GED 108 – ART APPRECIATION

Unit 1
Humanities and the Arts

This unit shall give you a run through an overview of the Humanities and the
significance of the Arts as an important aspect of being human. Here, the basics of art
appreciation shall be discussed which will further enhance the learner’s orientation on the
significant role of humanities and the arts in one’s culture and the society in general.

Learning Objectives:

1.Define Humanities and the Arts

2. Reflect on the contributions of humanities and the arts to people, culture and society.
3. Relate Arts and Humanities to Philosophy
4. Identify and give meaning to the different art forms
5. Review on the importance of the study of the Arts and art appreciation
6. Appreciate the contributions of the Arts to oneself.

Lesson 1 - Humanities and the Arts

“Man is the measure of all things.” - Protagoras

What is Humanities?

Humanities are academic disciplines that study aspects of human society and
culture. In the Renaissance, the term contrasted with divinity and referred to what is now
called classics, the main area of secular study in universities at the time. Today, the
humanities are more frequently contrasted with natural, and sometimes social sciences,
as well as professional training.
The humanities use methods that are primarily critical, or speculative, and have a
significant historical element as distinguished from the mainly empirical approaches of
the natural sciences, yet, unlike the sciences, it has no central discipline. The humanities
include the study of ancient and modern languages, literature, philosophy, history,
archeology, anthropology, human geography, law, politics, religion and art.
Scholars in the humanities are "humanity scholars" or humanists. The term "humanist"
also describes the philosophical position of humanism, which some "anti-humanist"
scholars in the humanities reject. The Renaissance scholars and artists were also called
humanists. Some secondary schools offer humanities classes usually consisting of
literature, global studies and art.
Human disciplines like history, folkloristics, and cultural anthropology study subject
matters that the manipulative experimental method does not apply to—and instead mainly
use the comparative method and comparative research.
The study of humanities may also be attributed to the symmetry and balance
discussed by the art piece known as the Vitruvian Man of Leonardo da Vinci. This image
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demonstrates the blend of mathematics and art during the Renaissance and demonstrates
Leonardo's deep understanding of proportions. In addition, this picture represents a
cornerstone of Leonardo's attempts to relate man to nature. Encyclopædia Britannica
online states, "Leonardo envisaged the great picture chart of the human body he had
produced through his anatomical drawings and Vitruvian Man as a cosmografia del minor
mondo (cosmography of the microcosm). He believed the workings of the human body
to be an analogy for the workings of the universe."
According to Leonardo's preview in the accompanying text, written in mirror
writing, it was made as a study of the proportions of the (male) human body as described
in Vitruvius' De architectura. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanities)

Image of the Vitruvian Man (widewalls.ch/google images)

Why Study Humanities?

A lot of reasons had been associated as to why one must study Humanities. The
following items are just a few of the many reasons why one must engage and be interested
in Humanities:
As the word humanities came from the Latin “humanus” which means human,
cultured and refined, man is taught to be as what the term exactly means: being cultured
and refined;
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Humans have the characteristics of rationality, benevolence and care, he is

