READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
WEEK 7: TREATY OF PARIS OF 1898
(TRATADO DE PARIS DE 1898; KASUNDUAN SA PARIS NG 1898)
TREATY OF PEACE BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA AND THE KINGDOM OF SPAIN
TYPE: Peace Treaty
SIGNED: 10th of December, 1898
LOCATION: Paris, France
CONDITION: Exchange of Ratifications
LANGUAGE USED: English and Spanish
COUNTRIES INVOLVED: Cuba, Puerto Rico, Mariana
Islands and Philippines
15
TH
OF FEBRUARY 1898
 USS Maine, a United States Navy ship that sank
in Havana Harbor in February 1898, contributing
t the outbreak of the Spanish-American War in
April.
 The Sinking USS Maine
 US Consul E. Spencer Pratt met with Aguinaldo
during his visit and promised him the
independence of the Philippines in exchange for
his assistance in the war against Spain.
GEORGE DEWEY
 Hero of Manila
 George Dewey is best known for his victory at
the Battle of Manila Bay on 1st of May 1898
during the Spanish-American War, with the loss
of only a single crewman on the American side.
MOCK BATTLE OF MANILA
 On 13th of August 1898, the local Spanish and
American generals, who were legally still at war,
secretly and jointly planned the battle to transfer
control of the city center from the Spanish t the
Americans while keeping the Philippine
Revolutionary Army out of the city center.
TREATY OF PARIS
 Treaty of Paris in 1898 was an arrangement
between United States and Spain that officially
ended the Spanish-American War.
 Conference opened on 1st of October 1898
 Decision of the future of Cuba, Philippines,
Guam, Puerto Rico, and Marianas Island
The first Philippine Republic tried to send a Filipino
delegation to participate and observe the negotiation but
it was denied.
FELIPE AGONCILLO
 A Filipino lawyer and diplomat who denied in
participation despite in his petitions, he was not
allowed to join.
The demand was ultimately accepted with great
reluctance by Spain, with the stipulation that the United
States should pay Spain $2p million nominally for public
buildings and public works in the Philippines.
The treaty was vigorous in the U.S. Senate as
inaugurating a policy of “imperialism” in the Philippines
and was approved on Feb. 6, 1899, by only a single
vote. (57-27)
PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR
 Two days earlier, hostilities had begun at Manila
between U.S. troops and insurgents led by
Emilio Aguinaldo. For more than three years the
Filipinos carried on guerilla warfare against U.S.
rule.
WEEK 7: THE PHILIPPINES UNDER
AMERICAN TUTELAGE
AUGUST 1898
 The Americans established military government
in the country,
GEN. WESLEY MERRITT
 1st military governor in the country.
GEN. ELWELL OTIS
 2nd military governor in the country replacing
Gen. Merritt.
 Made declaration of war.
MALOLOS BATALLION
1. Major Donato Teodoro
2. Gen/ Antonio Luna
NEW YORK TIMES
- An American journal
FIRST PHILIPPINE COMMISSION
o January 20, 1899  A man responsible for the ending of the Military
o Schurman Commission Administration in the Philippines.
o Dr. Jacob Schurman
CAYETANO ARELLANO

 Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

BATES AGREEMENT 1
- Settlement of Sulu as a protectorate of the US.

JANUARIO GALUT
PHILIPPINE BILL OF 1902 / PHILIPPINE ORGANIC
 Filipino spy for the Americans. ACT OF 1902
 1st stage in the development of the Civil
GEN. FREDERIC FUNSTON
Government.
 Learned of the whereabouts of Aguinaldo.
LUKE E. WRIGHT
GEN. VICENTE LUKBAN
 Replaced Taft as Civil Governor.
 Gave the Americans the most humiliating defeat.
NEW NATIONALIST POLITICAL PARTIES
 “Massacre of Balanginga”
1. Pedro Paterno’s Independence Party
GEN. MIGUEL MALVAR 2. Pascual Poblete’s National Party
 Last general to surrender to the Americans.
HENRY C. IDE
SEPTEMBER 11, 1902  Replaced Wright on April 2, 1906
 Philippine-American war had finally ended.  Lifting the ban on independence parties.
 (3 years and 7 mos.)
JAMES F. SMITH
THE SECOND PHILIPPINE COMMISION  Replaced Ide on September 20, 1906
o March 16, 1900
GALBALDON LAW
o Taft Commission
o Chaired by William Howard Taft  The first law that passed the Philippine
Assembly.
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AMERICAN CIVIL
GOVERNMENT SERGIO OSMENA
o March 2, 1901  The 1st leaders of the Philippine Assembly.
o Army Appropriation Act
o It creates Civil Government in the Philippines. MANUEL L. QUEZON
o Spooner Amendment (Sen. John Spooner of
 Majority Floor Leader
Wiscousin)
 Resident Commissioner 1909
JULY 4, 1901  Outstanding Performance

