C - Aggregates & Water For Concrete

9/5/2014
Aggregates & Mix Water

for Concrete
Ephraim Senbetta, PhD
Handling and Storing Aggregates
Stockpiling of Aggregates
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9/5/2014
Stockpiling Issues & Significance

• Segregation
• Degradation: avoid excessive machine time on

aggregates
• Drainage: use high, dry & well-drained ground
Common Types of Rocks
1. Igneous rocks
2. Metamorphic rocks
3. Sedimentary rocks
Categories of Aggregates by Weight
• Normal weight 1765 kg/m3
• Heavy weight 1850 – 3200 kg/m3
• Light weight <1120 kg/m3
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9/5/2014
Normal-Weight Aggregate ASTM C33
Most common aggregates

• Sand
• Gravel
• Crushed stone
Produce normal-weight concrete

2200 to 2400 kg/m3 (140 to 150 lb/ft3)
Spectrum of Light-weight Aggregates
Lightweight Aggregate (1)

ASTM C 330
Expanded
– Shale
– Clay
– Slate
– Slag
Produce structural lightweight concrete

1350 to 1850 kg/m3 (90 to 120 lb/ft3)
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Lightweight Aggregate (2)

 Pumice
 Scoria
 Perlite
 Vermiculite
 Diatomite
Produce lightweight insulating concrete—

250 to 1450 kg/m3 (15 to 90 lb/ft3)
Heavyweight Aggregate
ASTM C 637, C 638 (Radiation Shielding)
• Barite
• Limonite
• Magnetite
• Ilmenite
• Hematite
• Iron
• Steel punchings or shot
Produce high-density concrete up to 6400 kg/m3
(400 lb/ft3) Ephraim Senbetta, PhD
Unit Weights of Aggregates & Concrete

(kg/m3)
Weight Class Aggregates Concrete
Normal 1765 2,200 - 2,400
Heavy 1,850 - 3,200 3,200 - 6,400
Light <1120 1,350 - 1,850
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Size Categories of Aggregates
• Coarse aggregates > 5 mm
• Fine aggregates < 5 mm
Coarse Aggregate
• Gravel and crushed

stone
•  5 mm
• Typically between
9.5 and 37.5 mm
Fine Aggregate
• Sand and/or crushed

stone
• < 5 mm
• F.A. content usually 35%

to 45% by mass or volume
of total aggregate
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Aggregate Characteristics and Tests (1)

Characteristic Test
Abrasion resistance ASTM C 131 , ASTM C 535, ASTM C 779
Freeze-thaw
ASTM C 666, ASTM C 682
resistance
Sulfate resistance ASTM C 88
Particle shape and
ASTM C 295, ASTM D 3398
surface texture
Grading ASTM C 117, ASTM C 136
Fine aggregate
ASTM C 1137
degradation
Void content ASTM C 1252
Bulk density ASTM C 29
Aggregate Characteristics and Tests (2)

Characteristic Test
ASTM C 127 - fine aggregate, ASTM C 128 -
Relative density
coarse aggregate
Absorption and ASTM C 70, ASTM C 127, ASTM C 128, ASTM C
surface moisture 566
Strength ASTM C 39, ASTM C 78
Def. of constituents ASTM C 125, ASTM C 294
Aggregate ASTM C 40, ASTM C 87, ASTM C 117, ASTM C 123,
constituents ASTM C 142, ASTM C 295
ASTM C 227, ASTM C 289, ASTM C 295, ASTM C 342,
Alkali Resistance ASTM C 586, ASTM C 1260, ASTM C 1293
Grading of Aggregate
Grading is the particle-size distribution of an aggregate as
determined by a sieve analysis using wire mesh sieves
with square openings.
ASTM C 33
Fine aggregate ― 7 standard sieves with openings from 150

μm to 9.5 mm
Coarse aggregate ― 13 sieves with openings from 1.18 mm

to 100 mm
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9/5/2014
Range of Particle Sizes
Fine-Aggregate Grading Limits