cultured and refined as shown by good tastes and manner indicative of good and proper
education
Humanities contains the records of man’s quest for answers to the fundamental
questions he asks himself and about the world we live in
Humanities studies man and the manner in which he conducts himself from the
time of his existence to the present (Martin & Jacobus, 2004)
Humanities is composed of academic disciplines that make it distinctive in both
content and method from the physical and biological sciences and from the social sciences
The study of Humanities is devoted to understanding the different phenomena
within the human cultural contexts
Humanities studies how people process and document the human experience
using philosophy, religion, literature, art and history as their way of understanding and
recording the world
Humanities studies how individuals’ manner of expression varies as they record
human experiences and how the way of documenting these forms a connection between
and among humans of the past, present and future.
Fundamental Principles of Humanities
The following are identified fundamental principles of Humanities which are used
as guides for a better understanding of life and man’s existence.
1. Human nature is inherently good.
2. Individuals are free and are capable of making choices.
3. Human potential for growth and development is virtually unlimited.
4. Self-concept plays an important role in growth and development.
5. Individuals have an urge for self-actualization.
6. Reality is defined by each person.
7. Individuals have a responsibility to both themselves and to others.
Art Explained
Art is a diverse range of human activities in creating visual, auditory or
performing artifacts (artworks), expressing the author's imaginative, conceptual ideas, or
technical skill, intended to be appreciated for their beauty or emotional power. Other
activities related to the production of works of art include the criticism of art, the study
of the history of art, and the aesthetic dissemination clarification needed of art.
The three classical branches of art are painting, sculpture and architecture. Music,
theater, film, dance and other performing arts as well as literature and other media such
as interactive media, are included in a broader definition of the arts. Until the 17th
century, art referred to any skill or mastery and was not differentiated from crafts or
sciences. In modern usage after the 17th century, where aesthetic considerations are
paramount, the fine arts are separated and distinguished from acquired skills in general,
such as the decorative or applied arts.
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Though the definition of what constitutes art is disputed and has changed over
time, general descriptions mention an idea of imaginative or technical skill stemming
from human agency and creation. The nature of art and related concepts, such as creativity
and interpretation, are explored in a branch of philosophy known as aesthetics.

Nature of the Arts

The following are identified natures of the Arts from the point of view of different
artists and philosophers:

1. Art or arts is of Aryan root “ar” which means to join or put together and has its
Latin term being “sars” or “artis” which means everything that is artificially made or
composed by man (wikipedia)
2. Art constitutes one of the oldest and most important means of expression
developed by man.
3. It refers to the skillful arrangement or composition of some common but
significant qualities of nature such as sounds, colors, lines, movements, words, stone and
wood to express feelings, thoughts, imaginations and dreams in an amazing, meaningful
and enjoyable way. (Adams, 2002)
4. Art is subjective as it employs the use of perception, insights, feelings and
intuition 5. It is the heightened expression of human dignity and weaknesses felt and
shared so powerfully in a world increasingly aware of its successes and failures
6. It is man’s expression of himself as an individual and how he views his existence, and
7. Art also provides enjoyment and stimulation specially when people understand them

Functions of Art

Arts is a much-needed avenue for people to:

1. Express freely oneself;

2. Socially express his need for display, celebration and communication; and
3. Physically express the need for utility of functional objects.

The Forms of Art Differentiated

The matrix below shows the difference of the art forms as identified:

Functional art forms non- functional art forms

(the need for life to be better) (the need to express aesthetics and beauty)
Architecture, weaving, furniture-making painting, sculpture, literature,
music, dance and theater
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Functional Art Forms are those which may benefit the cause of man’s existence.
They are art forms which give people sustenance as to need for life to be better. This
benefit is mostly financial in nature. Functional art is generally applied art - art created
for use, not necessarily everyday use, but designed to serve a purpose and with an
aesthetic in mind. It's art that serves a function, but is designed artistically for the purpose
of beauty. They meet a need for use, and are works of art as well.
(www.quora.com)

The following example art pieces below are just a few of those which may be
considered functional art forms:

andreadavis-become.com (google images) brabbu.com (google images)

Examples of Functional Art Forms

Non-functional art forms, on the other hand, Nonfunctional art is art that serves
no utilitarian purpose. It is in direct contrast with functional art, which has both an
aesthetic value and a utilitarian purpose. Nonfunctional art also encompasses paintings,
sculptures and all manner of fine art. These pieces usually seek to engage with the viewer
on an intellectual, emotional or aesthetic level. The exploration of these sensibilities,
rather than their utilitarian merits, determines the artworks' worth. (reference.com)
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julspottery.com (google images) slideshare.com (google images)

Examples of Non-functional art forms

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Lesson 2 - Arts and Philosophy

Philosophy and Arts Related

Philosophy is a field of discipline which has attempted to explain almost all

aspects of human existence. Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental questions
about existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. Such questions are often
posed as problems to be studied or resolved. The term was probably coined by
Pythagoras.

Art or Aesthetics, on the other hand, is the study of beauty and taste, concerned
with the nature of art and used as a basis for interpreting and evaluating individual works
of art. It is a branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of beauty and taste, as well
as the philosophy of art. It examines subjective and sensori-emotional values, or
sometimes called judgments of sentiment and taste.

