage current
motherboard is the backbone that ties the computer's (AC) into direct current (DC), and they also regulate the DC
components together at one spot and allows them to output voltage to the fine tolerances required for modern
talk to each other. Without it, none of the computer computing components.
pieces, such as the CPU, GPU, or hard drive, could
interact. Total motherboard functionality is necessary for
a computer to work well.
STORAGE DEVICE COMPUTER SOFTWARE AND
This is where we can save our data or files. A storage device is DATA (Week 2 Part 2)
a piece of computer equipment on which information can be
store. Example flash drives, hard drive/disk, CD/DVD. Computer Software – these are the application or the
programs that are installed into our computer. They are
OUTPUT DEVICE intangible in nature because they are only programs that
installed in our computer.
Is any hardware component that conveys information to one
or more people. It allows data to be transmitted by the 2 Types of Computer Software
computer in human friendly form. Example Monitor, Printer,
Speakers. 1. System Software
- It refers to a program that assists in the
COMMUNICATION DEVICE computer operations. It is responsible with
facilitation about the execution of other
This device is capable of transmitting signals over the
programs.
telephone, other communication wire, or wirelessly. Those
signals are what we call analog or digital signals. Example of
a) System Management Programs
communication devices are hub, router, modem - Operating system (master control program) ex.
(modulator/demodulator, a modem is a hardware device that Windows, iOS, Android, Linux
allows a computer to send and receive information over - Operating environments
telephone). - Database Management System
- Telecommunication Monitors
A classic example of a communication device is a computer b) System Support Programs
modem, which converts a computer's digital information to - System Utilities
an analog signal for transmission over a telephone line. - Performance Monitors
Similarly, a modem receives analog signals, and converts - Security Monitors
them to digital, for processing by the computer. This process c) System Development Program
is called modulation/demodulation, from which the modem - Programming Language Translators
gets its name. - Programming environments
- CASE packages

NOTE: master control program - the operating system

acts as a bridge for the interface between man and
machine. It is responsible for the coordination of the
operation ng hardware components and the software. All
app that are installed together with the hardware or
physical parts. we used to computer. The master
coordinator will be the operating system. Example
Windows, iOS, Android, Linux

Operating System - refers to a group of related programs

that supervised the execution of an application. Note:
before we execute an application that we installed, it
should be operated or coordinated the operating system.
Programming Languages these are themselves programs
but used to write other programs. We use this into
creating applications and programs. These are the
Input/Output Devices software that we use in creating other programs. Not
only programs but also gains system and application.
CD, flash drive, touch screen/tablet, digital camera, router
Example php, Perl, C++, Python, Java.
Input
Utility Software it helps our computers or our gadgets in
scanner, joystick, web camera, mouse, pen stick, keyboard, performing maintenance task for the computer's
robotic mouse, touch pad, trackball resources such as Clean-up Master, Organizing Files,

