CHAPTER 4

SOLUTION (4.1)

Flexural rigidity of the plate is

3 9 3
D  12(1Et 2 )  12200(1100.09t )  18.315  109 t 3
Maximum deflection occurs at center (r=0). Equation (4.19) is thus,
3106 ( 0.03 )4
wmax  0.001  64 18.315(109 ) t 3
from which

SOLUTION (4.2)

We have
3 200(109 ) t 3
D  12(1Et 2 )  12(1 0.09 )  18.315(109 )t 3
p0 a 4 5 3(106 )( 0.03 )4
wmax  64 D 1 ; 1  10 3  5.3
64 (18.315109 t 3 ) 1.3
Solving,

SOLUTION (4.3)

Cylinder end can be approximated as a clamped edge plate subjected to uniform loading.
( a ) Equation (c) of Sec. 4.5,
3 p0 90 (106 ) 4
 r ,max  4 ( at )2 ; ( at )2  31(106 )
 (10.954)2
or a/t=10.954. Hence,

( b ) Then, Eq.(b) of Sec. 4.5, gives

SOLUTION (4.4)

The principal stress components at the center ( ) are (Figure 4.5):

Equation 2.43 is thus

Simplifying,

or
Substituting the given data:

34
SOLUTION (4.5)

From Fig.4.5, we have

,
Equation (2.42b) gives
;

Substituting the given values with (Table B.3):

Solving,

SOLUTION (4.6)

Equation (e) of Sec. 4.5,

3( 3 ) p0 a 2

max  8 t ( )
Upon substitution of the given numerical values becomes
241(106 ) 3( 3.3 ) 0.5(106 )
n  8 (10 2 )  61875
.  10 6
From the above,
n  3895
.  39
.
SOLUTION (4.7)

( a ) From Figure 4.5:

Setting

We have
Equation (b) of section 4.5 is then

(b)

SOLUTION (4.8)

Expression (4.10b) becomes,

p
d
dr
d 1 d
{r [
dr r dr
dw
dr ( r )]}  ( a 20D )r 3  p1r 3
where p1  p0 a 2 D .

35
 Successive integrations lead to
p1r 4 p1r 4
[
1 d 1 d
r dr r dr ( r dwdr )]  4  C1 ; 1 d
r dr ( r dwdr )  16  C1 ln r  C2
p1r 6
r dwdr  96  12 C1r 2 ln r  14 C1r 2  C2 r 2  C3
(CONT.)
(4.8 CONT.)

or
dw p1r 5 C3 '
dr  96 1  C ' r ln r  C ' r 
2 r
Then, in terms of new constants, displacement is found to be:
p1r 6 2 2
w 576  c ln r  c r ln r  c r  c
1 2 3 4
In order w be finite at r=0 : c1  c2  0.
Boundary conditions ( w=0 and dw/dr=0 at r=a ) give
p1a 6 2 6 c1a 5
0 576  c3 a  c 4 , 0  576  2c3a
from which,
3 p1q 4 2 p1a 6
c3   576 , c4  576
Deflection is thus,
p1a 6 r 6 2 p a4
w 576 a 6 (  3 ar 2  2)  5760 D [( ar )6  3( ar )2  2] Q.E.D.

SOLUTION (4.9)

Apply Eq.(4.26a):
r  1.6( 0.4t ) 2  t 2  0.6757t  0.446t  0.015a

Et 3 E ( a 30 )3 Ea 3
We have: D 12 (1 2 )
 12(1 0.09 )  294 ,840
2
and wmax  16PaD 13  14,809 aEP
Equation(4.31); z  t 2 , since  ,max   r ,max :

 max  32P((aa/3030)3) [13

. ln 0.015
a
a  1  0.3]  2,647 a 2
P

SOLUTION (4.10)

By Eq.(4.26b), Since
 ,max   r ,max , by Eq.(4.29) at z  t2:
 max  2 ( 03.P015)2 [13
. ln 1809  0.3]  7627.7 P
Thus, 7627.7 P  60  10 6 or
SOLUTION (4.11)

36
 3( 3 )
( a ) We have  max  8 p0 ( at ) 2  12(10 6 )
or
3( 3 ) p0 3( 3.3 )( 490.5103 )
ta 6
8 (12 10 )
 014
. 8 (12 106 )

