GAIT PHASES OF GAIT

 Translating progression of the body as  8 COMPONENTS; 5 = STANCE, 3=

a whole SWING
 Produced by coordinated, rotatory
movements of the body
STANCE
GAIT CYCLE

 BEGINS with contact of some part of a

COMPONENT REFERENCE CONTRALATERAL PERIOD
reference extremity on the ground LE LE
 ENDS with contact of the SAME part of INITIAL CONTACTS END TERMINAL
the reference extremity on the ground CONTACT THE STANCE
(HEEL STRIKE) GROUND (HEEL OFF)
DOUBLE
PHASES OF GAIT LOADING ENTIRE PRESWING SUPPORT
RESPONSE PLANTAR (TOE OFF) (10%)
STANCE PHASE (FOOT FLAT) ASPECT OF
FOOT IS ON
 60% of entire gait cycle THE
 Foot of reference extremity in contact GROUND
with ground
MIDSTANCE BODY MIDSWING
SWING PHASE WEIGHT
PASSES
 40% DIRECTLY
 Reference extremity does NOT contact OVER;
the ground
VERTICALLY SINGLE
ORIENTED LIMB
PERIODS OF GAIT SUPPORT
TERMINAL HEEL TERMINAL (40%)
DOUBLE SUPPORT STANCE LEAVES SWING
(HEEL OFF) THE
 20% GROUND
 Some parts of both LE will be in contact
on the ground PRESWING TOE INITIAL
 Both feet with ground (TOE OFF) LEAVES CONTACT- DOUBLE
THE LOADING SUPPORT
GROUND RESPONSE (10%)
SINGLE LIMB SUPPORT
NOTE: LOADING RESPONSE TO MIDSTANCE OF
 80% REFERENCE LE = THE C/L LE WILL GO THROUGH
 Opposite foot is lifted from the ground LIMB ADVANCEMENT TASK
 1 extremity in contact, 1 lifted from the
ground RANCHOS LOS AMIGOS = TERMINOLOGIES FOR
IC, LR, TS, PRESWING
 INITIAL MIDSWING TERMINAL
SWING SWING
SWING
HIP 25-300 25-300 25-300
COMPONENT REFERENCE CONTRALATERAL PERIOD FLEXION FLEXION FLEXION
LE LE
INITIAL SWING FOOT KNEE 600 300 TOWARDS
(EARLY SWING/ LEAVES FLEXION FLEXION EXTENSION
ACCELERATION) THE
GROUND EARLY ANKLE NEUTRAL NEUTRAL NEUTRAL
MIDSTANCE
ENDS
WHEN
SWING LE NOTE: ALL COMPONENTS OF GAIT EXCEPT
ADJACENT
TO STANCE
INITIAL CONTACT ARE FLEXED
LE

MIDSWING FOOT PAST DETERMINANTS OF GAIT

STANCE LE
 A person can walk or ambulate, but it
ENDS LATE SINGLE will NOT always be functional
WITH TIBIA MIDSTANCE LIMB
IN SUPPORT
VERTICAL FUNCTIONAL GAIT
POSITION
1. STANCE – PHASE STABILITY
TERMINAL BEGINS  Must be able to be stable
SWING WITH enough to support BODY
(LATE SWING/ VERTICAL WEIGHT and RESPOND TO
DECELERATION) TIBIA GROUND REACTION FORCES
that push against WB, so that it
ENDS TERMINAL
WHEN STANCE will not collapse
FOOT
TOUCHES 2. CLEARANCE IN SWING
THE  Minimize tripping and
GROUND stumbling

3. SWING PHASE PREPOSITIONING

NOTE: INITIAL CONTACT OF OPPOSITE LE =  Must be positioned
STARTS AT 50% - 60% EFFECTIVELY especially in
terminal swing
INITIAL LOADING MIDSTANCE TERMINAL PRESWING
CONTACT RESPONSE STANCE

HIP 20-300 150 00 100 200

FLEXION FLEXION EXTENSION EXTENSION

KNEE 00 150 50 30 25-400

EXTENSION FLEXION FLEXION FLEXION FLEXION

ANKLE 00 50 50 70 20-250
PF/DF PF DF DF PF
 4. ADEQUATE STEP LENGTH
 Must have good motor control
and enough ROM in order to
achieve enough STEP LENGTH
 INITIAL CONTACT OF RLE
 INITIAL CONTACT OF
OPPOSITE EXTREMITY
 1 STEP
NOTE: COM = ENTIRE MASS OF UPPER BODY
BOS = AREA THAT CARRIES THE COM
VERTICAL = SUMMATED INTO 5CM FROM
NORMAL STANDING HEIGHT (head)
TOP OF HEAD IS LOWEST = DURING DOUBLE
LIMB SUPPORT

