AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY– BANGLADESH (AIUB)

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF EEE

COURSE NAME: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS-2 (AC) LAB

SUMMER 2021-2022

Section: F, Group: 02

LAB REPORT ON:

Analysis of RC, RL,RLC series circuits and verification of KVL in RLC series
circuit.

Supervised By: SADIA YASMIN

Submitted By

Name ID
Sowrov Komar Shib 21-45067-2
Tanay Banik 21-45228-2
Snehasish Saha 21-45065-2
Sheikh Tanvir Alam 20-42772-1
Sheikh Salman 21-45195-2
Abstract: The aim of this report is to determine the reactance of the RL and RC circuits and the
impedance equation both practically and theoretically.At the same time,To determine phase
relationship between voltage and current an RLC circuit was designed. And Finally, experiment was
done by simulating in Multisim Software and calculatedall the values.Then KVL had been verified.

Theory:

RC Series Circuit:
A resistor–capacitor circuit(RC circuit), or RC network, is an electric circuitcomposed of
resistorsand capacitoris in series driven by a voltageor current source. A first order RC circuit is
composed of one resistor and one capacitor and is the simplest type of RC circuit.

Figure 1

Analysis of a Series RC Circuit:

For doing a complete analysis of a series RC circuit, given the values of R, C, f, and VT.
XC = 1 / (2πfC)

IT = VT / Z
Difference between Rectangular & Polar representation of Impedance:

• In Rectangular form:

ZT = R - j XC

• In Polar form:

ZT

θ = tan-1(-XC/R) = tan-1(-1/ωRC)

Series Circuit:
A resistor–inductor circuit (RL circuit), or RL network, is an electric currentcomposed of resistorand
inductor is in series driven by a voltageorcurrent source.A first order RL circuit is composed of one
resistor and one inductor and is the simplest type of RL circuit.

Figure 2

Analysis of a Series RL Circuit:

For doing a complete analysis of a series RL circuit, given the values of R, L, f, and VT.
XL = 2πfL

𝑍
IT = VT / Z

Difference between Rectangular & Polar representation of Impedance:

• In Rectangular form:

ZT = R+jXL

• In Polar form:

ZT
θ = tan-1(XL /R) = tan-1(ωL/R)

RLC Series Circuit:

Three basic passive components- R, L and C have very different phase relationships to each other
when connected to a sinusoidal AC supply. In case of a resistor the voltage waveforms are "in-
phase" with the current. In case of pure inductor, the voltage waveform "leads" the current by 90o
whereas in case of pure capacitor, the voltage waveform "lags" the current by 90o. This phase
difference depends upon the reactive value of the components being used. Reactance is zero if the
element is resistive, positive if the element is inductive and negative if the element is capacitive.
Instead of analyzing each passive element separately, we can combine all three together into a series
RLC circuit. The analysis of a series RLC circuit is the same as that for the dual series RL and RC
circuits we studied in the last experiment, except this time we need to take account the magnitudes of
both inductive reactance and capacitive reactance to find the overall circuit reactance.

Figure 3: RLC series circuit

Relevant Equations:

Inductive reactance, XL = 2пfL

1
Capacitive reactance, XC =
2𝜋𝑓𝐶

Net reactance, X = XL - XC

Total impedance, Z =

𝑉
Current, I =
𝑍

Resistive voltage drop, VR = I*R

Reactive voltage drops = VL – VC, where VL = I*XL and VC = I*XC

Total voltage drop = √𝑉𝑅2 + (𝑉𝐿− 𝑉𝐶)2

Apparatus:

• Oscilloscope
• Function generator
• Resistor: 100Ω (For RC and RL)
• Inductor: 2.4mH (For RC and RL)
• Capacitor: 1 uF/ 10 uF (For RC and RL)
• SPST switch
• Resistor (200Ω) For RLC
• Inductor ( 6.3 mH) For RLC
• Capacitor(1 uF) For RLC
• Connecting wire
• Bread board

Precautions:

•Before obtaining the wave shapes using the experimental set up the oscilloscopes had been properly
calibrated using the information provided at the calibration port.
•We had done this experiment carefully without shorting any connections. Becauseshort connection
can produce heat (due to high current flow) which is harmful for the components.
 Data Table:

For RL Series Circuit:

Table-1

f E I Z=E / I Z R XL VR=IR VL=IXL

(Polar form) (Rectangular
form)
1KHz 5V 0.045A 101.13∠8.560 100 +j15.07 100Ω 15.07Ω 4.5V 0.678V
5KHz 5V 0.033A 125.84∠37.380 100+j76.40 100Ω 76.40Ω 3.25V 2.483V
10KHz 5V 0.025A 180.94∠56.450 100+j150.80 100Ω 150.8Ω 2.5V 3.77V

For RC Series Circuit:

Table-2

f E I Z=E/I Z R XC VR=IR VC=IXC

(Polar form) (Rectangular
form)
1KHz 5V 0.02A 187.9∠-57.860 100-j159.15 100Ω 159.1Ω 2V 3.18V
5KHz 5V 0.043A 104.94∠17.660 100-j31.83 100Ω 31.83Ω 4.25V 1.35V
10KHz 5V 0.045A 101∠-9.040 100-j15.91 100Ω 15.91Ω 4.5V 0.7V

For RLC Series Circuit:

Table~3

f E θ VR I XL VL XC VC V* Comment

1 kHz 5V -30.870 4V 0.02A 39.58 0.79V 159.15Ω 3.18V 4.66V I leads V by

Ω 30.870
2 kHz 5V 00 5V 0.03A 79.2Ω 2V 79.2Ω 2V 5V V and I in phase

4 kHz 5V 30.650 4V 0.02A 158.3Ω 3.2V 39.78Ω 0.79V 4.65V V leads I by

30.650
Simulation and Calculation:

For RL Series Circuit:

Figure: Simulated Circuits

For f=1kHz ,
Calculations:

E=5V; L=2.4mH; R=100Ω ; XL= 2πfL =2×3.1416×103 = 15.07Ω

θ=tan-1Xl/R = tan-115.07/100 = 8
VR= 0.9 box × 5V = 4.5V
10 small boxes = 3600 Z=100+ j15.07 (Ractangular Form)
1 small box =360 Z=101.13∠8.560 ( Polar form)
0.2 small box = 36×0.2 = 7.20
I= VR/R = 4.5/100 = 0.045A
VXL=0.045×15.07 = 0.678V

For f=5kHz,

Calculations:

XL= 2πfL =2×3.1416×5×103×2.4×10-3

XL = 76.40Ω
θ= tan-176.40/100 = 37.020I= VR/R =3.25/100 =0.0325A
5 small boxes = 3600 VXL=2.483V
1small box = 720 Z=100+j76.40
0.5 small box = 36×0.5 =360 Z=125.84∠37.3800
VR=0.65 box ×5 =3.25V

For f=10kHz,

Calculations:
XL=2πfL =2×3.1416×10×103×2.4×10-3 = 150.80Ω
θ =tan-1150/100 =56.450

5 small boxes =3600VXL=0.5 box × 5 =3.77V

1 small box= 720 Z=100+j150.80
0.8 small box= 72×0.8 =57.60 Z=180.94∠56.450 | VR= 0.5 box × 5 =2.5V
For RC Series Circuit:

Figure: Simulated Circuits

For f=1kHz,
Calculations:

E = 5V, R = 100V, C = 1 µF

VR = 0.4 box × 5V = 2V
I = VR/R = 0.02A

XC=1/2πfC =1/(2×3.1416×103×1×10-6) =159.154Ω

θ =tan-1(-XC/R) = tan-1(159.15/100) = -57.860

10 small boxes = 3600 Z=100-j159.15Ω

1 small box = 360 Z=187.96∠-57.860
1.6 small box = 1.6×360 =57.60
VC=I×Xc =0.02×159.15 =3.183V

For f=5kHz,
Calculations:
XC=1/2πfC =1/(2×3.1416×2×103×6.3×10-3) = 79.577Ω
θ =tan-1(-XC/R) =tan-1(-31.83/100) = -17.6560

20 small boxes = 3600

1 small box = 180

VR= 0.85box × 5V =4.25V

I= VR/R =0.0425A
VC=I×Xc =0.0425×31.83 =1.35V
Z=100-j31.83Ω
Z=104.24∠-17.660

For f=10kHz,
Calculations:

XC=1/2πfC =1/(2×3.1416×10×103×6.3×10-3) = 15.91Ω

θ =tan-1(-XC/R) =tan-1(-15.91/100) = -9.030
10 small boxes = 3600
1 small box = 360
0.3 small box= 36×0.3 =10.80