(b)

p0 a 4 5 490.5(103 )( 0.14 )4 5.2

We have wmax  12 (1 2 ) 1
 64 ( 258 , 600 ) 1.2

SOLUTION (4.12)

Refer to Solution of Prob. 4.12:

( a ) We now have (Fig. 4.5):

From which

(b)
Hence, Eq. (b) of Sec. 4.5:

SOLUTION (4.13)
3 210(109 ) t 3
D  12(1Et 2 )  12 ( 0.91)  19.23(109 )t 3
( a ) Table 4.2 ( Case 1):
M 0a 2 500 ( 0.3 ) 2

wmax  6(1   ) 3 . (10 3 )  6( 0.7) 210(10 )t

; 15 9 3
Et
or

( b ) Table 4.2 ( Case 1 ):

6 M0
max  t2
;40(106 ) 
6 ( 500 )
t2
or t=10.95 mm

SOLUTION (4.14)

( a ) Equation (4.33): M 2  0, M r  M1 and

37
 6 Mr 6 M
 r ,max  t 2  9,t000
2 ,  ,max 
t 2   32t,142
2

and , )  20t,571
 max  12 (1   2 )  21t 2 (9,000  32142 2

Thus,
32,142
180(10 6 )  t2
, t=13.36 mm
20 , 571
100(10 6 )  t2
, t=14.34 mm

(b)
Equation(4.33) at r=b
2
1 b2  a 2 M1b 2 2 M1
wmax  2 a  b (1 ) D
2 2  aa2 bb2 (1 ) D ln ab
  12 ( 0.00549 )  ( 0.2057)( 01133
. )( 0.28768 )

SOLUTION (4.15)

We have
w  c1 ln r  c2 r 2 ln r  c3r 2  c4 (r  c )
Since w is finite at the origin,
w  c5 r 2  c6 (r  c )
Boundary conditions:
w  0, M r  0 (r=a); ( w ) r c  ( w ) r c (r=c)
2 2
( dw
dr ) r  c  ( dr ) r  c
dw
(r=c); ( ddrw2 )rc  ( ddrw2 )rc (r=c)

and
Qr   P1 (r=c)
Six constants c1 , c 2 , c3 , c4 , c5 , c6 are obtained from the above described 6
equations.
Result for r=0 and r=a listed in case 2 of Table 4.2.

SOLUTION (4.16)

We have

(P4.16a)
Likewise

(P4.16b)

38
 From these equations, we obtain for and as:

(P4.16c)

(CONT.)
(4. CONT.)

Substitution of these constants into Eqs. (4.13) and (4.9), readily yields the
displacement and stress resultants.

SOLUTION (4.17)

From Eq.(4.12),
w   r 
1
r
1
r
r
D ( p0 r
a )drdrdrdr
 c1 ln r  c2 r ln r  c3r 2  c4
2

  r  r
p0 1 1 2 z
 aD r r drdrdrdr

In order w be finite at r  0, c1  c2  0. Thus,

w  c3r 2  c4  aD0  drr  rdr  drr ( r3 )

p 3

 c3r 2  c4  aD0  drr  rdr ( r9 )  c3r 2  c4  aD0  drr ( 45

p 3
r p 5
)
p 5
 c3r 2  c4  aD0 ( 225
r
)
Boundary conditions, w=0 and M r  0 at r=a lead to :
2
p0 a p0 a 4
c3   90 D ( 4 
1 ), c4  45 D [ 2(14 )  15 ]
Q.E.D.

39
SOLUTION (4.18)

Introduce given f n and f n* ' s into Eq.(P4.18) to obtain the characteristic (or auxiliary)
equation for each case :
 (   1)(   2 )(   3)  2 (   1)(   2 )  (1  2n 2 ) (   1)  (1  2n 2 )
 n 2 ( n 2  4)  0
from which
1  n, 2  n, 3  n  2, 4   n  2 (a)
For n = 0, 1  2  0, 3  4  2. We know that ( for an equidimensional
equation ) a double root yields to the terms r  and (ln r )r  . Thus,
f 0  A0 r 0  B0 r 2  C0 r 0 ln r  D0 r 2 ln r  A0  B0 r 2  C0 ln r  D0 r 2 ln r
Q.E.D.
For n = 1, we have one set of double roots : 1  4  1, 2  1, 3  3.
It follows that
f1  A1r  B1r 3  C1r 1 ln r  D1r ln r , f1*  A1*r  B1*r 3  C1*r 1  D1*r ln r
Q.E.D.
For n > 1, we have distinct roots and solution of Eqs.(P4.18) is :
f n  An r n  Bn r  n  Cn r n 2  Dn r  n 2
Q.E.D.
f n*  An*r n  Bn*r  n  Cn*r n 2  Dn*r  n  2