Philosophy of art is the study of the nature of art, including concepts such as
interpretation, representation and expression, and form. It is closely related to aesthetics,
the philosophical study of beauty and taste. In short, one cannot do away with philosophy
when explaining an art work. Also, one cannot produce an artwork without considering
the importance of the philosophy behind its production. (wikipedia.com)
Below is an example of an art form entitled “Art is a Friendly Deception” that
combines both art and philosophy.

medium.com (google images)

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The Artistic Philosophers

The following are just a few of the philosophers whose advocacies not only
focused on the philosophic ideas but also shared a few of their conceptions about the Arts.

1. Plato (428 – 347 BC) is a philosopher of Ancient Greece who is known for his
Dialogues together with Socrates. He loved and hated the arts at the same time which
makes his philosophical views on art unexplainably complicated. With the Republic
being his work, Plato was seen as a good literary stylist and great story teller and
considered the arts as threatening. He believed that “though arts can be used to train
citizens to have an ideal society, using arts to accomplish this should be strictly
controlled”. He also explained that the physical world is a copy of a perfect, rational,
eternal and changeless original which he called FORMS.

Plato’s Ideas of the Arts may be summed up by the truths according to him that:

1. Art is imitation; 2. Art is dangerous.

(google images)

Beauty, Justice, and The Circle are all examples of what Plato called Forms or
Ideas. Other philosophers have called them Universals. Many particular things can have
the form of a circle, or of justice, or beauty. For Plato, these Forms are perfect Ideals, but
they are also more real than physical objects. He called them "the Really Real". The world
of the Forms is rational and unchanging; the world of physical appearances is changeable
and irrational, and only has reality to the extent that it succeeds in imitating the Forms.
The mind or soul belongs to the Ideal world; the body and its passions are stuck in the
muck of the physical world. So, the best human life is one that strives to understand and
to imitate the Forms as closely as possible. That life is the life of the mind, the life of the
Philosopher (literally, the lover of wisdom). Self-control, especially control of the
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passions, is essential to the soul that wants to avoid the temptations of sensuality, greed,
and ambition, and move on to the Ideal World in the next life. (wikipedia.com)

2. Aristotle (384 – 322 BC) was a student of Plato who first distinguished between “what
is good and what is beautiful''. For him, the universal elements of beauty are manifested
by order, symmetry and definiteness. As exemplified in his Poetics, he stated that
physical manifestation of beauty is affected by SIZE. He considered art as imitation or
a representation of nature and his emphasis of the art is on POETRY which for him is
more philosophical than Philosophy itself.

An image of Aristotle’s Poetics (google images)

Poets imitated the following according to Aristotle:

1. Things and events which have been or still are;

2. Things which are said to be seen and are probable and
3. Things which essentially are.

3. Immanuel Kant (1724 – 1804) was a German, Enlightenment philosopher who wrote
a treatise on Aesthetics: Observations on the Feelings of the Beautiful and the Sublime.
His main interest was not on art but on BEAUTY that it is a matter of TASTE. Kant
explained that TASTE can be both SUBJECTIVE and UNIVERSAL.
For KANT, beauty is a question of form and color is NOT IMPORTANT.

The Kinds of Aesthetic Responses according to Kant are:

1. Beauty results in pleasure if there is order, harmony and symmetry; and

2. Beauty leads to a response of awe that overwhelms the viewers of the art.
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pinterest.com (google images)

Kant’s Philosophy of the Mind as explained through Arts

Artists vs. Artisans

An artist is a person engaged in an activity related to creating art, practicing the

arts, or demonstrating an art. The common usage in both everyday speech and academic
discourse is a practitioner in the visual arts only. The term is often used in the
entertainment business, especially in a business context, for musicians and other
performers (less often for actors). "Artiste" (the French for artist) is a variant used in
English only in this context; this use is becoming rare. Use of the term to describe writers,
for example, is valid, but less common, and mostly restricted to contexts like criticism.
(www.wikipedia.com)

