SAMPLE - EL Trade Book Theory 030720

Table of Contents
LECTURE-01 ..................................................................................................................................................... 7
SUBJECT: Health and Safety Culture ........................................................................................................... 7
LECTURE-02 ................................................................................................................................................... 11
SUBJECT: Health and Safety Regulations .................................................................................................. 11
LECTURE-03 ................................................................................................................................................... 17
SUBJECT: Responsibilities and Glossaries ................................................................................................. 17
LECTURE-04 ................................................................................................................................................... 25
SUBJECT: Types of Personal Protective Equipment .................................................................................. 25
LECTURE-05 ................................................................................................................................................... 32
SUBJECT: Types of Safety Signs ................................................................................................................. 32
LECTURE-06 ................................................................................................................................................... 37
SUBJECT: First Aid ..................................................................................................................................... 37
LECTURE-07 ................................................................................................................................................... 42
SUBJECT: Types of Fire .............................................................................................................................. 42
LECTURE-08 ................................................................................................................................................... 46
SUBJECT: Fire Fighting Equipment ............................................................................................................ 46
LECTURE-09 ................................................................................................................................................... 52
SUBJECT: Accident and Causes of an Accident ......................................................................................... 52
LECTURE-10 ................................................................................................................................................... 57
SUBJECT: Types of Drawing....................................................................................................................... 57
LECTURE-11 ................................................................................................................................................... 62
SUBJECT: Sources and Use of Technical Information at Workplace ......................................................... 62
LECTURE-12 ................................................................................................................................................... 65
SUBJECT: Risk Assessment ........................................................................................................................ 65
LECTURE-13 ................................................................................................................................................... 68
SUBJECT: Communication System ............................................................................................................ 68
LECTURE-14 ................................................................................................................................................... 72
Subject: Company Policies and Employment Rights ................................................................................. 72
LECTURE-15 ................................................................................................................................................... 76
SUBJECT: Waste Management System ..................................................................................................... 76
LECTURE-16 ................................................................................................................................................... 80
SUBJECT: On-Site Documentation ............................................................................................................ 80
LECTURE-17 ................................................................................................................................................... 84
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SUBJECT: Types of Health and Safety Training ......................................................................................... 84
LECTURE-18................................................................................................................................................... 88
SUBJECT: Evacuation and Safe Manual Handling Procedure.................................................................... 88
LECTURE-19................................................................................................................................................... 91
SUBJECT: Electrical Hazard and Controls .................................................................................................. 91
LECTURE-20................................................................................................................................................... 94
SUBJECT: Working in Excavations and Confined Spaces........................................................................... 94
LECTURE-21................................................................................................................................................... 97
SUBJECT: Types of Drawing ...................................................................................................................... 97
LECTURE-22................................................................................................................................................. 103
SUBJECT: Types of Drawing Instrument.................................................................................................. 103
LECTURE-23................................................................................................................................................. 111
SUBJECT: Drawing Sheet Layout ............................................................................................................. 111
LECTURE-24................................................................................................................................................. 117
SUBJECT: Geometric Construction.......................................................................................................... 117
LECTURE-25................................................................................................................................................. 121
SUBJECT: Basic Lines ............................................................................................................................... 121
LECTURE-26................................................................................................................................................. 124
SUBJECT: Dimensioning .......................................................................................................................... 124
LECTURE-27................................................................................................................................................. 131
SUBJECT: Projections .............................................................................................................................. 131
LECTURE-28................................................................................................................................................. 138
SUBJECT: Types of Plier ........................................................................................................................... 138
LECTURE-29................................................................................................................................................. 143
SUBJECT: Types of Screwdriver and Handsaw ........................................................................................ 143
LECTURE-30................................................................................................................................................. 148
SUBJECT: Types of Hammer and File ...................................................................................................... 148
LECTURE-31................................................................................................................................................. 152
SUBJECT: Types of Spanner and Drill Bit ................................................................................................. 152
LECTURE-32................................................................................................................................................. 157
SUBJECT: Types of Vice and Bearing Puller............................................................................................. 157
LECTURE-33................................................................................................................................................. 162
SUBJECT: Types of Punches and Chisels ................................................................................................. 162
LECTURE-34................................................................................................................................................. 168
SUBJECT: Small Hand Tools ..................................................................................................................... 168
LECTURE-35................................................................................................................................................. 175
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SUBJECT: Types of Electrical Power Tools............................................................................................... 175
LECTURE-36 ................................................................................................................................................. 183
SUBJECT: Basic Arithmetic Calculations .................................................................................................. 183
LECTURE-37 ................................................................................................................................................. 187
SUBJECT: Basic Fractions......................................................................................................................... 187
LECTURE-38 ................................................................................................................................................. 193
SUBJECT: Decimal System ....................................................................................................................... 193
LECTURE-39 ................................................................................................................................................. 200
SUBJECT: Percentage Calculations .......................................................................................................... 200
LECTURE-40 ................................................................................................................................................. 204
SUBJECT: Ratio and Proportions Functions............................................................................................ 204
LECTURE-41 ................................................................................................................................................. 208
SUBJECT: Power, Square Roots and Transposition Functions ................................................................ 208
LECTURE-42 ................................................................................................................................................. 212
SUBJECT: Area of Common Shapes ......................................................................................................... 212
LECTURE-43 ................................................................................................................................................. 216
SUBJECT: Properties of a Circle ............................................................................................................... 216
LECTURE-44 ................................................................................................................................................. 219
SUBJECT: Angular Measurement ............................................................................................................ 219
LECTURE-45 ................................................................................................................................................. 223
SUBJECT: Volume and Surface Area of Solid........................................................................................... 223
LECTURE-46 ................................................................................................................................................. 227
SUBJECT: Trigonometric Functions ......................................................................................................... 227
LECTURE-47 ................................................................................................................................................. 231
SUBJECT: A System of Measurement ...................................................................................................... 231
LECTURE-48 ................................................................................................................................................. 238
SUBJECT: Mass, Weight, Work and Power............................................................................................. 238
LECTURE-49 ................................................................................................................................................. 242
SUBJECT: Types of Simple Machines....................................................................................................... 242
LECTURE-50 ................................................................................................................................................. 248
