Orthographic projection

Orthographic projection is a method of representing a 3D object by three 2D views of the

object by projecting various parts of the object to the planes of projection.
The plane of projection is the plane upon which points or lines are projected.
The projection of a point on a plane is a point and the projection of a line on a plane is
generally a line.

An orthographic projection of a house typically consists of a top view, or plan, and a front
view and one side view.

Figure below shows the orthographic projection of a

three-dimensional object to the sides of the cube (three
separate image planes):
- a horizontal Top View
- two vertical planes at right angles, called the Front
and Side Views.

In geology the horizontal plane is a plan, corresponding more or less precisely with the
map and the other planes of projection are structure sections.
The line of intersection of two planes of projection
is called a folding line.
To represent a plan (map) and a section on one
plane (the plane of the paper), it is necessary to
rotate the section into the plane of the map
around the folding line as an axis.
 Horizontal top view (map)

Vertical side view (section)

 Depth
Strike line at depth
The section is rotated into the plane of
the map around the folding line.

Depth

Folding Line
30º

Strike line at depth

Intersection line between two planes
Plane 1: 340/36° NE
Plane 2: 042/20° NW
Plane 1: 340/36° NE
Plane 2: 042/20° NW
Plane 1: 340/36° NE
Plane 2: 042/20° NW
Plane 1: 340/36° NE
Plane 2: 042/20° NW
Plane 1: 340/36° NE
Plane 2: 042/20° NW
Bearing:
N or 000
Intersection Line: 000/14°

FL3
True dip: the inclination of the steepest line on a plane; it is measured perpendicular to
the strike direction.
Apparent dip: The vertical angle between an inclined plane and a horizontal line that is
not perpendicular to the strike of the plane. For any inclined plane (except a vertical
one), the true dip is always greater than any apparent dip.
δ: True dip amount
α1 and α2: apparent dips in
two different directions
Apparent Dip
Plane: N20° W/34° NE
Apparent dip direction: N22° E Apparent dip amount along
the N22° E direction is 24°
 True dip

Apparent dips: 25° along 043 and 20° along 290

True dip?
Apparent dip 1: 25° along 043
Apparent dip 2: 20° along 290
Strike 2

Strike 1
 True dip direction from
strike 1 to strike 2: N10°W

True dip amount: 37°

Attitude of the bed:

N80°E/37° NW
 Exercises

1- What is the attitude of the line defined by the intersection of the given dikes?
Dike1: Dip direction: S50°E ------------ Dip amount: 30°
Dike2: Dip direction: N20°E ------------ Dip amount: 60°

2- Given True dip: N30°W/60°

Find Apparent dip amounts in directions of: N30°E and 300°

3- Given two Apparent dips of: N45°E/28° & S50°E/15°

Find Strike, True dip direction and True dip amount