The following are a few examples of artists in their fields of expertise:

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An image of a Baguio painter with his artwork (businessmirror.com.ph)

Ryan Cayabyab, A National Artist of the Philippines for Music (ncaa.gov.ph)

An artisan (from French: artisan, Italian: artigiano) is a skilled craft worker who
makes or creates things by hand that may be functional or strictly decorative, for example
furniture, decorative arts, sculptures, clothing, jewelry, food items, household items and
tools or even mechanisms such as the handmade clockwork movement of a watchmaker.
Artisans practice a craft and may through experience and aptitude reach the expressive
levels of an artist. The adjective "artisanal" is sometimes used in describing hand
processing in what is usually viewed as an industrial process, such as in the phrase
artisanal mining. Thus, "artisanal" is sometimes used in marketing and advertising as a
buzz word to describe or imply some relation with the crafting of handmade food
products, such as bread, beverages or cheese. Many of these have traditionally been
handmade, rural or pastoral goods but are also now commonly made on a larger scale
with automated mechanization in factories and other industrial areas. Artisans were the
dominant producers of consumer products before the Industrial Revolution. In ancient
Greece, artisans were drawn to agoras and often built workshops nearby. Below are a few
images of artisans doing their crafts:

Sources: pinterest.com, slideshare.com and devex.com (google images)

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Here is a Venn Diagram which features the similarities and differences of artists
and artisans.

source: scribd.com (google images)

The Art Forms

The arts refer to the theory, human application and physical expression of
creativity found in human cultures and societies through skills and imagination in order
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to produce objects, environments and experiences. Major constituents of the arts include
visual arts (including architecture, ceramics, drawing, filmmaking, painting, photography
and sculpting), literature (including fiction, drama, poetry, and prose), and performing
arts (including dance, music and theater), culinary arts (including cooking, chocolate
making and winemaking).
Some art forms combine a visual element with performance (e.g.
cinematography), or artwork with the written word (e.g. comics). From prehistoric cave
paintings to modern-day films, art serves as a vessel for storytelling and conveying
humankind's relationship with the environment. (wikipedia.com)
One’s self-expression especially when inclined with arts may take various forms
depending on the expertise and artistic inclinations of an artist, one may want to express
his artistic abilities by way of specific art forms such as painting or dance or a
combination of both. One may express oneself through other forms as music, sculpture,
literature or all of three combined. Whatever form of art one may use in expressing
oneself, what is important is that his self-expression and creativity are explicit.
The following items below are the art forms which one may use in order to express
his artistic inclinations:

1. Architecture. Architecture is an art form that reflects how we present ourselves

across the earth’s landscape, and, like other expressive mediums, it changes with styles,
technologies and cultural adaptations. Architecture not only provides worldly needs of
shelter, workspace and storage but also represents human ideals in buildings like
courthouses and government buildings and manifestations of the spirit in churches and
temples. Traditional architecture has survived over thousands of years in one form or
another, while contemporary design offers new approaches in how we use materials and
technology to shape the look of our environment.
(https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sac-artappreciation/chapter/oer-1-27/)

Architecture is considered as the most functional of all the art forms. Some
examples of architectural works are The Malacañang Palace, the Philippines’ seat of
government, The Cultural Center of the Philippines, the center of cultural activities of the
country and Burj Khalifa, the highest skyscraper in the United Arab Emirates to name a
few.
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An image of The Malacañang Palace Source: discovephilippines.com (google images)

The Cultural Center of the Philippines Source: blueprint.onemega.com (google images)

Burj Khalifa Source: boondam.com (google images)

2. Sculpture. Sculpture, an artistic form in which hard or plastic materials are
worked into three-dimensional art objects. The designs may be embodied in freestanding
objects, in reliefs on surfaces, or in environments ranging from tableaux to contexts that
envelop the spectator. An enormous variety of media may be used, including clay, wax,
stone, metal, fabric, glass, wood, plaster, rubber, and random “found” objects. Materials
may be carved, modeled, molded, cast, wrought, welded, sewn, assembled, or otherwise
shaped and combined. (https://www.britannica.com/art/sculpture)
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Some example of sculptures is the following: The Jose Rizal Monument in Rizal Park,
the University of the Philippines Oblation in all UP campuses around the Philippines and
the Black Nazarene in the Minor Basilica of the Black Nazarene in Quiapo district,
Manila, Philippines.

