1 Factsrepresentation

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Ontologies Lightweight ontology
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Semantic Web and knowledge engineering

Identify things and represent simple facts
Semantic Web
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Dr. Azanzi Jiomekong
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18 mai 2021
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Copyright (c) 2020 Azanzi Jiomekong.

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation ; with
no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
Texts. More information about the license is included in the section
entitled ” The GNU Free Documentation License”.
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个個 असल
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Shared concepts
Concept
Re
fer
s to
Symbolizes
Stands for
Symbol Object
Chutes jumelles Ekom Kam
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Questions
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• How to identify things ?
• How to represent things ?
• How to encode and represent facts ?
• How to model simple facts ?
The responses to these questions are given in this course
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Semantic Web Stack

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Represents Semantic Web Basic Architecture
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Uniform Resource Identifier

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How to identify things ? URI
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How to identify things ? URI
URI,
Resource and Representation
URI
http://www.ekomKamWaterfall/index.html
Resource
Defines
Metadata:
Content-type: text/html
Data: Represents (stands for)

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Ekom Kam Waterfall</title>
...
</body>
</html>
Chutes jumelles Ekom Kam
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Representation (HTML) and presentation (Web browser)

Put the previous waterfall in a Web page to have his representation
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HTTP Request / Response

Use the previous image to show how HTTP works (with the
representation and the presentation of information)
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• What is the difference between the picture of a thing and the thing
itself ?
• When we talk about a thing −→ we talk about things having the

same property of this thing
• We share a common concepts −→ we are able to communicate

information and understand information
• We must identify things that we are talking about −→ we need the

representation of these things in the Semantic Web
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• Simple and extensible schema for worldwide unique identification

of abstract physical resources (RFC 3986)
• Uniform : different types of resources identifiers all constructed

according to a uniform schema
• Resource :
◦ Can be every object with a clear identity (according to the content of
the application)
◦ Whatever may be identified via URI
◦ e.g., web pages, books, locations, persons, relations among objects,
abstract concepts, etc.
• Identifier : to distinguish one resource from another
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• URI = 2 things : Address and Identity
• Uniform : we can different types of resources
• Identifier : we can distinguish one resource from another in a

unique way
• Representation of information :
◦ We have a representation of a thing in the web page
◦ We have the metadata of the representation of this thing
◦ The browser transform this representation in a format that a human
can understand
• When a user send a request, to a server, the representation of what

he wants is delivered
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Designator and Designatum
• The distinguishing characteristics of [information] resources is that

all of their essential characteristics and can be conveyed in a
messages - W3C : Architecture of the WWW, volume One
• A resource can be describeb (designated) via Metadata
• Even if the resource itself cannot be delivered from the web server,
probably its representation might be available that describes the
resource suffifiently
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URI,
Resource and Representation
URI
http://www.ekomKamWaterfall/index.html
Defines
Representation
Metadata:
Content-type: text/html
Resource:
Data: Ekom Kam waterfall
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Ekom Kam Waterfall</title>
... Describe Designate
</body> Represents
</html> (stands for) Information about
Ekom Kam Waterfall Resource:
Ekom Kam Waterfall
Metadata
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• Combines :
◦ Address (Locator)
• Uniform Resource Locator (URL, RFC 1738)
• Denotes where a resource can be found in the Web by stating its
primary access mechanism
• Might change during life cycle
◦ Identity (Name) :
• Uniform Resource Name (URN, RFC 2141)
• Persistent identifier for a Web resource
• Remains unchanged during life cycle
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Generic Syntax
• US-ASCII Encoding
• Percent Encoding for reserved characters, or characters that do not
exist in US-ASCII encoding
pct-encoded=”%”HEXDIG HEXDIG
• Reserved characters with special function
reserved = gen-delims/sub-delims
gen-delims=” : ”/”/”/”?”/”#”/”[”/”]”/”@”
sub-delims=”!”/”$”/”&”/”0 ”/”(”/”)”/” ∗ ”/” + ”/”, ”/”; ”/” = ”
• Permitted characters
unreserved = ALPHA/DIGIT /” − ”/”.”/” ”/” ”
• Extension to Universal Character Code (Unicode/ISO 10646)
International Resource Identifier (IRI, RFC 3987), e.g., http
address in Japanese language
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Generic syntax
schema” ://[userinfo”@”]host[ :port][path][” ?”query][”#”fragment]
• schema : e.g. http, ftp, mailto, etc.

• userinfo : e.g. username :password
• host : e.g. Domain-Name, IPV4/IPV6 Address
• port : e.g. 80 for standard HTTP port
• path : e.g. path in file system of www server
• query : e.g. parameters to be passed over to applications
• fragment : e.g. determines a specific fragment of a document
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In the Semantic Web
• What if a URI for a resource does not exist ?

