Chapter Ii Uts

COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
Bachelor of Science in Psychology

GED 101 UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
Objectives:
1. Differentiate how we perceive our bodies visually;

2. Examine how we feel about our physical appearance;
3. Understand how we think and talk to ourselves about our bodies; and
4. Develop our sense of how the other people view our bodies.
Unpacking the Self

"Don't belittle yourself. Be BIG yourself"
- Corita Kent
Society shapes us in many ways, possibly more than we realize it. This involves:
• How we perceive our bodies visually;
• How we feel about our physical appearance;
• How we think and talk to ourselves about our bodies; and
• Our sense of how the other people view our bodies.
A positive view of "self" involves understanding that healthy, attractive bodies come in
many shapes and sizes, and that physical appearance says very little about our character or value
as a person. WHAT PHILOSOPHERS THINK ABOUT BEAUTY.
The Stanford Encyclopedia Philosophy, 2016. The nature of beauty is one of the most
enduring and controversial themes in western philosophy. Beauty traditionally was among the
ultimate values along with goodness, truth and justice. It was a primary theme among ancient
Greek, Hellenistic, and medieval philosophers; it was central to the eighteenth and nineteenth-
century thought. By the beginning of the 20th century, beauty was decline as a subject of
philosophical inquiry. However, there are signs of revived interests by early 2000's.
The two most-debated views about beauty are:

1. Beauty is objective
2. Beauty is subjective. Before the 18th century, most Western philosophical views in beauty
treated it as an objective quality. For example:
• St. Augustine asked whether things were beautiful because it gave delight, or whether it
gave delight because it was beautiful. He believed it to be the latter.
• Plato connected beauty as a response to love and desire. He asserted that beauty exists in
the realm of Forms, and that objects are found beautiful because they are a reflection of
the idea of beauty that already exist in the realm of Forms:
References: Otig, V.S., Gallinero, W.B., Bataga, N.U., Salado, F.B., and Visande, J.C. (2018)
A Holistic Approach in Understanding the Self. Mutya Publishing House, Inc. 105
Engineering Road, Araneta University Village. Portrero, Malabon City.
Chapter 2: Unpacking the Self
• Aristotle asserted that the chief forms of beauty are order, symmetry and definiteness
that van be demonstrated by mathematical sciences.
• By the eighteenth century, however beauty was associated with pleasure as a personal
preference.
Some philosophers who hold this view are:
• David Hume - Beauty is no quality in things themselves: It exists merely in the mind,
which contemplates them; and each mind perceives a different beauty.
• Immanuel Kant - The judgement of taste is therefore not judgement in cognition, and is
consequently not logical but aesthetical, by which we understand that whose determining
ground can be no other than subjective.
• Francis Hutcheson - The perception of beauty does depend on the external sense of
sight; however, the internal sense of beauty operates as an internal or reflex sense.
The term for a makeup artist in Egyptian hieroglyphic is derived from the root "sesh" which
means "to write, to engrave."
WHAT DID PSYCHOLOGY DISCOVER ABOUT BEAUTY? (The Psychology of Beauty,

WEB)
A cognitive bias is an error in reasoning, evaluating, remembering, or any other mental
processes that is often a result of holding on to one's preferences and beliefs regardless of
contrary information. The halo effect (also known as the physical attractiveness stereotype and
the "what is beautiful is good" principle) refers to the tendency of people to as compared to those
who are less attractive.
How Cultural Traditions Shape Body Image

Culture tradition can either be a positive or negative influence on body image or self-
esteem. Body image is generally defined as how one thinks and feels toward one’s body (Yam,
2013; Cash & Smolak, 2011)
People see cultural group membership as an integral part of who they are. They are more
likely to engage in events and behaviors that are related to their culture — choose friends, media,
and even marital partners from their culture (Yam, 2013; Yeh & Huang, 1996)
When “culture” is experienced, it is difficult for a person to resist the conscious and
unconscious ways that culture influences a person’s life.
The Philippines is undoubtedly influenced by Western culture, particularly American
culture; a culture that generally tends to hyper-focus on dieting and body appearance.
Does your body image have an impact on your self-esteem?

William James coined self-esteem in 1800. He presented self-esteem as the number of
successes a person achieves in the domains of life that are important to him or her, divided by the
number of failures that occurred in those areas (The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and
Behavioral Science, 2002)
1960s, behavioral scientist defined self-esteem in terms of an attitude concerning one’s
worth as a person (Rosenberg, 1965)
Self-esteem is about how you value yourself and how you feel others value you. It is very
important because it can affect your mental health as well as how you behave. Body image is
how you view your physical body, whether you feel you are attractive, and how you feel some
other people like your looks.
How important is physical beauty?

“Do not judge the book by its cover.” It is a wise thought from the conscious mind, your
subconscious mind will contradict you, and you will still find yourself judging people base on
their looks on your initial encounters.
Physical beauty is extremely important. “The degree to which person’s physical traits are
considered pleasing or beautiful.” Even though the physical beauty is extremely important, the
good news is that physical beauty standards differ from one person to another.
A self-image problem happens when your looks do not match your beauty standards.
The Sexual Self

“Self-love is about respecting and appreciating every single part of who you are, and being
proud to be you.”
-Miya Yamanouchi, Embrace Your Sexual Self; A Practical Guide for Women
The Developmental of Secondary Sex Characteristics and the Human Reproductive System
Soon after the fertilization of an egg, the developmental of the reproductive system
begins. For example, approximately one month after conception primordial gonads also begin to
develop. Rapid reproductive development happens inside the mother’s womb; but when the child
is born until he/she reaches puberty, there is a little change in the reproductive system.
Developmental of the Sexual Organs in the Embryo and Fetus

The female sex is considered the “fundamental” sex because if a particular chemical
prompting is absent, all fertilized eggs will develop into females. For a fertilized egg to become
male, a cascade of chemical reactions must be present initiated by a single gene in the male Y-
chromosome called the SRY (Sex-determining Region of the Y-chromosome; hence they do not
have the SRY gene (Lumen Learning Courses, WEB).
Both the male and female embryos have the same group of cells that will potentially develop
into male or female gonads or sex glands. However, the presence of the SRY gene initiates the
development of the testes while suppressing the vital genes for female development.
Further Sexual Development Occurs at Puberty

Puberty – stage of development at which individuals become sexually mature.
Puberty can be separated into five stages:
STAGES PUBERTY STAGES IN GIRLS PUBERTY STAGES IN BOYS
1 Approximately between the ages of 8 and Approximately between ages 9 and 12:
11:
The ovaries enlarge and hormone No visible signs of development occur, but
production starts, but external internally, male hormones become a lot
development is not yet visible. more active. Sometimes a growth spurt
begins at this time.
2 Approximately between the ages of 8 and Approximately between ages 9 to 15:
14:
The first external sign of puberty is The height increase and the shape of the
usually breast development. body changes.
The first breast buds develop. The nipples Muscle tissue and fat may develop at this
will be tender and elevated. time.
The area around the nipple (the aureole) The aureole, the dark skin around the nipple,
will increase in size. darkens and increases in size.
The first stage of pubic hair may also be The testicles and scrotum grow but the penis
present at this time. it may be coarse and probably does not.
curly or fine and straight.
Height and weight increase at this time. A little bit of pubis hair begins to grow at the
the body gets rounder and curvier. base of the penis.
3 Approximately between the ages of 9 and Approximately between ages 11 and 16
15:
Breast growth continuers and pubic hair The penis starts to grow during this stage. Its
gets coarser and darker. tends to grow and length rather than width
During this stage, whitish discharge from The pubic hair is getting darker and coarser
the vagina may be present. and spreading to where the legs meet the
torso.
For some girls, the first menstrual period Also boys continue to grow in height, and
begin at this time. even their faces begin to appear more
mature.
The shoulders broaden, making the hips

