2.4.

Estados financieros proyectados como

resultado de presupuestos operativos financieros.
What Is Pro Forma?

• Pro forma, a Latin term that means “for the sake of form” or “as a matter
of form”, is a method of calculating financial results using certain
projections or presumptions.

• Pro forma financials are not computed using standard generally accepted
accounting principles (GAAP) and usually leave out one-time expenses that
are not part of normal company operations, such as restructuring costs
following a merger. Essentially, a pro forma financial statement can exclude
anything a company believes obscures the accuracy of its financial outlook
and can be a useful piece of information to help assess a company's future
prospects.
• Understanding Pro Forma

The presumptions about hypothetical conditions that occurred in the

past and/ or may occur in the future are used to project the most likely
outcome for corporate results in reports known as pro forma financial
statements. For instance, a budget is a variation of a pro forma financial
statement as it anticipates, based on certain assumptions, the inflow of
projected revenues and the outflow of funds for a defined future
period, usually a fiscal year.
Essentially, pro forma statements present expected corporate results to
outsiders and often feature in investment proposals. A pro forma
income statement is a financial statement that uses the pro forma
calculation method, mainly to draw potential investors' focus to specific
figures when a company issues an earnings announcement. Companies
may also design pro forma statements to assess the potential earnings
value of a proposed business change, such as an acquisition or a
merger.
• Types of Pro Forma

In financial accounting, pro forma refers to a report of the company's earnings that
excludes unusual or nonrecurring transactions. Excluded expenses could include
declining investment values, restructuring costs, and adjustments made on the
company’s balance sheet that fix accounting errors from prior years.

In managerial accounting, meanwhile, accountants design financial statements

prepared in the pro forma method ahead of a planned transaction such as an
acquisition, merger, change in capital structure, or new capital investment. These
models forecast the expected result of the proposed transaction, with emphasis
placed on estimated net revenues, cash flows, and taxes. Managers are then able
to make business decisions based on the potential benefits and costs.
• What Is a Pro Forma Financial Statement?

Pro forma financial statements incorporate hypothetical amounts,

forecasts, or estimates, built into the data to give a "picture" of a
company's profits if certain nonrecurring items were excluded. These
are often intended to be preliminary or illustrative financials that do
not follow standard accounting practices. Basically, companies use their
own discretion in calculating pro forma earnings, including or excluding
items depending on what they feel accurately reflects the company's
true performance. As pro forma forecasts are hypothetical in nature,
they can deviate from actual results, sometimes significantly.
References:

Ross, S. A., Westerfield, R. W., & Jordan, B. D. (2010). Fundamentos de finanzas

corporativas (9a ed.--.). México D.F., México: McGraw-Hill.
Aguer Hortal, M., Pérex Gorostegui, E., Martínez Sánchez, J. (2007). Administración
y dirección de empresas: teoría y ejercicios resueltos. Madrid: Editorial.
Universitaria Ramón Areces.
Ballarin, E., Rosanas, J. (1994). Contabilidad de costes para toma de decisiones.
Bilbao: DDB.
Gallego Díez, E. Vara y Vara, M. (2008). Manual práctico de contabilidad financiera.
Madrid: Editorial Pirámide.