Morphology

GROUP 6
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 What is Morphology?
Morphology consists of the words Morph- which means
‘shape, form’. In linguistics, morphology is the study of
the structure of words and cuts across the division into
lexicon and grammar, involving their internal structure
and how they are formed.
 Morphemes
Morphemes are a major way in which morphology investigates words, an essential
first step to being able to describe the elements out of which words can be
constructed. A morpheme may consist of a word or a meaningful piece of word.
Some morphemes have no concrete form or no continuous form and some do not
have meanings in the conventional sense of the form.

For example, the English word “talks” , “talker” , “talked” , and“talking”

consist of one element talk and several other elements such as -s, -er, -ed,
and -ing.
 Morphemes
Morphemes are also defined as a minimal unit of meaning or
grammatical function. Units of grammatical function include forms used
to indicate past tense or plural. For example, the word ''reopened''
consists of three morphemes namely, one minimal of meaning is
''open'' , another minimal unit of meaning is ''re-'' (means
“again”), and a minimal unit of grammatical function is ''-ed''
(indicating past tense).
 Types of Morphemes

Free and Lexical and Derivational

Bound Functional and
Morphemes Morphemes Inflectional
Morphemes
 Free morphemes are morphemes that can stand
by themselves as single words. This morpheme
can generally be identified as the set of
separate English word forms such as basic
Free and nouns, adjectives, verbs, etc. For example, open
Bound and tour. Otherwise, bound morphemes are
Morphemes morphemes that cannot normally stand alone.
Bound morphemes which must be attached to
another form, are of two main types
exemplified as re-, - ist, -ed, -s, and -ly.
For example, tourist.
 Lexical and functional morphemes are the types
of free morphemes. Lexical morphemes are free
morphemes that are set of ordinary nouns,
Lexical and adjectives, and verbs. For examples: girl, man,
house. Functional morphemes are set and
Functional consist largely of the functional words in the
Morphemes language such as conjunctions, prepositions,
articles, and pronouns. Examples are and, but,
when, because, on, near, above, in, the, that,
it, them.
 Derivational morphemes are morphemes that use
bound morphemes to make new words or to make
words of a different grammatical category from the
stem in the terms of the derivation words. For
Derivational example, the addition of the derivational morpheme
and -ness changes the adjective good to the noun
Inflectional goodness. Inflectional morphemes are morphemes
that use bound morphemes to indicate aspects of
Morphemes the grammatical function of a word. These
morphemes are used to show if a word is plural or
singular, past tense or not, and a comparative or
possessive form. English has only eight inflectional
morphemes (or “inflections”).
Morphs and Allomorphs
Morphs are the actual shape or the realization of a
morpheme. They are defined as an element of speech or
writing that represents and expresses one or more
morphemes. Allomorphs are the positional variants of a
morpheme; they are in complementary distribution
means ‘where one occurs the other cannot occur’.
 Example of Morphs and Allomorphs
Morphs
the word ‘man’ is carrying- 1 morph, 1
morpheme while the word ‘men’ is
carrying- 1 morph and 2 morphemes (man
+ plural), because the form ‘men’ cannot
be divided so it is the actual form of the
word means the ‘the morph’ but this
single form is carrying two different
meanings (man + plural) means “the two
morphemes”
Allomorphs
The plural marker /-s/ has three allomorphs /-s,
-z, -iz / which occur in three different
environments such as cats, dogs and buses where
we find that1- /-s/ after voiceless sounds such
as /p, t, k/ etc. except affricates and sibilants.
2- /-z/ after voiced sounds such as /b, d, g/
etc. except affricates and sibilants. 3- /-iz/
after affricates and sibilants. Similarly, /-t, -d,
-id/ are the positional variants (allomorphs) of
the same morpheme /-ed/ the past tense
marker.
 Some Word Formation
What is word? Words have a pivotal role in
communication both in written and oral form. Without
words, communication is almost impossible because a
sentence, a group of words which is semantically
acceptable and grammatically correct, allows us to
communicate effectively. How is a word developed?
New words can be developed from existing words or
invented due to technological advancemen
 AFFIXATION

COINING/INVENTING WORDS
CLIPPING WORDS
Some Word BLENDING WORDS
Formation
ACRONYM

COMPOUNDING

BOUND MORPHEMES
ON BOTH SIDES


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