SUBJECT: Types of Force ........................................................................................................................ 248
LECTURE-51 ................................................................................................................................................. 252
SUBJECT: Types of Energy ....................................................................................................................... 252
LECTURE-52 ................................................................................................................................................. 255
SUBJECT: Basic Classifications of Engineering Materials ........................................................................ 255
LECTURE-53 ................................................................................................................................................. 259
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SUBJECT: Classification of Metals and Nonmetallic Material ................................................................. 259
LECTURE-54................................................................................................................................................. 266
SUBJECT: Properties of Metals ............................................................................................................... 266
LECTURE-55................................................................................................................................................. 270
SUBJECT: Heat Treatment Process ......................................................................................................... 270
LECTURE-56................................................................................................................................................. 274
SUBJECT: Basic Concepts of Electricity ................................................................................................... 274
LECTURE-57................................................................................................................................................. 278
SUBJECT: Atomic Structure ..................................................................................................................... 278
LECTURE-58................................................................................................................................................. 282
SUBJECT: Alternating and Direct Currents .............................................................................................. 282
LECTURE-59................................................................................................................................................. 287
SUBJECT: Conducting & Non Conducting Material ................................................................................. 287
LECTURE-60................................................................................................................................................. 291
SUBJECT: Basic Electrical Quantities. ...................................................................................................... 291
LECTURE-61................................................................................................................................................. 295
SUBJECT: The Ohm’s Law ........................................................................................................................ 295
LECTURE-62................................................................................................................................................. 299
SUBJECT: Basic Electrical Quantities ....................................................................................................... 299
LECTURE-63................................................................................................................................................. 303
SUBJECT: Short Circuit and Open Circuit ................................................................................................ 303
LECTURE-64................................................................................................................................................. 307
SUBJECT: Close Circuit and Electrical Cell ............................................................................................... 307
LECTURE-65................................................................................................................................................. 311
SUBJECT: Electric Battery ........................................................................................................................ 311
LECTURE-66................................................................................................................................................. 316
SUBJECT: Laws of Resistance .................................................................................................................. 316
LECTURE-67................................................................................................................................................. 319
SUBJECT: Series and Parallel Circuit Calculations ................................................................................... 319
LECTURE-68................................................................................................................................................. 323
SUBJECT: Root Mean Square Value, Average Value and Peak to Peak Value ....................................... 323
LECTURE-69................................................................................................................................................. 326
SUBJECT: Periodic Time, Frequency and Amplitude. .............................................................................. 326
LECTURE-70................................................................................................................................................. 328
SUBJECT: Three Effects of an Electric Current ........................................................................................ 328
LECTURE-71................................................................................................................................................. 331
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SUBJECT: Magnetism and Electromagnet ............................................................................................... 331
LECTURE-72 ................................................................................................................................................. 335
SUBJECT: Faraday’s Law Of Electromagnetic Induction.......................................................................... 335
LECTURE-73 ................................................................................................................................................. 339
SUBJECT: Wiring Components & Accessories ......................................................................................... 339
LECTURE-74 ................................................................................................................................................. 341
SUBJECT: Electrical Cable ........................................................................................................................ 341
LECTURE-75 ................................................................................................................................................. 346
SUBJECT: Electrical Wiring Enclosures .................................................................................................... 346
LECTURE-76 ................................................................................................................................................. 350
SUBJECT: Electrical Symbols and Wiring Diagrams ................................................................................. 350
LECTURE-77 ................................................................................................................................................. 361
SUBJECT: Electrical Lighting Circuits for Domestic Installation............................................................... 361
LECTURE-78 ................................................................................................................................................. 364
LECTURE-79 ................................................................................................................................................. 367
SUBJECT: Fluorescent Lamp Circuit......................................................................................................... 367
LECTURE-80 ................................................................................................................................................. 374
LECTURE-81 ................................................................................................................................................. 377
SUBJECT: Wiring Circuit in Domestic Installation.................................................................................... 377
LECTURE-82 ................................................................................................................................................. 380
SUBJECT: Resistors and Color Coding ..................................................................................................... 380
LECTURE-83 ................................................................................................................................................. 383
SUBJECT: Distribution Board .................................................................................................................. 383
LECTURE - 84 ............................................................................................................................................... 387
SUBJECT: Digital Multi-Meter ................................................................................................................. 387
LECTURE-85 ................................................................................................................................................. 391
SUBJECT: Analog Multi-Meter................................................................................................................. 391
LECTURE-86 ................................................................................................................................................. 394
SUBJECT: Digital Clamp Meter ................................................................................................................ 394
LECTURE-87 ................................................................................................................................................. 398
SUBJECT: Voltage Tester ......................................................................................................................... 398
LECTURE-88 ................................................................................................................................................. 401
SUBJECT: Insulation Resistance Tester ................................................................................................... 401
LECTURE-89 ................................................................................................................................................. 404
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SUBJECT: Phase Sequence Meter ........................................................................................................... 404
LECTURE-90................................................................................................................................................. 407
SUBJECT: Energy Meter .......................................................................................................................... 407
LECTURE-91................................................................................................................................................. 410
SUBJECT: Earth Tester ............................................................................................................................. 410
LECTURE-92................................................................................................................................................. 413
SUBJECT: Tachometer ............................................................................................................................. 413
LECTURE-93................................................................................................................................................. 415
SUBJECT: Electrical Earthing System ....................................................................................................... 415
LECTURE-94................................................................................................................................................. 420
SUBJECT: Protective Devices................................................................................................................... 420
LECTURE-95................................................................................................................................................. 424
SUBJECT: Standard Wire Gauge .............................................................................................................. 424
LECTURE-96................................................................................................................................................. 427
SUBJECT: Load Calculation of Electrical Installation .............................................................................. 427
LECTURE-97................................................................................................................................................. 430
SUBJECT: Measurement of Length Of Cables, PVC Conduit and Trunking ............................................. 430
LECTURE-98................................................................................................................................................. 434
SUBJECT: Selection of Cable and Protective Devices for Electrical System ............................................ 434
LECTURE-99................................................................................................................................................. 437
SUBJECT: Inspection of Electrical Equipment and System...................................................................... 437
LECTURE-100............................................................................................................................................... 440
SUBJECT: Preventive and Corrective Maintenance of Electrical Equipment and System ..................... 440
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LECTURE-01
SUBJECT: Health and Safety Culture
To know about health and Safety culture
LEARNING OUTCOME(S):
At the end of this lesson student will be able to:

1. Define safety 5. Know Important indicators of a health and safety
culture
2. Know benefit and cost of poor health and
safety 6. State factors affecting a health and safety culture
3. Define health and safety culture
4. Understand safety culture and safety
performance
TOPICS COVERED:
1. Definition of safety and work place safety 4. Safety culture and safety performance
2. Benefit and cost of poor health and safety 5. Indicators of a health and safety culture
3. Definition of a health and safety culture 6. Factors affecting a health and safety culture
DESCRIPTION OF TOPICS:
1. Definition of safety
a. Relative freedom from danger, risk, or threat of harm, injury, or loss to personnel and/or property,
whether caused deliberately or by accident. See also security.
b. Safety is a concept that includes all measures and practices taken to preserve the life, health, and
bodily integrity of individual
c. Freedom from (unacceptable) risk of harm to persons. Safety may also encompass environmental or
asset damage/loss.
Definition of ‘workplace safety’
a. Describes policies and procedures in place to ensure the safety and health of employees within a
workplace. Involves hazard identification and control according to government standards and
ongoing safety training and education for employees.
b. Occupational safety deals with all aspects of physical, mental and social health and safety in a
workplace. It is the umbrella for company’s efforts to prevent injuries and hazards in all work
environments
2. Benefits of good health and safety
Addressing health and safety should not be seen as a regulatory burden: it offers significant opportunities.
Benefits can include:
a. Reduced costs;
b. Reduced risks;
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c. Lower employee absence and turnover rates;
d. Fewer accidents;
e. Lessened threat of legal action;
f. Improved standing among suppliers and partners;
g. Better reputation for corporate responsibility among investors, customers and communities;
h. Increased productivity, because employees are healthier, happier and better motivated.
Costs of poor health and safety at work

HSE statistics reveal the human and financial cost of failing to address health and safety:
a. Millions of working days are lost due to work-related illness and injury.
b. Thousands of people die from occupational diseases.
c. Around a million workers self-report suffering from a work-related illness.
d. Several hundred thousand workers are injured at work.
e. A worker is fatally injured almost every working day.
3. Definition of a health and safety culture

The health and safety culture of an organization may be described as the development stage of the
organization in Health and safety in a particular time. HSG65 gives the following definition of a health and
safety culture: There is a connectivity among some health and safety professionals that many health and
safety cultures are developed and driven by senior managers with very little input from the workforce.
Others argue that this arrangement is sensible because the legal duties are placed on the employer. A
positive health and safety culture need the involvement of the whole workforce just as a successful quality
system does. There must be a joint commitment in terms of attitudes and values. The workforce must believe
that the safety measures put in place will be effective and followed even when financial and performance
targets may be affected.
4. Safety culture and safety performance