looks smaller.
Muscle tissue increases, and the voice starts

to change and deepen.
Finally, facial hair begins to develop on the

upper lip.
4 Approximately ages 10 to 16: Approximately 11 to 17:
Some girls notice that their aureoles get At this time, the penis starts to grow in
even darker and separate into a little width, too.
mound rising above the rest of the breast.
Pubic hair may begin to have a more adult The testicles and scrotum also continue to
triangular pattern of growth grow. Hair may begin to grow on the anus.
If it did not happen in Stage Three, The texture of the penis becomes more
menarche (first menstruation) should start adult-looking. Underarm and facial hair
now. increases as well.
Ovulation may start now, too. But it will The first fertile ejaculation typically appear
not necessarily occur on a regular bases, at approximately 15 years of age, but this
(it is possible to have regular periods even age can vary widely across individual voice.
if ovulation does not occur every month)
Skin gets oiler and the voice continues to
deepen.
5 Approximately ages 12 and 19: Approximately 14 to 18:
This is the final stage of development. Boys reach their full adult height.
Full height is reached, and young women
are ovulating regularly.
Pubic hair is filled in, and the breasts are Pubic hair and the genitals look like an adult
developed fully for the body. man’s do.
At this point, too, shaving is necessity.
Some young men continue to grow past this

point, even into their twenties.
What are the erogenous zones of the body?

Areas of the body that are highly sensitive to stimuli and are often (but not always) sexually
exciting.
The Skin
Serves as the primary erotic stimulus. Two types of erogenous zones exist in the skin.
(Winkelmann,2004):
1. Nonspecific Type
a) It is similar to any other portion of the usual haired skin.
b) The nerves supplying it are composed of the usual density of dermal-nerve networks
and hair-follicle networks.
c) The learned and anticipated pleasurable sensations when a stimulus to presented in
these regions produce the amplified sensation.
d) The pleasurable sensation felt from these regions is simply an exaggerated form of
tickle.
e) Examples of this types of skin are the sides and back of the neck the axilla (armpit
underarm)
2. Specific Type
a) The s
b) These regions favor acute perception.
c) Theses specific sites of acute sensation are genital regions, including the prepuce,
penis, the female external genitalia (vulva), the perianal skin, lips, and nipples.
The Prepuce
The retractable folding skin covering the tip of the penis.
The Penis
The male erectile organ of copulation by which urine and semen are discharged from the
body (Splendorio and Reichel, 2014).
The Female external genitalia (vulva) include:

 The mons pubis
 The clitoris. A female sexual organ that small, sensitive, and located in front of the
opening of the vagina.
 The labia majora and labia minora. The labia majo0ra are fleshy lips around the
vagina. These are larger outer folds of the vulva. The labia minora also known
as the inner labia, inner lips, vagina lips or nymphaea are two flaps of skin
on either side of the human vaginal opening in the vulva situated between the
labia majora.
 Vaginal introitus is the opening the leads to the vaginal canals.
 The hymen is a membrane that surrounds or partially covers the external vaginal
opening.
Perianal skin
Refers to area of the body surrounding the anus, and in particular, the skin. The Perianal skin
is very sensitive. It is also susceptible to injury and damage.
The Lips
Are soft, movable, and serve as the opening for food intake and in the articulation of sound
and speech.
Nipples
The raised region of tissues on the surface of the breast.
Understanding the Human Sexual Response
Sexual response
Refers to sequence of physical and emotional occurrences when the person is participating in
a sexually stimulating activity, such as intercourse or masturbation.
Four Phases of the Human Sexual Cycle:

1. Excitement
2. Plateau
3. Orgasm
4. Resolution
Sex and the Brain, what parts are involved?

Sex is the process of combining male and female genes to form an offspring. Ultimately, the
largest sex organ controlling the biological urges, mental processes as well as the emotional and
physical responses to sex, is the brain.
Roles of the brain in sexual activity:

 The brain is the responsible for translating the nerve impulse sensed by the skin into
pleasurable sensations.
 It controls the nerves and muscles used in sexual activities.
 Sexual thoughts and fantasies are theorized to lie in the cerebral cortex, the same area ued
for thinking and reasoning.
 Emotions and feelings (which are important for sexual behavior) are believed to originate
in the limbic system.
 The brain releases the hormones considered as the physiological origin of sexual desire.
Roles of hormones in sexual activity:
The hypothalamus is the most important part of the brain for sexual functioning. This small
area at the base of the brain has several groups of nerve-cell bodies that receive input from the
limbic system. One reason the hypothalamus is important in human sexual activity is its relation
to the pituitary gland that secretes hormones produced in the hypothalamus.
1. Oxytocin
Also known as “love hormone” and believed to be involved in our desire to
maintain close relationships. It released during sexual intercourse when orgasm is
achieved.
2. Follicle – stimulating hormone (FSH)
Responsible for ovulation in females. The National Institute of Environmental Health
Sciences in Durham, N.C., that sexual activity was more frequent during a woman’s
fertile time.
3. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Crucial in regulating the testes in men and ovaries in women. In men the LH
stimulates the testes to produce testosterone (appears to a major contributing factor to
sexual motivation).
4. Vasopressin
Involved in the male arousal phase. The increase of vasopressin during erectile
response is believed to be directly associated with increased motivation to engage in
sexual behavior.
Understanding the Chemistry of Lust, Love, and Attachment

Falling in love can be a beautifully wild experience. It is a rush of longing, passion, and
euphoria. Anthropologists Helen Fisher of Rutgers University proposed three stage of falling in
love; and for each stage, a different set of chemicals run the show.
The three stages of falling in love are:
 Lust (Erotic Passion)
Marked by physical attraction. You want to seduce and be seduced by your object of affection.
Driven by testosterone in men and estrogen in women. Lust, however, will not guarantee that the
couple will fall in love in any lasting way.
 Attraction (Romantic Passion)
At this stage, you begin to crave for your partner’s presence. You feel excitement and energetic
as you fantasize about the things you could do together as a couple. Three chemicals trigger this
feeling:
 Norepinephrine responsible for the extra surge of energy and triggers increased heart
rate, loss of appetite, as well as the desire to sleep. Your body is in a more alert state
and is ready for action.
 Dopamine associated with motivation and goal-directed behavior. It makes you
pursue your object of affection. Creates a sense of novelty, where the person seems
exciting, special, or unique that you want to tell the world about his or her admirable
qualities.
 Serotonin thought to cause obsessive thinking. Low levels of serotonin are said to be
present in people with obsessive-compulsive behavior (OCD).
 Attachment
Involves the desire to have lasting commitment with your significant other. At this point, you
may want to get married and/or have children.
Psychological Aspect of Sexual Desire

Sexual desire is the interest on sexual objects or activities.
It is a subjective feeling and sometimes accompanied with genital arousal.
Sexual desire is often confused with sex drive, but these are different. Sexual drive is the
biologically motivation to seek sexual activity or gratification. While, sexual desire is the more
complex psychological experience that is not dependent in hormonal factors.
Gender Differences On Sexual Desire

 Culture
 Social Environment
 Political Situations
Psychological Mechanisms of Sexual Behavior Motivation

The psychological mechanisms that underlie sexual behavior and motivation comes from
animal research.
Laboratory rats that were incapable of coupling were observed to nevertheless seek
receptive females. This finding suggested that the ability to engage in sexual behavior and
motivation are due to different systems in the brain.
This research suggested that the Limbic system structures such as Amygdala and
Nucleuaccumbens Nucleuaccumbens are important in sex motivation.
 Amygdala is the center for emotions, emotional behavior and motivation.