 Inauguration of the Civil Government. WILLIAM CAMERON FORBES

JUNE 3, 1900  New governor replacing Smith on November 11.

 The right to exercise legislative functions in the THE REPUBLICANS

Philippines.
JUDGE WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT
 1st Civil Government in the Philippines
 He was a well-loved governor.
1. Pres. William McKinley (1897-1901)
2. Pres. Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909)
3. Pres. William H. Taft (1909-1912)
FRANCIS BURTON HARRISON

 A new governor in the Philippines.

SEN. JOHN SPOONER
 ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF HARRISON
ADMINISTRATION:
1. Giving the Filipinos the majority in the Upper
House (5/9).
2. Harrison replaced American employees with
Filipinos in government office (89%).
3. The Jones Bill of 19112.
JONES LAW / PHILIPPINE AUTONOMY LAW
 An American Law
FIRST INDEPENDENCE MISSION
o Composed of 40 members
o Leader: Manuel L. Quezon
o Stable government already exist.
NEWTON BAKER
 (War Secretary)
 Philippine Independence symphatizer.
WARREN G. HARDING
 Republican President
 In his desire to know the true state of the
Philippines, he sent the Wood Forbes Mission.
 The special commission was constituted by Maj.
Gen. Leonard Wood & William C. Forbes.
PHILIPPINE CONGRESS 1922
 2nd Independence Mission to the U.S.
 It came out the recommendation of deferring the
granting of Philippine Independence.
 Due to poor financial state, bankruptcy of the
PNB and the instability of the government.
ADMINISTRATION OF LEONARDO WOOD
 He replaced F. Harrison as the country’s
governor-general.
 Antagonized the Philippine Legislature owing to
his disapproval of 16 bills.
 CABINET CRISIS 1923 – to show their
dissatisfaction with Wood’s administration.
 Wood died on August 7, 1927.
RESTORATION OF FILIPINO COOPERATION
 A good working relationship between the
Governor-general and the Philippine Legislature
was restored.
REPUBLICAN GOVERNOR-GENERALS
 Henry I. Stimson (1928-29)
 Dwight F. Davis (1929-32)
 Theodore Roosevelt Jr. (1932-33)
EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS
 Americans started opening schools in Manila
 Act 74 – The Philippine public school system
enacted by the Taft Commission in January
1901.
 The compulsory teaching of English in school.
 Recruitment of trained teachers in the U.S.
 Abolition of compulsory religious instruction.
2
THOMASITES
 1st American teachers arrived in Manila on
August 23, 1901.
ACT 1870
 Created the University of the Philippines in 1908
enacted by Philippine Commission and
Philippine Assembly.
PRIVATE HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS
DURING AMERICAN REGIME
1. Siliman University in 1901 (Negros Oriental)
2. Centro Escolar University founded by Librada
Avelino in 1907.
3. Philippine Women’s University founded by
Francisca T. Benitez in 1919.
PENSIONADOS
 Hundreds of Filipino scholars were sent to the
US on free government.
RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENTS
1. The Introduction Protestantism
2. The Rise of the Philippine Independent Church
was the establishment of Aglipayan Church on
August 3, 1902
1923
 3rd Independence Mission likewise failed.
1924-1930
 4th – 8th Independence Mission
OX-ROS MISSION 1931
 9th Independence Mission
HARE-HAWES CUTTING ACT
o Representative Hare
o Senator Harry Hawes
o Senator Cutting
10th – 11th Independence Mission

TYDING-MCDUFFIE LAW

 a new independence measure.

MAY 1, 1934

 accepted the Tydings-McDuffie Law by the

Philippine Legislature.