Manual for Anatomy and Physiology 25

Name: Blessed Shenna S. Baquero Date: September 21, 2022 Score:

Activity 5
SKELETAL SYSTEM

Bones which are composed mainly of osseous connective tissue, have many important
functions. There are 206 bones in the human body. They provide a supporting framework for
the body, protect the viscera and provide a place for attachment of muscles. Bone stores
minerals, chiefly calcium salts that can be used to increase the blood calcium level in
circumstances that deplete blood calcium. Some bones contain red bone marrow that forms
red blood cells and some white blood cells. Bones also help destroy old red blood cells.

OBJECTIVES:

1. To be able to know the different bones in the human body

2. To label bones correctly
3. To understand the different functions of each bones
4. To differentiate Axial and Appendicular – two divisions of skeleton

MATERIALS:
- Power point Presentation
- Difference Between Axial and Appendicular Skeleton [Updated 2022] (askanydifference.com)
- Difference Between Axial and Appendicular | Compare the Difference Between Similar Terms
- Types of joint movement - Skeletal system - OCR - GCSE Physical Education Revision - OCR -
BBC Bitesize

1. Differentiate the two divisions of the skeleton – AXIAL AND APPENDICULAR.

The main difference between Axial and Appendicular skeleton is that the axial skeleton is
the central axis of the body and it is to maintain posture, stability and balance whereas the
appendicular skeleton is mainly limbs and appendaged and it is to assist in locomotion, digital
manipulation leading to feeding, and reproduction. Also, a difference between axial and
appendicular skeleton is the number of bones in each. The axial skeleton has 80 bones whereas, the
appendicular skeleton has 126 bones.
 Manual for Anatomy and Physiology 26

2. Describe the following types of joint movement:

a. Abduction - movement away from the midline of the body.
b. Adduction - movement towards the midline of the body.
c. Flexion - bending a joint.
d. Extension - straightening a joint.
e. Eversion - the plantar surface of the foot rotates away from the mid-line of the body.
f. Inversion - the movement of the sole towards the median plane.
g. Elevation - upward movement of structures of the body.
h. Depression - downward movement of structures of the body.
i. Pronation - a rotational movement of the forearm that results in the palm facing
posteriorly.
j. Rotation - turning of a bone around its long axis.
k. Retraction - joint moves back into position after protraction.
l. Supination - describes the motion of turning the palm anteriorly.

3. In a tabulated form, give the summary of the 206 bones of the body, their number and
location.

BONES NUMBER
Axial Skeleton
Skull (Braincase)
Parietal 2
Temporal 2
Frontal 1
Occipital 1
Sphenoid 1
Ethmoid 1
Skull (Face)
Maxilla 2
Zygomatic 2
Palatine 2
Nasal 2
Lacrimal 2
Inferior Nasal Concha 2
Mandible 1
Vomer 1
Total Skull 22
Auditory Ossicles
Malleus 2
Incus 2
Stapes 2
 Manual for Anatomy and Physiology 27

Total Auditory Ossicles 6

Hyoid 1
Vertebral Column
Cervical Vertebrae 7
Thoracic Vertebrae 12
Lumbar Vertebrae 5
Sacrum 1
Coccyx 1
Total Vertebral Column 26
Thoracic Cage
Ribs 24
Sternum 1
Total Thoracic Cage 25
TOTAL AXIAL SKELETON 80

Appendicular Skeleton
Pectoral Girdle
Scapula 2
Clavicle 2
Upper Limb
Humerus 2
Ulna 2
Radius 2
Carpal Bones 16
Metacarpal Bones 10
Phalanges 28
Total Girdle and Upper Limb 64
Pelvic Girdle
Coxal Bone 2
Lower Limb
Femur 2
Tibia 2
Fibula 2
Patella 2
Tarsal Bones 14
Metatarsal Bones 10
Phalanges 28
Total Girdle and Lower Limb 62
TOTAL APPENDICULAR 126
SKELETON

TOTAL BONES 206

 Manual for Anatomy and Physiology 28

4. For each of the following diagrams, identify the bone and list the name that corresponds to
the line.

Skull

Nasal Cavity Orbital Cavity

Cervical vertebrae
Clavicle
Scapula Manubrium

Body of Sternum
Ribs Sternum
Xiphoid
Humerus process

Lumbar vertebrae Ulna

Radius
Iliac Crest
Sacrum
Ilium
Pelvis
Pubis Coccyx
Ischium Coccyx Carpals
Metacarpals

