1a

What is a System?

The word System is derived from Greek word Systema, which means an organized
relationship between any set of components to achieve some common cause or
objective.

A system is “an orderly grouping of interdependent components linked together

according to a plan to achieve a specific goal.”

II

Systems Analysis

It is a process of collecting and interpreting facts, identifying the problems, and

decomposition of a system into its components.

System analysis is conducted for the purpose of studying a system or its parts in order
to identify its objectives. It is a problem solving technique that improves the system and
ensures that all the components of the system work efficiently to accomplish their
purpose.

Analysis specifies what the system should do.

III

Systems Design

It is a process of planning a new business system or replacing an existing system by

defining its components or modules to satisfy the specific requirements. Before

1
planning, you need to understand the old system thoroughly and determine how
computers can best be used in order to operate efficiently.

System Design focuses on how to accomplish the objective of the system.

System Analysis and Design (SAD) mainly focuses on −

Systems

Processes

Technology

1b

Characteristics of a good system:

Organization:

It implies structure and order. It is the arrangement of components that helps to

achieve objectives.

Interaction:

It refers to the manner in which each component functions with other components of
the system.

Interdependence:

It means that parts of the organization or computer system depend on one another.
They are coordinated and linked together according to a plan. One subsystem depends
on the output of another subsystem for proper functioning.

1c

2
 Skills of a system analyst

1 Marketable Skills. Business intelligence analysis, business systems integration,

business & information systems administration, software development, data processing,
technology & project management, risk management, and soft skills are some of the
marketable skills that every computer systems analyst should possess. Computer
systems analysts need to learn the business side of their career.

2. Analytical Skills. With analytical skills, computer systems analysts can interpret
complex information from different sources. This can help them to decide the best way
to move ahead on a project, and to figure out how changes may affect the project.

3. Communication Skills. Computer systems analysts need this skill set to be able to
communicate effectively with various organizations and clients that they work for;
hence they mediate between IT department and management. This will give them the
ability to explain complex issues in an understandable way.

4. Understanding. Computer systems analysts need the ability to identify problems

and assess their solution. They need to sense the impact of the system on people at
work, and understand any problem that they may be having. They need to also
understand how IT processes and computer components such as networks, software
and hardware interact to accomplish business objectives

1E

3
 1F

Data collection tools

1 Observation

Seeing is believing, they say. Making direct observations of simplistic phenomena can
be a very quick and effective way of collecting data with minimal intrusion. Establishing
the right mechanism for making the observation is all you need.

4
2 Questionnaires

Questionnaires, as we consider them here, are stand-alone instruments of data

collection that will be administered to the sample subjects either through mail, phone or
online. They have long been one of the most popular data collection techniques.

3 Interviews

Conducting interviews can help you overcome most of the shortfalls of the previous two
data collection techniques that we have discussed here by allowing you to build a
deeper understanding of the thinking behind the respondents’ answers.

4 Focus Group Discussions

Focus group discussions take the interactive benefits of an interview to the next level by
bringing a carefully chosen group together for a moderated discussion on the subject of
the survey.

Q2i

The Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a structured process that enables the
production of high-quality, low-cost software, in the shortest possible production time.
The goal of the SDLC is to produce superior software that meets and exceeds all
customer expectations and demands. The SDLC defines and outlines a detailed plan
with stages, or phases, that each encompass their own process and deliverables.
Adherence to the SDLC enhances development speed and minimizes project risks and
costs associated with alternative methods of production.

5
 2ii

Stages of the SDLC

1.Planning Stage

The planning stage (also called the feasibility stage) is exactly what it sounds like: the
phase in which developers will plan for the upcoming project.

It helps to define the problem and scope of any existing systems, as well as determine
the objectives for their new systems.

By developing an effective outline for the upcoming development cycle, they'll

theoretically catch problems before they affect development.

And help to secure the funding and resources they need to make their plan happen.

Perhaps most importantly, the planning stage sets the project schedule, which can be
of key importance if development is for a commercial product that must be sent to
market by a certain time.

2 Analysis Stage

The analysis stage includes gathering all the specific details required for a new system
as well as determining the first ideas for prototypes.

Developers may:

Define any prototype system requirements

Evaluate alternatives to existing prototypes

Perform research and analysis to determine the needs of end-usersFurthermore,

developers will often create a software requirement specification or SRS document.

6
This includes all the specifications for software, hardware, and network requirements
for the system they plan to build. This will prevent them from overdrawing funding or
resources when working at the same place as other development teams.

3 Design Stage

The design stage is a necessary precursor to the main developer stage.

Developers will first outline the details for the overall application, alongside specific
aspects, such as its:

User interfaces

System interfaces

Network and network requirements

Databases

They’ll typically turn the SRS document they created into a more logical structure that
can later be implemented in a programming language. Operation, training, and
maintenance plans will all be drawn up so that developers know what they need to do
throughout every stage of the cycle moving forward.

Once complete, development managers will prepare a design document to be

referenced throughout the next phases of the SDLC.

4 Development Stage

The development stage is the part where developers actually write code and build the
application according to the earlier design documents and outlined specifications.

This is where Static Application Security Testing or SAST tools come into play.

7
Product program code is built per the design document specifications. In theory, all of
the prior planning and outlined should make the actual development phase relatively
straightforward.

Developers will follow any coding guidelines as defined by the organization and utilize
different tools such as compilers, debuggers, and interpreters.

Programming languages can include staples such as C++, PHP, and more. Developers
will choose the right programming code to use based on the project specifications and
requirements.

2iii

Waterfall Model - Design

Waterfall approach was first SDLC Model to be used widely in Software Engineering to
ensure success of the project. In "The Waterfall" approach, the whole process of
software development is divided into separate phases. In this Waterfall model, typically,
the outcome of one phase acts as the input for the next phase sequentially.

The following illustration is a representation of the different phases of the Waterfall

model

8
 Q3i

Concept of software engineering

Through the use of software programming languages, software engineering is the

process of understanding user demands and designing, developing, and testing end-
user applications that will meet those goals. It refers to the use of engineering concepts
to the creation of software. Through the use of software programming languages,
software engineering is the process of understanding user demands and designing,
developing, and testing end-user applications that will meet those goals. It refers to the
use of engineering concepts to the creation of software

Q3ii

Three habits that may separate good architects from highly effective
architects

1. Easy to work with

They will work to understand your requirements and aspirations from the first
consultation. They are fully engaged, responsive and value their relationship with you
above all else. They listen carefully and offer clear and wise advice which leads to an
excellent outcome.

2. Demystifies the jargons and the technical side; simplifies it for you Their
sketches, plans and detailed drawings give you a clear vision of your project and a real
idea of what they can expect from a design. They manage your expectations
throughout the process.

3. Holds your hand They should guide you through the process, acting on your behalf
with planning authorities, keeping a level head and offering impartial advice.

9
 ‍REFERENCES

1.https://www.indeed.com › what-is-s...

2.https://www.jotform.com › data-coll...

3.https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com › ...

4.https://asq.org › quality-resources

5.https://www.tutorialspoint.com › sdlc

6.https://www.malonearchitecture.com › ...

10
11