ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE

Any object, totally or partially

immersed in a fluid or liquid, is
buoyed up by a force equal to
the weight of the fluid
displaced by the object.

BF = ɣfluid Voldisp
Hoop Stress in Thin-
Walled Pressure Vessels
REVIEW IN HYDRAULICS

Engr. SiddArtha Valle | AY 2021-22 1st Sem

Review in Hydraulics: Hoop Stress in Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels | Engr. S. Valle

L
HOOP STRESS pO
T t
is mechanical stress defined for D
rotationally symmetric objects such as
pe pipe or tubing. It is the force exerted pe
circumferentially (perpendicular both to F
Effective pressure
the axis and to the radius of the object) in T
pe = p i - p o
both directions on every particle in the
cylinder wall.

Fracture is governed by the hoop stress in the
absence of other external loads since it is the
largest principal stress. The effect of this may split
the pipe into two halves.
Recall: Normal Stress = Force normal to the plane / Area of the plane
Circumferential/Tangential Stress in the Pipe, σt:
σt = Tension in the Pipe / Area parallel to the pipe length = T / tL
Fluid pressure, p:
pe = Bursting Force / Projected Area of the fluid = F / DL

ΣFX = F - 2T = (peDL) - 2(σttL) = 0

σt = pD / 2t
Review in Hydraulics: Hoop Stress in Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels | Engr. S. Valle Review in Hydraulics: Hoop Stress in Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels | Engr. S. Valle
 t
T LONGITUDINAL STRESS SPHERICAL SHELL
If a pipe has flat end caps, any T
force applied to them by static The hoop stress is maximum along
D pressure will induce a the equator of the sphere, where
F perpendicular axial stress on the the fluid pressure is greatest. F
same pipe wall. D t

Longitudinal Stress in the Pipe, σL: Hoop Stress in the Shell, σ:

σL = Tension in the Pipe / Area of the transverse section of the pipe σ = Tension in the Shell / Area of the shell
σL = T / (Circumference * t) = T / (𝜋Dt) σ = T / (Circumference * t) = T / (𝜋Dt)

Fluid pressure, p: Fluid pressure, p:

pe = Bursting Force / Projected Area of the fluid = F / (¼𝜋 D2) p = Bursting Force / Projected Area of the fluid = F / (¼𝜋 D2)

ΣFX = F - T = [pe (¼𝜋D2] - [σL (𝜋Dt)] = 0 ΣFX = F - T = [p (¼𝜋D2] - [σ (𝜋Dt)] = 0

σL = pD / 4t σ = pD / 4t

Review in Hydraulics: Hoop Stress in Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels | Engr. S. Valle Review in Hydraulics: Hoop Stress in Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels | Engr. S. Valle

HOOPS ON WOOD STAVE VESSELS

For a wooden barrel, hoop stress is the tension
applied to the iron bands.
It is assumed that the wood will not resist
tension, only the bands will resist all the tensile
stress caused by the internal pressure p.
Hoop stress, σ:
σhoop = Tension in the Hoop / Area of the hoop
σhoop = T / Ahoop
T s
s1 The wall of a tank or pipe carrying fluid under pressure is
subjected to tensile forces across its longitudinal and transverse
sections.
s2
s3 The circumferential/tangential stress in cylindrical pipes is equal
to pD / 2t. Note that p is the effective fluid pressure, i.e., the net
pressure from inside and outside pressure.
The longitudinal stress in cylindrical pipes is equal to pD / 4t.

Fluid pressure, p: F
The hoop stress in spherical tanks is equal to pD / 4t.
p = Bursting Force / Projected Area of the fluid
p = F / Ds
D The spacing of hoops in wood stave barrels is calculated as
ΣFX = F - 2T = (pDs) - 2(σhoopAhoop) = 0 2(σhoopAhoop) / pD. The spacing of the hoops are closest at the
bottom of the barrel where the fluid pressure is greatest.
s = 2(σhoopAhoop) / pD
Review in Hydraulics: Hoop Stress in Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels | Engr. S. Valle Review in Hydraulics: Hoop Stress in Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels | Engr. S. Valle
 Water flows under a head of 325 m through a 600-mm 𝜙 pipe 10 mm
thick. a) Calculate the actual stress in kN per m of the pipe. b) If the A 3-m 𝜙 spherical tank contains a gas under a pressure of 1500 kPa. For

