1

3. Jenis-Jenis Polutan
dan Sumber nya
OS4071 – Kualitas Air Laut
Dr. Susanna Nurdjaman, S.Si, M.T

Oseanografi – FITB ITB

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 Marine pollution

Definition
"Introduction of man, directly or indirectly, of substances or
energy into the marine environment (including estuaries)
resulting in such deleterious effects as harm to living resources,
hazard to human health, hindrance to marine activities including
fishing, impairment of quality for use of sea-water, and reduction
of amenities.” – GESAMP
3 Contd..
Marine pollution

General impacts

Ø Impacts on living resources • Dampak pada sumber daya

Ø Hazards to human health
Ø Hindrance to marine activities
Ø Impairment of quality of
seawater
Ø Reduction of amenities
Ø Loss of aesthetic beauty
Ø Impacts on the sensitive
habitats
kehidupan
• Bahaya bagi kesehatan manusia
• Hambatan terhadap aktivitas laut
• Penurunan kualitas air laut
• Pengurangan fasilitas
• Kehilangan keindahan estetika
• Dampak pada habitat sensitif

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Sources of pollution

Land-based sources
Ø Agricultural run-off

Ø Municipal and industrial wastes

Sea-based sources
Ø Oceanic dumping

Ø Offshore oil spills

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5 Contd..
Point and Non-Point Sources
Point source – refers to a single identifiable source of pollutants eg.
effluent outfall

Non-point source – refers to diffuse source of pollutants eg. Acid rain,

dust storms POINT
SOURCES
Rural homes
NONPOINT SOURCES

Cropland
Animal feedlot
Urban streets

Factory

Suburban
developmen
t

Wastewater
treatment
plant EDUNEX ITB
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Types of pollution

Discrete vs. Chronic Pollution

Ø Discrete (short term) – eg. an oil spill, the effects of which

diminish with time
Ø Chronic (long term) – eg. nutrient input, effluent discharge

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Major Water Pollutants and Their Sources

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Residential areas, factories, and farms all contribute to the

pollution of coastal waters

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9 Industry Cities Urban sprawl
Nitrogen oxides Toxic metals and Bacteria and viruses
from autos and oil from streets from sewers and septic
smokestacks, and parking lots tanks contaminate Construction sites Sediments
toxic chemicals, pollute waters; shellfish beds and are washed into waterways,
close beaches; runoff
and heavy metals sewage adds of fertilizer from lawns choking fish and plants,
in effluents flow nitrogen and adds nitrogen and clouding waters, and blocking
into bays and phosphorus. phosphorus. sunlight.
estuaries.
Farms Runoff of
pesticides, manure, and
fertilizers adds toxins and
excess nitrogen and
phosphorus.
Red tides Excess
Closed nitrogen causes
shellfish beds explosive growth of
toxic microscopic
Closed algae, poisoning fish
and marine mammals.
beach Oxygen-depleted
zone

Toxic sediments
Chemicals and toxic
metals contaminate
shellfish beds, kill
spawning fish, and
accumulate in the
tissues of bottom
feeders.

Oxygen-depleted zone Healthy zone

Sedimentation and algae Clear, oxygen-rich
overgrowth reduce waters promote
sunlight, kill beneficial
sea grasses, growth of plankton
use up oxygen, cause and sea grasses, and EDUNEX ITB
fish kills, and degrade support fish.
habitat. Fig. 11-29, p. 264
10 Types of pollution Contd..

Oil
(Petroleum
hydrocarbons)

Eutrophication
Metals

Conservative
Halogenated
Pollution
hydrocarbons
Thermal

Radioactive

Litter &
Plastic debris
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Oil pollution

Oil pollution is mostly used to

describe marine oil spills, where oil
is released into the ocean or coastal
waters.

Oil spills are due to the following:

Ø crude oil from tankers

Ø offshore platforms

Ø drilling rigs and wells

Ø spills of refined petroleum

products (such as gasoline, diesel)
Ø spill of any oily refuse or waste
oil
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12 Contd..
Oil pollution

Sources

2%
Industrial waste
3% 15%
Refineries/Terminals
7%
Natural sources
10% 62% Tanker operations
Tanker accidents
Other shipping
1%
Offshore

Source: UNEP EDUNEX ITB

13 Contd..
Oil pollution

Fate
Ø When oil is spilled on sea it spreads
over the surface to form a thin film
– called oil slick
Ø Light oil spreads faster than heavy
wax oil
Ø Low molecular weight fractions
evaporate
Ø Water soluble components dissolve
Ø Non-water soluble components
emulsify and forms a viscous mass
– “chocolate mousse”
Ø Heavy residues form tar balls
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14 Contd..
Oil pollution