Sieve size % passing by mass
9.5 mm (3/8 in.) 100
4.75 mm (No. 4) 95 to 100
2.36 mm (No. 8) 80 to 100
1.18 mm (No. 16) 50 to 85
600 µm (No. 30) 25 to 60
300 µm (No. 50) 5 to 30
150 µm (No. 100) 0 to 10
Coarse Aggregate Grading

Size No. 57
25 to 4.75 mm [1 in. to No. 4]
Percent passing
Sieve size
by mass
37.5 mm (1½ 100
in.)
25.0 mm (1 in.) 95 to 100
12.5 mm (½ in.) 25 to 60
4.75 mm (No. 4) 0 to 10
2.36 mm (No. 8) 0 to 5
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Grading Limits
Gradation & Reduction of Voids
Dispersion of Aggregates
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9/5/2014
Fineness Modulus (FM)

• The sum of the cumulative percentages by mass of
aggregate sample retained on each of the
following series of sieves and dividing the sum by
100.
– 150 µm (No. 100),
– 300 µm (No. 50),
– 600 µm (No. 30),
– 1.18 mm (No. 16),
– 2.36 mm (No. 8),
– 4.75 mm (No. 4),
– 9.5 mm (3/8 in.),
– 19.0 mm (3/4 in.),
– 37.5 mm (1½ in.),
– 75 mm (3 in.), and
– 150 mm (6 in.).
Sieve Analysis and FM of Sand

Percentage of Percentage Cumulative
individual fraction passing, percentage re-
Sieve size retained, by mass by mass tained, by mass
9.5 mm (3/8 in.) 0 100 0
4.75 mm (No. 4) 2 98 2
2.36 mm (No. 8) 13 85 15
1.18 mm (No. 16) 20 65 35
600 µm (No. 30) 20 45 55
300 µm (No. 50) 24 21 79
150 µm (No. 100) 18 3 97
Pan 3 0 —
Total 100 283
Fineness modulus = 283 ÷ 100Ephraim

= 2.83Senbetta, PhD
Maximum Aggregate Size and Water

Requirement
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9/5/2014
Maximum Aggregate Size and Cement

Requirement
Moisture States of Aggregates
• Oven dry (OD)
• Air dry (AD)
• Saturated surface dry (SSD)
• Wet (W)
Moisture Conditions of Aggregates
OD = oven dry
AD = air dry
SSDEphraim Senbetta, PhD
= saturated surface dry
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9/5/2014
Effect of Moisture Conditions of

Aggregate
• Absorption capacity (AC)
– AC = [ (WSSD – WOD) / WOD] x 100%
• Effective absorption, EA
– EA = [(WSSD – WAD) / WSSD ] x 100%
– This is to calculate the wt. of water absorbed (Wabs) by the wt. of
aggregates (Wagg)
• Water absorbed by the aggregate

– Wabs = (EA) Wagg
Effect of Moisture Conditions of Aggregate

continued
• Surface moisture (SM)

– SM = [(Wwet - WSSD) / WSSD] x 100%
– Used to calculate the additional water (Wadd)
added to concrete with the aggregate
• Wadd = (SM)Wagg
• Moisture content (MC) of the aggregate is
given by
– MC = [(Wstock – WSSD) / WSSD] x100%
– Wstock is the weight of the aggregate sample
Effect of Moisture Conditions of Aggregate

continued
• If moisture content (MC) of the aggregate is

given by
– MC = [(Wstock – WSSD) / WSSD] x100%
• Total amount of moisture related to the

aggregate (WMC)
– WMC = (MC)Wagg
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9/5/2014
Aggregate Porosity
• Volume of pores (VP) = VA + VW
• Bulk volume (VB) = VS + VP
– If saturated: VW = VP
– If oven dried: VA = VP
• Porosity = VP / VB = VP / (VS + VP)

• Void ratio = VP / VS
• Degree of saturation = VW / VP
• Absorption = Ww / Ws Ephraim Senbetta, PhD
Bulking of Sand
Harmful Materials (1)
Substances Effect on concrete Test designation

