MODULE 1
usually the first to be observed since Because
TYPES OF NATURAL PATTERNS
1. Symmetry. There is symmetry if an
imaginary line is drawn across an
object, the resulting parts are mirrors of
each other.
2. Spiral. It is a curved pattern that
focuses on a center point and a series of
circular shapes that revolve around it.
This is common in plants and some
animals.
3. Meander is a series of regular sinuous
curves, bends, loops, turns, or windings
in the channel of a river, stream, or
other watercourses. It is produced by a
stream or river swinging from side to
side as it flows across its floodplain or
shifts its channel within a valley.
4. Cracks are linear openings that form in
materials to relieve stress. The pattern
of cracks indicates whether the material
is elastic or not.
5. Stripe is a strip or band that has a
different color from the surface
surrounding it. This may be seen in
various living things, especially
animals.
OTHER TYPES OF PATTERNS
1. Logical Patterns - Logical patterns are
of these continuous
making categories or classification
comes before numeration.
To identify logic patterns, you have to
look out four (4) things, namely:
(1) rotating shapes
(2) increase and decrease in numbers of
shapes or patterns
(3) alternating patterns, colors, and
shapes
(4) mirror images or reflections
2. Geometric Patterns - A geometric
pattern consists of shapes like polygons
and circles that are repeated to create a
design.
Tessellations - A tessellation is a
pattern that is formed by repeating
polygons to cover a plane so that there
are no gaps or overlaps.
(a) Regular Tessellation - where a
regular polygon is repeated.
(b) Semi-regular Tessellation - with
two or more regular polygons
being repeated.
3. Fractals - A fractal is a never-ending
pattern. It can be formed by
continuously repeating something.
repetitions, fractals are considered to be
self-similar.
Some famous fractals are the Sierpinski
Triangle, Pascal's Triangle, Koch
Snowflake, and Fractal Tree.
(1) Sierpinski Triangle - The
Sierpinski triangle is a fractal that
is named after the Polish
mathematician Waclaw Franciszek
Sierpinski.
To draw the Sierpinski triangle, start
with an equilateral triangle. Mark the
midpoint of each side and connect
these points. Four triangles are now
formed. Repeat the procedures to each
of the triangles formed except for the
middle triangle
(2) Pascal's Triangle - The Pascal's
triangle contains the numerical
coefficients of binomial
expansions.
In the Pascal's triangle, the
Sierpinski triangle can also be
drawn by connecting or shading the
odd numbers.
 (3) Fractal Tree - start at some point
and draw a line segment. From an
endpoint, draw two branches at a
certain angle. Repeat the previous
step to the new endpoints and
continue the process to make more
branches.
(4) Koch Snowflake - In drawing a
Koch Snowflake, one needs to start
by drawing an equilateral
triangle. Then, divide each side
into three equal parts. After that,
draw an equilateral triangle on each
middle part.
4. WORD PATTERNS - Word patterns
can be found in giving the plural of
nouns, in forming the past tense of
verbs, and in word analogy. They can
also be found in the meters of poetry
and in the rhythm of the words.
(1) Analogy - compares two different
things, showing the relationship
between them. The colons stand for
words; single colon reads as “is
to”, double colon reads “as”.
(2) Rhyme Scheme - is the rhymes'
pattern at the line of a poem or
song (often in nursery rhymes).
5. NUMBER PATTERNS - A number
pattern is a list of numbers that follow a
particular sequence or order.
(1) Arithmetic Sequence - where
the difference between two
consecutive terms is called
common difference.
(2) Geometric sequence - A
sequence where a term is
multiplied by a constant, called
the common ratio, to get the
next term.
(3) Triangular Numbers - the
terms of a triangular sequence
are related to the number of
dots needed to create a triangle.
(4) Square Numbers - in a square
number sequence, the terms are
the squares of their position.
(5) Cube Number - in a cube
number sequence, the terms are
the cubes of their position.
MODULE 2
THE FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
FIBONACCI
- discovered a sequence of numbers.
- Leonardo Pisano or Leonardo of Pisa (Pisa,
Italy, in 1170)
- popularized Hindu-Arabic numeral system or
decimal system in Europe.
- advocated the use of the digits 0 to 9 & of the
place values.
- shortened word for the Latin term "fillius
Bonacci," means "son of Bonacci" because his
father was Guglielmo Bonaccio.
- discovered a sequence of numbers (Fibonacci
sequence)
- find this number sequence while looking at
how generations of rabbits breed.
FIBONACCI SEQUENCE IN NATURE
1) In the number of petals of flowers.
Examples: - calla lily (1), hibiscus (5),
euphorbia milii (2), cosmos (8), trillium
(3)
2) In the number of sections in fruits.
Examples: - apple (5) - star fruit (5) -
banana (3)
THE FIBONACCI SPIRAL - Using
the first ten (10) numbers in the
Fibonacci sequence 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13,
21, 34, 55 as dimensions of adjacent
squares, you can create a Fibonacci
spiral.
Examples: - nautilus shell, sunflower
seeds, photographs of storms
(specifically hurricanes, & tornadoes),
skin of pineapples and pinecones
(number of spirals)
THE GOLDEN RATIO
 Divine Ratio or Divine
Proportion
 symbol: Greek letter "phi" – Ф
(uppercase letter) or φ Surprisingly, we can see the relationship
(lowercase letter)
 named after the Greek sculptor
Phidias
 irrational number
approximately equal to 1.618 φ
= (√𝟓+𝟏)/𝟐 & φ = 𝟐(𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝟓𝟒°)
The Golden Ratio in the
Fibonacci Sequence
Using a line segment, divide it
into two parts in such a way that
the ratio of the longer part to the
shorter part is equal to the ratio of
the whole segment to the longer
part.
You will notice that the bigger Fibonacci
numbers you use as a ratio, the closer you get to
the approximate value of φ
(1.61803398874989484820...).
APPLICATION - Many artists and architects
apply the Golden Ratio in their artworks and
creative designs, believing that their works
would be more pleasing and beautiful.
between the Golden Ratio and the Fibonacci
sequence when we divide a Fibonacci number
1. THE GOLDEN SPIRAL - The
by the Fibonacci number before it. Let us Fibonacci spiral, as mentioned in the
consider the first eleven (11) numbers in the
previous lesson, is constructed using
sequence. the numbers in the Fibonacci sequence.
The Fibonacci spiral is also known as
the Golden Spiral.
Example: Many artists who lived after
Phidias have used the Golden
Rectangle and the Golden Ratio like
Leonardo Da Vinci in his painting
"Mona Lisa."
2. The Golden Rectangle - is a rectangle
whose sides are in the proportion of the
 Golden Ratio. This may be observed in
notable architectural structures dating
back to ancient times as well as art.

Example: Temples like the Parthenon

in Greece
3. Proportions of the human body -
such as the face, follows the Divine
Proportion. The closer the body parts'
proportion is to the Golden Ratio, the
more aesthetic and beautiful the body
is.