Fate

Tar balls

Chocolate mousse

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Oil pollution

Impacts
Ø Effects – Impairment of marine life
Ø Plankton, esp. neuston at highest
risk – exposed to water soluble
components leaching from oil
Ø Fixed vegetation –Sea grass beds–
killed or flowering inhibited
Ø In Mangroves – lenticels clogged
with oil oxygen level in sediments
drops – death
Ø Sea birds –buoyancy and thermal
insulation lost
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Oil pollution

Impacts

Ø Commercial damage
Ø Mortality of fish, reduction in
catch
Ø Death of fish eggs and larvae
Ø Tourism – becomes nuisance –
avoided by beach goers – loss of
revenue
Ø Loss of sensitive marine habitats
– loss of flora and fauna

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Eutrophication

“The enrichment of water by

nutrients, especially nitrogen
and/or phosphorus, causing an
accelerated growth of algae and
higher forms of plant life to
produce an undesirable disturbance
to the balance of organisms present
in the water and to the quality of
water concerned”
- OSPAR (Oslo/Paris convention for the Protection
of the Marine Environment of the North-East
Atlantic)
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18 Contd..
Eutrophication
Sources
Ø Wastewater effluent (municipal and
industrial)
Ø Runoff and leachate from waste disposal
systems
Ø Runoff from agriculture/irrigation Runoff
from pasture and range
Ø Runoff from mines, oil fields, unsewered
industrial sites
Ø Overflows of combined storm and
sanitary sewers
Ø Untreated sewage

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19 Contd..
Eutrophication

Impacts
Ø Over-productivity
Ø Reduction in phytoplankton
species diversity
Ø Growth of harmful algal blooms
Ø Reduction in dissolved oxygen
content
Ø Anoxia and mass mortalities of
marine organisms

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Eutrophication

Global map of dead zones related to human-caused eutrophication

(Scientific American, 2008)

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Eutrophication Contd..
An example of Marine outfalls in Tarut Bay
Safwa STP Sanabis STP

Awamiya STP & Nasira Agricultural Jaruadiyah STP

Majidia Agricultural Discharge Anak South Agriculture discharge Anak North Agricultural Discharge

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22 Contd..
Eutrophication
Total estimated discharges (m3/day)

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23 Contd..
Eutrophication

PME Receiving body Water Quality Standards

Parameter Unit Red Sea Arabian Gulf

Industrial Industrial
(C3) (C3)

Water Quality Parameters

TKN mg/l 5 5
Inorganic Nitrogen mg/l 2 2
(Nitrite & Nitrate)
Total Phosphorus mg/l 1 1
Dissolved oxygen mg/l >3 >5
BOD mg/l 15 20

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24 Contd..
Eutrophication
Discharge Parameters (mean for 2006-2007)
Discharge Flow Rate Ammonia BOD pH TKN
(30 day avg.) (m3/day) (mg/L) (mg/L) (units) (mg/L)
PME
Allowable Effluent 1.0 25 6-9 5
Level
Al Jesh STP 15,161 16.52 61.96 - 20.19
Anak-North 42,422 - - 3.61 -
Anak-South 31,882 - - 3.65 -
Awamiya STP 17,188 17.02 64.17 - 20.22
Dammam STP 230,128 13.72 22.58 7.45 16.51
Jaruadiyah STP 65,736 13.06 3.23 - -
Joyaima GP - 6.55 8.03 9.14
Majidia 8,510 - - 3.61 -
Nasira Plant 10,238 - - 3.63 -
Ras Tanura Refinery 137,908 - - 7.74 -
Safwa STP 14,265 2.65 4.17 7.08 -
Sanabis STP 23,988 16.54 63.50 - 21.11

In excess of PME standards for direct discharge to receiving waters for a 30 day average.
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Conservative pollutants - Metals

Ø A heavy metal is a member of a loosely-defined subset of

elements that exhibit metallic properties.

Ø It mainly includes the transition metals, some metalloids,

lanthanides, and actinides.

Ø There is an alternative term for heavy metal and is called as

toxic metal
Ø The major sources of metals are:
Ø Natural sources

Ø Manmade sources

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26 Contd..
Conservative pollutants - Metals

Natural Sources
Ø Erosion of ore-bearing rocks
Ø Atmospheric inputs - wind blown
dust
Ø Volcanic activity
Ø Forest fires
Ø Riverine inputs into oceans

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27 Contd..
Conservative pollutants - Metals

Manmade Sources
Ø Industrial discharge
Ø Sewage
Ø Re-suspension of sediments by dredging and trenching

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28 Contd..
Conservative pollutants - Metals

World-wide emissions (Clark, 2001)

Metal Natural sources Anthropogenic
(in thousand sources
tonnes/year) (in thousand
tonnes/year)
Arsenic 12 18
Cadmium 1.3 7.6
Copper 28 35
Lead 12 332
Nickel 30 56
Zinc 45 132

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29 Contd..
Conservative pollutants - Metals

Impacts
Arsenic (As)
Ø Phytoplankton most sensitive & accumulate from water
column
Ø Higher trophic levels accumulate via food.

