Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 4 Linear Transformation
Chapter 4 Linear Transformation
E-mail: khanhvanphan@hcmut.edu.vn
1 Linear transformation
Example 1
Let f : R2 → R2 be a linear transformation satisfying:
f (x1 , x2 ) = (2x1 + x2 , x1 − 3x2 ). Find f (3, 4).
E = {(1; 1; 3), 3
−1; 0), (2; 0; 0)} is a basis of R .
(1;
α
Put [x]E = β = E −1 [x].
γ
[x] = α[e1 ] + β[e2 ] + γ[e3 ]
⇒ [f (x)] = α[f (e1 )] + β[f(e2 )] + γ[f (e3 )]
α
= f (e1 ) f (e2 ) f (e3 ) β = f (e1 ) f (e2 ) f (e3 ) .E −1 [x]
γ
1 1 2 −1 x1
x1 −3x2 2x3
1 2 1 + +
= . 1 −1 0 x2 = x21 7x22 −4x33
0 −3 1 + +
3 0 0 x3 2 2 3
x1 3x2 2x3 x1 7x2 4x3
Therefore, f (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = 2 − 2 + 3 , 2 + 2 − 3 .
[f (x)] = A[x] = fE .E −1 [x]
(Phan Thi Khanh Van) Linear transformation May 13, 2021 6 / 27
Example
Given a triangle ABC : A(0, 1), B(2, 3), C (4, 2). Find the image of the
triangle under the transformation:
− 53 − 17 − 22
1 5 5
f (e1 ) = e1 == = 4 6
−3
5 5 − 45
−3
f (e2 ) = −e2 =
−1
Reflection matrix: 4
− 5 − 53
T = fE .E = −1
− 35 4
5
The coordinates of the image:
[OA~ 0 OB
~ 0 OC
~ 0 ] = R.[OA~ OB~ OC
~ ]
Remark:
If f : Rm → Rn , E , F are two corresponding bases. Then,
AEF = F −1 .f (E )
.
If f : Rn → Rn , E is a basis of R n . Then,
AE = E −1 .f (E )
.
(Phan Thi Khanh Van) Linear transformation May 13, 2021 13 / 27
Example
Let f be a linear transformation
f : R3 → R2 : f (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (2x1 + x2 + x3 , x1 − x2 − x3 ). Find the
transformation matrix of f w.r.t E = {(1, 2, 1), (1, 1, 0), (1, 0, 0)},
F = {(1, 3), (2, 4)}
x1
2 1 1
[f (x)] = A[x] = x2
1 −1 −1
x3
AEF = F −1 .fE = F −1 .A.E
−1 1 1 1
1 2 2 1 1 −12 −6 −3
= . . 2 1 0 = 17
9 5
3 4 1 −1 −1 2 2 2
1 0 0
AE 0 F 0 = QF−1
0 →F AEF PE 0 →E
Remark
Let f : U → U be a linear transformation; E and E 0 be 2 bases of U. The
change of basis matrix: PE 0 →E = E −1 E 0 .
Then, the transformation matrix of f with respect to E 0 :
AE 0 = PE−1
0 →E AE PE 0 →E
AF =F −1 E .AE .E −1
.F , where:
1 1 0 1 1 0
E = 1 2 2, F = −1 1 0
1 −1 1 −1 1 1
Theorem
Let f be a linear transformation f : U → V .
Kerf is a subspace of U.
Imf is a subspace of V .
dim(Imf ) + dim(Kerf ) = dim(U)
Proposition
Let f : U → V be a linear transformation.
If U = span{e1 , e2 , ...en }, then Imf = span{f (e1 ), f (e2 )...f (en )}.
We have that E = {e1 = (1, 1, 1), e2 = (1, 1, 2), e3 = (1, 2, 1)} is a basis of
R3 .
Then {f (e1 ),
f (e2 ),f (e3 )} is a spanning
set of Imf.
1 2 5 1 2 5 1 2 5
2 1 4 ∼ 0 −3 −6 ∼ 0 −3 −6
1 −1 −1 0 −3 −6 0 0 0
One basis for Imf : {(1, 2, 1), (2, 1, −1)}, dim(Imf ) = 2