TOP OF HEAD IS HIGHEST = DURING SINGLE

5. ENERGY CONSERVATION
 Any problems with motor control,
balance, timing will demand
MORE/GREATER ENERGY from an
individual will result in INEFFICIENT
WALKING
LIMB SUPPORT ESPECIALLY MIDSTANCE
3,5 (knee flexion) = minimize VERTICAL RISE/
DISPLACEMENT
 EARLY KNEE FLEXION = LOADING
RESPONE  MIDSTANCE (REF LE)

 LATE KNEE FLEXION = PRESWING (C/L

NORMAL GAIT LE) loading response??
 BIGGER PICTURE 4. THE FIRST PART THAT CONTACT GROUND =
 Focuses more on ROM, HEEL
ARTHROKINEMATICS, CM
 LATERAL = 4CM SIDE TO SIDE
GOAL: minimize and smoothen vertical and  SHIFT COM TOWARDS THE STANCE LEG
lateral displacement or center of mass over (on the ground, midstance)
base of support
(6) SHIFTING SIDE TO SIDE
1. PELVIC ROTATION N HORIZONTAL
PLANE

2. PELVIC TILT IN FRONTAL PLANE

3. EARLY KNEE FLEXION DURING THE 1ST

STANCE

4. WEIGHT TRANSFER FROM THE HEEL

AND FLAT FOOT

5. LATE KNEE FLEXION DURING THE LAST

PART OF STANCE

6. LATERAL DISPLACEMENT OF PELVIS

TOWARDS THE STANCE LIMB
PELVIC TILT IN GAIT CENTER OF PRESSURE
SAGITTAL PLANE  Point of application of the resultant
ground reaction force against stance
 NEUTRAL in MIDSTANCE
foot

 ANTERIOR TILT = HIP EXTENSION PATH

INITIAL CONTACT
 POSTERIOR TILT= HIP FLEXION
 Just LATERAL TO THE MIDPOINT OF
THE HEEL
HORIZONTAL/TRANSVERSE PLANE

 CKC IR = INITIAL CONTACT TO LOADING

MIDSTANCE
RESPONSE (C/L LE)
 LATERAL MIDFOOT region
 NEUTRAL = MIDSTANCE

 CKC ER = LOADING RESPONSE TO TERMINAL STANCE TO PRESWING

PRESWING (C/L LE)  MEDIAL FOREFOOT region (under 1st
o REFERENCE LIMB = SWING and 2nd metatarsal head)
PHASE

FRONTAL PLANE MUSCLE ACTIVITY

 (R) SINGLE LIMB SUPPORT = (L) HIP INITIAL CONTACT TO LOADING RESPONSE
DROP
 CONCENTRIC = GLUT
 1 LEG WB = TITLED UP
MAX/HAMSTRINGS
 1 LEG NWB = TILTED DOWN
 ECCENTRIC = PRETIBIAL MUSCLES
 MINIMIZE VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT
(lengthen to allow PF)
OF COM AND LATERAL (SIDE TO SIDE)
 ECCENTRIC = QUADRICEPS (keep knee
extended, prevent knee from buckling)
NOTE: ONE OF THE PURPOSE OF PELVIC TILT IN
GAIT IN FRONTAL PLANE REPRESENTED BY HIP
DROP = MINIMIZE LATERAL DISPLACEMENT OF
FOOT/LE DURING WALKING
LOADING RESPONSE TO MIDSTANCE INITIAL SWING TO MIDSWING

 CONCENTRIC = GMAX  CONCENTRIC =

ILIOPSOAS/ADDUCTORS
 CONCENTRIC = QUADRICEPS
 CONCENTRIC = HAMSTRINGS
 ECCENTRIC =
GASTROCNEMIUS/SOLEUS (pushed  CONCENTRIC = PRETIBIAL MUSCLES
towards the ground that’s why its PF,
combination of WEIGHT OF ANKLE
MIDSWING TO TERMINAL SWING
AND FOOT and forward progression of
body, stability of ankle not to DF)  CONCENTRIC = QUADRICEPS
 ECCENTRIC = HAMSTRINGS
 ISOMETRIC = PRETIBIAL MUSCLES
MIDSTANCE TO TERMINAL STANCE