SOLUTION (4.19)

( a ) Expression (4.12) becomes

w   1r  r  1r 
rp0
D drdrdrdr

Thus, after integrations,

r2 p r2 p
w   1r  r  1r [( 2 D0 )  C1 ]drdrdr   1r  r[( 4 D0 )  C2 ]drdr  C1 ln r
r4 p C2r 2 r 4 p0 C2r 2
  1r [ 16 D0  C3 ]dr  C1r ln r 
2 2

2  64 D  C4  C3 ln r  C1 ( r2 ln r  r4 )  2
or
p r4
w  640 D  c1r 2 ln r  c2 r 2  c3 ln r  c4 Q.E.D.

( b ) Equation (4.10a) may be written

d 4w 3
d 2w p0
dr 4
 2r ddrw3  r12 dr 2
 r13 dwdr  D
(a)

To ascertain the homogeneous solution, let

r  e x , dxdr  e x , dxdr  e  x
Hence,
dw
dr  dw dx
dx dr  dw
dx e x ;
d 2w 2

dr 2
 dxd ( dwdr ) dxdr  e  x dxd ( dwdx e  x )  ( ddxw2  dwdx )e 2 x

40
d 3w 2 2 3 2

dr 3
 dxd ( ddrw2 ) dxdr  e  x dxd [( ddxw2  dw
dx )e
2 x
]  ( ddxw3  3 ddxw2  2 dw
dx )e
3 x

d 4w 3

dr 4
 dxd ( ddrw3 ) dxdr
3 2 4 3 2
 e  x dxd [( ddxw3  3 ddxw2  2 dwdx )e 3x ]  ( ddxw4  6 ddxw3  11 ddxw2  6 dwdx )e 4 x
Introduction of the above derivatives into Eq.(a) leads to
d 4w d 3w d 2w
dx 4 dx 3 dx 2
4 4 0 (b)
x
Denoting w  e , Eq.(b) is
4  43  42  0 or 2 (   2 ) 2  0
from which
1, 2  0, 3, 4  2
Thus, w  a  bx  ce  xde 2 x 2x

where a , b, c and d are constants.

In as much as r  e x ( or ln r  x ), homogeneous solution may be written in the form
wh  c1  c2 ln r  c3r 2  c4 r 2 ln r Q.E.D.
The particular solution of Eq.(a) can be obtained by the method of undetermined coefficients, by
using the ordinary procedure, as follows
p0 r 4
wp  64 D
Q.E.D.

The general solution is thus w  wh  w p .

SOLUTION (4.20)

Using the expressions for  2 w / x 2 ,  2 w / y 2 in terms of polar coordinates (Sec. 4.2), we

 2w 2 2
 2w
have
x 2
 yw2   2 w  rw2  1r wr  r12  2

Similarly, after carrying out some algebraic work:

 2w  2w 2
1  2 w w  2w  2w 2
 2 w w
x 2 y 2
 ( xwy ) 2  r r 2 r  r12 r 2  2
 w 2
 r12 (  1 w 2 2
r )  r 4 (  )  r 3 r 
Equation (3.44) is therefore,
U  D2  {(rw2  1r wr  r12 w2 )2  21(   )[rw2 (1r wr  r12 w2 )
2 2 2 2

A
2 2
 r12 ( rw )2  r14 ( w )2  r23 rw w ]}rdrd
or

41
 U  D2  {( rw2  1r wr  r12 w2 )2  21(   ) rw2 ( 1r wr  r12 w2 )
2 2 2 2

A
2
 2(1   )( 1r rw  r12 w )2 }rdrd Q.E.D.

