GOOD GOVERNANCE NOTE

CHAPTER 1 CLIMATE CHANGE

CLIMATE CHANGE IS

A phenomenon believed to be the cause of global warming brought about by huge production of
atmospheric carbon dioxide, or the disturbance of ecological balance causing abnormal weather
conditions. Scientists link this largely to human economic and industrial activities.

TOXIC WASTE

POLLUTION

GLOBAL WARMING

CALAMITIES

WATER CONTAMINATION

SHORTAGE OF FOOD AND RESOURCES

 Deforestration and forest degration

 Generating power
 Producing food
 Powering buildings
 Factories using that toxic and chemical and pumped out into Atmosphere
 Using highway vehicles or transportation

THE EFFECTS

 May factories contribute to environmental causes crises such as air pollution,toxic waste,and
water contamination.
 Trees may absorb Trees absorb and store carbon dioxide. If forests are cleared, or even
disturbed.
 They release carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gasses which contribute to global warming.
We are also prone to floods and other natural disasters.
 Transport is a major user of energy, and burns most of the world's petroleum this creates air
pollution.

EFFECTS

 Hotter temperatures
 Severe storms
 Not enough food
THE RELATIONSHIP OF ECONOMICS IN ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

 The natural environment plays a crucial role in economic activity and growth because it gives us
the resources we need to manufacture goods and services while also absorbing and processing
trash and pollution that are undesirable by products.

 Political issues can also aggravate environmental issues. The ambition of creating a big world for
their respective.
 Countries and creating leverage from opposition leads to abusing environmental resources in
creating products.
 A Destructive War also causes a big environmental problem. An example is the war between
Ukraine vs Russia.

RELATIONSHIP OF TECHNOLOGY IN ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

It's not just car fumes, deforestation and burning of fossil fuels that are polluting our planet.
Tweets, Likes, and Google searches are all adding to the problem. Powered by data centres that
house thousands of servers, all these digital transactions consume electricity and produce CO2.

CHAPTER 2 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Sustainable or Non- Viable?

Sustainable- It can be considered sustainable in a way that as long as people continue to use
solid resources there will be solid wastes that comes after it.

 Also proactive in a sense that the company is trying to come up with ways
to reduce carbon emissions before the situation becomes severe.

 As a produce of energy this is sustainable in ensuring that natural energy will not be
consumed rapidly.

Advantages & Disadvantages

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

 Decreases Waste - It is expensive

 Efficient Waste Management -Limited Access
 Avoids Landfilling -Funding for Projects
 Produces Energy -Can be seen as good to be true
 ALTERNATIVES
 Promote the use of renewable energy
 3 R’S (Reduce, Reuse &Recycle)
 Promote the use of plastic alternatives such as bamboo, metal,etc.

CHAPTER 3 CARBON EMISSION

The carbon emission and carbon trading system are authorized by governments with the goal of
gradually reducing overall carbon emission and mitigating their contribution to climate change.

Carbon Emission Quota

 It is a "cap and trade" scheme where a limit is placed on the right to emit specified
pollutants over an area and companies can trade emission rights within that area.

 Emissions trading programs work by first setting an environmental goal: a national, or

sometimes regional, limit on the overall amount of pollution that sources are allowed to
emit into the environment.

The pollution limit:

 Is typically set at a level lower than pollution levels at the beginning of the program,
ensuring that overall pollution is reduced.

 Provides stability and predictability to the public, to affected sources, and to the allowance
trading market.

Carbon Trading System

is the process of buying and selling permits and credits that allow the permit holder to emit carbon
dioxide.

Advantages of the emissions trading scheme on the waste sector

 The cost of emission units is expected to be passed on to customers of landfills (the people and
organizations depositing waste) through increased prices for waste disposal.

 Users of landfills have markedly different items in their waste, which all have different
potentials for landfill gas generation.
 Critique

Developing countries benefit from the carbon market through the provision of an extra revenue
stream for projects that reduce greenhouse gas emissions and contribute to the sustainable
development of the country.

Recommendation
Greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced by making power on-site with renewables and other
climate-friendly energy resources. Examples include rooftop solar panels, solar water heating,
small-scale wind generation, fuel cells powered by natural gas or renewable hydrogen, and
geothermal energy.

BUSINESS ETHICS

Ethics
- is the study of moral obligation, or separating right from wrong.
-converts values into action.
- Unethical acts can be legal or illegal.
- Moral intensity is the magnitude of an unethical act, such as using company jet for a vacation
versus taking home a paper clip.

Values and Ethics

Values are ideals of someone (or a group) about what is good or bad (or desirable or
undesirable).

Ethics is all about reasoning how to do the right action.

Sources of Unethical Decisions and Behavior

 Individual characteristics
 Self-interest, including greed and gluttony
 Unconscious bias leading to unjust treatment of others
 Rationalization, or making up good excuses for unethical behavior
 Job dissatisfaction

Sources of Unethical Decisions and Behavior continued

 The nature of the moral issue.

 Moral intensity is driver of unethical behavior.
 Many people willing to behavior unethically when issue does not appear serious.
 Moral laxity—moral behavior slips because other issues seem more important at the time.
Sources of Unethical Decisions and Behavior, concluded

 The ethical climate in the organization.

 Organizational climate might condone unethical behavior, such as risk taking and illegal
behavior.

 Pressure from management to achieve goals can compromise ethics.

 Too much emphasis on meeting financial targets can prompt poor ethics.

Ethical Temptations and Violations

 Stealing from employers and customers

 Illegally copying software
 Treating people unfairly (discrimination and prejudice)
 Sexual harassment
 Conflict of interest (judgment or objectivity is compromised)
 Accepting kickbacks or bribes for doing business with another company

Ethical Temptations and Violations, continued

 Divulging confidential information (thereby violating trust)

 Misuse of corporate resources
 Extracting extraordinary compensation from the organization
 Corporate espionage
 Poor cyber ethics

Business Scandals as Ethical Violations

 Best-known scandals associated with infamous executives.

 Many ethical problems also with Internet fraud, identity theft, work-at-home scams.
 Major financial scandals have enormous financial and personal consequences.
Corporate Social Responsibility

Firms have obligations to society beyond those to owner, stockholder, and those prescribed by law or

contract.

Components of CSR:

 Cognitive (thinking about relationships).

 Linguistic (explaining activities).
 Conative (what firm actually does).
 CSR often a byproduct of sensible business decision (e.g., teaching math).

Stockholder versus Stakeholder Viewpoints

Stockholder viewpoint—business firms are responsible only to owners and stockholders.

Skateholder viewpoint—firms are responsible for quality of life of many groups affected by their
actions.

Skateholder can be partners in success of organization rather than adversaries.

Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives

 Work-life programs (facilitate balancing demands of work and personal life).

 Community redevelopment projects (rebuild distressed communities; offer job training to
residents).
 Acceptance of whistle blowers (those who disclose organizational wrongdoing)
 Compassionate downsizing.
 Downsizing is slimming down operations to boost.
 profits or decrease expenses.
 Can lead to substantial collateral damage, including hits to charity.

Creating an Ethical and Socially Responsible Workplace

1. Workplace Formal mechanisms for monitoring ethics (ethics programs such as ethics
committee, channels for raising questions and voicing concerns).

2. Written organizational codes of conduct (include general and specific suggestions).

 3. Widespread communication about ethics and social responsibility (executive commentary, small
group discussions).

4. Leadership by example and ethical role models (executives behave ethically, and other
managers also serve as models).

5. Encouragement of confrontation about ethical deviations (every employee confronts anybody

behaving unethically).

6. Training programs in ethics and social responsibility (such as executive messages, classes, e-
learning, videos).

Benefits Derived from Ethics and Social Responsibility

 Socially responsible behavior is usually cost effective.

 More profitable firms can better afford to invest in socially responsible initiatives, which in turn
lead to more profits (the virtuous cycle).
 People expect managers to use resources in a way to protect the environment.

DEONTOLOGICAL ETHICS

HISTORICAL ORIGIN OF DEONTOLOGICAL ETHICS

The historical origin of this particular theory can be traced to the early beginning of human civilization,
“at a time when the word of the chief, or the king was given unconditionally and without invitation to
appeal on the basis of consequences”.

The commands of the ones in authority and power are something that are taken and obeyed without
any further question or objection.

The word of the king, president, the ruler, the lord, the boss, the CEO, the State, the party, the master or
the chieftain, is the law.

This kind of theory is sometimes called Deontological (from the Greek root word “dein” or “deon”
meaning “to be obligated,” or simply “duty”.

In this kind of theory, an act or conduct is considered good or right, thus, justified morally, not by
showing that it has good and beneficial consequences or effects but by virtue of its being action that
emanate

 Deontological or simply Duty Ethics, recognizes only those actions that are done out of
pure duty as the ones having moral worth. s from a sense of duty or moral obligation.
The good will: The heart of Kant’s Ethics

Kant claims that what makes an act right/good and wrong/bad does not depend
on its results or consequences, since all these are simply beyond one’s control.

The center of Kant’s ethical philosophy is his primary emphasis on the importance of reason
and the unqualified rational nature of moral principles.

MORALITY AND ETHICS

Morality-
A set of rules or codes of conduct that governs human behavior in matters of right or wrong.

Normative Definition of Morality

-An ideal code of conduct that would be observed by all rational people, under specified
conditions.

Definition synonymous with Ethics

-The systematic philosophical study of the moral domain.

Why Do We Have Moral Theories

MacDonnell: Moral theories “seek to introduce a

degree of rationality and rigor into our moral
deliberations.”

LAW
Webster’s Dictionary
- Rule of conduct or an action recognized by custom or decreed by a formal enactment,
community, or group.

Black
-An art we can create and model.

Contemporary critics
-Instrument of exercising power.

Bryan Bourn
-An art and an instrument for exercising power.
 Fagothey
-Rule and measure of actions directing them to proper ends.

 Physical
 Moral

Conventional Law

- Created for and by humans.

-Usually created in public deliberations.

-Derived from moral code that is enforceable.

- Varies society to society.

Takes 2 forms

Declarative

-Simply restates what the natural law declares

-Forbidding murder theft

Determinative

-Fixes ways of acting in accordance with natural laws.

-Contracts, taxes, traffic.

Penal Code

- Laws useless without punishment.

Three functions of punishment system

Retributive – pay back the criminal.

Corrective – improve the offender.

Deterrent – prevention of similar actions.

Morality and the Law

- Serve the purpose of keeping society stable and secure.

-Used in making judgments about people’s actions.

-Judgments are justifiable by reason.

Means to achieve purpose is different:

 The process of making codes and laws

 Enforcement
 Nature of punishment
 Conflict resolution
 Types of judgement

Ethics

- Origins – Greeks

-Greeks studied themselves, human life and society.

-Lead to study of human conducts.

Definition: a study of right and wrong in human conduct.

Another definition: Theoretical examination of morality.

Solomon: a set of “theories of value, virtue, or of right (valuable) action.

Johnson: set of theories “that provide general rules or principles to be used in making those rules”.

Important:

- “Ethics helps us not only in distinguishing between right and wrong but also in knowing why and on
what grounds our judgment of human actions is justified.”
Deontology

- Does not concern itself with the consequences of an action rather the will of act

If a person committing an act had a good reason for doing so

Example:

 An armed person comes into your house

 You shoot the intruder
 You did it because you had a duty to your protect your family and your property.
 Action was good

Human Nature

- All human beings are endowed with all faculties and capabilities to live in happiness.

-Humans are supposed to discover the develop those capabilities.

-The capabilities become the benchmark for actions.

-Actions judged on how much they measure up to capabilities.

Relativism

- There is no existence of universal moral norm.

-Right and wrong are relative to society, culture, or the individual.

-Moral norms are not fixed in time.

Kantianism

- Developed by German philosopher.

-Immanuel Kant (1724-1804).

-People’s actions ought to be guided by universal moral laws.

-Moral laws are derived from reason.

-Should be able to cite why an action is right or wrong.

Ethical Decision Making Process

- Recognize inherent ethical conflict through Comprehension.

-Appreciation.

-Evaluation of all ethical dimensions of problem.

-Know the parties involved.

-Being aware of alternatives.

-Demonstrating knowledge of ethical practices.

-Understanding how the decision will be implemented.

-Understanding who will be affected.

-Understand and comprehend the impact.

Objectives of Code of Ethics

- Disciplinary: ensures professionalism and integrity

-Advisory: good source of tips and offer advice

-Educational: educational tools

-Inspirational

-Publicity

Ethical Issues Associated with Changing Technology

Different Temptations The power to destroy

Speed Difference Means of Delivery

Privacy and Anonymity Complacent Society

Nature of medium

Aesthetic attractions

Increased availability of potential victims

International Scope
ETHICS AND BUSINESS CHAPTER 1 REPORT

WHAT IS ETHICS AND MORALITY?

Ethics - Is the study of Morality

Morality - The standard that an individual or group has about what is right and wrong.

Moral Standards: rules about the kinds of actions that are morally right or wrong, as well as the values
placed on what is morally good or bad.

Non-Moral Standards: manage individual life, aspirations and desires and may decide a persons place in
his group.

Five Characteristic of Moral Standards

 Involves significant wrongs or benefits.

 It is not established by authority figures.
 Should be preferred to other values including self-interest.
 Based on important consideration.
 Associated with special emotions and vocabulary.

WHY STUDY BUSINESS ETHICS ?

 The goal of Business ethics is to help each of us become more ethical and help us all to create
and promote ethical institutions.

 An ethical company is more likely to build a good reputation, which is more likely to bring
financial rewards over the long term.

Moral Responsibility

 Person caused or helped cause the injury, or failed to prevent it when he or she could and
should have (causality).
 Person did so knowing what he or she was doing (knowledge).
 Person did so out of his or her own free desire (freedom).
The Relationship Between Ethics and Law

 Law is the system of rules of conduct established by the government of a society to maintain
stability and justice.

 Law defines the legal rights and duties of the people and provides the means of enforcing these
rights and duties.

Ethics and Legal Conflicts

- Because law is made by people, it is imperfect.

- Legislators and judges bring their own personal opinions on ethics to the lawmaking process.

- As a result, ethics and law will sometimes conflict.

- As a result, Legal behavior is not necessarily ethical behavior.

MORAL BEHAVIOR

1. Moral Sensitivity : which is the ability to see an ethical delimma including how our actions will affect
others.

2. Moral Judgement : which is the ability to reason correctly about what ought to be done in a specific
situation.

3. Moral Motivation : which is a personal commitment to moral action, accepting responsibility for the
outcome.

4. Moral Character: which is a courageous persistence in spite of fatigue or temptations to take the
easy way out.
FOUR VIEWS OF ETHICAL BEHAVIOR

1. Utilitarian View - Where moral is that which delivers the greatest good to the greatest number of
people.

2. Individualism View - Where moral behavior is that which is the best for long-term self-interest.

3. Moral Rights View - where moral behavior is that which respects fundamental rights shared by all
human beings.

4. Justice View - where moral behavior is that which is impartial, fair, and equitable in treating people.
(Procedural and distributive justice).

MORAL REASONING:

* The reasoning process by which human behavior, or institutions are judged to be in accordance with in
violation of moral standards.

* Moral Reasoning Involves:

- The moral standard by which we evaluate things.

- Information about what is being evaluated.

- A moral judgment about what is being evaluated.