ADVANCE CHEMISTRY

Molecule vs Atoms
ATOMS MOLECULE
Single neutral particles Made up of two or more atoms
Not stable alone Stable alone
Cannot be separated into *subatomic Can be separated into *subatomic particles
particles by chemical reaction by chemical reaction
Molecule vs Compounds
MOLECULE COMPOUNDS
Two or more atoms bonded together Two or more different elements bonded
together
Not all molecules are compound All compounds are molecules
Not visible to humans Visible to humans
Atoms vs Ions
ATOMS IONS
All atoms are neutral Ions are electrically charged particle
Stable Unstable

WHAT ARE IONS?

-ions are electrically charged particles
-a positively charge ion is called a CATION
-a negatively charged ion is called an ANION
-if an ion consists of one atom it is called a MONATOMIC ION
-if an ion consists is a molecule it is called a POLYATOMIC ION

TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDING

1. COVALENT BONDS
- a type of bonding that involves sharing of electrons between atoms
-covalent bonding mainly occurs in non-Metallic elements
-Covalent bonds can be classified into two types: Polar vs non-Polar
-the difference in electronegativity is x<1.7
POLAR BOND
*Electrons are shared unequally
*The difference in electronegativity 0.5>x<1.7
Chlorine has a higher electronegativity compared to Hydrogen
Therefore, hydrogens’ electrons are being pulled away resulting
For the hydrogen to have a partial positive charge and chlorine
to have a partial negative charge.
NON-POLAR BOND
*Electrons are shared equally
*The difference in electronegativity is x<0.5
The difference in electronegativity is mostly negligible. It
further means that there is no separation of charges.

2. IONIC BONDS
-mainly occurs between metals and non-metals
-has an electronegativity difference of x>2.0
-Electrons are stolen from the bonded element

The valence electron is completely transferred

creating an Anion and a Cation.

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ADVANCE CHEMISTRY

3. METALLIC BONDING
-they have an exceptionally strong bond
-the bond has both Ionic and Covalent characteristics
-metallic bonding remains strong even in the liquid phase
-occurs when a group of metal atoms shares a cloud of
valence electrons.
-metal atoms have typically low electronegativities and tend and
tend to lose electrons forming Cations.

INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
-electrostatic interactions between molecules

1. ION-ION
-larger ionic solids are held together by these ionic bonds
-strongest intermolecular force because they involved formal charges
-occurs only with ionic bonded molecules
2. ION-DIPOLE
-commonly found in solution
-it is an attractive force between an ion and a neutral molecule that has a *dipole (commonly
known as polar molecule)
-occurs on ionic and polar molecules
3. DIPOLE-DIPOLE
-dipole interact with each other
-dipoles generated by N-H, O-H, F-H, or with another very electronegative atom forms a
Hydrogen Bond
-occurs on two polar molecules
4. VAN DER WAALS
-also called The London Dispersion force
-any element can do and have this force
-occurs on a momentary dipole moment
-this is a dipole induced- dipole interaction
-typically, in gases or monoatomic species and non-polar molecules

ORDER OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES STRONGEST TO WEAKEST

ION-ION FORMAL CHARGE-FORMAL CHARGE
ION-DIPOLE FORMAL CHARGE-PARTIAL CHARGE
DIPOLE-DIPOLE PARTIAL CHARGE-PARTIAL CHARGE
VAN DER WAALS MOMENTARY CHARGES

NOTES
Subatomic particles are protons, neutrons and electrons
A dipole moment occurs when there is a separation of charge
Use table of element to reference the electronegativity of atoms
When an oxygen becomes an ion, it becomes an oxide
the symbol of dipole charge is the Greek letter delta and its corresponding charge

Use this as reference only________________________________________________Ḕ₴₽ꓲ ꝚꝇꝈꭒ29