SOLUTION (4.21)

Et 3 Et 3
Flexural rigidity is D 12 (1 2 )
 10.92
From expression (4.33):
M b2  M a 2 a 2b2 M1  M 2
w   2(11 ) D ( a 22b2 ) ( a 2  r 2 )  a 2  b2 (1 ) D
ln ar
(a)
or, simply :
w   k1 ( a 2  r 2 )  k2 ln ar (a’)
For maximum deflection, dw / dr  0, 2 k1r  k 2 / r  0. Hence,
k
r 2   2 k21 or r
 k2
2 k1

Upon substitution of given data : r  0.93a 2  0.96a. This is the radius at which
maximum deflection occurs. Equation (a) is thus, for r  0.96a:

0.0003329 M1a 2 M1a 2

wmax  D  0.0036 Et 3

SOLUTION (4.22)

Deflection of the plate is given by Eq.(4.35). Maximum deflection (approximately) occurs near
or at r=b. Thus, substituting r=b, a=2b, and   0.3 into Eq.(4.35):

Pa3
wmax  81D {(1 14)[2633..  4(1114) ln 12] 14 ln 12  4(1214) (.186)ln 12 ln 12}
or
3
Pa
1 ( 0.19334 ) 1 a 3 P
wmax  8D  21113
. E(t)

SOLUTION (4.23)

The problem is solved, by applying the method of superposition, replacing original plate as
shown in Figs. 4.11b and 4.11c.
p0b
We have 2bP1  p0 b
2
or
1 2 P
p0 2 2 2
Edge moment, is
1 16 M  (3   )( a  b )  0193
0 . pa .
Deflection for plate of Fig. 4.11b shown, from Eq.(4.22), is

42
 p0 a 4 4 2
wu  64 D ( ar 4  5.077 ar 2  4.077)
Owing to the shear force P1 , deflection of plate shown in Fig. 4.11c, from Eq.(4.35) :
p0a 4 2 2
ws   128 D (136 . ar 2  ar 2 ln ar  0.343 ln ar )
.  136
Owing to the edge moment M1 , deflection of the plate in Fig. 4.11c is using Eq.(4.33) :
( r 2  a 2 ) M1 a 2 M1 2 2 2
wm   39 D  10.5 D . p0 a 2 )
ln ar  [ r39Da  10a.5 D ln ar ]( 0193
The deflection of original plate, by superposition:
w  wu  ws  wm
Maximum deflection occurs at r=b and is obtained as
p0a 4 p0a 4
wmax  0.076 D Et 3
 0.83
which is about the same as the result given in, Case 5, Table 4.3.

SOLUTION (4.24)

The original plate is replaced as shown in Figs. 4.11b, and 4.11c.

Deflection for plate of Fig. 4.11b, from Eq.(4.22), is
p0 a 4
[ ar 4  2 ((13 )) ( ar 2 )  ( 15 )] ,
4 2
wu  64 D
  0.3, r=b=0.5a

p0 a 4 2.8701923 p0a 4 p0a 4

 64 D [0.0625  12692308
.  4.0769231]  64 D  0.0448468 D

p0b
Due to shear force P1  2
, deflection of plate shown in Fig. 4.11c, from Eq.(4.35):

Pab2 2 2 2 2
ws  r4D {(1 ar2 )[2(31)  a2bb2 ln ba] [ar2 ln ar][(a22bb2 )(11 )ln ab ln ar]}
. pa4
003125
 D 0 {(075. )[12692308
.  02310491
. ]  (01732868
. )
 [( 23 )(18571429
. )( 0.6931472 )( 0.6931472 )]}
0.03125 p0a 4
 D {11252099
.  01732868
.  0.5948466}
0.03125 p0a 4 0.0483366 p0a 4
 D {15467697
. } D
Due to edge moment M 1 , deflection of plate in Fig. 4.11c, using Eq. (4.33):
2 2 M1b2  M 2a 2 2 2 M M
wm  12 [ ar 2 ab2 ][ (1 ) D ]  [ aa2 bb2 ][ (11  ) D2 ]ln ar
M 2  0,

43
 p p
M1   160 (3   )(a 2  b2 )   160 (33
. )( a 2 )(1  0.25)  01546875
. p0 a 2
(CONT.)