The Rizal Monument Source: commons.wikimedia.org (google images)

The UP Oblation The Black Nazarene

Source: editorial101.blogspot.com Source: en.wikipedia.org

3. Painting. Painting is the application of pigments to a support surface that

establishes an image, design or decoration. In art the term “painting” describes both the
act and the result. Most painting is created with pigment in liquid form and applied with
a brush. Painting as a medium has survived for thousands of years and is, along with
drawing and sculpture, one of the oldest creative media. It’s used in some form by cultures
around the world. Painting media are extremely versatile because they can be applied to
many different surfaces (called supports) including paper, wood, canvas, plaster, clay,
lacquer and concrete. (source:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/masteryart1/chapter/readingpainting) Some of the
examples of this two-dimensional art form are Juan Luna’s Spolarium, Mona Lisa by
Leonardo da Vinci and The Fishermen by Ang Kiukok among others.
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The Fishermen by Ang Kiukok Source: theculturetrip.com (google images)

Spolarium by Juan Luna Source: news.abs-cbn.com (google images)

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Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci Source: britannica.com (google images)

4. Dance. Dance is the movement of the body in a rhythmic way, usually to music
and within a given space, for the purpose of expressing an idea or emotion, releasing
energy, or simply taking delight in the movement itself. Dance is a powerful impulse, but
the art of dance is that impulse channeled by skillful performers into something that
becomes intensely expressive and that may delight spectators who feel no wish to dance
themselves. These two concepts of the art of dance—dance as a powerful impulse and
dance as a skillfully choreographed art practiced largely by a professional few—are the
two most important connecting ideas running through any consideration of the subject.
In dance, the connection between the two concepts is stronger than in some other arts,
and neither can exist without the other. dance is an art form or activity that utilizes the
body and the range of movement of which the body is capable.
(https://www.britannica.com/art/dance)
Some of the examples of this art form are the folk dances of the Philippines like
Tinikling and Subli, ballet, and modern dances to name a few.
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The Tinikling Source: pinoyfolkdances.blogspot.com (google images)

Subli Folk Dance Source: choosephilippines.com google images)

Modern Hip Hop Dance Source: datebook.sfchronicle.com (google images)

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5. Music. Music is an art form, and cultural activity, whose medium is sound.
General definitions of music include common elements such as pitch (which governs
melody and harmony), rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and
articulation), dynamics (loudness and softness), and the sonic qualities of timbre and
texture (which are sometimes termed the "color" of a musical sound). Different styles or
types of music may emphasize, de-emphasize or omit some of these elements. Music is
performed with a vast range of instruments and vocal techniques ranging from singing to
rapping; there are solely instrumental pieces, solely vocal pieces (such as songs without
instrumental accompaniment) and pieces that combine singing and instruments.
(wikipedia)
Some of the examples which may be associated with music are the Philippine folk songs
and the produced popular music of Filipino singers like Sarah Geronimo and Gary
Valenciano to name a few.

Popular Filipino Bands Source: wheninmanila.com (google images)

Source: actmusicguide.wordpress.com (google images)

6. Theater. Theatre or theater is a collaborative form of performing art that uses

live performers, typically actors or actresses, to present the experience of a real or
imagined event before a live audience in a specific place, often a stage. The performers
may communicate this experience to the audience through combinations of gesture,
speech, song, music, and dance. Elements of art, such as painted scenery and stagecraft
such as lighting are used to enhance the physicality, presence and immediacy of the
experience. The specific place of the performance is also named by the word "theatre" as
derived from the Ancient Greek théatron, "a place for viewing", itself from theáomai, "to
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see", "to watch", "to observe". Modern theatre includes performances of plays and
musical theatre. The art forms of ballet and opera are also theatre and use many
conventions such as acting, costumes and staging. They were influential to the
development of musical theatre; see those articles for more
information.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre)
Some examples of theatrical presentations are the following: Shakespeare’s Midsummer
Night’s Dream and Romeo and Juliet, Victor Hugo’s Les Miserables and the local
theatrical presentations of Noli Me Tangere and chosen zarzuelas and moro-moro
performances.