The relationship between health and safety, culture and health and safety performance; the following
elements are the important components of a positive health and safety culture leadership and commitment
to health and safety throughout and at all levels of the organization; acceptance that high standards of health
and safety are achievable as part of a long-term strategy formulated by the organization, a detailed
assessment of health and safety risks in the organization and the development of appropriate control and
monitoring systems, a health and safety policy statement outlining short- and long-term health and safety
objectives. Such a policy should also include codes of practice and required health and safety standards
relevant employee training programmed and communication and consultation procedures; systems for
monitoring equipment, processes and procedures and the prompt rectification of any defects; the prompt
investigation of all incidents and accidents and reports made detailing any necessary remedial actions.
If the organization adheres to these elements, then a basis for a good performance in health and safety will
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have been established. However, to achieve this level of performance, enough financial and human
resources must be made available for the health and safety function at all levels of the organization. All
managers, supervisors and members of the governing body (e.g. Directors) should receive training in health
and safety and be made familiar during training sessions with the health and safety targets of the
organization. The depth of training undertaken will depend on the level of competence required of the
particular manager. Managers should be accountable for health and safety within their departments and be
rewarded for significant improvements in health and safety performance. They should also be expected to
discipline employees within their departments who infringe health and safety policies or procedures.
5. Important indicators of a health and safety culture

There are several outputs or indicators of the state of the health and safety culture of an organization. The
most important are the numbers of accidents, near misses and occupational ill-health cases occurring within
the organization. Although the number of accidents may give a general indication of the health and safety
culture, a more detailed examination of accidents and accident statistics is normally required. A calculation
of the rate of accidents enables health and safety performance to be compared between years and
organizations. The simplest measure of accident rate is called the incident rate and is defined as:
Total number of accidents /Number of persons employed ×1000.
Or the total number of accidents per 1000 employees. A similar measure (per 100 000) is used by the HSE in
its annual report on national accident statistics and enables comparisons to be made within an organization
between time periods when employee numbers may change. It also allows comparisons to be made with
the national occupational or industrial group relevant to the organization. There are four main problems
with this measure which must be borne in mind when it is used. These are: there may be a considerable
variation over a time period in the ratio of part-time to full-time employees; the measure does not
differentiate between major and minor accidents and takes no account of other incidents, such as those
involving damage but no injury (although it is possible to calculate an incidence rate for a particular type or
cause of accident); there may be significant variations in work activity during the periods being compared;
under-reporting of accidents will affect the accuracy of the data. Subject to the above limitations, an
organization with a high accident incidence rate is likely to have a negative or poor health and safety culture.
There are other indications of a poor health and safety culture or climate. These include: a high sickness, ill
health and absentee rate among the workforce; the perception of a blame culture; high staff turnover
leading to a loss of momentum in making health and safety improvements; no resources (in terms of budget,
people or facilities) made available for the effective management of health and safety; a lack of compliance
with relevant health and safety law and the safety rules and procedures of the organization; poor selection
procedures and management of contractors; poor levels of communication, cooperation and control; a weak
health and safety management structure; either a lack or poor levels of health and safety competence; high
insurance premiums. In summary, a poor health and safety performance within an organization is an
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indication of a negative health and safety culture.
6. Factors affecting a health and safety culture

The most important factor affecting the culture is the commitment to health and safety from the top of an
organization. This commitment may be shown in many different ways. It needs to have a formal aspect in
terms of an organizational structure, job descriptions and a health and safety policy, but it also needs to be
apparent during crises or other stressful times. The health and safety procedures may be circumvented or
simply forgotten when production or other performance targets are threatened. Structural reorganization
or changes in market conditions will produce feelings of uncertainty among the workforce which, in turn,
will affect the health and safety culture. Poor levels of supervision, health and safety information and training
are very significant factors in reducing health and safety awareness and, therefore, the culture. Finally, the
degree of consultation and involvement with the workforce in health and safety matters is crucial for a
positive health and safety culture. Most of these factors may be summed up as human factors
REFERENCES:
Introduction to Health and safety, Phil huge, page 2
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LECTURE-02
SUBJECT: Health and Safety Regulations
To understand occupational Health and Safety regulations

1. Know occupation, health and safety laws / 2. Describe various international Health and Safety
standards of Pakistan regulations
TOPICS COVERED:
1. Occupation & health laws / standards of 2. Various international Health and Safety
Pakistan regulations
1. The Factories Act, 1934

