Electricity and Electromagnetism

(Part I)

A/Prof. Ngo Quang Minh

Dept. of Aeronautics, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi
Email: ngo-quang.minh@usth.edu.vn
1
Chapter Hours Ref./Res
Contents Assignment(s)

Lect.

Prc.
Exr.
ources
1 Basic Electricity and Ohm’s law 6 [1]
2 Basic electric circuits 2 2 [1]
3 Meters and Wire sizes 1 [1]
4 Small sources of electricity 2 [1]
5 Basics of alternating current 1 [1]
Alternating current (AC) circuits
6 2 [1]
containing inductance Attendance/Attitude 10%
7 AC circuits containing capacitors 2 [1] Assessment Exercise(s) 5%
AC circuits containing Resistance- / Evaluation Practical(s) 10%
8 2 1 [1] Mid-term test 25%
Inductance-Capacitance
Final exam 50%
Mid-term test 1
9 Electric charge and electric field 1.5 0.5 [2]
10 Gauss’s law 1.5 1 [2]
11 Electric potential 2 0.5 [2]
12 Capacitance and Dielectrics 2 0.5 [2]
Current, Resistance and Electromotive Reference Literature:
13 2 [2]
force [1] Stephen L. Herman – Delmar’s Standard
14 Direct-current circuits 2 0.5 [2] Textbook of Electricity 5th Edition (2010)
[2] Young and Freedman – University Physics
30 6
with Modern Physics 13th Edition
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 Chapter 1. Basic Electricity and Ohm’s law (6h)
1.1 Atomic structure
1.1.1 Early history of Electricity
1.1.2 Atoms
1.1.3 Electron orbits
1.1.4 Insulators and Semiconductors
1.1.5 Molecules
1.1.6 Methods of Producing Electricity
1.2 Electrical quantities and Ohm’s law
1.2.1 Electrical quantities: the Coulomb, the Ampere, the Electron Flow theory…
1.2.2 Ohm’s law
1.3 Static electricity
1.3.1 Static electricity
1.3.2 Charging an object
1.3.3 The electroscope
1.3.4 Static electricity in nature
1.3.5 Nuisance static charges and useful static charges
1.4 Magnetism
1.4.1 The earth is a magnet
1.4.2 Permanent magnets
1.4.3 The electron theory of magnetism
1.4.4 Magnetic materials
1.4.5 Magnetic lines of force
1.4.6 Electromagnetics
1.4.7 Magnetic measurement
1.4.8 Magnetic polarity
1.4.9 Demagnetizing
1.4.10 Magnetic devices
1.5 Resistors
1.5.1 Uses resistors 3
1.5.2 Fixed and variable resistors
 Chapter 1. Basic Electricity and Ohm’s law (6h)
1.1 Atomic structure

1.1.1 Early history of Electricity

?Who was the first to discover Electricity?

Amber = “Elektron”

Electric: “to be like amber”, to have ability to

attract other objects ?Force
The Greek William Gibert

2500 years ago. Early 1600s 300 years ago Now

Positive Negative
Amber was not the
Amber
only material that Benjamin Franklin
could be charged
to attract other 1733: Charles DuFay found that a piece of charged glass would repel
objects some charged objects and attract others. 4
 Chapter 1. Basic Electricity and Ohm’s law (6h)
1.1 Atomic structure
All matter is made from a combination
1.1.2 Atoms of atoms.
e p Solid Liquid Gas
Diameter 0.22 0.07 An element is a substance that
(trillionth of inch)
cannot be chemically divided
Relative mass 1/1840 1
into two or more simpler
Charge 1- 1+ Fig.1.1 Water can exist in three states,
substances.
depending on temperature and pressure.
An atom: the
smallest part of an
element.
Fig.1.5 The lines of force come
Electron (-) inward.
Proton(+)
Nucleus neutron
Fig.1.4 The nucleus may or may not Fig.1.3 The lines of force extend
contain the same number of outward. Fig.1.2 Helium contains two protons,
5
protons and neutrons. two neutrons, and two electrons.
 Chapter 1. Basic Electricity and Ohm’s law (6h)
1.1 Atomic structure

1.1.2 Atoms Why protons do not

repel each other?

A subtomic
The force of particle acts as
gravity held a mediator to
the nucleus Fig.1.6 Unlike charges attract each other.
hold the
together nucleus
together:
gluon, a quark

Felectromagnetism >> Fgravity Fgluon = 102 Felectromagnetism

(1930s) Hideki Yukawa
(1947)
6
Fig.1.7 Like charges repel each other.
 Chapter 1. Basic Electricity and Ohm’s law (6h)
1.1 Atomic structure

1.1.2 Atoms
All matter was
Electron:
composed of
+ negative charge
atoms
+ very little mass
compared to the atom
1808, John Dalton

1897, J.J. Thomson

Fig.1.8 Bohr’s model of the atom

Atom:
+ positively charged massive body charge
with negatively charged electrons scattered
through it: balanced => 0 net charge
+ electrons existed in random manner
within the atom
proposed that electrons orbit the
nucleus in much the same way that
1913, Niels Bohr planets orbit the Sun.
Atom:
+ Electrons exist in specific/ “allowed” orbits
+ e return to lower allowed orbit => “photon”
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 Chapter 1. Basic Electricity and Ohm’s law (6h)
1.1 Atomic structure

1.1.3 Electron Orbits

✓ Electron orbit of an atom contains a set number of electrons.