◦ Define a URI by yourself :
• avoid overlaps −→ use your own website
• enables documentation at the same place (−→Content negociation)
◦ Separate URI for resource (Designatum) and its documentation
(Designator) via URI references (i.e. via ”#” fragments) or content
negociation
http://www.facsciences-uy1/azanzi.foaf.rdf#me
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• Already establish in various domains :
◦ The Web : URL, PRN
◦ Books and publications : ISBN, ISSN
◦ Digital Object Identifier : DOI
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Knowledge representation
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A simple example
• Used to represent simple facts
• e.g., How to represent the fact : ”Dr. Jiomekong has the email
fidel.jiomekong@facsciences-uy1@uninet.cm” ? :
◦ Natural Language representation
◦ Graph representation
◦ XML Serialization
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A simple example with XML
How do I represent: ‘’Dr. Jiomekong has the email

fidel.jiomekong@facsciences-uy1.uninet.cm ?
<emailaddr>
<owner> Dr. Jiomekong </owner>
<email>fidel.jiomekong@facsciences-uy1.uninet.cm</email>
</emailaddr>
<person name= ‘’Dr. Jiomekong’’>

<owner> Dr. Jiomekong </owner>
<email>fidel.jiomekong@facsciences-uy1.uninet.cm</email>
</person>
<person name= ‘’Dr. Jiomekong’’ email= fidel.jiomekong@facsciences-uy1.uninet.cm/>
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A simple example with Natural Language

Dr. Jiomekong
Has the email
fidel.jiomekong@...
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A simple example with a graph

Simple and intuitive knowledge representation with directed graphs
Has email
Dr. Jiomekong Fidel.jiomekong@...
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In the Semantic Web
OWL & Rules

Level 3
(Entire world)
RDF &
RDFSchema
Level 2
(Knowledge about
objects) XML
XMLSchema
Level 1
(Objects)
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In the Semantic Web
Three steps of Semantic knowledge representation : XML &

XMLSchema, RDF & RDFSchema, OWL & Rules :
• XML & XMLSchema :

◦ Available in the Web
◦ Used to describe simple objects
◦ Are not connected to each other
◦ It is difficult to decide if they represent the same or difference
• RDF & RDFSchema :

◦ Give the possibility to define relations among objects
◦ First knowledge, first facts that we can express
◦ Used to take objects into relations
◦ Used to construct little world that is open and based on RDF and
RDFS
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In the Semantic Web
Three steps of Semantic knowledge representation : XML &

XMLSchema, RDF & RDFSchema, OWL & Rules :
• OWL & Rules :

◦ Use if we want to close our world
◦ Used to define entire world with things inside that world
◦ Enable the Semantic expressivity with OWL and Rules
◦ Used to formulate axioms that contains knowledge, restrictions,
constrainst about things we are modeling
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Resource Description Framework

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• An RDF Model is a set of RDF statements
• Statement :=(subject, property, object)
• Subject is a resource
• Property is a resource
• Object is either a resource or a literal
• Knowledge is expressed as a list of statements
• All RDF statements follow the same simple schema
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De Ex A,
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or ste s
Ontologies Learning
IRI
, UR
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Cryp t Syst ms
FS, RIF
togr em

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Domain ontologies
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Resource
• Can be everything
• Must be uniquely identified and be referencable
• ...simply via URI
All objects that can be addressed via URI
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Ontologies Learning
IRI
, UR
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Cryp t Syst ms
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Description
• =Description of resource
• ...via representing properties and relationships among resources
• ...relationships can be represent as graphs
Properties / attributes for the description of ressources
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Ontologies Learning
IRI
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L, Tur
tle
Cryp t Syst ms
FS, RIF
togr em

F, RD RL,
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Domain ontologies
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Framework
• =Combination of Web based protocols (URI, HTTP, XML, ...)
• Based on formal model (semantics)
• Defines all allowed relationships among resources
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Ontologies Learning
IRI
, UR
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L, Tur
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Cryp t Syst ms
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Domain ontologies
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Dr. Jiomekong Subject
Has the email Property
fidel.jiomekong@... Object
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Ontologies Learning
IRI
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• RDF
• Subject - Property - Value (the value of that property)
• The value of the property can be another subject or a value
• Constituents of RDF language : Resource, literal and blank nodes
• Several representation of RDF language :

◦ Node-Edge-Node Triple : graph representation
◦ N3 Notation
◦ Turtle (Terse RDF Triple Language) - simplification of N3
◦ RDF XML-Serialization - is the standard
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Ontologies Learning
IRI
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L, Tur
tle
Cryp t Syst ms
FS, RIF
togr em

F, RD RL,
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Domain ontologies
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Hermit Rul
Google Search
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Virtuoso
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Example of a statement
Suppose I want to make the following statement :

This is a lecture and this lecture has a name which is ”Semantic Web
and Applications”. The property of this lecture is the lecture name
and the lecture name contains a certain amount of time comprises
four hours per week (Property for the duration).
Represent this statement with the different formalism
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L, Tur
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Cryp t Syst ms
FS, RIF
togr em

F, RD RL,
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Constituents of RDF graph
• Resources :
Objects that can be addressed via URI
• Properties :
Attributes for the description of resources
• Statements(RDF-Triple) :
Resource + Property + Object/Value

URI URI URI/Literal
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IRI
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L, Tur
tle
Cryp t Syst ms
FS, RIF
togr em

F, RD RL,
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Domain ontologies
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Constituents of RDF graph : URI
How do I represent: ‘’Dr. Jiomekong write the course Semantic Web and applications ?
Used to reference resources uniquely
http://facsciences-uy1.cm/jiofidelus
http://facsciences-uy1.cm/SWCourse
http://facsciences-uy1.cm/personal#writeCourse
O
P
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Ontologies Learning
IRI
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L, Tur
tle
Cryp t Syst ms
FS, RIF
togr em

F, RD RL,
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Domain ontologies
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Constituents of RDF graph : Literals
• Describe data values that do not have a seperate existence

• Strings, interpretation via datatypes

Fidel.jiomekong@facsciences-uy1...
http://facsciences-uy1.cm/personal/hasEmailAddres
O
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Ontologies Learning
IRI
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L, Tur
tle
Cryp t Syst ms
FS, RIF
togr em