(4.24 CONT.)

p0 a 4 p0 a 2
wm  12 [1][0.0297476 D ]  [ 13 a 2 ][0.2209822 D ][0.6931472]
p0a 4 p0a 4 p0a 4
 0.0.48738 D  0.0510577 D  0.0659315 D
Superposition, w  wu  ws  wm :
p0a 4 p0a 4
w  [0.0448468  0.0483366  0.0659315] D  0.0614417 D
Et 3 Et 2
D 12 (1 2 )
 10.92

p0a 4 p0a 4
w  0.0614417(10.92) Et 3
 0.670 Et 3
p a4
From Case 5, Table 4.3: wmax  k1 ( Et0 3 ) a
b  2 k1  0.664
p0a 4
wmax  0.664 Et 3
Comparison: { 0.6700.664
 0.664
}  100 %  0.9 % Difference between derived and tabulated
values.

SOLUTION (4.25)

r  e ,   ln r
d 2 2
d
dr  d dt
dt dr  1 d
r dt ,
dr 2
 1
dr 2
( ddt2  ddt )
Substituting into Eq.(j) of Example 4.4, we have
d 2 pb3e2 t
dt 2  3  (3  1)  
d
dt 2D1
The auxiliary equation of this is
m2  3m  (3  1)  0, where m1, 2  15.  3.25  3
and h  c1r m1  c2 r m2
We have
d 2
 p  Ae 2 t , d
dt  2 Ae 2 t ,
dt 2
 4 Ae 2 t
pb3 3
Hence, 4 A  6 A  3A   2D1 , A   6Dpb( 1)
3
and  p   6Dpb
1 (  1)

Thus,   h   p Q.E.D.

44
SOLUTION (4.26)

Variation of flexural rigidity of the plate can be written as

Et 3 Et02
D 12(1 2 )
 12(1 2 ) (1  dr )3  D0 (1  dr ) 2 (a)

Using Eq.(a) with   13 ,   r d , and Qr  0, Eq.(4.18) becomes

2
2 (1   )3 dd2   (1  4 )(1   )2 dd  (1   )2   0
The solution of this is
2
h  c1 ( 12  )  c2 [ 3(12)2 ]
that may be rewritten as Eq.(P4.26), by inserting   rd.
SOLUTION (4.27)

Strain energy expression (P4.20) becomes, by taking w  c0 ( a 2  r 2 ):

a
U  D  [( 2c0  2c0 ) 2  2(1   )( 2c0 )( 2c0 )]rdr
0
a
 D  [16c02  5.6c02 ]rdr  5.2Da 2 c02 (a)
0
The work done by the load is given by
2 a a c0 a 4
W  p wrdrd  2cc 
0 0 0 p0 ( a 2  r 2 )rdr  2 (b)
0 0
Here   U  W. The Ritz method yields
 2 p0 a 4
 c0  10.4Da c0  2 0
p0 a 2
from which c0  20.8 D
2 2
Hence, w  c0 ( a  r ) gives deflection at any point. Maximum deflection, occurring
p0 a 4
at r=0, is wmax  20.8 D

SOLUTION (4.28)

Strain energy is already obtained in solution of Prob. 4.27.

The work done by load is W  Pwr 0  Pc 0 a 2 . Hence,
  U  W  5.2Da 2 c02  Pc0 a 2
Then,
d
dc0  10.4Da 2 c0  Pa 2  0; c0  P
10.4D

The deflection is given by w  c0 ( a 2  r 2 ). The maximum displacement is thus,

Pa 2
wmax  10.4D

45
SOLUTION (4.29)
P t
Let w  A  Br 2  Cr 4 (a) a
r
We have, z
W  P A (b)
2 a
 
2
dw 2 (1 ) dw d 2 w
U1  D
2 [( ddrw2  1r dr ) 2 r dr dr 2 ]rdrd (c)
0 0
2 a
U2   
0 0
1
2 kw 2  rdrd (d)

Substitution of Eq.(a) into Eqs.(c) and (d), after integration, yields

2 2 4 16 C 2a 6
U  D[4 B a (1   )  16 BCa (1   ) 
1 3 (5  3 )]
2 2 2 6 2 10 4 8 6
U 2  k[ A 2a  B 6a  C10a  ABa2  BCa4  ACa3 ]
(CONT.)
(4.29 CONT.)