 GASTROCNEMIUS/SOLEUS =
TERMINAL SWING TO INITIAL CONTACT
ECCENTRIC
 ECCENTRIC = HAMSTRINGS
 CONCENTRIC = QUADRICEPS
TERMINAL STANCE TO PRESWING
 ISOMETRIC = PRETIBIAL MUSCLES
 ECCENTRIC = ILIOPSOAS/ADDUCTORS

 ECCENTRIC = SLIGHT QUADRICEPS HIGHEST MUSCLE ACTIVITY

ACTIVITY
 INTRINSIC MUSCLES OF THE FOOT:
 CONCETRIC = LAST HALF OF STANCE PHASE
GASTROCNEMIUS/SOLEUS ANKLE

DORSIFLEXORS
PRESWING TO INITIAL SWING
 INITIAL CONTACT TO LOADING
 CONCENTRIC = RESPONSE (HEEL STRIKE TO FOOTFLAT)
ILIOPSOAS/ADDUCTORS

 CONCENTRIC = HAMSTRINGS PLANTARFLEXORS

 ECCENTRIC = LOADING RESPONSE TO

 CONCENTRIC = PRETIBIAL MUSCLES
MIDSTANCE (FOOTFLAT TO
MIDSTANCE)

 CONCENTRIC = TERMINAL STANCE TO

PRESWING (HEEL OFF TO TOE OFF)
KNEE KINEMATICS OF GAIT
EXTENSORS SPATIAL DESCRIPTORS
 CONCENTRIC = LATE SWING  INITIAL  How far you can walk
CONTACT  LOADING RESPONSE (late  How much space you occupy when you
swing to heel strike to foot flat) walk.

FLEXORS STRIDE LENGTH

 CONCENTRIC = INITIAL SWING TO LATE  Consecutive points of contacts of the
SWING (pre swing to initial swing) SAME extremity/foot
 140-164cm
 ECCENTRIC = LATE SWING TO INITIAL  1.4cm – 1.6m
CONTACT (heel strike)  56 inches

HIP STEP LENGTH

ABDUCTORS  2 consecutive points of contacts of the
OPPOSING extremities
 MIDSTANCE (GMED) = ISOMETRIC
 1 step
contraction of WB extremity
 70-82 cm
 0.7-0.8m
ADDUCTORS  28 inches

 EARLY AND LATE STANCE (INITIAL

CONTACT TO LOADING RESPONSE AND STEP WIDTH
PRESWING)
 Distance between both feet side to side
 How wide apart
EXTENSORS  1 to 5 inches (norkins)
 2.5-3.5 inches
 LATE SWING TO INITIAL CONTACT
 2-5inches
(ECCENTRIC) TO LOADING RESPONSE

FOOT ANGLE
FLEXORS
 MIDPOINT OF HEEL and SECOND TOE
 CONCENTRIC = INITIAL SWING TO
(imaginary straight line)
MIDSWING
 70
TEMPORAL DESCRIPTORS RUNNING GAIT
 In velocity, TIME NOTE:

PHASES OF RUNNING GAIT

CADENCE/STEP RATE STANCE: ABSORPTION, PROPULSION
 120 steps per minute (women +6-9
SWING: INITIAL SWING, TERMINAL SWING
steps/min)
RUNNING WALKING
DOUBLE FLOAT DOUBLE LIMB
STRIDE/CYCLE/STEP TIME
PHASE/ SUPPORT
 STRIDE = NUMBER OF SECONDS TO FLOAT PHASE
COMPLETE 1 STRIDE (20%)

 CYCLE = NUMBER OF SECONDS TO STANCE (40%) STANCE (60%)

SWING (60%) SWING (40%)
COMPLETE 1 SINGLE GAIT
DECREASE FOOT ANGLE OF TOE OUT:
 STEP = NUMBER OF SECONDS TO
ANGLE (TOE OUT 70
COMPLETE 1 STEP ANGLE) TO 00

STANCE/SWING TIME DECREASE STEP

TIME
SINGLE/DOUBLE SUPPORT TIME
DECREASE STIDE
WALKING SPEEED/VELOCITY TIME
 Distance when individuals covers during
DECREASE
walking per unit time
BOS(LATERAL)
 1.4m/sec
 3 miles per hour (mph) DECREASE STEP
 Velocity = 82m/min WIDTH

INCREASE STEP
LENGTH

INCREASE SPEED =
INCREASE CADENCE