F, RD RL,
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Domain ontologies
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Hermit Rul
Google Search
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Constituents of RDF graph : Literals
• Typed literals can be expressed via XML Schema datatypes
• Namespace for typed literals :

http://www.w3c.org/2001/XMLSchema#
e.g. :
”Semantics”‘http ://www.w3c.org/2001/XMLSchema#string
• Language Tags denote the (natural) language of the text :

e.g. : ”Language”@en, ”Language”@fr
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IRI
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L, Tur
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Cryp t Syst ms
FS, RIF
togr em

F, RD RL,
aphy s
Domain ontologies
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Hermit Rul
Google Search
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Virtuoso
Source2onto Pellet
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BioPortal
Constituents of RDF graph : Blank Nodes
Denote existence of an individual with specific attributes, but without

providing an identification or reference
How do I represent: ‘’Existence of things of type person’’
http://facsciences-uy1.cm/personal/person
S O
rdfs:type
P
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IRI
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L, Tur
tle
Cryp t Syst ms
FS, RIF
togr em

F, RD RL,
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Domain ontologies
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Hermit Rul
Google Search
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Virtuoso
Source2onto Pellet
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BioPortal
RDF representation : Node-Edge-Node Triple
http://facsciences-uy1.cm/personal#writeCourse
O
P
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IRI
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L, Tur
tle
Cryp t Syst ms
FS, RIF
togr em

F, RD RL,
aphy s
Domain ontologies
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Hermit Rul
Google Search
GraphDB
Virtuoso
Source2onto Pellet
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BioPortal
RDF representation : N3 Notation
Simple listing of triples

{ h t t p : / / f a c s c i e n c e s −uy1 . cm/ j i o f i d e l u s ,
h t t p : / / f a c s c i e n c e s −uy1 . cm/ p e r s o n a l#w r i t e C o u r s e ,
h t t p : / / f a c s c i e n c e s −uy1 . cm/ SWCourse
}
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Ontologies Learning
IRI
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L, Tur
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Cryp t Syst ms
FS, RIF
togr em

F, RD RL,
aphy s
Domain ontologies
RD es, SW SPARQL
Hermit Rul
Google Search
GraphDB
Virtuoso
Source2onto Pellet
BFO
BioPortal
RDF representation : Turtle
Simple listing of triples

• Terse RDF triple Language
• Extension of N3
• URIs in angle brackets
• Literals in quotation marks
• Triple ends with a period
• White space will be ignored
<S u b j e c t > <O b j e c t >.
<S u b j e c t > ” O b j e c t ” .
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Ontologies Learning
IRI
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L, Tur
tle
Cryp t Syst ms
FS, RIF
togr em

F, RD RL,
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<h t t p : / / f a c s c i e n c e s −uy1 . cm/ Jiomekong>

<h t t p : / / f a c s c i e n c e s −uy1 . cm/ p e r s o n a l#w r i t e C o u r s e >
<h t t p : / / f a c s c i e n c e s −uy1 . cm/ SWCourse >.
<h t t p : / / f a c s c i e n c e s −uy1 . cm/ Jiomekong>

<h t t p : / / f a c s c i e n c e s −uy1 . cm/ p e r s o n a l#h a s E m a i l A d d r e s s>
” f i d e l . j i o m e k o n g @ f a c s c i e n c e s −uy1 . u n i n e t . cm ” .
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Ontologies Learning
IRI
, UR
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L, Tur
tle
Cryp t Syst ms
FS, RIF
togr em

F, RD RL,
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Domain ontologies
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@ p r e f i x x s d : <h t t p : / /www . w3 . o r g /2001/XMLSchema#>.

@ p r e f i x dc : <h t t p : / / p u r l . o r g / dc / e l e m e n t s /1.1/ >.
@ p r e f i x e x : <h t t p : / / e x a m p l e . o r g / s t u f f /1.0/ >.
<h t t p : / /www . w3 . o r g /TR/ r d f −s y n t a x−grammar>

dc : t i t l e ”RDF/XML S y n t a x S p e c i f i c a t i o n ( R e v i s e d ) ” @en ;
ex : e d i t o r [
e x : f u l l n a m e ” Dave B e c k e t t ” ˆˆ x s d : s t r i n g ;
e x : homePage <h t t p : / / p u r l . o r g / n e t / d a j o b e/>
].
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Ontologies Learning
IRI
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L, Tur
tle
Cryp t Syst ms
FS, RIF
togr em

F, RD RL,
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Domain ontologies
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Hermit Rul
Google Search
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Virtuoso
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BioPortal
RDF representation : RDF XML-Serialization
<xml v e r s i o n =”1.0” e n c o d i n g =” u t f −8”>

<r d f : RDF x m l n s : r d f =” h t t p : / / www3 . o r g /1999/02/22 − r d f −s y n t a x−n s#”
x m l n s : p e r s =” h t t p : / / f a c s c i e n c e s −uy1 . cm/ p e r s o n a l#”>
<r d f : D e s c r i p t i o n r d f : a b o u t=” h t t p : / / f a c s c i e n c e s −uy1 . cm/ J io me ko ng”>

f i d e l . j i o m e k o n g @ . . . 
</ r d f : D e s c r i p t i o n >
<r d f : D e s c r i p t i o n r d f : a b o u t=” h t t p : / / f a c s c i e n c e s −uy1 . cm/ J io me ko ng”>


<r d f : D e s c r i p t i o n r d f : a b o u t=” h t t p : / / f a c s c i e n c e s −uy1 . cm/ SWCourse”>

</ r d f : RDF>
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Ontologies Learning
IRI
, UR
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L, Tur
tle
Cryp t Syst ms
FS, RIF
togr em