 Nucleusaccumbens plays a role in motivation and cognitive processing of
aversion it has a role in response to reward and reinforcing effects, translating
emotional stimulus in to behaviors.
The Diversity of Sexual Behavior

Sexual Orientation is the individual’s general disposition toward partners of the same
sex, opposite sex, and same sex.
Past studies shows that lesbian, gay and bisexual individuals only who experienced same
sex sexual desire. It also did not appear to indicate that completely heterosexual individuals will
eventually want to pursue same sex desire or eventually considered himself or herself as
heterosexual.
Gender Identity
People tend to feel confuse between Sexual orientation and Gender Identity, but they are
different. Sexual orientation is a person’s emotionally and erotically attraction towards another
person. While, Gender Identity is the person’s sense of being male or female.
What Is LGBTQ+?
The umbrella term for the wide spectrum term for gender identity, sexual orientation, and
romantic orientations.
 LESBIAN is a female who is only attracted to females.
 GAY is a male who is only attracted to males.
 BISEXUAL are people who is attracted to both sexes.
 TRANSGENDER are people who do not recognize their gender assigned to them at
birth (such as Trans man and Trans woman).
 QUEER are people who are questioning and unsure for about using specific terms.
 +(PLUS) signifies the other many terms that are not represented by the letters. This
includes Intersex are people born with mix biological traits of male and female since
birth and Asexual are people who do not interested or does not desire for sexual
activity.
Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Issue

Sex is the biological identity that was being assigned since at birth such as male or
female.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations define gender as “The relations
between men and women, both perceptual and material.
Gender is not determined biologically, as a result of sexual characteristics of either women
or men, but is constructed socially. It is a central organizing principle of societies, and often
governs the process of production and reproduction, consumption and distribution” (FAO, 1997)
According to United Nations Commissions on Human Rights, gender identity is one’s
innermost concept of self as male, female, a blend of both or neither. Sometimes, it can be same
or different from the gender assigned since at birth.
Sexual orientation is inherent or immutable enduring emotional, romantic, or erotic attraction to
another person that can be someone from same sex or opposite sex.
Sociocultural factors
Influence the various issues related to sexual orientation and gender identity.
Family Influences
There are also studies that asserted how children’s upbringing and social environment
influences their developing gender identities. This work found that children’s interests,
preferences, behaviors, and overall self-concept are strongly influenced by parental and authority
figure teachings regarding sexual stereotypes.
Urban Setting
Another research also discovered that homosexuality positively correlated with urbanization.
The correlation though was more substantial in men than women. The study surmised that large
cities seem to provide a friendlier environment for same-gender interest to develop and be
expressed (Laumann, et al, 1994) than in rural ages.
On other hand, existing literature highlighted that the challenges of rural living for LGBTQ+
people are:
 High levels of intolerance;
 Limited social and institutional supports; and

 Higher incidence of social isolation.
There are studies that also countered the popular notion of urban versus rural living for the
LGBTQ+ -that is, rural life is actually more beneficial to their well-being than urban life.
HISTORY OF SEXUAL ABUSE

Older studies pertaining to sexual abuse pointed out that adolescent who experienced it is
most likely to become homosexual or bisexual on adulthood. However, it was criticized for being
non-clinical and unreliable; it was also opposed by some other significant studies.
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE (STD's)

STD's are also commonly known as STI or sexually transmitted infection. It is a disease
that is commonly transferred through sexual inter course. This infection maybe passed through
blood, semen, vaginal or any other bodily fluids. It can also be transmitted non-sexually in ways
like mother - infant during pregnancy, blood transfusion and sharing of needles for injection. It is
possible for people who are healthy looking to be infected and be unaware of it. STD's does not
always pose observable symptoms.
THE RESPONSIBLE PARENTHOOD AND REPRODUCTIVE ACT OF 2012 (Republic

Act No. 10354)
This act was informally addressed as the Reproductive Health Law or RH law. It is a law in
the Philippines, which aims to give access to contraceptive methods. Different institutions
making it very controversial opposed the passage of the legislation. However, the bill was passed
as a law on the 8th day of April on the year 2014.
GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES OF RH LAW

• Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio. •Reduce by two
thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate.
•To have halted 2015 and begun to reverse HIV/AIDS.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Family Planning

Family planning allows both men and women to make informed choices on when and if they
decide to have children. Knowing the both, the advantages and disadvantages of family planning
methods may help you decide what option is right for you.
Methods of contraception
 Long-acting reversible contraception, such as the implant or intra uterine device (IUD).
 Hormonal contraception, such as the birth control pill and the birth control injection
 Barrier method, such as condoms
 Emergency contraception
 Fertility awareness
 Permanent contraception, such as vasectomy and tubal ligation
Benefits of family planning/contraception according to the WHO

 Prevent pregnancy-related health risks in women
 Reduce infant mortality
 Help prevent HIV/AIDS
 Empower people and enhance education
 Reduce adolescent pregnancies
 Slow population growth
Benefits of using Family Planning According to DOH

Family Planning provides many benefits to mother, children, father, and the family.
Mother
 Enables her to regain her health after delivery
 Gives enough rime and opportunity to love and provide attention to her husband and
children
 Gives more time for her family and own personal advancement
 When suffering from an illness, gives enough time for treatment and recovery
Children
 Healthy mother produce healthy children
 Will get all the attention, security, love, and care they deserve
Father
 Lightens the burden and responsibility in supporting his family
 Enables him to give his children their basic need (foods, shelter, education, and better
future)
 Gives him time for his family and own personal advancement
 When suffering from an illness, gives enough time for treatment and recovery
Disadvantages
 Birth Control health risks

Some forms of birth control pose health concerns for women and men, such as
allergies to spermicides or latex. For some women, oral contraceptives can lead to hair
loss and weight gain, and the use of diaphragms can lead to urinary tract infections.
 Possibility pregnancy
Family planning methods are not one hundred percent reliable. Other than
abstinence, there is no birth control method (including the natural rhythm method) that is
completely affective. Couples who are engaging in sexual activity should always
consider the possibility of an unexpected pregnancy.
 Pregnancy after birth control

All bodies are unique, there is no way to find out how long it would take before a
woman which still depends whether a woman uses birth control or not. It is possible
for women to get pregnant right away after stopping hormonal contraceptives.
However, it may take months before the ovulation and menstruation to get back to
normal. The cycle of menstruation is individual and does not depend on how long a
woman has been using birth control and women’s ovulation comes back to normal
immediately making it possible for them to get pregnant right away.
The Natural Family Planning Method
Natural family planning is the method that uses the body’s natural physiological changes and
symptoms to identify the fertile and infertile phases of the menstrual cycle.
Natural family planning is methods are generally the preferred contraceptive method for
women who do not wish to use artificial methods of contraception for reasons of religion,
rumors, myth and so on.
However, the NFP is not considered reliable in preventing unwanted pregnancy. It also
consumes time to practice. It also does not help people to avoid STD’s or sexually transmitted
disease. The effectiveness of the natural family planning varies depending on the acts of the
couple.
Types of family planning methods

 Periodic abstinence method
 Use of breastfeeding lactationalamennorhea method
 Coitus interruptus method
Periodic Abstinence Method

During the menstrual cycle, the female hormones estrogen and progesterone causes some
observable effects which when observed provides a basis for periodic abstinence method. There
are three common techniques used in periodic abstinence.
a. Rhythm (calendar) method
b. Basal body temperature (BBT) monitoring and;
c. Cervical mucus (ovulation) method
Lactation Amenorrhea Method

Through exclusive breastfeeding, the woman is able to suppress ovulation. This method is
called lactation amenorrhea method. However, if the infant were excessively breastfed, this
method would not be effective for birth control.
Coitus Interruptus
This method is the oldest form of contraception. The couple proceeds with coitus; however,
the man must release his sperm outside of the vagina.
Hormonal Contraception/ artificial Family Planning