EXAMPLE 1 head is increased to 500 m, what is the actual stress in the wall? c) If EXAMPLE 2 an allowable stress of 60 000 kPa, determine the minimum wall
the head is increased to 500 m, what thickness is required if the tensile thickness.
capacity is 113 MPa and the efficiency of connections is 80%?
T
L
T
F
F 3m t
pi
T

Review in Hydraulics: Hoop Stress in Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels | Engr. S. Valle Review in Hydraulics: Hoop Stress in Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels | Engr. S. Valle

A wooden storage vat, 6 m in outside diameter, is filled with 7.2m of An open cylindrical tank 1.8-m 𝜙 and 3 m high is made from vertical
brine (sg = 1.06). The wood staves are bound by flat steel bands, 50 timber planks. It is provided with steel hoops, one at each end. If water

EXAMPLE 3
mm wide and 6 mm thick, whose allowable stress is 110.3 MPa. a) What EXAMPLE 4 is 2.7 m deep, a) how much force of water is to be carried by the
is the spacing of the bands near the bottom of the vat? b) What is the hoops? b) What is the force in the top hoop? c) What is the force in
spacing of the bands 2 m above the bottom? c) What is the spacing the bottom hoop?
of the bands 3 m above the bottom?
Tu
3m

T F 2.7 m
F TL
6 1.
8
m m
s

Review in Hydraulics: Hoop Stress in Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels | Engr. S. Valle Review in Hydraulics: Hoop Stress in Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels | Engr. S. Valle
 A cylindrical tank 4 m in diameter and 9 m high contains liquids A, B
A storage vat of oil (sg = 0.80) is in the form of a frustum of a cone 2 m
and C with equal heights. Sp. gr. pf A, B and C are 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0
EXAMPLE 5 𝜙 at the top, 4 m 𝜙 at the bottom and 3 m high. It has two steel hoops, EXAMPLE 6 respectively. The tank is provided by steel hoops at the bottom and at
one at each end. What is the force in the bottom hoop?
the top. Determine the tension in the hoops.
2m 2m

Tup
y1

y2
3m 3m
F F1
F2 F3

Tlow
4m
4m

Review in Hydraulics: Hoop Stress in Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels | Engr. S. Valle Review in Hydraulics: Hoop Stress in Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels | Engr. S. Valle

A cylindrical tank 4 m in diameter and 9 m high contains liquids A, B A cylindrical tank 4 m in diameter and 9 m high contains liquids A, B
and C with equal heights. Sp. gr. pf A, B and C are 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 and C with equal heights. Sp. gr. pf A, B and C are 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0
EXAMPLE 6 respectively. The tank is provided by steel hoops at the bottom and at EXAMPLE 6 respectively. The tank is provided by steel hoops at the bottom and at
the top. Determine the tension in the hoops. the top. Determine the tension in the hoops.

F1 F F1 i.l.s. 1.5 m
yp,1 1
sg 1.0 3m 3m sg 1.0 3m
yp,2
F2 4.5 m
sg 2.0 3m sg 2.0 3m

sg 3.0 3m sg 3.0 3m

Review in Hydraulics: Hoop Stress in Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels | Engr. S. Valle Review in Hydraulics: Hoop Stress in Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels | Engr. S. Valle
 A cylindrical tank 4 m in diameter and 9 m high contains liquids A, B A cylindrical tank 4 m in diameter and 9 m high contains liquids A, B
and C with equal heights. Sp. gr. pf A, B and C are 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 and C with equal heights. Sp. gr. pf A, B and C are 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0
EXAMPLE 6 respectively. The tank is provided by steel hoops at the bottom and at EXAMPLE 6 respectively. The tank is provided by steel hoops at the bottom and at
the top. Determine the tension in the hoops. the top. Determine the tension in the hoops.

F1 2TU F1 2m
sg 1.0 3m 3m
i.l.s. 4.75 m
F2 7.67 m
sg 2.0 3m
yp,3 6m 9m
F3 F3
sg 3.0 3m

2TL

Review in Hydraulics: Hoop Stress in Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels | Engr. S. Valle Review in Hydraulics: Hoop Stress in Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels | Engr. S. Valle

Any
Questions?

s.valle
ning :)
u for liste
Thank yo