F, RD RL,
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Domain ontologies
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Hermit Rul
Google Search
GraphDB
Virtuoso
Source2onto Pellet
BFO
BioPortal
hasEmailAddress
http://facsciences-uy1.cm/Jiomekong fidel.jiomekong@facsciences...
Resource Literal
WriteCourses
Resource
hasEmailAddress
Resource Literal
WriteCourses
<xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8">

Resource
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
xmlns:pers="http://facsciences-uy1.cm/personal#">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="http://facsciences-uy1.cm/Jiomekong">
<pers:hasEmailAddress>fidel.jiomekong@...</pers:hasEmailAddress>
</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="http://facsciences-uy1.cm/Jiomekong">
<pers:writeCourse>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="http://facsciences-uy1.cm/SWCourse">
</rdf:Description>
</pers:writeCourse>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
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or ste s
Ontologies Learning
IRI
, UR
OW
L, Tur
tle
Cryp t Syst ms
FS, RIF
togr em

F, RD RL,
aphy s
Domain ontologies
RD es, SW SPARQL
Hermit Rul
Google Search
GraphDB
Virtuoso
Source2onto Pellet
BFO
BioPortal
hasEmailAddress
Resource Literal
WriteCourses
Resource

xmlns:pers="http://facsciences-uy1.cm/personal#">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="http://facsciences-uy1.cm/Jiomekong"
pers:hasEmailAddress= ‘’fidel.jiomekong@...’’ >
<pers:writeCourse rdf:resource=
"http://facsciences-uy1.cm/SWCourse">
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
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De Ex A,
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or ste s
Ontologies Learning
IRI
, UR
OW
L, Tur
tle
Cryp t Syst ms
FS, RIF
togr em

F, RD RL,
aphy s
Domain ontologies
RD es, SW SPARQL
Hermit Rul
Google Search
GraphDB
Virtuoso
Source2onto Pellet
BFO
BioPortal
hasEmailAddress
Resource Literal
WriteCourses
Resource

xmlns:pers="http://facsciences-uy1.cm/personal#"
xml:base=’’http://facsciences-uy1.cm/Lecturer’’ >
<rdf:Description rdf:about="http://facsciences-uy1.cm/Jiomekong"
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
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or ste s
Ontologies Learning
IRI
, UR
OW
L, Tur
tle
Cryp t Syst ms
FS, RIF
togr em

F, RD RL,
aphy s
Domain ontologies
RD es, SW SPARQL
Hermit Rul
Google Search
GraphDB
Virtuoso
Source2onto Pellet
BFO
BioPortal
RDF representation : Turtle representation
hasEmailAddress
http://facsciences-uy1.cm/Lecturer#/Jiomekong fidel.jiomekong@facsciences...
Resource Literal
WriteCourses
Resource
@prefix rdf: <http://www3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>

@prefix pers: <http://facsciences-uy1.cm/personal#>
@base <http://facsciences-uy1.cm/Lecturer>.
:Jiomekong pers:hasEmailAddress ‘’fidel.jiomekong@...’’ ;

pers:writeCourse <http://facsciences-uy1.cm/SWCourse>.
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or ste s
Ontologies Learning
IRI
, UR
OW
L, Tur
tle
Cryp t Syst ms
FS, RIF
togr em

F, RD RL,
aphy s
Domain ontologies
RD es, SW SPARQL
Hermit Rul
Google Search
GraphDB
Virtuoso
Source2onto Pellet
BFO
BioPortal
hasEmailAddress
Resource Literal
WriteCourses
Resource

xml:base=’’http://facsciences-uy1.cm/Lecturer’’ >
<rdf:Description rdf:ID="Jiomekong"
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
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De Ex A,
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L,
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, DL
Su
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L
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or ste s
Ontologies Learning
IRI
, UR
OW
L, Tur
tle
Cryp t Syst ms
FS, RIF
togr em

F, RD RL,
aphy s
Domain ontologies
RD es, SW SPARQL
Hermit Rul
Google Search
GraphDB
Virtuoso
Source2onto Pellet
BFO
BioPortal
RDF representation : Turtle Serialization
hasEmailAddress
Resource Literal
WriteCourses
Resource

@prefix pers: <http://facsciences-uy1.cm/personal#>
@base <http://facsciences-uy1.cm/Lecturer>.
:Jiomekong pers:hasEmailAddress ‘’fidel.jiomekong@...’’ ;

pers:writeCourse <http://facsciences-uy1.cm/SWCourse>.
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Ontologies Learning
IRI
, UR
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L, Tur
tle
Cryp t Syst ms
FS, RIF
togr em

F, RD RL,
aphy s
Domain ontologies
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Hermit Rul
Google Search
GraphDB
Virtuoso
Source2onto Pellet
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BioPortal
http://facsciences-uy1.cm/Lecture#Name
http://facsciences-uy1.cm/SWCourse Semantic Web &
Applications
http://facsciences-uy1.cm/Lecture#SWCourse
4
xmlns:lv=’’http://facsciences-uy1.cm/Lecturer#’’ >
<rdf:Description rdf:about="http://facsciences-uy1.cm/SWCourse"
<lv:Name rdf:DataType=’’http://www.w3c.org/2001/XMLSchema#string’’>
Semantic Web & Applications
</lv:Name>
<lv:SWCourse rdf:DataType=’’http://www.w3c.org/2001/XMLSchema#Integer’’>
4
</lv:SWCourse>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
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or ste s
Ontologies Learning
IRI
, UR
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L, Tur
tle
Cryp t Syst ms
FS, RIF
togr em