+ Output
Security Center, System Restore; Application: Web
Browser, Mozilla Firefox, Explorer.
Utility Software it utilizes our computer at the same time
to maximize the usage of our computer. Under utility
Software it has Anti-virus, these are programs that
detects, identify, and remove computer viruses and
other malicious software from the computer. (Malicious
Software also known as Malware). Anti-virus is very
helpful to protect our computer from those infectious
diseases. Example McAfee, Kaspersky, Avira, NOD32,
AVG, and Avast!
Device Drivers is a program that allows particular
hardware device to work and communicate with the
computer system. Example printer with cd driver or
installer (in order to use full feature of printer, it should
be installed properly via means of device driver.)
Example Installer of operating system is also called
driver.
2. Application Software
a.) Programs General Purpose Application
- Word Processing
- Spreadsheet
- Database Managers
- Telecommunications
- Graphics
- Integrated Packages
b.) Application-specific Programs
- Accounting
- Marketing, Sales analysis
- Manufacturing
- Production Control
- Finance Capital Budgeting
2 Types of App
Package programs commonly called as application
package (multi-purpose) Example Microsoft Office,
Word, Excel, Access, PowerPoint, Outlook, Notes.
Example 2, Adobe, Photoshop, Premier, Illustrator...
Custom Programs these programs specifically written for
an organization or a single user using any programming
languages. Custom programs are user develop programs
(nabuo dahil sa needs ng users)
Example Google Developers, Airbnb, WordPress, Shopee,
Meralco Billing System, Salesforce, Magento. Custom
programs it is those programs that are created just for
specific purpose.
DATA, INFORMATION, and
MACHINE CYCLE
What is DATA? These are raw material that can be text,
numbers, symbol, letters, sounds, picture, or video clips.
Datum singular term.
Information it is now the process data or material.
Data Processing Cycle – is how the computer
interprets those data to become meaningful information.
As we define computer, computer is a programmable
electronic device designed to accept data, perform
prescribed mathematical and logical operations at high
speed, and display the results of these operations.
Input - it is the feeding of raw material, text, number,
symbols. How? Through input devices such as keyboard,
mouse
Processing - it is now transforming of raw material for
meaningful information. Who is the responsible of
processing? System Unit or Processor (interprets
manipulation process)
Store - it records, retrieves information coming from as
storage media or device. (RAM and ROM) (Flash drive
and Hard disk)
Carry out info
Output - outcome of the process information, via means
of output devices (monitor, printers, speakers, projector)
Note: Input again if ever we edit some file, process,
store, process, and output.
Machine cycle this is how the computer interprets
those data to become information. This is what
happening inside the computer how does the processor,
the ram unit, or system unit interprets those data to
become information.
Fetch. Decode. Execute. Store.