Hormonal contraceptives are an effective family planning method that manipulates the
hormones that directly affect the normal menstrual cycle so that ovulation will not occur.
 Oral Contraceptives
It is also known as the pill. Oral contraceptives contain synthetic estrogen and
progesterone.
 Transdermal Contraceptive Patch
A transdermal patch is a medicated adhesive patch that is placed on the skin to
deliver a specific dose of medication through the skin and into the bloodstream.
 Vaginal ring
It is a birth control ring inserted into the vagina and slowly releases hormones into
the vaginal wall into the bloodstream to prevent pregnancy.
 Subdermal Implants
Subdermal contraceptive implants involve the delivery of a steroid progestin from
polymer capsules or rods placed under the skin.
 Hormonal Injections
Is a contraceptive injection given once every three months. It typically suppresses
ovulation keeping the ovaries from releasing eggs.
 Intrauterine Device
An IUD is a small, T-shaped plastic device wrapped in copper or contain
hormones. A doctor inserts the IUD into the uterus. IUD prevents fertilization of
the egg by damaging or killing the sperm.
 Chemical Barriers
Chemical barriers, such as spermicides, vaginal gels and creams, and glycerin
films are also used to cause the death of sperm before they can enter the cervix.
 Diaphragm
Are the dome-shaped barrier methods of contraception that block the sperm from
entering the uterus. They are made of latex (rubber) and formed like a shallow
cup.
 Cervical Cup
A silicon cup inserted in the vagina to cover the cervix and keep sperm out of the
uterus.
 Male Condoms
A latex or synthetic rubber sheath placed on the erect penis before vaginal
penetration to trap the sperm during ejaculation. Condoms can prevent STDs.
 Female Condoms
It is a thin pouch inserted into the vaginal before sex serving as protection barrier
to prevent pregnancy and protection from sexually transmitted diseases, including
HIV. Female condoms create a barrier that prevents bodily fluids and semen from
entering the vagina.
 Surgical Methods
One of the most effective birth control method. This method ensures conception is
inhibited permanently after the surgery.
Two kinds of surgical methods:

1. Vasectomy
A surgical operation wherein the tube that carries the sperm to a
man’s penis is cut. It is a permanent male contraception method.
2. Tubal Ligation
It is a surgical procedure for female sterilization involving severing
and typing the fallopian tubes. A tubal ligation disrupts the movement
of the egg to the uterus for fertilization and blocks sperm from
traveling up the fallopian tubes to the egg.
The Material/Economic Self

“Once a culture becomes entirely advertising friendly, it seizes to be a culture at all.”
- Mark Crispin Miller
Shopping
become leisure and a way to pass time.
“Homes and Lives”

are more than full of of things, stuffs, gadgets, widgets, devices, etc.
I Shop Therefore I Am: I have, Therefore I am?

“I shop therefore I am” looking into the world of consumer culture.
Consumer culture
can be broadly define as a culture where social status, values, and activities are centered on
the consumption of goods and services. In other words, in consumer culture, a large part of what
you do, what you value and how you are defined revolves around your consumption of stuff
(Grimsley, 2018).
Power of Consumption
stopping us from finding true and sincere happiness.It often works as a substitute for
something that we are missing in life.
Primary Consumer Issue
What we buy and what we choose to invest in.
Consumption and Production
Consume
Defined as “use up, to spend wastefully, to destroy”(Gusdorf, 1978).
The definition shows that consumption has a negative connotation, however, there is a positive
side to consumption that is often neglected.
Production
behind consumption
Pattern of Consumption
the process by which individuals identify, purchase and consume products and services to fit
all their needs.
Consumers
keep the companies alive. These companies pay people whose earnings put food on the
table.
Conscious Consumption
Consumers are often portrayed as “victims” exploited by greedy companies. However, you
should take note that every person has “free will”. Therfore, choices are important. As
consumer, free will comes with responsibility and obligation. Conscious consumption is about
practicing responsible buying habits.
Psychological/ Sociological Consumption

As mentioned earlier, for many people these days (with the younger generationas the
vulnerable group) happiness seems attached to buying something. Consumption has been an
addiction. Many people have forgotten there are things in life that can bring true and lasting
happiness, such as spending time with family and/or friends; to have “me” time; enjoy nature; to
read, etcetera.
Identity and Consumer Culture

Mach (1997, p.7) argued that identity is a symbolic idea; an image we build for ourselves
through social interaction.
Thus, Person’s identity – is dynamic and context; improved through communication with others
and through different ways that a person interacts within the cultural atmosphere and social
relations.
Factors that affect identity:

 Social relations of power
 Symbolic image of the world
Identity
Is mainly from the work of psychologist Erik Erikson (1950). It may refer to:
a. A social category defined by membership rues, characteristic attributes, or expected
behaviors.
b. Socially distinguishing features that an individual takes pride in having.
Studies have observed that every waking moment in a modern lifestyle has become a cycle
of “alternating time-space for work and time-space for consumption” (Sassatelli, R, 2007, p.3).
Slater (1997) outlined some main features and characters in consumer culture:
1. Consumer culture is a culture of consumption.
2. Consumer culture is the culture of market society.
3. Consumer culture is universal and impersonal.

4. Consumer culture identifies freedom with private choice and life.
5. Consumer culture are insatiable and unlimited.
6. Consumer culture is a privileged medium for building personal identity and status.
Consumerism one of the strongest forces affecting modern people’s lives. It does not simply
mean the constant barrage and intrusion of ads in our lives, but everything that is connected to
the modern society’s idea that to be happier and more successful we have to buy, buy and
buy. We slip into cycle of wanting more things. Social media reinforces this tendency.
Comparing ourselves with others will lead us to constantly feeling dissatisfied and never
happy with what we have. This is also what consumerism wants because it makes us active
consumers on regular basis.
Consumerism not only affects our behavior but also our thinking process.
The Problem with Consumerism

1. It is intrusive.
2. It is manipulative.
3. It cannot provide many of the things that are important to us.
4. It restricts our choices and lives.
5. It affects our worldviews and characters.
6. It is unsustainable.
Avoid the Trap

Consumerism is intrinsically woven into the fabric of modern society. Society needs a
cultural shift to move away from the culture of consumerism. It is best to take immediate steps in
your own life to release yourself from the grip of consumerism.
1. Exercise intellectual independence.
Be aware of how consumerism controls your life. Try to defend yourself from unwanted
external pressures. Ignore advertising. Think for yourself. Question all information given to
you, and start looking for information yourself.
2. Consume less, live more.
Stop and think about the influences of consumerism in your life. Then, think what really
matters to you and how you want to live it. Strive to live the life you want.
The Spiritual Self

"Quiet the mind, and the soul will speak" -Ma Jaya Sati Bhagavati
 Spiritual is defined as "relating to or affecting the human spirit or soul as opposed to

material or physical things".
 Religion and spirituality are both paths to God; however, they are different in their
approaches.
 Religion takes the approach of fear. It emphasizes sin, guilt, and concept of a punishing
God.
 The spiritual approach to God is through the path of love. This is a love where there is no
condemnation and judgement, but where there is mercy and acceptance.
 Religion talks to God who is high up in the heavens. At times, God is depicted as
separate from humanity, who is impartial but impersonal.
 Spirituality believes in God who is omnipresent and omniscient, someone who is a living
presence in our heart. Analogy:
 "Different paths that lead to the same destination".
 Religious people strongly feel the need to convert others to their faith.
 Spirituality feels all faiths are valid.
The Practice of Religion: Belief in Supernatural Being and Power RELIGION is…
 Defined as “The belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a
personal God or gods".
 It is also a "particular system of faith and worship".
 Religion is an experience
 Religion may best be understood as a systematic attribution of human characteristics or
behavior to a god, animal, or object.
Why is spirituality important?