Phalanges
Femur

Patella

Tibia

Fibula

Tarsals

Metatarsals
Phalanges
 Manual for Anatomy and Physiology 29

Humerus
(Anterior and Posterior View)
Anatomic Neck
Head
Anatomic Neck

Greater Tubercle
Surgical Neck

Lesser Tubercle

Intertubercular
Groove

Surgical Neck

Deltoid Tuberosity

Lateral
Supracondylar Medial
ridge Supracondylar
ridge

Lateral Epicondyle
Radial fossa
Olecranon Fossa

Coronoid fossa
Lateral
Epicondyle
Capitulum

Trochlea Medial Epicondyle Trochlea

 Manual for Anatomy and Physiology 30

Hand – Dorsal View

Head Head
Tuberosity Shafts
Shafts Base
Base
Head

Shafts
Head Base

Distal Phalanges

Shafts Proximal Phalanges

Sesamoid bones

Base Metacarpal bones

Trapezoid
Trapezium
Triquetrum
Scaphoid
Hamate Capitate
Lunate
 Manual for Anatomy and Physiology 31

Sagittal Suture Parietal Bone

Occipital Plane Lambdoid suture
Temporal Bone
Mandible
Cervical Vertebrae Clavicle

Scapula
Thoracic Vertebrae
Ribs

Humerus

Lumbar Vertebrae Radius

Ulna
Pelvis
Sacral Vertebrae

Coccyx Carpals
Pubis Metacarpals
Phalanges

Femur Femur

Fibula Fibula

Tibia Tibia

Talas
Metatarsals
Calcaneus
 Manual for Anatomy and Physiology 32

Skull – Lateral View

Frontal Bone Coronal Suture Squamous suture
Parietal
Sphenoparietal suture Bone

Sphenofrontal suture

Sphenosquamous
suture
Supraorbital foramen

Sphenoid Bone

Ethmoid Bone
Lacrimal Bone
Nasal Bone

Infraorbital foramen

Maxilla
Lambdoid suture
Styloid Occipital Bone
process External Temporal Bone,
Mastoid
(temporal Acoustic
bone) Meatus Process squamous part
(temporal
Mandible bone)
Zygomatic Zygomatic
Bone arch

Mental
Foramen
Scapula – Posterior View
Superior Angle Suprascapular Notch
Acromion

Supraspinous fossa
Glenoid
Cavity at
Spine lateral
Infraspinous fossa angle

Medial Border

Lateral Border
 Manual for Anatomy and Physiology 33

Foot – Superior View

Distal Vertebral column – Lateral view

Middle
Proximal
Atlas
Axis

Medial
Cuneiform Metatarsals

Intermediate
Cuneiform Articular
Lateral Facet
Cuneiform
Navicular
Cuboid Fifth Thoracic
Vertebra

Talus

Calcaneus

Spinous
Process
intervertebral
Transverse foramina
Process
Intervertebral disk

Sacral Promontory
Sacrum

Coccyx
 Manual for Anatomy and Physiology 34

Anterior Tubercle

Anterior Arch Superior Articular Facet

Lateral
Masses Transverse foramen

Posterior Arch

Posterior Tubercle

Bilid Spinous Process

Lamina Vertebral foramen

Superior articulating
surface

Transverse foramen
Body

Transverse
process
 Manual for Anatomy and Physiology 35

Spinous process

Transverse process
Lamina
Facet that
articulates with rib
tubercle
Superior
articulating process
Pedicle
Facet that
articulates with rib
head
Body

Lamina Superior
articulating process

Transverse process

Pedicle

Body
 Manual for Anatomy and Physiology 36

Left Ulna and Radius

Radial Notch

Trochlear Olecranon
Notch
Head Coronoid Head
Neck Process
Neck
Ulnar
Radial Tuberosity Tuberosity

Head
Styloid
Styloid process process Styloid
process
 Manual for Anatomy and Physiology 37

Acromial end Sternal end

Conoid
Tubercle

Thoracic Cage

Jugular Notch

Clavicular Notch

Manubrium

Sternal Angle
Body
Xiphisternal Sternum
True ribs
Joint

Xiphoid
Process

False Ribs Intercostal

Spaces
Costal Cartilage

Costal Margin

Floating Ribs
 Manual for Anatomy and Physiology 38

Right Femur – Anterior View

Neck Fovea Capitis

Right Tibia and Fibula – Anterior View

Head
Lateral Medial
Anterior Intercondylar Intercondylar
Lesser Trochanter intercondylar Tubercle Tubercle
area
Intertrochanteric
line Lateral condyle
Medial Condyle
Apex
Head Gerdy’s Tubercle
Neck of fibula