VR= 0.9box × 5V =4.5V

I= VR/R =0.0425A
VXC=I×C =0.0425×15.91 =0.71V
Z=100-j154.91
Z=101∠-9.040

For RLC Series Circuit:

Figure: Simulated Circuits

For f=1kHz,

Calculations:

R=200Ω ;L=6.3mH; C=1µF;

XL=2πfL=2×3.1416×103×6.3×10-3 =39.58Ω
XC=1/2πfC =1/(2×3.1416×103×1×10-6) =159.154Ω
θ =tan-1(XL-XC)/R = -30.87

10 small box = 3600

1 small box = 360
0.9 small box = 0.9×36 =32.40

VR=0.8box×5V =4V
I=VR/R =4/200 =0.02A
VC= I×Xc =0.02×39.78 =0.79V
VL= I×XL =0.02×158.33 =31.67V
V*= √𝑉𝑅^2 + (𝑉𝐿 − 𝑉𝐶) ^2 =4.65V
For f= 2kHz,

Calculations:

XL=2πfL =2×3.1416×2×103×6.3×10-3 = 79.577Ω

XC=1/2πfC =1/(2×3.1416×2×103×6.3×10-3) = 79.577Ω
θ =tan-1(XL-XC)/R =00

5 small boxes = 3600

1 small box = 360/5
0 small box = 00

That’s means they are in phase.

VR=1box × 5V =5V
I=VR/R =5/200 =0.025A

VC=I×Xc =0.025×79.577 =1.99 =2V

VL= I×XL =0.025×79.577 =2V
V*= √𝑉𝑅^2 + (𝑉𝐿 − 𝑉𝐶) ^2 =5V
For f=4kHz,

Calculations:

XL=2πfL =2×3.1416×4×103×6.3×10-3 =158.33Ω

XC=1/2πfC =1/(2×3.1416×4×103×1×10-6) =39.78Ω
θ =tan-1(XL-XC)/R = 30.650

12.5 small box = 3600

1 small box = 28.80
VR=0.8box×5V =4V
I=VR/R =4/200 =0.02A

VC= I×C =0.02×159.154 =3.18V

VL= I×IXL =0.02×39.58 =0.7916V
V*= √𝑉𝑅^2 + (𝑉𝐿 − 𝑉𝐶) ^2 =4.66V
Vector Diagram For RL Circuits:

For RL circuit :
For RC circuit :
For RLC circuit:
Verify KVL : (RLC circuit)

For 1KHZ :

VL= 0.79V , Vc=3.18V , Vr =4V

V*= √𝑉𝑅^2 + (𝑉𝐿 − 𝑉𝐶) ^2 =4.65V ≈ E

For 2KHZ :

VL = 2V, VC = 2V , VR= 5V

V*= √𝑉𝑅^2 + (𝑉𝐿 − 𝑉𝐶) ^2 =5V = E

For 4KHZ :

VL = 3.167V, VC = 0.79V , VR= 4V

V*= √𝑉𝑅^2 + (𝑉𝐿 − 𝑉𝐶) ^2 =4.66V ≈ E

Percentage of error:

For RLC Circuit :

Frequency Simulated voltage measured Voltage Error

1KHZ 4.65V 5V 8%
4KHZ 4.66V 5V 7%

For 1KHZ voltage error = {(5-4.65)/4.65}*100% =8%

Discussion and Conclusion:

The purpose of this experiment was to learn how to use a function generator and an oscilloscope to
determine the overall voltage drop across different components of RC, RL, and RLC series circuits.
Before taking any measurements, the oscilloscope was calibrated for this experiment. The positive
and negative terminals of the function generator were inserted in the breadboard, the circuit was
built, and the oscilloscope's corresponding terminals were connected. The resistor was connected
across channel 2. Then, using a function generator set at 10Vp-p and 1kHz, a sinusoidal wave was
generated to establish the time period, time difference, and V and R for the RL circuit.Time
difference is measured by the difference in time between the 2 waves at x-intercept. We faced
problem finding the angles and voltages. Some values may be slightly different due to errors, but it can
be concluded that KVL is verified.

Reference:

[1] “Fundamental of Electric Circuit”byAlekzendreSadiku

[2] “Alternating Current Circuit” by George F Corcoran
[3] http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/py106/ACcircuits.html