Sense of meaningless and lack of purpose in life can be significant factors in causing
anxiety, depression, and phobias; however, there is growing body of evidence indicating that
spiritual practices are associated with health and well-being.
Many spiritual traditions encourage participation in a community. Spiritual fellowship
(such as attending church or a meditation group) can be a source of social support that may
provide a sense of belonging, security and community.
Contemplative practice is good for students like you. Contemplative practice can be
broadly understood as a method to develop concentration, deepen understanding and insight, and
cultivate awareness and compassion. These practices can have a profound impact on students’
experiences both in college and beyond.
Examples of contemplative practices:

1. Meditation - mental exercise (such as focusing on one is breathing or repeating a mantra) for
reaching a heightened level of spiritual awareness. It can induce feelings of calm and clear-
headedness, as well as improved concentration and attention.
2. Prayer - a spiritual communion with God (or an object or worship) as in supplication,
thanksgivings, adoration or confession. Prayers may elicit a relaxation of response, along
with feelings of hope, gratitude, and compassion all of which have a positive effect on
overall well-being.
3. Yoga - a hindu spiritual and ascetic discipline. In Hindu theistic philosophy, it teaches the
suppression of all mind and body activity so that the self may realize its distinction from the
material world and attain liberation. In Western culture, yoga is a system of physical posture,
breathing techniques, and sometimes meditation to promote physical and emotional human
being.
4. Journaling - is another (but often overlooked) contemplative practices that can help you
become more aware of your inner life and feel more contented to your experience and the
world around you. Studies show that writing during difficult times may help you find
meaning in life's challenges and help you become more resilient in the face of obstacles.
The Psychology behind Religious Belief

A 1990 research conducted by Steven Reiss, professor emeritus of psychology of the Ohio
State University, posited a theory on why people are attracted to religion. Religion he says attract
so many people because it satisfies all 6 basic desires that human share (The 16 strivings for God
2016).
According to Reiss the 16 desires that humans share are:
1. Acceptance 7. Independence
2. Curiosity 8. Order
3. Eating 9. Physical Activity
4. Family 10. Power
5. Honor 11. Romance
6. Idealism 12. Saving
The Four Dimensions of Religion

Sociologist noted four dimension that seem to be present in varying forms and intensities
types of religion (Dawson & Thiessen, 2014). These are:
1. Belief - religious beliefs are generalized system of ideas and values that shape how
members of a religious group come to understand the world around them. These beliefs
taught the followers by religious authorities, such as priest, imams, or shamen, through
formal creeds and doctrines, as well as more lessons that are informal learned through
stories, songs and myths.
2. Rituals - are the repeated physical gestures or activities such as prayers or mantras, used
to reinforce religious teachings, elicit spiritual feelings, and connect worshippers with a
higher power. Ritual plays an important role in providing practitioners with access to
spiritual "powers" of various sports.
3. Spiritual experience - a feeling of immediate connection with a higher power.
4. Unique social forms of community - emphasizes that religious beliefs and practices
"unite in one single community called a church, all those who adhere to them".
Social Dimensions that religions share according to Dawson and Thiessen:

1. Religion gains credibility when agreed and shared by a group.
2. Religion provides an authority that deals specifically with social or issues such as determining
the best way to live life.
3. Religion acts as a form of social control, and it supports the development of self-control,
which are vital elements of a functional society.
4. Places of religious worship function as social hubs within communities, providing a source of
entertainment, socialization and support.
Religious Classification by what or who they hold to be divine

RELIGIOUS WHAT/ WHO IS DIVINE EXAMPLE
CLASSIFICATION
Polytheism Multiple gods Hinduism, Ancient Greeks
and Romans
Monotheism Single god Judaism, Islam, Christianity
Atheism No deities Atheism, Buddhism, Taoism
Animism Nonhuman beings (animals, Indigenous nature worship,
plants, natural world) Shinto
The Major Religions

1. Judaism
 The oldest of the Abrahamic religion and the predecessor of Christianity and Islam.
 It encompasses the religion philosophy, and the culture of the Jewish people.
 Belief characterized one transcendent God who has revealed himself to Abraham, Moses,
and the Hebrew prophets and by a religious life in accordance with the scriptures and
rabbinic traditions.
 TORAH - is their sacred text.
2. Christianity
 The world's largest religion.
 Is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based in the life and teachings of Jesus Christ,
who serve as the focal point of the Christian faith.
 BIBLE- is their sacred text, wherein the word of God is written.
3. Islam
 "ISLAM" means “submission or surrender”.
 The root word of Islam is "SALAM", which means "peace".
 The word "Islam" in religious term means "surrender one's will to the true will of God to
achieve peace".
 A Muslim is one who surrenders himself to God’s true will.
 Islam is the religious faith of Muslims who worship Allah as the soul deity and believes
Muhammad as his prophet.
 Koran- is their Holy Scripture.
4. Hinduism
 is the world's oldest religion and is still commonly practice.
 A religion that combines the beliefs, philosophy and cultural practices of India.
 Vedic scriptures guide Hindu practitioners. Also, believe in righteousness, laws of cause
and effect and the cycle of birth and death.
 Central Faith of Hinduism:
 *Reincarnation
 *Brahman (One Supreme God) - has multiple manifestations as either a God or Goddess,
e.g spirits, trees, animals and even planets.
 Facts about Hinduism:
 The word Hindu was originated from the Indian Indus River.
 Most of the sacred texts in Hinduism were written in Sanskrit in ancient times.
 Vedas is the oldest sacred text of Hinduism where Vedah means knowledge.
(Includes Rigveda, Yajur-Veda, Sama-Veda and Atharva-Veda)
5. Buddhism
 refers to the teaching of Gautama Buddha.
 Buddha or Bohdi (originally a follower of the Hindu faith) experienced enlightenment

that was said to be the awakening to the truth of the world which is also called Dharma.
 Buddhism does not believe in a divine realm or God as a supernatural being but instead
follows the wisdom of their founder.
 Facts about Buddhism:
 Buddha is also known as the 'enlightened one' or 'the awakened one'.
 Before Buddha attained the enlightenment, he meditated under a fig tree, the
Bodhi tree, for several days at the age of 35.
 *Spent the rest of his life teaching his followers the path of awakening.
(Northeastern Indian Sub-continent)
The Concept of "Dungan", Spirit and Soul

 In pre-colonial Philippines, ancestors looked up to a "babaylan" -- a priestess or shaman.
 Babaylan's roles are healer, spiritual leader and medium. Perform rituals through chants or
prayers for spiritual intervention.
 Babaylan is usually a woman but there were some men called male babaylans that said to
have feminine traits.
 Explore the world of animism. The attribution of a soul to plants, inanimate objects and
natural phenomena.
 Soul according to ancestors:
 Quasi-physical
 Can exist outside the body (such as in dreams and visions)
 Can transfer from one body to another
 Become ghosts or "multo" (in Filipino) after death
 Central to the tradition of own ancestors was the belief that animate and inanimate creatures
have 'life force '.
How do "Dungan" and "Ginhawa" differ?