Oblique Line

Tuberosity

Lateral Surface Lateral Surface

Anterior Border
Anterior Border
Interosseous Border

Interosseous Border
Medial Surface

Medial Surface
Adductor Medial Border
Tubercle

Lateral Epicondyle Medial

Patellar Surface Epicondyle Fibula Tibia

Medial Malleolus

Lateral Malleolus

Inferior
articular Malleolar articular
Malleolar articular
surface surface
surface
 Manual for Anatomy and Physiology 39

Pelvis Anterior

Posterior superior
Pelvic Inlet
Iliac spine
Iliac Crest Sacrum

Sacroiliac joint Ilium

Anterior superior
iliac spine

Anterior interior iliac Ischial Spine

spine

Coccyx Acetabulum
Pubis

Pubic Tubercle

Obturator foramen
Ischium

Pubic Symphysis

Subpubic Angle

CONCLUSION:

In conclusion, the skeletal system gives us the shape we have, and the power to move. It supports
and protects the internal body organs and acts as a storehouse for minerals such as calcium. It gives
strong support to the body. It is important also to know about joints because it is the point where
two bones meet, the joints hold the bones together and give the stability at the same time, they give
the skeleton mobility.

The skeletal system includes the bones of the skeleton and the cartilages, ligaments, and other
connective tissues that stabilize or interconnect the bones, the human skeleton consists of 206
named bones grouped into two principal divisions the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.
Its’ functions include the structural support, storage, blood cell, production, protection, and
leverage.
 Manual for Anatomy and Physiology 40

LABORATORY EXPERIMENT RUBRIC

Name: Date:
Experiment Number: Lab Title:
Directions: Check one box in each row to indicate the level of performance Give each check
mark the assigned number of points on the TOTAL column.
Point 5 4 3 2 1
Performance Rate
Excellent Good Average Fair Poor
Level
Laboratory Activity Execution
All procedures were All procedures Some procedures Some Procedures were
done with outmost were done with were done with procedures done with no
Laboratory safety and no outmost safety outmost safety were done with safety and too
Procedure mistake and very less and very less safety and many mistakes
mistakes mistakes several
mistakes
The student The student The student The student The student
exhibited support/ exhibited support/ exhibited support/ exhibited exhibited no
Cooperation collaboration at all collaboration collaboration at support/ support/
times most of the time some time collaboration at collaboration
very few times
Entire working area/ Part of the Part of the The working The working area/
all apparatus were all working area/ all working area/ area/ some apparatus was not
Cleanliness cleaned up. apparatus was all some apparatus apparatus was cleaned up.
cleaned up. was all cleaned all cleaned up.
up.
Laboratory Report
Data recorded, Data recorded, Data recorded, Data recorded, Data recorded,
computation, and computation, and computation, and computation, computation, and
other types of other types of other types of and other types other types of
Accuracy responses to responses to responses to of responses to responses to
Laboratory Questions Laboratory Laboratory Laboratory Laboratory
are 100% correct Questions are 99- Questions are 74- Questions are Questions are 24-
75% correct 50% correct 49-25% correct 10% correct
All answers were Most of the Some of the Few answers Very few answers
grammatically answers were answers were were were
correct as well as grammatically grammatically grammatically grammatically
Grammar with the spelling, correct as well as correct as well as correct as well correct as well as
capitalization and with the spelling, with the spelling, as with the with the spelling,
punctuation. capitalization and capitalization spelling, capitalization
punctuation. capitalization
Generalization/ Generalization/ Generalization/ Generalization/ Generalization/
conclusion show very conclusion show conclusion show conclusion conclusion show
Generalization high degree of high degree of moderate degree show low no coherence to
/ Conclusion coherence to the coherence to the of coherence to degree of the objective.
objective. objective. the objective coherence to
the objective.
Lab report is very Lab report is well Lab report is fairly Lab report is Lab report is less
well presented and presented and presented and fairly presented organized with
organized, no organized, with organized, with and organized, many erasures
Cleanliness/
erasures with no very few erasures few erasures and with many and unnecessary
Neatness unnecessary marks. and unnecessary unnecessary erasures and marks.
marks. marks. unnecessary
marks.
TOTAL (Raw Score/40)
RATING (Score + 60)

Hiyasmin U. Gutierrez, RMT

Instructor