F, RD RL,
aphy s
Domain ontologies
RD es, SW SPARQL
Hermit Rul
Google Search
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Virtuoso
Source2onto Pellet
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BioPortal
Blank nodes
• A lecture takes place twice a week in two different rooms
• How to model this in RDF ?
http://facsciences-uy1.cm/Lecture#hasName Semantic Web &

http://facsciences-uy1.cm/swCourse#swa http Applications
:/ /fac
http:/
http:/
ht scie
tp nce
:// s -u
y1.c
/facs
fa
/facs
cs m/L
cie ectu
nc S006
c
c
re#
ience
ience
es has
-u Ro
y1 om
.c
s
s
m
-uy1
-uy1
/L
ec
tu
.cm
.cm
re
#h
/Lectu
as
/Lectu
Ro
om
S008
re#h
re#h
as
as
Problem: Distinguish in these facts which

Date
Date
lecture belongs to which date? → No

possibility to select which belongs to which
Tue 11-05-21 Not unique possibility

Tue 04-05-21
Solution: introduce additional node into
the graph
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Ontologies Learning
IRI
, UR
OW
L, Tur
tle
Cryp t Syst ms
FS, RIF
togr em

F, RD RL,
aphy s
Domain ontologies
RD es, SW SPARQL
Hermit Rul
Google Search
GraphDB
Virtuoso
Source2onto Pellet
BFO
BioPortal
Blank nodes
• A lecture takes place twice a week in two different rooms
• How to model this in RDF ?

http://facsciences-uy1.cm/swCourse#swa Applications
te
has
te s Da
has
Da ha
Roo
s
ha
Roo
m
m
Tue 04-05-21
Tue 11-05-21
S008
S006
The blank node represent a place and a time

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FS, RIF
togr em

F, RD RL,
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Domain ontologies
RD es, SW SPARQL
Hermit Rul
Google Search
GraphDB
Virtuoso
Source2onto Pellet
BFO
BioPortal
Blank nodes
• Bnodes
• Also called Empty node
• Object which do not have URI associated with
• Used to make a statement about things that exist without telling

which individual directly are addressed with this information
• Existential assertion without denoting specific individual (There

exist at least one)
• Used to represent multivalue relations

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IRI
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L, Tur
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Cryp t Syst ms
FS, RIF
togr em

F, RD RL,
aphy s
Domain ontologies
RD es, SW SPARQL
Hermit Rul
Google Search
GraphDB
Virtuoso
Source2onto Pellet
BFO
BioPortal
Anonymous Blank Nodes

takesPlace
has
t
s Da
Roo
ha
m
Tue 04-05-21
S008

xmlns:fs-uy1=’’http://facsciences-uy1.cm/Lecturer#’’ >
<rdf:Description rdf:about="http://facsciences-uy1.cm/swa" >

<fs-uy1:takesPlace= rdf:parseType=’’Resource’’/>
<fs-uy1:hasDate>Tue 04-05-21</fs-uy1:hasDate>
<fs-uy1:hasRoom>S008</fs-uy1:hasRoom>
<fs-uy1:takesPlace>
</rdf:Description>
57 / 80 </rdf:RDF>
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IRI
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L, Tur
tle
Cryp t Syst ms
FS, RIF
togr em

F, RD RL,
aphy s
Domain ontologies
RD es, SW SPARQL
Hermit Rul
Google Search
GraphDB
Virtuoso
Source2onto Pellet
BFO
BioPortal
Anonymous Blank Nodes : Turtle representation

takesPlace
has
t
s Da
Roo
ha
m
Tue 04-05-21
S008

@prefix fs-uy1: <http://facsciences-uy1.cm/Lecture#>.
<http://facsciences-uy1.cm/swCourse#swa>fs-uy1:takesPlace[
fs-uy1:hasDate ‘’Tue 04-05-21’’ ;
fs-uy1:hasRoom ‘’S008’’].
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or ste s
Ontologies Learning
IRI
, UR
OW
L, Tur
tle
Cryp t Syst ms
FS, RIF
togr em

F, RD RL,
aphy s
Domain ontologies
RD es, SW SPARQL
Hermit Rul
Google Search
GraphDB
Virtuoso
Source2onto Pellet
BFO
BioPortal
Deferencable Blank Nodes
It might be important to dereference a node −→ Give this blank node

a name
takesPlace
ID1
e
has
t
s Da
Roo
ha
m
Tue 04-05-21
S008
RDF/XML
<rdf:Description rdf:about="http://facsciences-uy1.cm/swCourse#swa" >
<fs-uy1:takesPlace= rdf:nodeID=’’ID1’’/>
</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description rdf:nodeID=’’ID1’’ >

<fs-uy1:takesPlace= rdf:nodeID=’’ID1’’/>
<fs-uy1:hasDate>Tue 04-05-21</fs-uy1:hasDate>
<fs-uy1:hasRoom>S008</fs-uy1:hasRoom>
<fs-uy1:takesPlace>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
Turtle
<http://facsciences-uy1.cm/swCourse#swa>fs-uy1:takesPlace _:ID1.
_:ID1 fs-uy1:hasDate ‘’Tue 04-05-21’’ ;
fs-uy1:hasRoom ‘’S008’’.
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or ste s
Ontologies Learning
IRI
, UR
OW
L, Tur
tle
Cryp t Syst ms
FS, RIF
togr em