✓ The number of electrons, that can be contained in any one
orbit, or shell, is found by the formula (2N2).
N-the number of the orbit/shell.
Fig.1.9 Electron orbits
in a spherical fashion.
First orbit: 2 x (1)2 = 2
Second orbit: 2 x (2)2 = 8
Third orbit: 2 x (3)2 = 18
Fourth–fifth: 2 x (4)2 = 32

Fig.1.10 Electrons orbit8 the

In any orbit, the maximum number of electrons is no more than 32! nucleus in a circular fashion.
 Chapter 1. Basic Electricity and Ohm’s law (6h)
1.1 Atomic structure

1.1.3 Electron orbits

Valence shell: the outer shell of an atom.

Valence electron (v.e.): electrons located in the outer shell of an
atom.
Atoms with one, two, or three valence electrons are unstable Fig.1.11 The electrons located in the oute
and can be made to give up these electrons. (Conductors) orbit of an atom are v.e.

? Does the number of valence electrons decide the ability of

conducting?

Silver, Copper, gold, platinum: 1 v.e.

Aluminum: 3 valence electrons > platinum

9
Fig.1.12 A copper atom contains 29 e and has 1 v.e.
 Chapter 1. Basic Electricity and Ohm’s law (6h)
1.1 Atomic structure

1.1.3 Electron orbits Electric flow

Bump theory: current flow is produced when an e from one atom
knocks electrons of another atom out of orbit.

The additional energy from the striking e causes the struck e to

move out of orbit and become a free e. Fig.1.13 An electron of an atom knocks
 Enters the valence orbit of a different atom. an e of another atom out of orbit.

Some or all of the gained energy is released in the form of heat.

=> Conductors become warm when current flows through them.

If a moving e strikes an atom containing 2 v.e.

 The energy of the striking e is divided between 2 v.e.
 If the v.e. are knocked out of orbit, they contain only half of the
energy of the striking e. Fig.1.14 The energy of striking e is
10 divided.
 Chapter 1. Basic Electricity and Ohm’s law (6h)
1.1 Atomic structure

1.1.3 Electron orbits Electric flow

All electric power sources produce a positive terminal and
a negative terminal.
(-) terminal: by causing an excess of e to form at that terminal
(+) terminal: by removing a large number of e from that terminal Fig.1.15 All electrical power sources
produce a (+) and a (-) terminal.
A circuit is completed between two terminals:
e are repelled away from the (-) terminal and attracted to the (+).

Fig.1.16 Completing a11circuit

between the (+), (-) terminals
 Chapter 1. Basic Electricity and Ohm’s law (6h)
1.1 Atomic structure

1.1.4 Insulators …and 1.1.4 Semiconductors

Materials:
contain 7-8 v.e. contain 4 v.e., their resistance increases when heated
resist the flow of electricity. are neither good conductors nor good insulators
Important in electrical industry, since 1947 - transistors
• The valence shell of Silicon Germanium
an atom is full or
almost full
=> The e are held tightly

• The energy of the

moving e is divided
many times
Fig.1.17 The energy of the striking e is => Little effect on the atom
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divided among the eight e. Fig.1.18 Semiconductors contain four v.e.
 Chapter 1. Basic Electricity and Ohm’s law (6h)
1.1 Atomic structure

1.1.5 Molecules

The smallest part of a compound.

Fig.1.19 A water molecule.

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 Chapter 1. Basic Electricity and Ohm’s law (6h)
1.1 Atomic structure

1.1.6 Methods of producing electricity

Magnetism

Chemical
Light
action

Friction Pressure

Heat 14
 Chapter 1. Basic Electricity and Ohm’s law (6h)
1.2 Electrical quantities and Ohm’s law

1.2.1 Electrical quantities

The Coulomb
Charles Augustin de Coulomb, French scientist, 1700s
“The force of electrostatic attraction or repulsion is directly proportional to the product of
the two charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.”
• System Internationale (SI) unit of electric charge “C”.
• Definition: 1 Coulomb is the charge transferred by a current of 1 ampere in one second.
• 1C = 6.25 × 1018 e, or 1e = 1.6 × 10-19 C

The Ampere
Fig.1.20 One ampere equals
André Ampère, French scientist, late 1700s – 1800s one coulomb per second.
• Systèm Internationale (SI) unit of intensity of current “A”.
• Definition: One ampere of current flows through a wire when 15
1 coulomb flows past a point in one second.
 Chapter 1. Basic Electricity and Ohm’s law (6h)
1.2 Electrical quantities and Ohm’s law

1.2.1 Electrical quantities

The Electron flow theory

Because e are (-) particles, current flows from the most (-) point
in the circuit to the most (+).
The conventional current flow theory
Current flows from the most (+) point to the most (-).