There is no independent legislation on occupational safety and health issues in Pakistan. The main law, which
governs these issues, is the Chapter 3 of Factories Act, 1934. The Hazardous Occupations Rules, 1963 under
the authority of Factories Act is another relevant legislation. Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 applies to
virtually all persons at work in any job. The law places responsibility of safe working on all the following
people:
a. Employers
b. Persons concerned with premises
c. Persons in control of harmful emissions
d. Designers, manufacturers and suppliers of goods and materials
e. Employees and self-employed
The details of the Health and Safety at Work Act are long and complicated, but the most important sections
are Section 2 (General duties of employers to their employees) and Section 7 (General duties of employees
at work).
Section 2: General duties of employers to their employees

a. Providing safe machinery and equipment.
b. Providing protective clothing to employees free of cost
c. Arrangement of the safe handling, storage and transport of substances.
d. Providing training and supervision to employees.
e. Maintaining a safe place of work including both access and exit routes.
f. Maintaining proper temperature, lighting and adequate wash and cloakroom facilities.
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Section 7: General duties of employees at work
a. Wear suitable protective clothing provided
b. Use protective equipment and guards provided
c. Maintain their work area in a tidy manner
d. Behave sensibly
e. Be familiar with emergency procedures
f. Take notice of warning and information signs
g. Co-operate with supervisors
h. Report all accidents, dangers and incidents
2. Safety regulations and laws

At the beginning of the nineteenth century children formed a large part of the working population of Great
Britain. They started work early in their lives and they worked long hours for unscrupulous employers or
masters. The Health and Morals of Apprentices Act of 1802 was introduced by Robert Peel in an attempt at
reducing apprentice working hours to 12 hours per day and improving the conditions of their employment.
The Factories Act of 1833 restricted the working week for children aged 13–18 years to 69 hours in any
working week. With the introduction of the Factories Act of 1833, the first four full-time Factory Inspectors
were appointed. They were allowed to employ a small number of assistants and were given the responsibility
of inspecting factories throughout England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales. This small, overworked band of
men were the forerunners of the modern HSE Inspectorate, enforcing the safety laws passed by Parliament.
As the years progressed, new Acts of Parliament increased the powers of the Inspectorate and the growing
strength of the trade unions meant that employers were increasingly being pressed to improve health, safety
and welfare at work. The most important recent piece of health and safety law was passed by Parliament in
1974 called the Health and Safety at Work Act. This Act gave added powers to the Inspectorate and is the
basis of all modern statutory health and safety laws. This law not only increased the employer’s liability for
safety measures, but also put the responsibility for safety on employees too. Health, safety and welfare
legislation has increased the awareness of everyone to the risks involved in the workplace. All statutes within
the Acts of Parliament must be obeyed and, therefore, we all need an understanding of the laws as they
apply to the electrical industry.
3. Statutory laws
Acts of Parliament are made up of Statutes. Statutory Regulations have been passed by Parliament and have,
therefore, become laws. Non-compliance with the laws of this land may lead to prosecution by the Courts
and possible imprisonment for offenders. We shall now look at some of the Statutory Regulations as they
apply to the electrical industry
4. The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974

Many governments have passed laws aimed at improving safety at work, but the most important recent
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legislation has been the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974. The purpose of the Act is to provide the legal
framework for stimulating and encouraging high standards of health and safety at work; the Act puts the
responsibility for safety at work on both workers and managers. The employer has a duty to care for the
health and safety of employees (Section 2 of the Act). To do this he or she must ensure that: the working
conditions and standard of hygiene are appropriate; the plant, tools and equipment are properly
maintained; the necessary safety equipment – such as personal protective equipment (PPE), dust and fume
extractors and machine guards – is available and properly used; the workers are trained to use equipment
and plant safely. Employees have a duty to care for their own health and safety and that of others who may
be affected by their actions (Section 7 of the Act). To do this they must: take reasonable care to avoid injury
to themselves or others as a result of their work activity; cooperate with their employer, helping him or her
to comply with the requirements of the Act; not interfere with or misuse anything provided to protect their
health and safety. Failure to comply with the Health and Safety at Work Act is a criminal offence and any
infringement of the law can result in heavy fines, a prison sentence or both.
5. The Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 (EWR)

This legislation came into force in 1990 and replaced earlier regulations such as the Electricity (Factories Act)
Special Regulations 1944. The regulations are made under the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974, and
enforced by the Health and Safety Executive. The purpose of the regulations is to ‘require precautions to be
taken against the risk of death or personal injury from electricity in work activities’. Section 4 of the EWR
tells us that ‘all systems must be constructed to prevent danger and be properly maintained. Every work
activity shall be carried out in a manner which does not give rise to danger. In the case of work of an electrical
nature, it is preferable that the conductors be made dead before work commences.’ The EWR do not tell us
specifically how to carry out our work activities and ensure compliance, but if proceedings were brought
against an individual for breaking the EWR, the only acceptable defense would be ‘to prove that all
reasonable steps were taken and all diligence exercised to avoid the offence’ (Regulation 29). An electrical
contractor could reasonably be expected to have ‘exercised all diligence’ if the installation was wired
according to the IET Wiring Regulations (see below). However, electrical contractors must become more
‘legally aware’ following the conviction of an electrician for manslaughter at Maid stone Crown Court in
1989. The court accepted that an electrician had caused the death of another man as a result of his shoddy
work in wiring up a central heating system. He received a nine-month suspended prison sentence. This case
has set an important legal precedent, and in future any tradesman or professional who causes death through
negligence or poor workmanship risks prosecution and possible imprisonment.
6. The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (COSHH)

The original COSHH Regulations were published in 1988 and came into force in October 1989. They were re-
enacted in 1994 with modifications and improvements, and the latest modifications and additions came into
force in 2002. The COSHH Regulations control people’s exposure to hazardous substances in the workplace.
Regulation 6 requires employers to assess the risks to health from working with hazardous substances, to
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train employees in techniques which will reduce the risk and provide personal protective equipment (PPE)
so that employees will not endanger themselves or others through exposure to hazardous substances.
Employees should also know what cleaning, storage and disposal procedures are required and what
emergency procedures to follow. The necessary information must be available to anyone using hazardous
substances as well as to visiting HSE Inspectors. Hazardous substances include: 1 any substance which gives
off fumes causing headaches or respiratory irritation; 2 man-made fibres which might cause skin or eye
irritation (e.g. Loft insulation); 3 acids causing skin burns and breathing irritation (e.g. Car batteries, which
contain dilute Sulphur acid); 4 solvents causing skin and respiratory irritation (strong solvents are used to
cement together PVC conduit fittings and tubes); 5 fumes and gases causing asphyxiation (burning PVC gives
off toxic fumes); 6 cement and wood dust causing breathing problems and eye irritation; 7 exposure to
asbestos – although the supply and use of the most hazardous asbestos material is now prohibited, huge
amounts were installed between 1950 and 1980 in the construction industry and much of it is still in place
today. In their latest amendments, the COSHH Regulations focus on giving advice and guidance to builders
and contractors on the safe use and control of asbestos products. These can be found in Guidance Notes EH
71 or visit www.hse.uk/hiddenkiller. Where PPE is provided by an employer, employees have a duty to use
it to safeguard themselves
7. Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998

These regulations tidy up several existing requirements already in place under other regulations such as the
Health and Safety at Work Act 1974, the Factories Act 1961 and the Offices, Shops and Railway Premises Act
1963. The Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 place a general duty on employers to
ensure minimum requirements of plant and equipment. If an employer has purchased good-quality plant
and equipment which is well maintained, there is little else to do. Some older equipment may require
modifications to bring it into line with modern standards of dust extraction, fume extraction or noise, but no
assessments are required by the regulations other than those generally required by the Management
Regulations 1999 discussed previously.
8. The Construction (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1996

An electrical contractor is a part of the construction team, usually as a subcontractor, and therefore the
regulations particularly aimed at the construction industry also influence the daily work procedures and
environment of an electrician. The most important recent piece of legislation is the Construction
Regulations. The temporary nature of construction sites makes them one of the most dangerous places to
work. These regulations are made under the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 and are designed specially
to promote safety at work in the construction industry. Construction work is defined as any building or civil
engineering work, including construction, assembly, alterations, conversions, repairs, upkeep, and
maintenance or dismantling of a structure. The general provision sets out minimum standards to promote a
good level of safety on-site. Schedules specify the requirements for guardrails, working platforms, ladders,
emergency procedures, lighting and welfare facilities. Welfare facilities set out minimum provisions for site
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accommodation: washing facilities, sanitary conveniences and protective clothing. There is now a duty for
all those working on construction sites to wear head protection, and this includes electricians working on-
site as subcontractors.
9. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) at Work Regulations 1998

PPE is defined as all equipment designed to be worn, or held, to protect against a risk to health and safety.
This includes most types of protective clothing, and equipment such as eye, foot and head protection, safety
harnesses, lifejackets and high-visibility clothing. Under the Health and Safety at Work Act, employers must
provide free of charge any PPE and employees must make full and proper use of it. Safety signs such as those
shown at Fig. 1.5 are useful reminders of the type of PPE to be used in a particular area. The vulnerable parts
of the body which may need protection are the head, eyes, ears, lungs, torso, hands and feet; in addition,
protection from falls may need to be considered. Objects falling from a height present the major hazard
against which head protection is provided. Whatever the hazard to health and safety at work, the employer
must be able to demonstrate that he or she has carried out a risk analysis, made recommendations which
will reduce that risk and communicated these recommendations to the workforce. Where there is a need
for PPE to protect against personal injury and to create a safe working environment, the employer must
provide that equipment and any necessary training which might be required, and the employee must make
full and proper use of such equipment and training
10. Non-statutory regulations

Statutory laws and regulations are written in a legal framework; some don’t actually tell us how to comply
with the laws at an everyday level. Non-statutory regulations and codes of practice interpret the statutory
regulations, telling us how we can comply with the law. They have been written for every specific section of
industry, commerce and situation, to enable everyone to comply with or obey the written laws. When the
Electricity at Work Regulations (EWR) tell us to ‘ensure that all systems are constructed to prevent danger’
they do not tell us how to actually do this in a specific situation. However, the IET Regulations tell us precisely
how to carry out our electrical work safely in order to meet the statutory requirements of the EWR. In Part
1 of the IET Regulations, at 114, it states: ‘the Regulations are non-statutory. They may, however, be used in
a court of law in evidence to claim compliance with a statutory requirement.’ If your electrical installation
work meets the requirements of the IET Regulations, you will also meet the requirements of EWR. Over the
years, non-statutory regulations and codes of practice have built upon previous good practice and responded
to changes by bringing out new editions of the various regulations and codes of practice to meet the
changing needs of industry and commerce. We will now look at one non-statutory regulation, what is
sometimes called ‘the electrician’s bible’, the most important set of regulations for anyone working in the
electrical industry, the BS 7671: 2018 Requirements for Electrical Installations, IET Wiring Regulations 18th
Edition.
Page 15 of 442
REFERENCE:
Electrical installation work, Trevor linsley,page-9
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LECTURE-03
SUBJECT: Responsibilities and Glossaries
To know responsibilities and glossaries

1. To understand Employer’s responsibilities 4. To know Company responsibilities
2. To know Employees’ responsibilities 5. To state glossaries
3. To understand Management and Supervisor’s

responsibilities
TOPICS COVERED:
1. Employer’s responsibilities 4. Company responsibilities
2. Employees’ responsibilities 5. Glossaries
3. Management and Supervisors responsibilities
1. Employer’s responsibilities
The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 states, in Section 2, that it shall be the duty of every employer
to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, the health, safety, and welfare at work of all its employees.
This includes:
a. Making the workplace safe and without risk to health

b. Keeping dust and fumes under control
c. Providing and maintaining safe plant and systems of work
d. Arranging the safe use, handling, storage and transport of articles and substances
e. Providing information, instruction, training and supervision to ensure the health and safety of all
employees
f. Maintain a safe place of work including both access and exit routes
g. Providing and maintaining safe facilities and arrangements for employees’ welfare at work
h. The provision of personal protective equipment (PPE).
i. Draw up a health and safety policy statement, if there are five or more employees
j. Carry out an assessment of risks associated with all of the company’s work activities
k. Identify and implement control measures
l. Inform employees of the risks and control measures.
m. Health and safety of:
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n. His/her employees
o. Sub-contractors
p. Visitors
q. The general public whose health and safety may be affected by the activities of the employer’s
business.
2. Employees’ responsibilities
Each employee is responsible for ensuring that the work which he/she undertakes is conducted in a manner
which is safe to him or herself, other members of the general public, and for obeying the advice and
instructions on safety and health matters issued by his/her superior. If any employee considers that a hazard
to health and safety exists it is his/her responsibility to report the matter to his/her supervisor or through
his/her Union Representative or such other person as may be subsequently defined.
3. Company’s responsibilities
The Company will, as a responsible employer, make every Endeavour to meet its legal obligations under the
Health and Safety at Work Act to ensure the health and safety of its employees and the general public.
Particular attention will be paid to the provision of the following:
a. Plant equipment and systems of work that is safe.

b. Safe arrangements for the use, handling, storage and transport of articles, materials and substances.
c. Sufficient information, instruction, training and supervision to enable all employees to contribute
positively to their own safety and health at work and to avoid hazards.
d. A safe place of work, and safe access to it.
e. A healthy working environment.
f. Adequate welfare services.
4. Management and supervisors’ responsibilities

Management and supervisors at all levels are expected to set an example in safe behavior and maintain a
constant and continuing interest in employee safety, in particular by:
a. Acquiring the knowledge of health and safety regulations and codes of practice necessary to ensure
b. The safety of employees in the workplace,
c. Acquainting employees with these regulations on codes of practice and giving guidance on safety
matters,
d. Ensuring that employees act on instructions and advice given.
e. General Managers are ultimately responsible to the Company for the rectification or reporting of
any safety hazard which is brought to their attention.
5. Joint consultations
Joint consultation on health and safety matters is important. The Company will agree with its staff, or their
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representatives, adequate arrangements for joint consultation on measures for promoting safety and health
at work and make and maintain satisfactory arrangements for the participation of their employees in the
development and supervision of such measures. Trade Union representatives will initially be regarded as
undertaking the role of Safety Representatives envisaged in the Health and Safety at Work Act. These
representatives share a responsibility with management to ensure the health and safety of their members
and are responsible for drawing the attention of management to any shortcomings in the Company’s health
and safety arrangements. The Company will in so far as is reasonably practicable provide representatives
with facilities and training in order that they may carry out this task.
6. Review
A review, addition or modification of this statement may be made at any time and may be supplemented as
appropriate by further statements relating to the work of particular departments and in accordance with
any new regulations or codes of practice. This policy statement will be brought to the attention of all
employees.
7. Glossary of health and safety

