CELLULAR RESPIRATION

REVIEWER- Q1 BIOTECHNOLOGY

Cellular respiration- is the process through which cells convert sugars into energy. To create ATP and other
forms of energy to power cellular reactions, cells require fuel and an electron acceptor which drives the
chemical process of turning energy into a useable form.
Cellular respiration, the process by which organisms combine oxygen with foodstuff molecules, diverting the
chemical energy in these substances into life-sustaining activities and discarding, as waste products, carbon
dioxide and water.

TYPES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION : AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC

AEROBIC RESPIRATION- Aerobic means “with air”. Therefore, aerobic respiration is the process of cellular
respiration that uses oxygen to produce energy from food. This type of respiration is common in most of the
plants and animals, including humans, birds and other mammals. Aerobic respiration is an extremely efficient
process that allows eukaryotes to have complicated life functions and active lifestyles. However, it also means
that they require a constant supply of oxygen, or they will be unable to obtain energy to stay alive.
- Eukaryotes, including all multicellular organisms and some single-celled organisms, use aerobic
respiration to produce energy.

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION- Anaerobic respiration is a type of cellular respiration where respiration takes
place in the absence of oxygen.
- FERMENTATION- Fermentation is an anaerobic pathway- a common pathway in the majority of
prokaryotes and unicellular eukaryotes. In this process, glucose is partially oxidized to form acids and
alcohol
TYPES OF FERMENTATION :

1. ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION - This type of fermentation, performed by yeast cells and

some other cells, metabolizes sugar and produces alcohol and carbon dioxide as byproducts.
This is why beers are fizzy: during fermentation, their yeasts release both carbon dioxide gas,
which forms bubbles and ethyl alcohol.

2. LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION- This type of fermentation, performed by yeast cells and
some other cells, metabolizes sugar and produces alcohol and carbon dioxide as byproducts.
This is why beers are fizzy: during fermentation, their yeasts release both carbon dioxide gas,
which forms bubbles and ethyl alcohol.

3. PROPRIONIC ACID FERMENTATION - This type of fermentation, performed by yeast cells

and some other cells, metabolizes sugar and produces alcohol and carbon dioxide as byproducts.
This is why beers are fizzy: during fermentation, their yeasts release both carbon dioxide gas,
which forms bubbles and ethyl alcohol.

4. ACETOGENESIS- This type of fermentation, performed by yeast cells and some other cells,
metabolizes sugar and produces alcohol and carbon dioxide as byproducts. This is why beers are
fizzy: during fermentation, their yeasts release both carbon dioxide gas, which forms bubbles
and ethyl alcohol.
5.

- METHANOGENESIS- This type of fermentation, performed by yeast cells and some other cells,
metabolizes sugar and produces alcohol and carbon dioxide as byproducts. This is why beers are fizzy:
during fermentation, their yeasts release both carbon dioxide gas, which forms bubbles and ethyl
alcohol.
 THE STEPS OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION :

1. GLYCOLYSIS
2. TRANSITION REACTION
3. KREBS CYCLE (CITRIC ACID CYCLE)
4. OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

1. GLYCOLYSIS
- Glycolysis is the process in which glucose is broken
down to produce energy. It produces two molecules
of pyruvate, ATP, NADH and water. The process
takes place in the cytosol of the cell cytoplasm, in
the presence or absence of oxygen. Glycolysis is the
primary step of cellular respiration.

- The name “glycolysis” comes from the Greek

“glyco,” for “sugar” and “lysis” for “to split.” This
may help you to remember that glycolysis is the
process of splitting a sugar.

2. TRANSITION REACTION –
- is not a primary step of cellular respiration, but it
serves as the way for the next step.

- The transition reaction is the transition between

glycolysis and the citric acid cycle?(Krebs cycle).
The transition reaction converts pyruvate (3
carbons) to acetyl CoA (2 carbons), producing
carbon dioxide (CO2) and a NADH

- The acetyl-CoA serve as the fuel to start the Krebs cycle.

3. KREBS CYCLE/ CITRIC ACID CYCLE

- The Krebs cycle or Citric acid cycle is a series of enzyme catalyzed reactions occurring in the
mitochondrial matrix, where acetyl-CoA is oxidized to form carbon dioxide and coenzymes are
reduced, which generate ATP in the electron transport chain.
 4. OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION-
- Oxidative phosphorylation or electron
transport-linked phosphorylation or terminal
oxidation is the metabolic pathway in which
cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients, thereby
releasing chemical energy in order to produce
adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

CELLULAR RESPIRATION ENERGY MOLECULES ATP TOTALS

STEP RELEASED
GLYCOLYSIS 2 ATP 2 ATP
2 NADH
KREBS CYCLE 2- ACETYL CoA 2 ATP
6 MOLECULES OF NADH
2 ATP
2 FADH2
OXIDATIVE 32 ATP 32 ATP
PHOSPHORYLATION
TOTAL NUMBER OF ATP PRODUCED = 36 ATP
ATP PRODUCTION SUMMARY :

PRODUCTS OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION:

A. ATP : The main product of any cellular respiration is the molecule adenosine triphosphate
(ATP). This molecule stores the energy released during respiration and allows the cell to transfer
this energy to various parts of the cell. ATP is used by a number of cellular components as a
source of energy. For example, an enzyme may need energy from ATP to combine two
molecules. ATP is also commonly used on transporters, which are proteins that function to move
molecules across the cell membrane.

B. CARBON DIOXIDE: Carbon dioxide is a universal product created by cellular respiration.

Typically, carbon dioxide is considered a waste product and must be removed. In an aqueous
solution, carbon dioxide creates acidic ions. This can drastically lower the pH of the cell, and
eventually will cause normal cellular functions to cease. To avoid this, cells must actively expel
carbon dioxide.

C. WATER: Water is the by-product of cellular respiration.

D. OXYGEN- Oxygen act as the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration. Oxygen accepts
electrons and hydrogen ion and converts into H2O. Then the hydrogen ions flow from
intermembrane space to mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase and form ATP

E. GLUCOSE- Cellular respiration is a metabolic pathway that uses glucose to produce adenosine
triphosphate (ATP), an organic compound the body can use for energy. One molecule of glucose
can produce a net of 30-32 ATP.

PREPARED BY: GROUP 1