F, RD RL,
aphy s
Domain ontologies
RD es, SW SPARQL
Hermit Rul
Google Search
GraphDB
Virtuoso
Source2onto Pellet
BFO
BioPortal
Lists
• Aggregation of facts
• Use to talk about single individual and aggregate into sets
• General Data structure to enumerate any resources or literals
• Only shortcuts, no additional semantic expressivity
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pp
or ste s
Ontologies Learning
IRI
, UR
OW
L, Tur
tle
Cryp t Syst ms
FS, RIF
togr em

F, RD RL,
aphy s
Domain ontologies
RD es, SW SPARQL
Hermit Rul
Google Search
GraphDB
Virtuoso
Source2onto Pellet
BFO
BioPortal
Lists
Two types of lists :
• Container :
◦ open list, can be extends afterwards
◦ extension (new entries) possible
◦ rdf :sequential : the sequence of the list is important
• Collection :
◦ simple linear list
◦ closed list, no further extension is possible
◦ rdf :nil is for close lit
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IRI
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OW
L, Tur
tle
Cryp t Syst ms
FS, RIF
togr em

F, RD RL,
aphy s
Domain ontologies
RD es, SW SPARQL
Hermit Rul
Google Search
GraphDB
Virtuoso
Source2onto Pellet
BFO
BioPortal
Lists : RDF Container
• The root node is assigned a container-type via rdf :type
• rdf :Bag
◦ unordered set of elements
◦ there is no given order of elements
• rdf :Seq
◦ ordered set of elements
• rdf :Alt
◦ defines alternatives of elements
◦ only one element of the given alternatives is relevant for the
application
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IRI
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Cryp t Syst ms
FS, RIF
togr em

F, RD RL,
aphy s
Domain ontologies
RD es, SW SPARQL
Hermit Rul
Google Search
GraphDB
Virtuoso
Source2onto Pellet
BFO
BioPortal
RDF Container
http://facsciences-uy1.cm/swCourse#swa
fs-uy1:hasParticipant http://facsciences-uy1.cm/Maxim
rdf:_1
rdf:_2 http://facsciences-uy1.cm/Regis
rdf:_3
http://facsciences-uy1.cm/Axel
rdf:_4
rdf:_type
http://facsciences-uy1.cm/Excel
rdf:Seq

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or ste s
Ontologies Learning
IRI
, UR
OW
L, Tur
tle
Cryp t Syst ms
FS, RIF
togr em

F, RD RL,
aphy s
Domain ontologies
RD es, SW SPARQL
Hermit Rul
Google Search
GraphDB
Virtuoso
Source2onto Pellet
BFO
BioPortal
RDF Container
fs-uy1:hasParticipant rdf:_1 http://facsciences-uy1.cm/Maxim
rdf:_2
http://facsciences-uy1.cm/Regis
rdf:_3 http://facsciences-uy1.cm/Axel
rdf:_4
rdf:_type
rdf:Seq

@prefix fs-uy1: <http://facsciences-uy1.cm/Lecture#>
@base <http://facsciences-uy1.cm/> .
:swa fs-uy1:hasParticipants[
a rdf:Seq;
rdf:_1 <Maxim>;
rdf:_1 <Regis>;
rdf:_1 <Axel>;
rdf:_1 <Excel>.
].
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Ontologies Learning
IRI
, UR
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L, Tur
tle
Cryp t Syst ms
FS, RIF
togr em

F, RD RL,
aphy s
Domain ontologies
RD es, SW SPARQL
Hermit Rul
Google Search
GraphDB
Virtuoso
Source2onto Pellet
BFO
BioPortal
Lists : RDF-Collection
RDF Container: rdf:collection

http://facsciences-uy1.cm/Maxim
fs-uy1:hasParticipant rdf:first
rdf:rest rdf:first http://facsciences-uy1.cm/Regis
rdf:rest
rdf:first
http://facsciences-uy1.cm/Axel
rdf:rest
rdf:first
rdf:nil http://facsciences-uy1.cm/Excel
rdf:nil

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or ste s
Ontologies Learning
IRI
, UR
OW
L, Tur
tle
Cryp t Syst ms
FS, RIF
togr em

F, RD RL,
aphy s
Domain ontologies
RD es, SW SPARQL
Hermit Rul
Google Search
GraphDB
Virtuoso
Source2onto Pellet
BFO
BioPortal
Lists : RDF-Collection
RDF Container: rdf:collection

http://facsciences-uy1.cm/Maxim
fs-uy1:hasParticipant rdf:first
rdf:rest rdf:first http://facsciences-uy1.cm/Regis

rdf:rest
rdf:first http://facsciences-uy1.cm/Axel
rdf:rest
rdf:first
rdf:nil
rdf:nil

:swa fs-uy1:hasParticipants[
rdf:first <Maxim>; rdf:rest[
rdf:first <Regis>; rdf:rest[
rdf:first <Axel>; rdf:rest[
rdf:first <Excel>;
rdf:rest rdf:nil.
]]]].

