Chp#15

Association
I. Define attribute with an example.
( 2018, 2016 )
Ans. A characteristic that varies in quality from object to object
and cannot be measured numerically but only its presence
or absence can be described is called attribute. For example
intelligence, beauty and kindness etc.

II. What is co-efficient of contingency?

( 2018 )
Ans. A measure of degree of association between the attributes
expressed in a contingency table is known as co-efficient of
contingency. It is denoted by “C”.

√
2
χ
C= n+ χ
2

III. When two attributes are said to be positively associated?

( 2017 )
Ans. Association between the attributes is called positive if their
Observed frequency is greater than expected.

IV. What is the relation between two attributes if Q = 0?

( 2017 )
Ans. If Q = 0 the attributes are independent. Independence of
attributes means there is no association between two
attributes.

V. Differentiate between Attribute and Variable.

( 2017 )
 Ans. Attribute
• A characteristic that varies
in quality from object to
object and cannot be
measured numerically but
only its presence or absence
can be described called
attribute.
• For example: intelligence,
Beauty and kindness etc.
Variable
• A characteristic that
varies either in
quatity or quality
from object to object
is called variable.
• For example: height,
weight, beauty etc.

VI. Define order of class.

( 2017 )
Ans. The number of attributes present in a class is called order of
the class. For example A, B, C, α, β, γ are the classes of order
one similarly Aβ and αB are classes of order two and so on.

VII. What is association of attributes?

( 2016, 2015 )
Ans. The strength of relationship between two attributes is called
association and the measure of degree of relationship
between the attributes is called co-efficient of attributes.

VIII. Are A and B are associated if n = 1000, (A) = 400, (B) = 200
and (AB) = 110?
( 2016 )
Ans. A and B are said to be associated if:
( A ) (B)
(AB) ≠ n
( 400 ) ( 200 )
110 ≠ 1000
110 ≠ 80
IX. Define Contingency Table.
( 2015 )
Ans. The two-way table in which the data is classified according
to two attributes each having two or more levels is called
contingency table. For example: A is arranged as A1, A2,
A3, ….. Ac & B arranged as B1, B2, B3, …… Bc etc.

X. Differentiate between Positive association and negative

Association of attributes.
( 2014 )
Ans. Positive Association Negative Association
• Association is said to be • Association is said to be
positive of their observed negative if their observed
frequency is greater than frequency is less than
expected. expected.
( A )( B ) ( A )( B )
• ( AB )> n • ( AB )< n

XI. For 5×3 contingency table, write down the number of

degrees of freedom.
( 2014 )
Ans. Degree of freedom = ( r – 1 )( c – 1 )
= ( 5 – 1 )( 3 – 1 )
= (4)(2)
=8

XII. What do you understand by independence of attributes?

( 2014 )
Ans. The property of attributes that there is no association
between them is known as independence of attributes. In
this case presence or absence of one attribute does not
the others.