Alicia P. Magos, an anthropologist and a professor emerita of University of the
Philippines Visayas made a pioneerinh study on the primeval Visayan concept of
"dungan".
According to Magos, "dungan" was a life force, an energy, as well as an ethereal
entity, a spirit with a will of its own that resides in the human body and provides the
essence of life. (Magos, 1992, pp. 47-50) Under this concept, everyone has a "dungan".
When the person is asleep, it can temporarily leave the body and once the "dungan"
returned, the person became fully conscious again. However, if any other spirits harm the
"dungan" while it is outside the body and cannot return, the person dies.
On the other hand, ginhawa or the breath of life is a vital force that also occupies
the body. It was said to be responsible for the heart's ability to beat. Therefore, the person
dies, if ginhawa left the body.
Ginhawa and Dungan both exist in every person. Ginhawa was the breath of life
while Dungan was the conscious intellectual and emotional aspects.
Soul and Spirit are the two primary immaterial aspects ascribed to humanity.
Brief & General overview of the difference between a soul and a spirit
Etymology
Soul. Old english for soul was "sawol" means the "spiritual and emotional part of a person's
animate existence".
Spirit. Directly from Latin "spiritus" meaning "a breathing (respiration and of the wind), breath,
breath of a God".
Biblical beliefs
Soul. Refers to the conscious, moral and thinking part of a person. Is immortal; it will go to hell,
purgatory or heaven after the person dies.
Spirit. Refers to the Holy Spirit, the third part of the Trinity. It is the force of God through which
blessings are bestowed upon his people.
In Western Culture
Soul can often be taken to mean someone's moral consciousness. (E.g. Cruel killer said to have
no soul)
Spirit may also refer to ghosts or any other supernatural beings.
In Eastern Culture
Soul. The part of a person that has dharma - In Hinduism, is one's obligation with respect to
caste, social custom, civil and sacred law. Dharma incurs karma - the sum of a people's actions
in this & previous state of existence (Hinduism and Buddhism). The fate of one's future
existence depends on one's karma.
Taoism
Religion that is prior to nature and ancestor spirits.
Shinto (animistic folk religion in Japan)
Emphasizes shamanism, particularly divination, spirit possession and faith healing.
Confucianism
Tolerate Chinese folk recognition of the existence of animistic spirits, ghosts &
deities.
Soul according to some Ethnolinguistic Group of the Philippines

 Linnawa or "soul of the dead" (Ifugao)
 Kaduwa (soul) of the Isneg (an Igorot tribe natives of Apayao Province in CAR)
Aglalanawan are the dead exist in a realm - believed by the Isneg. Kutaw (spirit) is the one
who piloted a ferry to help the kaduwa to cross a pond.
 Kankanaey (another member of the Igorot people) believes that the human person is
composed of the physical body and the ab-abiik (soul). When spirits summon a person's ab-
abiik, he or she becomes sick. To appease the spirit, a ritual was performed.
 Tagalog people's concept of soul is kaluluwa. However, it refers more to the soul of the
deceased. The soul of a living person is called kakambal. It can cause bangungot (nightmare)
when it leaves the physical body at night to roam and encounter difficulties.
Ilokano's four-soul system:

1. Karaua or the soul proper. Equivalent of a soul in the Christian concept.
2. Karkarma - natural vigor, mind and reason. It can leave the physical body when one is
frightened. Can also be stolen and when it fails to return, the person becomes insane. Sacrificial
ceremonies may be performed to lure back the lost karkarma.
3. Aniwaas - can leave the body during asleep and visits places familiar to the body. When one
wakes up while aniwaas is visiting, he or she may lose aniwaad and become insane.
4. Araria - liberated soul of the dead. It visits relatives and friends in the physical world to ask
for prayers. Araria is present when the dogs are howling. This soul can make sounds and
manipulate physical objects.
 Ibanag/ Ybanag (inhabits the provinces of Cagayan, Isabela & Nueva Viscaya) - had a
distinction between baggi (body) and ikaruruwa (soul). It believes that the soul has physical
characterisrics. The role of the soul is to give direction and wholeness to the man, but the
body can survive without a soul and even without a body, the soul experiences material
wants & needs.
 Hanunoo Mangyan (Mindoro) believes in the plurality of souls.
 Karaduwa tawu/tao (human soul)  Karaduwa kuti (cat soul)
 Karaduwa manok (chicken soul)  Karaduwa hipon (shrimp soul)
 Karaduwa baboy (pig soul)
L experiences of the karaduwa while roaming around.

 Tagbanwa (Central & Northern Palawan) believes that people have "one true soul" or
kiyaraluwa & five secondary souls. God Magindusa gives Kiyaraluwa at birth. Secondary
souls are located in both hands and feet, while there is also one in the head just below the air
whorl (alimpuyo).
 Ethnic tribes in Bukidnon believes in Gimukod.
2 types of Gimukod according to their custom

 Gimukod in the right hand - Good soul. Associated with life, health, activity and joy.
 Gimukod in the left hand - Bad soul. The cause of lethargy, pain & illness.
Rituals and Ceremonies
Rituals
Ceremony or action performed in a customary way. Prescribed by the tradition of a
community, including a religious community.
Ceremony
Formed act of ritual (often set by custom or tradition) performed in an event or anniversary.
Theories about the nature and origiins of rituals:
1.) Origian approach
Was the earliest form to explain ritual.
2.) Functional approach
Explain ritual behavior in terms of individual and social needs.
3.) History of religious approach
Holds the view that a ritual behavior is an expression of the sacred.
Classification of Rituals
1) Imitative Rituals
Ritual repeats the myths or aspects of the myths.
2) Positive and Negative Rituals
Negative rituals cover almost infinite variety of rites and behavior. On the other hand,
positive rituals are mostly concerned with giving blessings to an object or an individual.
3) Sacrificial Rituals
The distinct feature of this type of ritual is the total destruction of the sacrifice as an
offering to a "higher being". It can be human being, an animal, food crops or objects.
4) Life Crisis Rituals
Transition of one mode or stage of life into another. This ritual usually defines the life
of an individual
MY DIGITAL IDENTITY AND ME

University professor and author Lionel Trilling’s (1997) analysis of literature about the
“self” and its relationship with others identified sincerity and authenticity.
Sincerity refers to the exposure in public of what one feels privately.
Authenticity refers in taking actions based on some internal standard and takes responsibility for
this freely chosen action.
The social world of a western-influenced society, like the Philippines, consists of three
domains: family, school and neighborhood.
Research has shown that parents have a dominant influence on their children’s sense of
self prior to adolescence. As child grows older, the influence of peers increases (Rosenberg,
1986)
Internet’s emergence, however, adds a fourth domain – the online life, wherein it has
definitely altered the dynamics of self-identity especially for adolescents.
I, Me, Myself, and my user ID online identity

Digital self is a self that is constructed online.
According to Zhao (2005), characteristics of the digital self that has been analyzed in users’
experiences which are:
(1) Oriented inward;
(2) Narrative in nature;
(3) Retractable; and
(4) Multipliable
Self-presentation is a process in which people are able to present themselves online in the
manner that they want to.
The basic kinds of people you interact with online are:

1. People you do not know at all;
2. People you know both online and offline; and
3. People you know only online.
“Your mobile device quickly has become the easiest portal into your digital self.”
- Phil Nickinson
Selective Self-Presentation and Impression Management
Self-Presentation Behavior
It is intended to create, modify, or maintain an impression of ourselves in the minds of others.
Whenever we are attempting to lead people to think of us in a particular way, we are
engaging in self-presentation.
Why do people engage in self-presentation?

Self-presentation:
 Helps facilitate social interaction;
 Enables individuals to attain material and social rewards; and
 Helps people privately construct desired identities.
Generally, social media platforms are used for:

 Social browsing;
 Social searching;
 Communication; and
 Impression management.
-Impression management is the attempt to control or influence any other people’s
perception.
Two main motives of attempting to manage the impressions of others:
a. Instrumental
gain rewards and increase one’s self-esteem.
b. Expressive
to be in control of one’s personal behavior and identity.
Impression-management Strategies
 Self-promotion
A proactive process in which a person actively says things or takes action to show
his/her competence to an audience (Rosenfeld et al., 1995, p.51)
 Exemplification
Involves a strategic self-sacrifice so that observers may recognize the dedication.
(Rosenfeld et al., 1995)
 Supplication
Is an approach where the individual exploits his/her weaknesses or shortcomings to
receive help or benefits.
 Ingratiation
Process by which someone tries to win the approval or acceptance of another.