Cadmium (Cd)
Ø Divalent cadmium is more toxic

Ø Tends to bioaccumulate

Lead (Pb)
Ø Forms strong complex with clay and suspended material

Ø Bioaccumulates in most marine organisms – no

significant problems. EDUNEX ITB
30 Contd..
Conservative pollutants - Metals

An example of Mercury pollution in Minamata Bay, Japan (1953-1960)

Source
Pollution from plastic plant- dumped
mercuric chloride into the bay
Impact
Ø Shellfishes contaminated with mercury

Ø People who consumed shellfish severely

affected
Ø 43 dead and 700 permanently disabled

Ø Bay is still unusable for fishing and shell

fishing

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Conservative pollutants –
Halogenated hydrocarbons

Ø Hydrocarbons containing chlorine, fluorine, bromine or

iodine

Ø Differs from petroleum hydrocarbons – not degraded by

chemical oxidation or by bacteria

Ø Low molecular weight compounds

– eg., Dichloroethane, Freons etc.
Ø High molecular weight compounds
– eg., DDT, Drins, PCBs
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32 Contd..
Conservative pollutants –
Halogenated hydrocarbons
Sources
Aerial transport
Ø Aerial spraying of pesticides as aerosols – travel great
distances

Freshwater inputs
Ø Rain washing of pesticides carried into sea by rivers

Ø Silt from flood

Direct inputs
Ø By industrial outfalls – especially by Pesticide manufacturing
companies.
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33 Contd..
Conservative pollutants –
Halogenated hydrocarbons
Impacts
Ø Low solubility in water persist for long durations

Ø Fat-soluble , so incorporated into the tissue of marine

organisms and sediments

Ø Lethal to the animal

Ø Possibility of transmission through food webs – established in

a number of animals

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Thermal pollution

Ø Thermal pollution is the degradation of water quality by any

process that changes ambient water temperature.

Outfall from Qurrayah power plant, Saudi Arabia

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35 Contd..
Thermal pollution

Sources
Ø Industrial wastewater
Ø Power plant discharges
Ø Desalination plant discharges
Ø Urban runoff

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36 Contd..
Thermal pollution

Impacts
Ø Thermal shock
Ø Decrease in dissolved oxygen
Ø Increase in photosynthesis
Ø Increase in metabolic rate of fish
Ø Increase in oxygen consumption

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Radioactive pollution

Ø Radioactive wastes are usually by-products of nuclear

power generation and other applications of research and
medicine.

Ø Radioactive waste is hazardous to human health

Ø Pollution due to radioactive wastes – Radioactive

pollution

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38 Contd..
Radioactive pollution

Sources
Ø Weapons testing – Testing of nuclear
weapons – when exploded underwater
release fission products and isotopes

Ø Liquid wastes – Discharge from the

cooling water of nuclear reactors

Ø Solid wastes – Dumping of radioactive

wastes in Sea (now no longer practiced).

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39 Contd..
Radioactive pollution

Impacts
Ø Highly lethal - Even low doses causes fatal damage

Ø Possibility of bioaccumulation – especially in algae and

bivalves
eg. Porphyra near a nuclear power plant location had
10 times more caesium-137 than in the surrounding
waters

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Litter and Plastics pollution

Ø Marine litter, is human created waste

that has deliberately or accidentally
become afloat in the sea or ocean.

Ø It tends to accumulate at the centre of

gyres and on coastlines, frequently
washing aground, when it is known
as beach litter or tidewrack.

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41 Contd..
Litter and Plastics pollution

Sources
Ø Up to 80% of the pollution is land-based.
Ø A wide variety of anthropogenic artifacts can
become marine debris
Ø Plastic Bags, Balloons, Buoys etc.

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42 Contd..
Litter and Plastics pollution

Impacts
Ø Many animals that live on or in the sea consume flotsam by
mistake, as it often looks similar to their natural prey
Ø Blocks the passage of food and causing death through
starvation or infection.
Ø Tiny floating particles also resemble zooplankton, which
can lead filter feeders to consume them and cause them to
enter the ocean food chain.
Ø In samples taken from the North Pacific Gyre in 1999 by
the Algalita Marine Research Foundation, the mass of
plastic exceeded that of zooplankton by a factor of six.

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Solution to pollution

Ø Reduce input of toxic pollutants

Ø Treat sewage primary, secondary and tertiary treatment
Ø Ban dumping of wastes and raw sewage in nthe sea
Ø Ban ocean dumping of sludge and hazardous dredged material
Ø Protect sensitive areas from development, oil drilling, and oil
shipping
Ø Regulate coastal development

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