The potential energy is

  U1  U 2  W
Application of the Ritz method
  
A  0, B  0, C 0
results in three equations. From these equations, we obtain:
2 4
A  kaP 2  Ba2  Ca3 (1)

4 6
B[8 D(1   )  ka12 ]  C[16 Da 2 (1   )  ka12 ]   2P (2)

4 6
B[16 D(1   )  ka12 ]  C[ 323 Da 2 (5  3 )  445ka ]   3P (3)

Substituting the given data into Eqs.(1) to (3) and solving :

A  9.072  10 9 P, B  2.676  10 8 P, C  3.068  10 8 P
The maximum deflection occurring at center (r=0) is :
wmax  9.072  10 9 P.

SOLUTION (4.30)
,

  0.6689( 7.186 )( 2010.1 )  4.26 3

Thus,  1( f1f )2  1(18 1216.4 )2  1007

.
n

46
 and

SOLUTION ( 4.31)

2
In as much as w, w r , and  w 2 to be finite at r=0, we must have in Eqs.(4.8):
r
Bn  Dn  0 ( n  1,2,    ). Thus,

w (A r
n  0 ,1,
n
n
 Cn r n  2 ) cos n (a)

Boundary conditions, at r=a, are :

2 2
w  0,  D[ 1r wr  r12 w2   rw2 ]  Cn cos n (b)

From the first of Eqs.(b),

An   Cn a 2

The second of Eqs.(b) yield then the Cn . Upon introducing the Cn , obtained this way,
and An into Eq.(a) we obtain the result given by Eq.(P4.31).

SOLUTION (4.32)

Substituting, (n=0, 1), Eqs.(3.10), (P4.31), and (4.2) into Eq.(4.3):

2 2
 r   1Ez 2 [ rw2   ( 1r wr  r12 w2 ]
 6t3z{11 (2M0 2M0) a(31)[6Mr1 cos  r (3Mr1 2 a2)cos
 
r2
( M1r 3  a 2 r )sin  ]}
or  r  6t 3z [2 M 0  3 M1 ar 23 cos   ra cos3sin   M1 3 ar sin  ]
SOLUTION (4.33)

Introduction of Eqs.(a) and (P4.33) into Eq.(4.5) lead to


d 4 F0
[
3 2 3 2
2 d F0 1 d F0 1 dF0 dFn 2 d Fn 1 2 n 2 d Fn
dr 4
 r dr 2  r 2 dr 2
 r 3 dr
 dr 4
 r dr 3  r2 dr 2
1


[ d 4 Gn
2 2 3 2
1 2 n 2 dFn n ( n 4 ) 2 d Gn 1 2 n 2 d Gn
 r3 dr  r4
Fn ]cos n  dr 4
 r dr 3  r2 dr 2
1
2 2
2 dGn n ( n  4 ) Gn
 1r23n dr  r4
]sin n

47
  

P0 ( r )
D  1
D  Pn cos n 
1
1
D R
1
n sin n

In order the above be valid for all values of r and  it has to be written in the form given
by Equation (b) of Problem 4.33.

SOLUTION (4.34)

Assume that maximum

deflection occurs at the center
of the plate. Using the Reciprocity r
z
theorem : P1 w21  P2 w12 .
Here
P2  1, P1  p0  p1 ar cos  , w12  wc , and w21 is given by Eq.(4.30).
Thus,
2 a
 
p0
wc  16D [2r 2 ln ar  13 ( a 2  r 2 )]rdrd  0
0 0
a
p0 a 2
 [2r
p0 3
 8D ln ar  13 r ( a 2  r 2 )]dr  64 D [2 13  1]
0
For   0.3, the above reduces to the result given by Eq.(d) of Sec.4.5.

SOLUTION (4.35)

Apply the Reciprocity

theorem P1 w21  P2 w12 ,
where,
P1  P, P2  1, w21  w A , w12  wc r
A b a
Thus, using Eq.(4.28) :
z (CONT.)

(4.35 CONT.)

wc  P[161D ( 2r 2 ln ar  a 2  r 2 )]r  b
2 2
 16PD (2b2 ln ab  a 2  b2 )  16PbD [2ln ab  ( ab2  1)]
Note that if b=0, the above reduces to the result (c) of Sec.4.8.

SOLUTION (4.36)

Following the procedure of the

solution of Prob.4.35,
and using Eq.(4.30) : r
b a
z
2 2
wc  16PD [2r 2 ln ar  13 ( a 2  r 2 )]r b  16PbD [2ln ab  13 ( ab2  1)]
Clearly, when b=0, the above reduces to the result (e) of Sec.4.8.

48