Fig.1.21 Conventional current flow

theory and electron flow theory.

Fig.1.22 On-delay timer. 16

 Chapter 1. Basic Electricity and Ohm’s law (6h)
1.2 Electrical quantities and Ohm’s law

1.2.1 Electrical quantities

A Complete path – closed circuit:

The power source, conductors, and load form a closed loop.

Short circuit: very little or no resistance, when the

conductors leading from and back to the power source
become connected.
=> Excessive amount of current can flow
 cause a fuse to blow or a circuit breaker to open.
 If there is no fuse or circuit breaker
 Damage equipment
 Melt wires
 Fires Fig.1.23 Current flows only through a closed
circuit and a short circuit bypasses17the load
and permits too much current to flow.
 Chapter 1. Basic Electricity and Ohm’s law (6h)
1.2 Electrical quantities and Ohm’s law

1.2.1 Electrical quantities

Grounded circuits: occur when a path other than the
one intended is established to ground.
 Cause an excessive amount of current flow.
Fig.1.25 The grounding conductor provides a low-resistance
path to ground.
The grounding conductor is used to help prevent a shock
hazard in the event that the ungrounded, or hot conductor
comes in contact with the case or frame of the appliance.
Fig.1.24 120-V appliance circuit.
• The ungrounded, or hot conductor is connected
to the fuse or circuit breaker.
• The hot conductor supplies power to the load.
• The grounded conductor, or neutral conductor
provides the return path and completes the
circuit back to the power source.
• The grounding conductor is generally connected
to the case of the appliance to provide a low-
resistance path to ground.
• The current will flow through the grounding
conductor only when a circuit fault develops.
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 Chapter 1. Basic Electricity and Ohm’s law (6h)
1.2 Electrical quantities and Ohm’s law

1.2.1 Electrical quantities

The Volt

Voltage (electromotive force EMF) is defined as the potential difference between two
points of a conducting wire carrying a constant current of 1 Ampere when the power
dissipated between these points is 1 Watt.

A Volt is the amount of potential necessary to cause

1 Coulomb to produce 1 Joule of work.
E (EMF) or U.

Voltage pulses current through a wire, but not flow

through a wire.
Fig.1.26 Voltage in an electric circuit
19
can be
compared to pressure in a water system.
 Chapter 1. Basic Electricity and Ohm’s law (6h)
1.2 Electrical quantities and Ohm’s law

1.2.1 Electrical quantities

The Ohm

Ohm: + named after the German scientist Georg. S. Ohm.

+ unit of resistance R(𝛺) .

An Ohm is the amount of resistance that allows 1 ampere Fig.1.27 A resistor in an electric circuit can
of current to flow when the applied voltage is 1 volt. be compared to a reducer in a water
𝑈 system.
𝐼=
𝑅
Without resistance => short circuit.
Resistance => heat produces.

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 Chapter 1. Basic Electricity and Ohm’s law (6h)
1.2 Electrical quantities and Ohm’s law

1.2.1 Electrical quantities

The Watt
Watt: + named after the English scientist James Watt.
+ unit of Power P(W), ~ U, I. Fig.1.28 Amperes times volts equals watts.
Exp: A resistor connected to a circuit with a voltage of
120 volts and a current flow of 1 ampere.
=> The heating element produces a heat of …W
Other measures of power
- foot-pound (ft-lb): the amount of force required to raise a 1
pound weight 1 foot.
- British thermal unit (Btu): the amount of heat required to
raise the temperature of 1 pound of water 1 degree Fahrenheit.
- Calorie (cal): the amount of heat needed to raise the
21
temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celcius.
 Chapter 1. Basic Electricity and Ohm’s law (6h)
1.2 Electrical quantities and Ohm’s law

1.2.2 Ohm’s law

Statements
“It takes 1 volt to push 1 ampere through 1 ohm”.
“In a DC circuit, the current is directly proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional
to the resistance”
E (U) = I × R E: EMF, U – voltage (V)
I: intensity of current (A)
E (U) R: resistance (Ω)
I=
R
E (U)
R=
I

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 Chapter 1. Basic Electricity and Ohm’s law (6h)
1.2 Electrical quantities and Ohm’s law

Standard prefixes of engineering notation.

SI base of supplementary unit. Derived SI units. 23

Chapter 1. Basic Electricity and Ohm’s law (6h)

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Chapter 1. Basic Electricity and Ohm’s law (6h)

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