ISOTOPE'S

84 Isotopes are two or more types

Kr
of atoms that have the same 1902
atomic number and position in

the periodic table, and that Rutherford and Frederick Soddy in 1902.
differ in nucleon numbers due to Radioactivity led to the radical modification of
different numbers of neutrons in Dalton's Atomic Theory, because it became

clear that atoms were not immutable, that they

their nuclei. were not indivisible, and that elements
consisted of more than one kind of atom.
IMPORTANCE OF
KRYPTON-85 ISOTOPE'S 1910
1936
Isotopes have unique properties, and Evidence for the existence of isotopes emerged
Krypton is a colorless gaseous element, these properties make them useful in from two independent lines of research, the
belongs to the noble gases. It occurs in the diagnostics and treatment first being the study of radioactivity. By 1910 it
air, 0.0001% by volume. This element can be had become clear that certain processes
extracted from liquid air by fractional applications. They are important in
distillation. Generally krypton is not isolated, associated with radioactivity, discovered some
but it is used with other inert gases in
nuclear medicine, oil and gas years before by French physicist Henri
fluorescent lamps. It has 33 isotopes. 6 of exploration, basic research, and Becquerel, could transform one element into
them are natural, 5 of which are stable.
national security. another. In particular, ores of the radioactive
is used for mass- elements uranium and thorium had been found
spectrometer calibration to contain small quantities of several
is used for laser radioactive substances never before observed.
frequency stabilization These substances were thought to be elements
is used for studies of
and accordingly received special names.
cosmic ray induced Uranium ores, for example, yielded ionium, and
spallation thorium ores gave mesothorium. Painstaking
is used for studies of work completed soon afterward revealed,
low-temperature
plasma however, that ionium, once mixed with
ordinary thorium, could no longer be retrieved
Mass of Atom by chemical means alone. Similarly,
83.911507 mesothorium was shown to be chemically
Abundance
57.00 indistinguishable from radium.
 1913
This conclusion was reached simultaneously in
1913 by Kasimir Fajans (1887-1975) and Soddy
(1877-1956). Fajans called the chemically identical
atoms with differing isotopic masses pleiads, but
Soddy called them Isotopes, the name we currently
use. Here it is in Soddy's words, where he argues
against Fayan's idea that isotopes are
distinguished by electronic changes (eg. 90U4+
would be identical to 90Th2+). At the time,
neutrons were unknown, and atoms were thought
to be pairs of positive and negatively charged
particles.The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1921 was
awarded to Frederick Soddy "for his contributions
to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive
substances, and his investigations into the origin
and nature of isotopes"
1936
John Lawrence started Donner
Laboratory circa 1936. Treating
a patient with leukemia, he
administered a radioactive
isotope of phosphate. It was the
first time that a radioactive
isotope had been used in the
treatment of a human disease as
well as the start of a career-long
contribution from John
Lawrence. He became known as
the father of nuclear medicine
and his laboratory is considered
the birthplace of this field.
1943
“In 1943, what would become Oak Ridge
National Laboratory began operations to
pursue the foundational knowledge needed for https://chem.libretexts.org/Ancillary_Mat
sustained plutonium production. Today, the erials/Exemplars_and_Case_Studies/Exe
mplars/Culture/History_of_Isotopes#:~:te
Isotope Science and Engineering Directorate xt=History%20of%20the%20Idea%20of%2
carries forward the Lab’s history of isotope and 0Isotopes%20When%20we,by%20Ernest%
enrichment technology innovation. We are 20Rutherford%20and%20Frederick%20So
ddy%20in%201902.
enabling a world-leading isotope enterprise,
resulting in new medical treatments, scientific https://www.ornl.gov/content/ornls-
discoveries, industry applications, and isotope-history
advances in national security.”
https://short-facts.com/what-is-the-
effect-of-
isotope/#What_is_the_effect_of_isotope
Effect of isotope
https://www.britannica.com/science/isot
ope/Isotope-separation-and-enrichment
Primary isotope effects occur when the
breaking of the bond to the heavy isotope is the
rate-limiting step in a reaction (or metabolic
transformation). A reaction will proceed slower
for the molecule with the heavy isotope label
because of the mass difference between the light
and the heavy isotope.
Isotopes are atoms of the same element that
have the same number of protons but a NORJANA BANTAS
different number of neutrons. Because of the
resulting differences in mass ratios, isotope STEM 12-JEREMIAH
nk
effects can significantly influence the
a
Th
formation and breaking of chemical bonds in
the course of chemical reactions.
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