1. Fetch process of obtaining a program
instruction or data item from memory.
2. Decode process of translating the instruction
into signals the computer can execute.
3. Execute process of carrying out the commands.
4. Store writing the results to memory (those
results may be viewed or open again later on.)
CHESS P.E 3
What is Chess? CHESS is a two-player strategy board game
played on a chessboard, a checkered gameboard with 64
squares arranged in an eight-by-eight grid. Chess is played by
millions of people worldwide, both amateurs and
professionals.
Objective
• The objective is to 'checkmate' the opponent's king by
placing it under an inescapable threat of capture. To this end,
a player's pieces are used to attack and capture the
opponent's pieces, while supporting each other. In addition
to checkmate, the game can be won by voluntary resignation
by the opponent, which typically occurs when too much
material is lost, or if checkmate appears unavoidable. A game
may also result in a draw in several ways.
SET UP AT THE START OF THE GAME
• Each player begins the game with 16 pieces: one king, one
queen, two rooks, two knights, two bishops, and eight pawns.
Each of the six-piece types moves differently, with the most
powerful being the queen and the least powerful the pawn.
• Chess is played on a square board of eight rows (called
ranks and denoted with numbers 1 to 8) and eight columns
(called files and denoted with letters a to h). The colors of the
64 squares alternate and are referred to as "light" and "dark"
squares. The chessboard is placed with a light square at the
right-hand end of the rank nearest to each player.
• By convention, the game pieces are divided into white and
black sets, and the players are referred to as "White" and
"Black" respectively. Each player begins the game with 16
pieces of the specified color, which consist of one king, one
queen, two rooks, two bishops, two knights, and eight pawns.
Each queen is set on a square of its own color, the white
queen on a light square and the black queen on a dark.
MOVEMENT
• The player with the white pieces always moves first. After
the first move, players alternately move one piece per turn
(except for castling, when two pieces are moved). Pieces are
moved to either an unoccupied square or one occupied by an
opponent's piece, which is captured and removed from play.
With the sole exception of en passant, all pieces capture by
moving to the square that the opponent's piece occupies. A
player may not make any move that would put or leave the
player's own king under attack. A player cannot "pass"; at
each turn one must make a legal move (this is the basis for
the finesse called zugzwang).
• If the player to move has no legal move, the game is over; it
is either a checkmate (a loss for the player with no legal
moves) if the king is under attack, or a stalemate (a draw) if
the king is not.
EACH CHESS PIECE HAS ITS OWN STYLE OF MOVING:
The KING moves one square in any direction. The king has
also a special move which is called castling and involves also
moving a rook.
The ROOK can move any number of squares along any rank or
file, but may not leap over other pieces. Along with the king,
the rook is involved during the king's castling move.
The BISHOP can move any number of squares diagonally, but
may not leap over other pieces.
The QUEEN combines the power of the rook and bishop and
can move any number of squares along rank, file, or diagonal,
but it may not leap over other pieces.
The KNIGHT moves to any of the closest squares that are not
on the same rank, file, or diagonal, thus the move forms an
"L"- shape: two squares vertically and one square
horizontally, or two squares horizontally and one square
vertically. The knight is the only piece that can leap over
other pieces.
"The PAWN may move forward to the unoccupied square
immediately in front of it on the same file, or on its first move
it may advance two squares along the same file provided
both squares are unoccupied (black "."s in the diagram); or
the pawn may capture an opponent's piece on a square
diagonally in front of it on an adjacent file, by moving to that
square (black "x"s). The pawn has two special moves: the en
passant capture and pawn promotion.
MST2
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
Week2
Historical Antecedent
• An antecedent is a thing that comes before
something else.
• You might think rap music has no historical
antecedent, but earlier forms of African-American
spoken verse go back for centuries.
• An antecedent is a part of your life that happened
in the past.
What is Science?
• It is the intellectual and practical activity
encompassing systematic study of the structure
and behavior of the physical and natural world
through observation and experiment.
• It is the study of the nature and behavior of natural
things and the knowledge that we obtain about
them.
What is Technology?
• A group of people who have common interests and
a distinctive culture.
• An informal rule that guides our behavior in a
particular situation.
The Role of Science & Technology
• Alter the way people live, connect, communicate
and transact, with profound effects on economic
development.
• The technological revolutions of the 21st century
are emerging from entirely new sectors-products
are transforming business practices across the
economy, as well as the lives of all who have access
to their effects.
• Have the power to better the lives of poor people
in developing countries
• Differentiator between countries that are able to
tackle poverty effectively by growing and
developing their economies, and those that are
not.
• Engine of growth
Historical examples of Paradigms
• Slavery is acceptable to now slavery being
unacceptable
• Role of Children in Society – Child labor was, now is
not acceptable
• Male Superiority – Beating wives was, now is not
acceptable
• Reading and the Control over Information –
Invention of the printing press (& other major
inventions) allowed for the elites to control control
over reading/ writing to end.
• The Reformation – broke monopoly of Catholic
Church and Christian’s “relationship” with God.