Source: slideshare.net (google images)

Plays of William Shakespeare Sources: theatre.colostate.edu and pa.marin.edu

7. Literature. Literature, most generically, is anybody or collection of written work.

More restrictively, literature refers to writing considered to be an art form or any single
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writing deemed to have artistic or intellectual value, and sometimes deploys language in
ways that differ from ordinary usage. Literature is classified according to whether it is
fiction or nonfiction, and whether it is poetry or prose. Fiction can be further distinguished
according to major forms such as the novel, short story, or drama; and such works are
often categorized according to historical periods or their adherence to certain aesthetic or
genre. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature)
Literature may be in any form such as poetry, novel, short story, essay, epic and legends
among others. Literature may be oral or written and are also sometimes meant to be
performed before an audience.
Some exmaples of these literary pieces are The Woman Who Had Two Navels by Nick
Joaquin, Po-on by F. Sionil Jose, Myths, Legends and Folktales by Maximo D. Ramos
and Stupid is Forever by the late Senator Miriam Defensor Santiago.

source: google
images
The art forms may be classified as visual arts and performing arts. Visual arts are
those which are felt by the senses which includes sculpture, painting and architecture.
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Music, Dance and Theater are under the performance arts category. Literature may be
visual or performance depending upon the manner as to how it shall be presented. At
present, there are other emerging art forms that have evolved. These art forms are digital
arts which includes photography and installation arts.

Appreciating the Arts

The previous pages of this module have given you a rundown of the basics of art
appreciation and the key points as to how one will be keen in understanding a certain
artwork or other forms of artistic presentation. The aim of making the students learn to
appreciate the arts is primarily to get the learner an engaging relationship with a particular
art work and for one to understand the meaning behind an artistic creation, the messages
that it would want to convey to its viewers and to appreciate one’s product of art should
one will be compelled to produce or make one. In so doing, here are a few pointers as to
how art appreciation may be applied by a learner of the course as takeaways from
learn.saylor.org/course:

1. Give a good physical description of the artwork based on their knowledge of art
elements and materials;
2. Analyze the artwork in terms of what the artist wants his work to represent and
the learner’s subjective reaction to the works which includes their thoughts and feelings;
3. Perceive the art work in the context of its history. This would enlighten the learners of
the artist’s intention in doing the work and add to the understanding of the meaning the
work is supposed to convey;
4. Give meaning to the artwork based on its description, analysis and context; and
5. Judge the artwork as to whether it is good or bad based on the learner’s
perception of it and its aesthetic and cultural value.

Art is not meant to be looked at only for what it is. It is meant to stimulate thought
because it allows viewers to draw their own emotions and pull from their personal
experiences when viewed. It is very powerful in this way and it naturally develops critical
and innovative thinking skills. Art also teaches many important qualities such as listening,
observing and responding to multiple perspectives. Having an appreciation for art also
helps us to develop an appreciation for each other and how we are all unique in our own
way.
For many people, art is meant to express something that we ourselves feel unable
to express or convey. Through its visual medium it evokes feelings of joy, sadness, anger
and pain. That is why art appreciation is so important in bringing that one final element
to complete the work, and that is our interpretation. Our perspective brings the artwork
to life as it changes for every person around it. It is important to foster art appreciation
and analysis, as it helps us value the art in how it appeals to us and what it means to each
person. It delves into the history and the story behind the art, as well as a look into the
lives of the artists. It enables one to critically analyze a work, along lines of design,
mastery and techniques. Most importantly, however, art appreciation stimulates thought
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and analysis, provokes an individual to look past what meets the eye and open our mind
to the views of others. Art is here to stay. It is a person’s history and legacy which is an
ultimate proof that his personal experiences can be articulated and his immortality can be
defined. (https://www.educationworld.in/the-importance-of-art-appreciation/)