Affects setting and ASTM C 40
Organic
hardening, may cause
impurities ASTM C 87
deterioration
Materials finer
Affects bond, increases
than the 75-µm ASTM C 117
water requirement
(No. 200) sieve
Coal, lignite, or
Affects durability, may
other lightweight ASTM C 123
cause stains and popouts
materials
Soft particles Affects durability ASTM C 235
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9/5/2014
Harmful Materials (2)

Substances Effect on concrete Test designation
Affects workability and
Clay lumps and
durability, may cause ASTM C 142
friable particles
popouts
Chert of less than ASTM C 123
Affects durability, may
2.40 relative
cause popouts ASTM C 295
density
Causes abnormal ASTM C 227, C 289,

Alkali-reactive
expansion, map cracking, C 295, C 342, C 586
aggregates
and popouts C 1260, C 1293
Harmful Reactive Substances

Alkali-carbonate
Alkali-silica reactive substances reactive substances
Andesites Glassy or Quartzoses Calcitic dolomites
Argillites crypto- Cherts Dolomitic limestones
Certain crystalline Rhyolites Fine-grained dolomites
siliceous volcanics
Schists
limestones Granite gneiss
Siliceous shales
and dolomites Graywackes
Strained quartz
Chalcedonic Metagray- and certain other
cherts wackes forms of quartz
Chalcedony Opal Synthetic and
Cristobalite Opaline shales natural silicious
Dacites Phylites glass
Quartzites Tridymite
CA Quality Control Test Program

Aggregate Plant Samples
Test Test Method Min. Test Frequency
Grading ASTM C136 Once per day
Cleanliness ASTM C117 Once per day
Void content ASTM C29 Once per week

Specific gravity &
absorption
ASTM C127 Once per 90 days
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9/5/2014
CA Quality Control Test Program

Concrete Plant Samples
Grading ASTM C136 Once every 2 weeks
Cleanliness ASTM C117 Once per week
Void content ASTM C29 Once per week

Specific gravity &
absorption
ASTM C127 Once per year
FA Quality Control Test Program

Aggregate Plant Samples
Grading & FM ASTM C136 Once per day
Cleanliness ASTM C117 Once per day
Void content ASTM C1252 Twice per week

Specific gravity &
absorption ASTM C128 Once per 90 days
Sand equivalency
ASTM D2419 Twice per week
FA Quality Control Test Program

Concrete Plant Samples
Grading & FM ASTM C136 Once per week
Cleanliness ASTM C117 Once per week
Void content ASTM C1252 Twice per week

Specific gravity &
absorption ASTM C128 Once per year
Sand equivalency
ASTM D2419 Once per week
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9/5/2014
Brief Description of FA Test Methods

• Grading and FM (ASTM C136): grain size
distribution and coarseness or fineness. Affects
workability & economy of concrete.
• Cleanliness (ASTM C117) : determination of the
amount of materials finer then 75µm sieve.
Affects workability & economy of concrete.
• Void content (ASTM C1252): for a given
gradation, it provides angularity, sphericity and
surface texture of the aggregates. Affects the
workability of concrete.
Brief Description of FA Test Methods

• Specific gravity & absorption (ASTM C128):
Affects mix design calculations.
• Sand Equivalency (ASTM D2419): to determine
the relative proportions of clay-like and dust in
fine aggregate. Affects workability & economy
of concrete.
Methods for Determining Moisture

Content of Aggregates
• Rule of thumb for water contributed to
the mix water by regular aggregates
– FA 2 to 6%
– CA 1 to 2%
• Pan drying
• Oven drying
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9/5/2014
Method for Determining Moisture

• Speedy moisture tested (uses calcium
carbide as a reagent and requires about 3
minutes for testing a 200-gram sample.)
Method for Determining Moisture

• Electronic moisture tester: displays the
moisture percentage and temperature of sand
and fine aggregates up to max. dia. of 10 mm
• Moisture range: 0-35%, accuracy 0,5%
Test for Surface Moisture of FA (ASTM C70)

• For determining
approximate
percentage of voids and
surface moisture of fine
aggregates
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9/5/2014
Mixing Water for Concrete
Typical Water Analyses, ppm