• Technology is the application of science (the

combination of the scientific method and material)
to solve problems.
• It is the use of scientific knowledge for practical
SSP4
purposes or applications, whether in industry or on Etymology
our everyday lives.
• What is Society? Comes from the Greek word ethos, meaning character
• It is the whole way of life of a group of people or custom.
passed from one generation to the next. • A set of
• Is the study of the moral behavior or conduct of man
rules regulating what may or may not be done by
as viewed from ultimate principles insofar as these
members of the society.
principles are known by human reason.
• Refer to the distinguishing disposition, character, or 1. What is legal is always moral
attitude of a specific culture, or group.
2. What is not prohibited by law is always moral
• Morality refers to human conduct and values and
Examples of Law
ethics refers to the study of those areas.
1. Statutes (enacted by legislative bodies)
Ethical vs. Moral
2. Regulations (set up by administrative agencies)
People interchange ethical and moral to describe
people we consider good and actions we consider right. 3. Common Law (Civil Law)
• Amoral- means having no moral sense or being
indifferent to right and wrong. 4. Constitutional Law - the fundamental law of the
State.
e.g., Babies
Division of Ethics
• Nonmoral- means out of realm of morality altogether
Ethics has two major parts/division:
e.g., inanimate objects
1. General Ethics- presents truth about human acts or
Nature of Ethics general principles of morality.
• Is a philosophic-practical science; 2.Special/Applied Ethics- It applies the principles of
general ethics in different departments of human
• The science of ethics guides intellect in the acquisition
activity, individual or social.
and application of the moral principles.
Approaches in Study Morality
• Served as the signpost on the road indicate the right
direction to a place 1. The Scientific or Descriptive Approach used in social
sciences
• Compels man to follow the directions to his ultimate
destiny. -Emphasizes observation of human behavior and
conduct and the positing of conclusions based on those
Objects Of Ethics
observations.
• Material object- the human Act/Act itself
-Conclusions are based on empirical knowledge.
e.g., Lying, Stealing, Killing
Approaches in Study Morality
• Formal Object- right and wrong
2. Philosophical Approach
• Formal Object Quo/Conclusion- Reason for the act.
Divided into two parts:
Morality and Etiquette
• Normative or Prescriptive Ethics
• Etiquette- refers to any special code of behavior or
courtesy. • Metacthics
e.g., the way we eat, saying thank, please and sorry.

• Rules of etiquette are generally nonmoral. Normative or Prescriptive Ethics

However, if we want to fit in, and get along with others
and be thought well of by them, we should observe
common rules of etiquette.
Morality and the Law
For some. Laws may be a source of morality.
However, for some opinion, the reliability to law as
standard for moral behavior is not a question only if:
Having to do with norms and prescription. The
statements are prescribing how human beings should
behave, not merely describing how they do in fact
behave.
1. Egoism (self-interest)
2. Altruism (Act in the interest of others)
3. Utilitarianism (act in the interest of all concerned)  Participation in public hearings
 Dissemination of information
Metaethics
 Establishment of a public relations program
Sometimes called Analytic Ethics.
THE CHALLENGES OF HUMAN RESOURCES
Analytic in two ways:
1. The challenge of the Global Community-
• Ethical Language Companies need to compete and defend not
only their local markets and customers; they
• E.g., What we mean when we use the word "good" must broaden their scope to encompass goal
• B. Logic and Reasons markets.
2. The stockholders challenge- Successful
Metaethics do not prescribes, instead they go beyond, companies believe that their greatest assets are
concerning themselves only indirectly with normative their workforce.
ethical systems by concentrating on reasoning, logical 3. The challenge for productivity
structures and language rather than on content.  The global technology is increasing the
challenge to greater productivity.
Norms of Morality
 The organization’s competitive
1. Norms are purely internal; advantage depends on the strength of
its linages.
2. Norm based on current opinions and customs
Links of high productivity:
3. Norm of expediency;
a. human resources and capabilities
4. Norm of preference:
b. new technology and opportunities
5. Situation Ethics c. efficient work structure and company policies
that allow employees and technology
6. Evaluation to interact