:swa fs-uy1:hasParticipants
(<Maxim> <Regis> <Axel> <Excel>).
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Ontologies Learning
IRI
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L, Tur
tle
Cryp t Syst ms
FS, RIF
togr em

F, RD RL,
aphy s
Domain ontologies
RD es, SW SPARQL
Hermit Rul
Google Search
GraphDB
Virtuoso
Source2onto Pellet
BFO
BioPortal
Reification
• Consider the following statement of Sherlock Holmes : Dear

Watson, ... I suppose that the Gardner has killed the Butler” :
◦ There are several facts in there
◦ How to represent these fact ?
◦ How to address the fact that Sherlock Holmes is referring to ?
◦ −→ Connected facts together to a new fact : ”the Gardner has killed
the butler” and ”Holmes suppose that the Gardner has killed the
butler”
• Solution : Use RDF statement/RDF Reification in which a fact

may become a subject
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Ontologies Learning
IRI
, UR
OW
L, Tur
tle
Cryp t Syst ms
FS, RIF
togr em

F, RD RL,
aphy s
Domain ontologies
RD es, SW SPARQL
Hermit Rul
Google Search
GraphDB
Virtuoso
Source2onto Pellet
BFO
BioPortal
RDF-Reification
• Used for meta-modeling
• Used to model facts about facts
• Permits interleaving statements :

i.e. to make statements about statements
• Example :
”Dear Watson, ... I suppose that the Gardner has killed the Butler”
◦ Part 1 : The Gardener has killed the Butler
exv :Gardener exv :hasKilled exv :Butler.
◦ Part 2 : Sherlock Holmes supposes
exv :SherlockHolmes exv :supposes ? ? ? ?.
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Ontologies Learning
IRI
, UR
OW
L, Tur
tle
Cryp t Syst ms
FS, RIF
togr em

F, RD RL,
aphy s
Domain ontologies
RD es, SW SPARQL
Hermit Rul
Google Search
GraphDB
Virtuoso
Source2onto Pellet
BFO
BioPortal
RDF-Reification
• rdf :Statement
Defines an RDF Statement, consisting of Subject, Predicate and
Object
• rdf :subject - the described resource
• rdf :predicate - the original property
• rdf :object - the value of the property
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Ontologies Learning
IRI
, UR
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L, Tur
tle
Cryp t Syst ms
FS, RIF
togr em

F, RD RL,
aphy s
Domain ontologies
RD es, SW SPARQL
Hermit Rul
Google Search
GraphDB
Virtuoso
Source2onto Pellet
BFO
BioPortal
RDF-Reification
RDF-Reification
:SherlockHolmes
ex:supposes :Gardener
rdf:subject
rdf:predicate Ex:hasKilled
:StatementOnGardener
rdf:object
:Butler
Sherlock Holmes supposes that the Gardener has killed the Butler
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Ontologies Learning
IRI
, UR
OW
L, Tur
tle
Cryp t Syst ms
FS, RIF
togr em

F, RD RL,
aphy s
Domain ontologies
RD es, SW SPARQL
Hermit Rul
Google Search
GraphDB
Virtuoso
Source2onto Pellet
BFO
BioPortal
RDF-Reification
RDF-Reification
:SherlockHolmes
Sherlock Holmes ex:supposes

rdf:subject
:Gardener
supposes that the rdf:predicate Ex:hasKilled

Gardener has killed :StatementOnGardener
rdf:object
the Butler :Butler

@ex <http://facsciences-uy1.cm/Crime#> .
:SherlockHolmes ex:supposes:StatementOnGardener .
:StatementOnGardener a rdf:Statement ;
rdf:subject :Gardener ;
rdf:predicate ex:hasKilled ;
rdf:object:Butler .
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Ontologies Learning
IRI
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L, Tur
tle
Cryp t Syst ms
FS, RIF
togr em

F, RD RL,
aphy s
Domain ontologies
RD es, SW SPARQL
Hermit Rul
Google Search
GraphDB
Virtuoso
Source2onto Pellet
BFO
BioPortal
RDF-Reification
• Used to model data provenance
• Formalizing statements about Reliability (Trust)
• Definition of Metadata about statements (Assertions,

Statements)
• For (general) knowledge representation (ontologies construction)

Used to transform Relations into Classes
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Ontologies Learning
IRI
, UR
OW
L, Tur
tle
Cryp t Syst ms
FS, RIF
togr em

F, RD RL,
aphy s
Domain ontologies
RD es, SW SPARQL
Hermit Rul
Google Search
GraphDB
Virtuoso
Source2onto Pellet
BFO
BioPortal
Reification
• Used to model data provenance : Who has made a statement
• Used to formalize statements about reliability and trust
Warning : can cause the problems of decidability and type conflicts

(classes, individuals, statements)
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, DL
Su
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L
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or ste s
Ontologies Learning
IRI
, UR
OW
L, Tur
tle
Cryp t Syst ms
FS, RIF
togr em

F, RD RL,
aphy s
Domain ontologies
RD es, SW SPARQL
Hermit Rul
Google Search
GraphDB
Virtuoso
Source2onto Pellet
BFO
BioPortal
RDF and Data Integration
Example of a Bibliography Database
ID Author Title Publisher Year
Books ISBN 0-00-752456-Z AJ-1254 Semantic-Aware S-001 2025

Software
ID Name Homepage
Authors AJ-123 Azanzi Jiomekong http://facsciences-uy1.cm/jiomekong
ID Publisher Location
Publisher S-001 Springer London
Suppose we want to transform this database in a RDF knowledge base

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Ontologies Learning
IRI
, UR
OW
L, Tur
tle
Cryp t Syst ms
FS, RIF
togr em

F, RD RL,
aphy s
Domain ontologies
RD es, SW SPARQL
Hermit Rul
Google Search
GraphDB
Virtuoso
Source2onto Pellet
BFO
BioPortal
Database export into a set of relations

Springer
a:publishername
London
a:publisherLocation
Semantic-aware
a:title
Software
ISBN 0-00-752456-Z a:year

2025
a:author
a:authorname
Azanzi
Jiomekong
a:authorhomepage
http://facsciences-uy1.cm/jiomekong
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Su
I, UR
L
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or ste s
Ontologies Learning
IRI
, UR
OW
L, Tur
tle
Cryp t Syst ms
FS, RIF
togr em