 Intimidation
Strategy that involves showing off authority, power, or the potential to punish in
order to be seen by observers as someone who could be or is dangerous. (Tedeschi &
Riess, 1981, p.11)
Impact of online interactions on the self
Growing up digital: How the Internet affects teen identity
Hannah Smith a British 14-year-old girl became popular in Ask.fm in July 2013. A social
networking site can pose questions and answers anonymously.
She was stressed studying and feel anxious about her eczema so, she opened up about her
feelings in the site. Anonymous response to cut herself and drink bleach and to kill herself.
After a month, her father blamed Ask. FM’s commenters for his daughter’s death and
demanded against the site. The death of Smith made the international headlines about the effects
of cyberbullying.
Detectives found that Smith sent hateful message to herself, hoping her friends would
defense her. She was seeking identity validation from friends, strangers and social media.
Internet affects the form of identity of new generation.
Psychologist and author of “The Big Disconnect: Protecting Childhood and Family
Relationships in the Digital Age” Catherine Steiner-Adair says that Smith found affirmation
online as part of teen form identity.
According to Steiner-Adair, “the need for validation and confirmation that you’re ok is so
huge”. The parents thus say, “How could you go on a site where people can anonymously
respond to whatever your question is?” it is the problem that lets us forget that were teenagers.
Social media allows us to broadcast everything. Yet, broadcasting often leads us to
discovering things they have not encountered a generation ago. It gives off a feeling of an
exponential ridicule and influences our perceptions about ourselves.
GFK, a German Market Research Institute released a research data that tells: the
amount teens spend time in the internet has grown up by 37% since 2012, to about 4hours
a day. 74% of the girls said that their peers use social media to look ‘cooler’ and 41%
says that it describes them.
People with low self-esteem used more time going online to post “self-promotional” content
to sites like Facebook, according to a 2010 New York University Study.
“Technology changed the way teens seek and find about their identity. Kids always look and
compare themselves with each other, the only difference for teens is there has been an endless
stream of people to compare themselves because of the technological advancement,” said by
Steiner-Adair.
However, another study said that Facebook could improve self-esteem. The hyper personal
model is an interpersonal communication theory that supported it. This theory suggests that a
computer-meditated communication’s advantage can help edit his/her personal self-presentation,
which turns the negatives into positives, thus giving the user a higher self-esteem or such impacts
that heightens one self’s personal impressions. (Gonzales & Hancock, 2011)
Social networking was found to be addictive the mental pre-occupation of SNS users as a
result, led to neglecting their other aspects of social functioning. In addition, chronic users who
suddenly stopped using SNS’ showed signs and symptoms that at least partially resemble ones
that are seen upon drug/alcohol/nicotine abstinence syndrome. (La Barbera Et Al., 2009)
The following symptoms are:
 Anxiety • Headaches
 Restlessness • Poor Concentration
 Irritability • Depression
 Insomnia • Social Isolation
What makes us so addicted?

Communication occurs during interaction, and our need to be connected and
interacted with others is universal and unavoidable. Communication is necessary in our
unending search for sense and meaning to our world. “One cannot not communication”
(Watzlawick & the Palo Alto School, 1967).
The social world are socially constructed through interactions between people: roles,
rules, categorizations, stereotypes, and so on. Social networks have the power to amplify
this human nature. They have broken the barriers of distance and time; of presence and
visibility. Social validation is an important part of being human. Hence, a Facebook
“Like” or a Twitter “Favorite” is a social signal that makes us feel good and make us
want to crave for more.
Boundaries of the self-online: Private vs. Public; personal/individual vs. Social identity
online
How are identities constructed in the age of the Internet? Is the distinction between
“private identity and “public identity” relevant, especially for this generation? An
important characteristic of the Internet age is phenomenon of “public identity.”
It can be said that for millennials and for the future generation, the notion of
“privacy” as an individual would probably be lost.
Private vs. Public Self
Social scientists have given very different definitions of the concept of “private” and
“public.” Understanding the difference between these concepts will help in your study f
the “self” (Baumeister, 2012):
• Private. The prevalent definition among social psychologists is “private” refers to

mental events in a person that are inherently unobservable by others.
• Public. What social psychologists consider as “public” are behaviors that are open
to the observation of other people.
SUMMARY OF THE VARIOUS USES OF THE TERMS “PRIVATE” AND

“PUBLIC”
PRIVATE PUBLIC
Phenomenological experience Observable behavior
Acting only for self Acting as agent for others
Actor controls access to information Information about self not controlled by
regarding self actor
Acting in the interest of a limited number Acting in the interest of the community
Social
of people
profiles
are a
description of individuals’ social characteristics that identify them on social media sites, such as
LinkedIn and Facebook. When it comes to online personal or business branding, the creation of
social media profiles is essential. Before the advent of the Internet, only companies had to worry
about their brands. Now individuals do as well, especially individuals who are open to or actively
seeking new job opportunities.
Possible advantages of making you online profile public:

 It facilitates open communication that could lead to better and faster information discovery
and delivery.
 It allows open discussion on ideas and the posting of news, asking of questions, and sharing
of links.
 It provides an opportunity to widen business contacts.
 It targets a wide audience, making it a useful and effective tool to increase your network of
friends.
 If you are an entrepreneur, it improves business reputation and client base with minimal use
of advertising.
 It helps expand market research, implement marketing campaigns, deliver communications,
and direct interested people to specific websites.
Possible risks:
• It is opens up the possibility for hackers to commit fraud and launch spam and virus attacks.
• It increases the risk of people falling prey to online frauds that seem genuine, resulting in
data or identity theft.
• It potentially results in negative comments and bashing.
Some advantages of making your online profile private:

• You have control over viewers. You only connect with those you want to communicate
with.
• Your online profile is protected from scammers and bashers.
Disadvantages of a private profile:

• Your network is very limited, thus, you close your doors to opportunities that social
networking bring.
• Your engagement is very low.
• You do not get to meet interesting people with whom you can exchange ideas or learn from
• If you are an entrepreneur, a private profile will not help grow your business.
Individual vs. social identity
Personal (individual) identity
Concept you develop about yourself that evolves over the course of your life.
Characteristics of personal identity:
 The emphasis is on the individual.
 Created through differences in personal characteristics when comparing the self
with others.
Social identity
Do Henri Tajfel and John Turner (1979) theorize a person’s sense of who he/she is
based on group membership.
Characteristics of social identity:
 The emphasis is on what the person has in common with the members of his or
her group.
 Created based on similarities with others.
Gender and sexuality online

Internet plays important role in forming conceptions, opinions and values. Internet also
influence sexuality the men, women and LGBTQ+ at children and young people that manipulates
their attitude and opinions. Gender stereotypes existing in the offline environment and also
present in the online world.
Stereotype
-“fixed, overgeneralized belief about a particular group or class of people”
(Cardwell, 2014).
-the use of stereotypes is a manner in which people simplify the social world.
-the characteristics and abilities of one person is also present in all members of the group.
Sexuality as a developmental issue is present throughout the life cycle, but becomes
important during adolescence. Adolescence adjust their developing sexuality, in particular their
increased sexual drive, interest in sex, and the task of constructing their sexual selves.
The development of sexuality is an important bio-psycho-social development. Many changes
occur in adolescence put them under stress, which is not good in physical and psychological
consequences.
Factors that affect an adolescent’s sexuality:

 Hormones- An adolescent’s brain produce hormones travels to the organs to
make sex hormones. A girl’s ovaries make estrogen, while boy’s testicles make
testosterone.
 Personality or temperament- important psychological factor that decides
attitude toward sexuality.
 Social or environmental factors- facilitate sexual learning and decide the sexual
attitude of the adolescent include:
 Attitude of parents toward sexuality;
 Parenting style;
 Peer relationship; and
 Cultural influences.
 Media and the internet- Adolescents’ access to them can easily literature related
to sexuality, sexual crimes, and violence that affect their perception and
attitudes toward sexuality.
General Directions. Read all directions carefully. Comprehend and analyze carefully each item
of the test. Adhere to the rules of honesty to be guided accordingly.Any form of erasures is
strictly prohibited.
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the best answer to the following questions. Encircle the best
answer which corresponds to your answer.
1. It is the oldest of the Abrahamic religion.

a. Christianity b. Hinduism c. Judaism d. Buddhism
2. Which is NOT included in the 16 basic desires conducted by Steven Reiss.
a. Acceptance, Idealism, Order
b. Love, Family, Social Contact
c. Tranquility, Vengeance, Saving
d. Honor,Romance, Status
3. It is a feeling of immediate connection with higher power. What do you call to this dimension
of religion?
a. Beliefs
b. Rituals
c. Spiritual experience
d. Unique social forms of community
4. It is the world's largest religion.
a. Christianity b. Hinduism c. Judaism d. Buddhism
5. It is the prevalent definition among social psychologists. It refers to mental events in a person
that are inherently unobservable by others.
a. Public b. Private c. Digital d. Both a
and b
6. It is behaviors that are open to the observation of other people.
a. Public b. Private c. Digital d. Both A
and B
7. Which of the following is NOT a definition of spirituality?
a. Feels all faith are valid
b. Believes in God who is omnipresent
c. Believes in God who is omniscient
d. None of the above
8. The following are included in the Practice of Religion, EXCEPT,
a. It is a particular system of faith and worship
b. The belief in and worship of super human controlling power, especially a personal God or
gods.
c. Religion is not an experience
d. None of the above
9. Is ritual is a formed of act or ceremony?
a. Yes b. No c. Neither A or B d. None of the
above
10.Which of the following in the classification of rituals repeats the myths as aspects of myths?
a. Positive and Negative Rituals
b. Sacrificial Rituals
c. Imitative Rituals
d. Life Crisis Ritual

11. It is mental exercise (such as focusing on one's breathing or repeating a mantra) for the
purpose of reaching a heightened level of spiritual awareness. It can induce feelings of calm and
clear-headedness, as well as improved concentration and attention.
a. Prayer b. Meditation c. Yoga d.
Journaling
12. It is a Hindu spiritual and ascetic discipline. In Hindu theistic philosophy, it teaches the
suppression of all mind and body activity so that the self may realize its distinction from the
material world and attain liberation
a. Meditation b. Prayer c.Ceremony d. Yoga
13. Who coined the word Self-Esteem?
a. David Hume b. Immanuel Kant c. Francis Hutcheson d. William
James
14. It is the process by which someone tries to win the approval or acceptance of another.
a. Self-promotion b. Supplication c. Ingratiation d.
Intimidation
15. What is the largest sex organ that controls the biological urges, as well as the emotional and
physical responses to sex?
a. Vagina b. Penis c. Brain d. Both A and B
16. Reiner believed that when a person is frightened, the soul can leave the body and roam
around.
a. Aniwas b. Karkarma c. Araria d.
Karurua
17. The following enlisted below are the characteristics of the digital self according to Zhao
(2005), EXCEPT:
a. Narrative in Nature b. Indestructible c. Multipliable d.
Oriented Inward
18. It is the fourth domain wherein has definitely altered the dynamics of self-identity especially
for adolescents.
a. Peer b. Academics c. School d. Online Life
19. Emotions and feelings are believed to originate in what system?
a. Reproductive b. Hypothalamus c. Limbic d.
Sexual desire
20. Miss Gomez believes that beauty is something that can be measure mathematically. Whose
concept of beauty does she follow?
a. David Hume b. Immanuel Kant c. Francis Hutcheson d. None of the
above
II. MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE. Read the following statements. If the statement is true
write TRUE. If it is FALSE, underline the word(s) that made the statement false and then write
the correct answer in the space provided.
1. Consumer keeps the companies alive.

2. Attraction is the desire to have lasting commitment with your
significant other.
3. Mark Crispin Miller posited a theory on why people are attracted to
religion.
4. Temperament is one of the important psychological factor that decides
attitude towards sexuality.
5. An adolescent’s brain produce hormones travels to the organs to make
sex hormones
6. The brain releases the hormones considered as the psychological origin
of sexual desire.
7. According to United Nations Commissions on Human Rights, gender
identity is one’s outermost concept of self.
8. Making a public profile targets a wide audience, making it as a tool to
have a variety of networks of friends.
9. Religion gains credibility when agreed and shared by a group
10. There are three main motives of attempting to manage the
impressions.
III. ESSAY
1. What are the Three Stages of Falling inlove according to Helen Fisher of Rutgers University?
Explain and mention their corresponding HORMONES/CHEMICALS and also briefly explain
how they were associated with those stages. (5pts)
2. What are the factors that affects an adolescents sexuality? Explain.

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COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

Bachelor of Science in Psychology

1. Differentiate how we perceive our bodies visually;

Unpacking the Self

The two most-debated views about beauty are:

WHAT DID PSYCHOLOGY DISCOVER ABOUT BEAUTY? (The Psychology of Beauty,

How Cultural Traditions Shape Body Image

Does your body image have an impact on your self-esteem?

How important is physical beauty?

The Sexual Self

Developmental of the Sexual Organs in the Embryo and Fetus

Further Sexual Development Occurs at Puberty

The shoulders broaden, making the hips

Muscle tissue increases, and the voice starts

Finally, facial hair begins to develop on the

At this point, too, shaving is necessity.

Some young men continue to grow past this

What are the erogenous zones of the body?

The Female external genitalia (vulva) include:

Understanding the Human Sexual Response

Four Phases of the Human Sexual Cycle:

Sex and the Brain, what parts are involved?

Roles of the brain in sexual activity:

Roles of hormones in sexual activity:

Understanding the Chemistry of Lust, Love, and Attachment

Psychological Aspect of Sexual Desire

Gender Differences On Sexual Desire

Psychological Mechanisms of Sexual Behavior Motivation

 Amygdala is the center for emotions, emotional behavior and motivation.

The Diversity of Sexual Behavior

Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Issue

 Limited social and institutional supports; and

HISTORY OF SEXUAL ABUSE

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE (STD's)

THE RESPONSIBLE PARENTHOOD AND REPRODUCTIVE ACT OF 2012 (Republic

GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES OF RH LAW

Advantages and Disadvantages of Family Planning

Benefits of family planning/contraception according to the WHO

Benefits of using Family Planning According to DOH

 Birth Control health risks

 Pregnancy after birth control

Types of family planning methods

Periodic Abstinence Method

Lactation Amenorrhea Method

Hormonal Contraception/ artificial Family Planning

Two kinds of surgical methods:

The Material/Economic Self

“Homes and Lives”

I Shop Therefore I Am: I have, Therefore I am?

Primary Consumer Issue

What we buy and what we choose to invest in.

Consumption and Production

Psychological/ Sociological Consumption

Identity and Consumer Culture

Factors that affect identity:

3. Consumer culture is universal and impersonal.

The Problem with Consumerism

Avoid the Trap

The Spiritual Self

 Spiritual is defined as "relating to or affecting the human spirit or soul as opposed to

Why is spirituality important?

Examples of contemplative practices: