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English
Quarter 4: Week 1
Technical Terms in Research

Department of Education Republic of the Philippines

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Self-Learning Module in English 10
Quarter IV- Week 1: Research Terminologies

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What This Module is About
Anchored on the mission of leaving no learners behind amidst COVID-19 pandemic, this learning
material will help you enhance your competencies in English through variety of purposeful concepts and
activities designed for distance learning.
Integrated with learning tasks that are contextualized and differentiated, this module will cater to the
needs of the learners and provide them with learning opportunities despite being on a distance-learning
setting.

Notes to the Teacher:

This module is designed for self-paced learning. As a facilitator of learning however, you have an
important role to play. You are the learners’ most reliable reference. It is you who knows where and when
to scaffold and provide further assistance to them. By frequently monitoring the learners’ progress, you can
provide the needed intervention.

Notes to the Learner:

Be sure to honestly and independently do the activities in this module. They are intended to help
you master the competency at your own pace. Answer keys are provided at the end to help you self-check
your own answers. Should you find that your answer is wrong, think carefully and review. By doing so, your
mistakes are not wasted because you will learn from them. If you have other concerns, do not hesitate to
ask help from your teacher. You can also use other references to further enhance your learning. Moreover,
do not forget to have fun while learning.

Note to Parents/Guardians:
Your main role is to make sure your child has a conducive place and enough time to work on this
module at home. To maximize learning, you can also help your child if he/she encounters some difficulties
but make sure it is really your child who does all the required tasks. Finally, just feel free to contact your
child’s English teacher if needed.

Roy Allen D. Perez

Icons in this Module

This part contains learning objectives that
What I Need to Know
are set for you to learn as you go along the
module each day/lesson.

This is a pretest assessment as to your

What I Know level of knowledge to the subject matter at
hand, meant specifically to gauge prior
related knowledge.

This is an introduction of the new lesson

What’s In
through various activities, before it will be
presented to you.

What Is It
This is used to introduce new lesson.
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 These are follow-up activities that are
What’s More
intended for you to practice further in order
to master the competencies.

What I Have Learned These are activities designed to process

what you have learned from the lesson.

These are tasks that are designed to

What I Can Do showcase your skills and knowledge
gained, and applied into real-life concerns
and situations.

Assessment This evaluates your level of mastery in

achieving the learning objectives.

What I Need to Know

This learning module will provide you with opportunities to enhance the different competencies in
English through a variety of contextualized and differentiated learning activities.
In this module, you will be guided to distinguish technical terms used in research (Quarter IV
MELC no. 1)
After going through this module, you are expected to attain the following competencies:

a. be acquainted with technical terms used in research;

b. define research terminologies

What I know
Test Yourself. This activity diagnoses your stock knowledge on the basic
technical terms used in research. Answer this 10-item quiz by choosing the letter of the
correct answer.

1. Information gathered during the research process

a. interview b. analysis c. data d. abstract

2. The following is defined as someone that participates in a research project, generally through
interview except
a. panelist b. research participant c. interviewee d. informant

3. The tools used to gather research data, for instance a phone questionnaire, face-to-face interview,
gathering census data
a. Sampling Designs b. Research Designs c. Methods d. Data Processing

4. A group of individuals selected by a researcher because they possess particular attributes of

interest to the research project.
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 a. Controlled group b. Uncontrolled group c. Sample d. Variable

5. A substantiated (evidence based) explanation for the way something is as it is.

a. Theory b. Hypothesis c. Data d. Abstract

6. Systematic noting and recording of events, behaviors and objects in the social setting chosen for
the study.
a. Observation b. Analysis c. Interview d. Transcription

7. Research discovering facts about social experiences and trends where data is collected through
measuring things and is analyzed through numerical comparisons and statistical inferences.
a. Qualitative Research b. Quantitative Research c. Empirical Research

8. Research that is not presented as representative but as offering people’s reflections or perspectives
on an issue or experience.
a. Qualitative Research b. Quantitative Research c. Empirical Research

9. The direct observation, description, and analysis of the activities and behavior of members of a
social group.
a. Ethnicity b. Sampling c. Population d. Ethnography

10. Research based on first-hand gathering of data through interviews, questionnaires, ethnographies,
participant observation, action research and so on.
a. Qualitative Research b. Quantitative Research c. Empirical Research

What’s In
Research has served us well and improved the quality of our life. On this activity,
try to recall the scientists and their brilliant inventions as products of their research by
matching column A with column B.

A B
1. Thomas Alva Edison A. Telephone
2. Alexander Graham Bell B. Incandescent Light Bulb
3. Sir Isaac Newton C. Gravity
4. Marie Curie D. Electromagnetic Induction
5. Michael Faraday E. Radium
6. Wilhelm Röntgen F. X-Ray Photography
7. Benjamin Franklin G. Lightning is Electricity
8. Allesandro Volta H. Electric Battery
9. Lord Kelvin I. Thermodynamics
10. William Crookes J. Thallium

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 What’s New
Distinguish some research terminologies by identifying the elements of a
research title.
Elements of a Research Title

“Improving Reading and Comprehension Skills of MNHS Grade 7 Learners through

Supplementary Video Tutorial: Basis for DepEd TV Content”
1. Research Process/Method: Improving
2. Topic as Point of Inquiry: Reading and Comprehension Skills
3. Participants/Respondents/Subjects: MNHS Grade 7 Learners
4. Intervention (if applicable): through Supplementary Video Tutorial
5. Research Output (if applicable): Deped TV Content.
6. Catchphrase: Watch and Learn

Watch and Learn: Improving Reading and Comprehension Skills of MNHS Grade 7
Learners through Supplementary Video Tutorial

Instruction: Identify terms in the research title and write the terms on the space provided below. You may
edit the research title if you wish to complete the elements of the research title.
“Sikat Ako: How to be famous on Social Media according to the Junior High School
Learners (Social media use among Junior High School Learners)”
1. Research Process/Method ______________________________________
2. Topic as point of Inquiry ______________________________________
3. Participants/Respondents/Subjects ______________________________________
4. Intervention (If applicable) ______________________________________
5. Research Output (If applicable) ______________________________________
6. Catchphrase
______________________________________

What Is It
Research can be an exciting hobby especially if we are acquainted well with
technical terms used in research. Let us understand these research terminologies.

Research Terminologies
Do you find the following research terminologies confusing?
• Research Paradigm/Philosophy of Research
• Research Methodology
• Research Design
• Research Method
• Research Technique
• Research Instrument
• Theoretical Framework
• Conceptual Framework

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Research Methodology

This includes theoretical and philosophical assumptions upon which research is based and the
implications of these for the method or methods adopted (S. Aunders, 2007)
Research Paradigm/Philosophy of Research

This refers to the entire constellation of values and techniques and so on shared by members of
a given community.
-world view about research that is accepted by members of a particular community.
- it dictates the natures of research such as positivism, post positivism, interpretivism and so on..
Research Design

According to Saccharin, a research design is set up to decide on, among other issues how to
collect further data, analyze and interpret them, and finally to provide an answer to the problem.
Saccharin has identified six elements of research design: (1) purpose of the study (2) type of
investigation (3) extent of research interference (4) study setting (5) unit of analysis and (6) time horizon.

It is a bounded system. It involves techniques and procedures used to obtain and analyze research
data should be selected based on the purpose of research for example, the experimental research
method, survey research method or a case study research.
Research Techniques

Techniques/approaches applied within the method to collect data. A single method could employ
a number of techniques for instance, survey is a method and questionnaire is a technique.
Research Instrument

It is a device to collect data such as lab instrument, questionnaire, researcher, interview guide,
camera. Research is all about making right decisions while planning research researcher first needs to
decide upon what shall be his or her research methodology of course based on the nature of the research
problem then research paradigm such as positivism or interpretivism which research design suits my
research problem qualitative or quantitative then deciding about method or methods, techniques, and
finally about research instrument.
Theoretical Framework

in a study is based on an existing theory or theories. For an example, a theory of motivation. It

helps in relating your identified specified variables. It represents context of studies which are based on
particular theories testing them or explaining them or models based on previous studies. It is basically a
plan of your study.
The conceptual framework on the other hand is something you can develop yourself based on this
theory.

Conceptual framework is developed by the researcher to solve a particular problem that he or

she wants to find solution.

A general understanding is that conceptual framework is used more often with qualitative
research. Theoretical framework is often used with quantitative research

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 What’s More
The following are common research terms that are usually discussed during your
defense. Familiarize yourself with the following research terms so you will be
confident enough to face your panelists when you will be asked.

1. Research Proposal
A written presentation on the planned investigation of a research problem or issue which the
thesis writer contemplates to undertake for his study.
2. Research/ Thesis
It is a scholarly report of an investigation, the product of which contributes to general
knowledge. It has practical value and contributes to an area of specialization, and most
importantly, a requirement for graduation.
3. Variable
It is anything in a research situation that varies and can be measured. It can be human
characteristics or it can be a characteristics of classroom.
4. Hypothesis
A tentative statement about how two or more variables are related. In current practice,
hypothesis is stated as no relations among variables, otherwise known as null hypothesis.
This is an intelligent guess on what would be the output of a research prior to its conduct.
5. Related Literature
It is a discussion on the secondary sources of data taken from local and foreign
references, observing proper documentation
6. Related Studies
Discussion on the primary sources of data taken from foreign and local researches such as
thesis and dissertations. Take note that related literature is different from related studies.
7. Theoretical Framework
This is a discussion on the theory or several theories where the study is based or founded,
either as part of the theory or its entireness.
In this part, the theory must be explained and how it relates to the present study or how
the theory will be utilized.
8. Conceptual Framework
Concept is the idea of research set into variables.
A conceptual framework gives the variables, measures and indicators of the research through
a paradigm model or framework.. These factors being studied must be situated on the
theoretical framework for consistency (Soriano & Henson, 1999).

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 Research Methods and Approaches
A. Research Terminology
Data Information gathered during the research
process. ‘Raw’ data is information which has
not yet been analyzed.

Empirical Research Research based on first-hand gathering of

data through interviews, questionnaires,
ethnographies, participant observation,
action research, and so on.

Ethnography The direct observation, description and

analysis of the activities and behavior of
members of a social group.

Informant Someone that participates in a research

project, generally through interview. Also
referred to as research participant or
interviewee.

Methods The tools used to gather research data, for

instance a phone questionnaire, face to face
interview, gathering census data.

Quantitative Research Research discovering facts about social

experiences and trends where data is
collected through measuring things and is
analyzed through numerical comparisons
and statistical inferences.

Data is represented numerically as a

percentage, a mean, an average etc.

Commonly, data appears as a table, graph,

or a pie or line chart.

As data is presented as representative, the

sample, that is the source of the data, is
extremely important.
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 Qualitative Research Research that is not presented as
representative but as offering people’s
reflections or perspectives on an issue or
experience. It is traditionally conducted via
interviews or observation.

Data is analyzed by themes drawn from

informants’ descriptions.

Also referred to as ‘interpretive’ and

‘grounded’, qualitative research is more
interested in questions of how and why than
in how many.

Theory A substantiated (evidence based)

explanation for the way something is as it is.

The body of rules, ideas, principles, and

techniques that applies to a particular

subject.

Transcript The typed record of an interview obtained

from audio or video recordings.

Sample A group of individuals selected by a

researcher because they possess particular
attributes of interest to the research project.

A representative sample is one which is

representative of a larger group. If the
sample is selected carefully, the resulting
data can be applied to the group as a whole.

Observation is the systematic noting and

Observation recording of events, behaviors and objects
in the social setting chosen for the study.
The observational record is referred to as
field notes, which are detailed, non-
judgmental, concrete descriptions of what is
being observed. A participant observer is
someone who is a part of the activity as well
as making the observations.

B. Quantitative methods: the survey or questionnaire

Questionnaires produce quantitative data which is processed and analyzed numerically.

Questionnaires can be conducted by mail, telephone, over the internet and face-to-
face.

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 Questionnaires are generally time efficient, cheap and can be distributed to a large
number of people fairly easily. It is also possible to select groups of people to survey
who are representative of the wider population which means that sample data can be
representative of the wider community.

How to Develop a Questionnaire for Research

1. Figure out what information you are trying to gather from this survey.
What is your main objective in doing the questionnaire? What information do you need from the
respondents in order to meet your objectives? Think of questions that will address your objectives.
You should not include any question that is not directly useful to your research.
2. Write an introduction for your questionnaire.
This should explain a little about your questionnaire: why are you doing it and what your goal is. The
introduction while brief should engage your target audience. Think about how much time they have,
and administer the questionnaire based on the estimate.
3. Use closed questions for questionnaire.
A closed question is one that can be answered with a word or a phrase. This makes it easy for the
respondent to give their answer without having to think of an articulate way to word it. Closed
questions also make classification of responses easier.
4. Order your questions in a way that is meaningful and easy to follow.
Start with questions that are easy to understand and easy to answer. Opening with harder questions
is discouraging and may scare respondents before they complete your entire survey. Easy
questions help encourage your participants to finish answering. The questions should flow in an
order that sounds natural and does not skip around too much.
5. Put the more important questions at the beginning of your questionnaire.
Often, participants can lose interest on the latter part of the questionnaire, especially if the survey is
rather lengthy. Place more important questions in the first part of the questionnaire.
6. Add a little variety to your questions.
While closed questions are best for ease of answering and analyzing purposes, adding in a couple
of open-ended questions helps keep respondents from becoming bored. Open-ended questions
require respondents to write out their answers and to include some detail.

C. Qualitative methods: the interview

Gaining access to people’s views and experiences is the key to qualitative

research. Although there are many different qualitative methods, the interview is
the most common.

Interviews are usually undertaken face-to-face, although telephone interviews are sometimes used.
The interview is recorded for later transcription (typing up raw data) and analysis. Recording an
interview prevents important things the informant has said from being missed.

Interviews can be time consuming, and at times emotionally draining for both the researcher and the
informant.

D. Styles of interview

1. Structured interview: most resembles the survey method except that the interviewer completes
the questionnaire in a face-to-face encounter with the participant.
2. Semi-structured interview: not as structured but includes a series of questions as well as
prompts which encourage the participant to expand on their answers. For instance, ‘Can you give me
an example of that?’ or ‘Why do you think that?’

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3. Unstructured interview: this is the most open type of interview. Open-ended questions and
prompts are used to explore an issue with the informant, but these are not necessarily prepared before the
interview. As the informant is more able to guide the interview it is often used to enable people to tell their
life story.
4. Group interview/Focus Group: a focus group usually involves up to ten people who have similar
interest or experience. This form of interview can be very lively as the participants can redirect the
discussion to their interests. It tends to generate a large amount of data as participants stimulate discussion
amongst themselves. This method is generally the hardest style of interview to arrange, conduct, record
and transcribe.

Interviews commonly involve the following question

styles: Background demographic: How old are you?
Descriptive: How would you describe yourself?
Structural: If you had to put yourself into a social class, what would you say?
Opinion: How successful do you think the youth leadership program has been?
Feelings: How did failing the exam make you feel?
Knowledge: How do you begin each reading session

What I have Learned

Check your understanding with the information you read above. Complete
the sentence by providing the correct term in the blank.

1. Unanalyzed information in research is technically called ______data.

2. Observing, describing, and analyzing activities and behavior of members of a social group is
technically called _____ in research.
3. Tools used to gather research data is called ______.
4. _____ is a kind of research where data is represented numerically as a percentage, a mean and
average.
5. When a research wants to find people’s reflections or perspectives on an issue or experience,
the research is called _____.
6. _____ is an evidence-based explanation.
7. A _____is made when researcher types her record of interview.
8. Group of individuals possessing particular attributes of interest can be a _____ in research.
9. Observational record is also known as _____.
10. This _____ is generally considered as the hardest to arrange, conduct, record and transcribe.

What I can Do
Familiarize yourself with more research terms. Match descriptions in column A
with corresponding section names listed in column B.
A B
1. Presents background information, scope, A. Methodology
and focus of the research paper
2. Provides a review of what others have B. Literature Review
written or researched on concerning the
topic
3. Explains how the research was conducted C. Introduction

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 4. Presents the information gathered through D. Reference
the research
5. Evaluates the results of the study or E. Discussion
research
6. Provides the summary of the research F. Conclusion
7. Lists all the sources used in the research G. Results
8. Contains other related information such as H. Research
graphs, charts, tables, lists
9. Summarizes all sections and helps readers I. Abstract
decide whether or not to read the entire
report
10. A systematic investigation to contribute to J. Appendix
an existing body of knowledge

Assessment

Identify the following terms or abbreviations if they are related to research or not. Write Research or Not.
1. Bibliography
2. Conclusion
3. Individual
4. Affidavit
5. Income
6. Framework
7. Amortization
8. Dehydration
9. Variable
10. Democracy
Additional Activity

References:
Celebrating Diversity Through World Literature. Learner’s Material (LM). pp. 466-467.
Celebrating Diversity Through World Literature. Teacher’s Guide (TG). pp. 373-378.
http://www.wikihow.com/Develop-a-Questionnaire-for-Research
Research Tube, July 21, 2019 Different Research Terms
Parane, Alex A. Ph. D. Research Terminologies. Youtube.com
Sample Qualitative Research Titles | Social Media, ICT | Practical Research 1 youtube.com

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