F, RD RL,
aphy s
Domain ontologies
RD es, SW SPARQL
Hermit Rul
Google Search
GraphDB
Virtuoso
Source2onto Pellet
BFO
BioPortal
Azanzi
Springer
Jiomekong a:publishername
u:name London
a:publisherLocation
u:author Semantic-aware
a:title
Software
ISBN 0-00-752456-Z
u:cites 2025
a:author
http:·..paper
a:authorname Azanzi
Jiomekong
u:title
a:authorhomepage
Very important paper
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Ontologies Learning
IRI
, UR
OW
L, Tur
tle
Cryp t Syst ms
FS, RIF
togr em

F, RD RL,
aphy s
Domain ontologies
RD es, SW SPARQL
Hermit Rul
Google Search
GraphDB
Virtuoso
Source2onto Pellet
BFO
BioPortal
Azanzi
Springer
Jiomekong a:publishername
u:name London
a:publisherLocation
u:author Semantic-aware
a:title
Software
ISBN 0-00-752456-Z
u:cites 2025
a:author
http:·..paper
a:authorname Azanzi
Jiomekong
u:title
a:authorhomepage
Very important paper
• Two tables with different schema

• Schema mapping is a difficult problem
• Easy to do in RDF
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Ontologies Learning
IRI
, UR
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L, Tur
tle
Cryp t Syst ms
FS, RIF
togr em
Summary
F, RD RL,
aphy s
Domain ontologies
RD es, SW SPARQL
Hermit Rul
Google Search
GraphDB
Virtuoso
Source2onto Pellet
BFO
BioPortal
Element Description
URI/IRI Unique string used to identify a resource
HTTP Protocol used to fetch resources on the Web
XML Defines a set of rules for encoding document for data
exchange
RDF W3C standard data model for data transfert on the
Web
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Ontologies Learning
IRI
, UR
OW
L, Tur
tle
Cryp t Syst ms
FS, RIF
togr em
Summary
F, RD RL,
aphy s
Domain ontologies
RD es, SW SPARQL
Hermit Rul
Google Search
GraphDB
Virtuoso
Source2onto Pellet
BFO
BioPortal
RDF XML serialization
Element Description
rdf :RDF The root of an RDF document
rdf :Description Container for the description of a resource
rdf :about Defines the resource being described
rdf :resource Defines a resource to identify a property
rdf :ID Defines the ID of an element
rdf :DataType Defines
rdf :parseType Defines how an element should be parsed
rdf :nodeID Defines the ID of an element node
rdf :li Defines a list
rdf n Defines a node
rdf :Statement Represent the class of RDF statement
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Ontologies Learning
IRI
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L, Tur
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Cryp t Syst ms
FS, RIF
togr em
Summary and further questions

F, RD RL,
aphy s
Domain ontologies
RD es, SW SPARQL
Hermit Rul
Google Search
GraphDB
Virtuoso
Source2onto Pellet
BFO
BioPortal
In this course, we replied to the following questions :

• How to represent things ?
• How to encode and represent facts ?
But questions remain :

• How to represent knowledge on the Web ?
• How to store RDF and RDFS data ?
The responses to these questions are given in the next course
80 / 80

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Link Open Data

Semantic Web and knowledge engineering

Copyright (c) 2020 Azanzi Jiomekong.

Chutes jumelles Ekom Kam

• How to identify things ?

• How to represent things ?

• How to encode and represent facts ?

• How to model simple facts ?

The responses to these questions are given in this course

Semantic Web Stack

Represents Semantic Web Basic Architecture

Uniform Resource Identifier

How to identify things ? URI

Uniform Resource Identifier

How to identify things ? URI

Data: Represents (stands for)

Chutes jumelles Ekom Kam

Uniform Resource Identifier

Representation (HTML) and presentation (Web browser)

Uniform Resource Identifier

HTTP Request / Response

Uniform Resource Identifier

• When we talk about a thing −→ we talk about things having the

• We share a common concepts −→ we are able to communicate

• We must identify things that we are talking about −→ we need the

Uniform Resource Identifier

• Simple and extensible schema for worldwide unique identification

• Uniform : different types of resources identifiers all constructed

• Identifier : to distinguish one resource from another

Uniform Resource Identifier

• URI = 2 things : Address and Identity

• Uniform : we can different types of resources

• Identifier : we can distinguish one resource from another in a

• When a user send a request, to a server, the representation of what

Uniform Resource Identifier

Designator and Designatum

• The distinguishing characteristics of [information] resources is that

• A resource can be describeb (designated) via Metadata

Uniform Resource Identifier

Uniform Resource Identifier

Uniform Resource Identifier

Uniform Resource Identifier

schema” ://[userinfo”@”]host[ :port][path][” ?”query][”#”fragment]

• schema : e.g. http, ftp, mailto, etc.

Uniform Resource Identifier

In the Semantic Web

• What if a URI for a resource does not exist ?

Uniform Resource Identifier

• Already establish in various domains :

◦ The Web : URL, PRN

◦ Books and publications : ISBN, ISSN

◦ Digital Object Identifier : DOI

• Used to represent simple facts

◦ Natural Language representation

A simple example with XML

How do I represent: ‘’Dr. Jiomekong has the email

<person name= ‘’Dr. Jiomekong’’>

<person name= ‘’Dr. Jiomekong’’ email= fidel.jiomekong@facsciences-uy1.uninet.cm/>

A simple example with Natural Language

How do I represent: ‘’Dr. Jiomekong has the email

A simple example with a graph

How do I represent: ‘’Dr. Jiomekong has the email