Fov decreases with distance

PINHOLE

The smaller the whole in your collimator will render a higher spatial resolution

Smaller whole higher resolution

Size of the whole (sensitivity) is inversely proportional to the SR

Tinner septa = larger whole

Larger whole = lower resolution

Ticker septa absorbs more scattered gamma rays

-relationship between sensitivity and resolution proportion is inversely proportional

Determined by size of the whole and thickness of septa

Resolution

Smaller wholes + thicker septa = higher resolution

Lesser distance also = higher resolution

Common protocol in nucmed that the detertor is placed as close as possible to the organ being studied
(positioning)

Example place the detector anteriorly (near) to the heart or posteriorly to the kidneys because kidneys
are retroperitoneal

CRYSTAL

Thinner the crystal = higher resolution

Hygroscopic – absorbs moisture = has the possibility to be damaged

Accessory that reduces (collects) moisture in the air – dehumidifier

PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT – ABSORPTION OF GAMMA RAYS TO THE CRYSTALS

CRYSTAL – CONVERTS RADIATOIN IN TO LIGHT

-100 PERCCENT OF GAMMA RAYS ARE CONVERTED INTO LIGHT

LIGHT PIPE (LIGHT GIUDE)

PMT

 AMPLIFIES PHOTON BEFORE CONVERTING INTO ELECTRONIC SIGNAL

 ANGER EFFECT – DETERMINES LOCATION AND AMPLITUDE OF SIGNAL

PULSE HEIGHT ANALYZER

 140 KEV- USUAL SETTING

BECAUSE IT’S THE ENERGY OF THE TC99M

 ENERGIES ABOVE AND BELOW 140 (SELECTED SETTING) ARE SCATTERED

FOR EXAMPLE

140 USUAL SETTING

ENERGY RANGE ACCEPTED FOR 20 % - ACCEPTED ENERGY 112- 169 (20 % OF 140 IS 28)

140 +28 = 168

140 – 28 – 112
 THE HIGHER THE PERCENTAGE THE LESSER TIME REQUIRED TO FINISH SCANNING BECAUSE
THERE ARE HIGHER RANGE OF ENERGIES BEING ACCOMODATED. BUT WITH LESSER
RESOLUTON BECAUSE YOU’RE NOT BEING SELECTIVE WITH THE ENERGIES.
 AND VICE VERSA
 ADJUSTED BY PULSE HEIGHT ANALYZER

BASIS OF 140 IS TC99M (MOST COMMON)– YOU CAN USE ANOTHER SETTING BASED ON THE ISOTOPE

ANOTHER EXAMPLE

IODINE 131 – ENERGY 364

364 +- 20 % OF 364

364 X 0.2 (20 %) = 72.8

364 – 72.8 = 291 LOWER LIMIT

364 + 72.8 = 436 UPPER LIMIT

 DEPENDS ON THE ISOTOPE BECAUSE EACH ISOTOPE HAS SPECIFIC ENERGY

DISPLAY SYSTEM & COMPUTER

IN ORDER:

COLLIMATORS

CRYSTAL

LIGHT PIPE

PMT

Pulse height analyzer

DISPLAY SYSTEM & COMPUTER

DISPLAY SYSTEM & COMPUTER – IS RESPONSIBLE FOR IMAMGE RECONSTRUCTION (CT,MRI AND NUC
MED)

STATIC IMAGING – PICTURE (PHOTO)

- SCANNING IS DONE WHEN TIME NEEDED IS ATTANED

EX:

TIME: 5 MINUTES

COUNTS - AMOUNT OF GAMA RAY DETECTION

500, 000 COUNTS OF GAMMA RAYS

 WHOLE BODY IMAGING – PANORAMA

 DYNAMIC IMAGING – VIDEO I.E PERFUSION OR FILTRATION
 SPECT – 360% - 3D – SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY - RECONSTRUCT
AXIAL, CORONAL, SAGITAL AND OBLIQUE
 PET – POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY –3D - BASED ON ANNIHILATION OF PHOTONS
HYBRID IMAGING

PET/CT

SPECT CT

TRIPLE MODALITY SYSTEM (SPECT/CT/PET)

PET MRI

 CT USED IN CONJUCTOIN OF PET IMAGING SPECT CT FOR ATTENUATION CORRECTION

 CT IS USED FOR LOCALICATION AND FOR ATTUNUATION CORRECTION
 MRI IS USED ONLY FOR LOCALIZATION OF ANATOMY
 GAMMA CAMERA OR PET CT SCANNER CAN BE PARTNERED WITH OTHER MODALITIES FOR
EXAMPLE WITH CT
 PHYSIOLOGICAL DATA = ANATOMICAL DATA

PET

 POSITRON + ELECTRON/ NEGATRON = ANNIHILATION (PAIR PRODUCTION)

 511 KEV GAMMA RAY ON OPPOSITE DIRECTION
 PET DETECTS GAMMA RAYS

ANNIHILATOIN

RULE TO PRODUCING IMAGE

COINCIDENCE DETECTION
- 180 DEGREES APART
- BOTH PHOTONS CONTAIN 511 KEV APART (LINE OF RESPONSE)
- COINCIDENCE TIME WINDOW
THEY SHOULD BE DETECTED SIMOTINOUSLY (BOTH DETECTOR A AND B)
THEY SHOULD BE DETECTED WITHIN THE CONCIDENT TIME WINDOW

IF ONE OF THESE CONDITIONS AREN’T MET THEN NO IMAGE WILL BE PRODUCED

SCINTILATION CRYSTAL IN PET

BGO – COMMON

BESMUTH GERMANATE OXIDE

 CRYSTAL SERVES TO CONVERT RADIATIN INTO LIGHT

TYPES OF EVENTS IN PET

TRUE CONCIDENCES

- SHOULD BE 180 DEGREES APART

- BOTH 511 KEV
- SHOULD BE WITHIN THE CONCIDENCE TIMING WINDOW (SIMULTANEIOUS)

SINGLE EVENT

- NOT COUNTED

RANDOM COINCIDENCE

- DIFDERENT ANNIHILATOIN EVENTS ARE ACTIVATED (NOT COUNTED)

SCATTER COINCIDENCE

- DETECTION ISN’T 180 DEGRESS APART

-