Chemicals City water Seawater
Silica (SiO2) 0 to 25 —
Iron (Fe) 0 to 0.2 —
Calcium (Ca) 1 to 100 50 to 480
Magnesium (Mg) 0 to 30 260 to 1410
Sodium (Na) 1 to 225 2190 to 12,200
Potassium (K) 0 to 20 70 to 550
Bicarbonate (HCO3) 4 to 550 —
Sulfate (SO4) 2 to 125 580 to 2810
Chloride (Cl) 1 to 300 3960 to 20,000
Nitrate (NO3) 0 to 2 —
Total dissolved solids 20 to 1000
35,000
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9/5/2014
Acceptance Criteria for Questionable

Water Supplies
ASTM C 94
Limits Test method
Compressive strength,
minimum percentage of 90 ASTM C 109
control at 7 days
Time of set, deviation from 1:00 earlier
ASTM C 191
from control, hr:min. to 1:30 later
Chemical Limits for Mixing Water

ASTM C 94
Concentration
Chemical or type of construction , Max. ppm Test method
Chloride, as Cl ASTM D 512
Prestressed concrete or concrete in 500
bridge decks
Other reinforced concrete containing
aluminum or dissimilar metals or 1,000
galvanized metal forms
Sulfate, as SO4 3,000 ASTM D 516
Alkalies, as (Na2O + 0.658 K2O) 600
Total solids 50,000 AASHTO T 26
ACI 318 Limits for Chloride Ion

Content in Concrete
• Pre-stressed concrete 0.06%
• Reinforced concrete exposed
to chloride in service 0.15%
• Reinforced concrete that will
be dry or protected from
moisture in service 1.00%
• Other reinforced concrete
construction 0.30%
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9/5/2014
19

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9/5/2014

Aggregates & Mix Water

Ephraim Senbetta, PhD

Handling and Storing Aggregates

Ephraim Senbetta, PhD

Ephraim Senbetta, PhD

Stockpiling Issues & Significance

• Degradation: avoid excessive machine time on

• Drainage: use high, dry & well-drained ground

Ephraim Senbetta, PhD

Common Types of Rocks

Ephraim Senbetta, PhD

Categories of Aggregates by Weight

• Normal weight 1765 kg/m3

• Heavy weight 1850 – 3200 kg/m3

• Light weight <1120 kg/m3

Ephraim Senbetta, PhD

Normal-Weight Aggregate ASTM C33

Most common aggregates

Produce normal-weight concrete

Spectrum of Light-weight Aggregates

Ephraim Senbetta, PhD

Lightweight Aggregate (1)

Produce structural lightweight concrete

Lightweight Aggregate (2)

Produce lightweight insulating concrete—

Unit Weights of Aggregates & Concrete

Weight Class Aggregates Concrete

Normal 1765 2,200 - 2,400

Heavy 1,850 - 3,200 3,200 - 6,400

Light <1120 1,350 - 1,850

Ephraim Senbetta, PhD

Size Categories of Aggregates

• Coarse aggregates > 5 mm

• Fine aggregates < 5 mm

Ephraim Senbetta, PhD

• Gravel and crushed

Ephraim Senbetta, PhD

• Sand and/or crushed

• F.A. content usually 35%

Ephraim Senbetta, PhD

Aggregate Characteristics and Tests (1)

Ephraim Senbetta, PhD

Aggregate Characteristics and Tests (2)

Ephraim Senbetta, PhD

Fine aggregate ― 7 standard sieves with openings from 150

Coarse aggregate ― 13 sieves with openings from 1.18 mm

Ephraim Senbetta, PhD

Range of Particle Sizes

Ephraim Senbetta, PhD

Fine-Aggregate Grading Limits

Ephraim Senbetta, PhD

Coarse Aggregate Grading

Ephraim Senbetta, PhD

Gradation & Reduction of Voids

Ephraim Senbetta, PhD

Ephraim Senbetta, PhD

Fineness Modulus (FM)

Sieve Analysis and FM of Sand

Fineness modulus = 283 ÷ 100Ephraim

Maximum Aggregate Size and Water

Ephraim Senbetta, PhD