CONTRIBUTING GROWTH FACTORS

1. Increasing complexity of business operations

HRM 1OO
THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN
RESOURCES
Three conditions for Human Resource Management to
gain acceptance and recognition:
 top management must be convinced that
personnel management is needed in its
business operations;
 qualified personnel administrators must be
available;
 personnel administrators must demonstrate
their capacity to contribute to the company’s
objectives and goals.
PMAP: Personnel Management Association of the
Philippines
 Training and development
2. Government regulations and labor laws
promulgated in recent years
3. Growth of labor unions
4. Influx of new concepts in management
WHY COMPANIES HIRE A HUMAN RESOURCE
MANAGER?
1. Help management achieve company objectives
and goals in the management of its human
resources
2. Assist top management in formulating sound
policies, programs and rules after approval,
administer them fairly and efficiently
3. Assist line supervisors and managers in
providing employees with a satisfactory work
environment and in promoting harmonious
relationships with the employees and the union
4. Make managers and supervisors aware of their
full responsibilities in the management of
human resource by providing them with
 technical help needed to handle Employee
problems
5. Help train and develop the human resource of
company in order to equip them with the skills
and knowledge required in accomplishing their
jobs efficiently
6. Help promote understanding and good
relationships by opening the lines of
communication between management and
employees thereby creating and atmosphere
where workers can be happy and proud to
belong to the organization
7. Identify management problems that can be
resolved and opportunities that can be realized
through improved effectiveness in personnel
management
8. Assist management and supervisors in handling
labor relations, problems, utilizing his
knowledge and competence on labor laws,
government regulations, and court decisions on
labor relations
9. Assist the company in promoting good morale
and motivation among its human resources
10. Assist in crisis management and organizational
development
Problems and difficulties of the Personnel/Human
Resource Manager
1. Common Misconception about his role and
functions.
2. Inadequate recognition by management of the
proper role of the personnel manager in the
organization
3. In the area of labor relations
4. Jealousy of the other executives regarding the
personnel manager’s duty and authority
RULES OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGER
 Supervisor- We plan, organize, directs, controls
and coordinates the activities of every
department. We deligates some of our
functions to our subordinate
 Administrative official- We and our staff the HR
officers direct and conduct personnel activities
as provided in the policies and programs
entrusted to the department.
 Adviser- We serves as counselor, we also guide
the management supervisors and employees,
for us to be competent we must keep ourselves
informed about every employees attitudes and
behavior.
 Coordinator- We HR Managers brings activities
into action, We facilitate every event
happenings in the company.
 Negotiatior- We are the representative of the
management in negotiating labor contracts or
to attend negotiations with unions. As a
negotiator and administrator of the labor
contract, We must understand the nature,
significance and methods of collective
bargaining agreement.
 Educator- We conducts and administers
company training program.
 Provider of services- We provides services to all
employees and help them obtain facilities with
government agencies like SSS, phil, pag ibig,
medicare etc. which can make their
employment more satisfying
 Promoter of community relations- We must be
well informed of the activities and
developments in the environment where the
enterprise operates. We also help the company
project favorable and positive image to the
community
 Public relations Man- One of our function also is
to deal with the general public, which includes
the employees, the unions and the community.
PERSONAL QUALIFIES OF HR MANAGER
1. Can communicate effectively, both orally and in
writing
2. Possesses an above-average intelligence
3. Enjoys working with people
4. Grasps the implication of a given situation,
understands individual attitudes and the
problem of the employees and the employer
5. Aggressive, mature and capable of giving sound
advice that will be in the best interest of both
the employer and the employee
6. Possesses the integrity, industry and courage to
earn the respect of the employee and his
employer
7. Approachable
THE CAREER PATH TO HR MANAGEMENT
Entrance level- a new college graduate may start as
personnel assistant or HR Staff in a medium- size
organization. The following skills are necessary.

1. We are assisting in interviewing applicants

2. Giving tests and scoring test results in
personality inventory and other skills test
3. Assisting in employee orientation and training
programs
4. 201 filing

Supervisory level- The promotion to higher level

depends on the ability and capability of the HR staff or
officer to acquire the skills necessary in the HR Function.
The traits and skills are

1. Skills in writing job descriptions, job analysis

and job evaluations
2. Knowledge of employee benefit programs
related to vacation and sick leaves, pensions in
other mutual benefits
3. He must have acquired the skills in interviewing
applicants and counselling employees.
4. Skills in testing and interpreting test results and
making recommendations
5. Job evaluation and wage administration skills
and relating pay differences in job requirements
6. Skills in basic research related to manpower
planning

Managerial level- At this level the HR practitioner has

acquired all the skills needed from entry level to
supervisory level. However, at this point the
concentration of the HR is the effective management of
the different areas of HR functions.

1. Leadership and conceptual ideas visioning

2. Analytical of the facts as basis for decision
making.
3. Compliance administration and control
4. Interpersonal team work