Before a detailed discussion of health and safety issues can take place, some basic occupational health and
safety definitions are required
Health
The protection of the bodies and minds of people from illness resulting from the materials, processes or
procedures used in the workplace.
Employer
A person who employees one or more persons under contracts of employment or contracts of training.
Employee
A person employed by the Department, either ongoing, fixed term or casual and whether full-time or part-
time.
Competent Person
A person who has been adequately trained and has the appropriate skills and knowledge to perform certain
health and safety tasks without posing a risk to themselves or others.
Qualified Person
One who, by possession of a recognized degree, certificate, or professional standing, or who by extensive
knowledge, training, and experience, has successfully demonstrated his ability to solve or resolve problems
relating to the subject matter, the work, or the project.
Qualified worker
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One who is accepted as having the necessary physical attributes, who possesses the required intelligence,
training and education, and has acquired the necessary skill and knowledge to carry out the work in hand to
satisfactory standards of safety, quantity and quality
Contractors
Including any service providers /individuals who are not direct employees of the Department who are
providing services/works in relation to maintenance and repair work and other contracted services engaged
by schools such as cooking demonstrations, sports coaching and other activities including workshops and
incursions
Policy
A legally required statement of a company strategy, consisting of their objectives to attain a safe working
environment, their responsibilities, and the arrangements for implementing the strategy and achieving their
aims.
Welfare
The provision of facilities to maintain the health and well-being of individuals at the workplace. Welfare
facilities include washing and sanitation arrangements, the provision of drinking water, heating, lighting,
accommodation for clothing, seating (when required by the work activity or for rest), eating and rest rooms.
First-aid arrangements are also considered as welfare facilities.
Occupational or work-related ill health
This is concerned with those illnesses or physical and mental disorders that are either caused or triggered by
workplace activities. Such conditions may be induced by the particular work activity of the individual or by
activities of others in the workplace. The time interval between exposure and the onset of the illness may
be short (e.g. Asthma attacks) or long (e.g. Deafness or cancer).
Environmental protection
These are the arrangements to cover those activities in the workplace which affect the environment (in the
form of flora, fauna, water, air and soil) and, possibly, the health and safety of employees and others. Such
activities include waste and effluent disposal and atmospheric pollution.
Accident
This is defined by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) as ‘ any unplanned event that results in injury or ill
health of people, or damage or loss to property, plant, materials or the environment or a loss of a business
opportunity ’ . Other authority’s define an accident more narrowly by excluding events that do not involve
injury or ill health. This book will always use the HSE definition. Near miss this is any incident that could have
resulted in an accident. Knowledge of near misses is very important as research has shown that,
approximately, for every 10 near miss ’events at a particular location in the workplace, a minor accident will
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occur.
Dangerous occurrence
This is a near miss which could have led to serious injury or loss of life. Dangerous occurrences are defined
in the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 (often known as RIDDOR)
and are always reportable to the enforcement authorities. Examples include the collapse of a scaffold or a
crane or the failure of any passenger carrying equipment.
Hazard
A hazard is the potential of a substance, person, activity or process to cause harm. Hazards take many forms
including, for example, chemicals, electricity and working from a ladder. A hazard can be ranked relative to
other hazards or to a possible level of danger.
Risk
It is the likelihood of a substance, activity or process to cause harm. A risk can be reduced and the hazard
controlled by good management. It is very important to distinguish between a hazard and a risk the two
terms are often confused and activities such as construction work are frequently called high risk when they
are high hazard. Although the hazard will continue to be high, the risks will be reduced as controls are
implemented. The level of risk remaining when controls have been adopted is known as the residual risk.
There should only be high residual risk where there is poor health and safety management and inadequate
control measures.
Contaminants:
A substance, usually a pollutant, which has been discovered in an area where it does not usually belong or
airborne substances and other work environment hazards including dust, lighting, radiation, gases, vapors,
mold and fumes.
Confined Space
An enclosed area that has the potential to cause serious harm from hazardous substances or conditions
within the space or having an enclosed or partially enclosed space with restricted entry and exit
Toxic
Substances, usually poisonous, that cause irritation and have detrimental effects on health.
Unsafe acts
Actions that will lead to potential injury, loss of time, or properly damage
Hazardous substance
A substance which, by reason of being explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive, oxidizing, irritating, or
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otherwise harmful, is likely to cause death or injury
Compliance
Conforming to mandatory and voluntary regulations and standards; accident and injury histories; the
courts; and custom and practice.
Authorized person
A person approved or assigned by the employer to perform a specific type of duty or duties or to be at a
specific location or locations at the jobsite. See designated person.
Code of practice:
A body of rules for Practical Guidance only and not having the force of law although failure to comply may
be used in evidence in legal proceedings.
Danger
A state or condition in which personal injury and/or asset damage is reasonably foreseeable. The presence
of a hazard.
First aid:
The skilled application of accepted principles of treatment on the occurrence of an accident or in the case of
sudden illness, using facilities or materials available at the time
Harm
Injury to or death of persons, or damage.
Negligence
The omission to do something, which a reasonable person, guided upon those considerations which
ordinarily regulate the conduct of human affairs would do, or something, which a prudent and reasonable
person would not do.
Permit to work:
A formal written or verbal authority to operate a planned procedure, which is designed to protect personnel,
working in hazardous areas or activities, or when performing maintenance on a safety-related system.
Authority for a safe system of work.
PPE:
Personal Protective Equipment e.g. Respirators, protective gloves, protective clothing, protective footwear,
eye protection.
Safe system of work
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A method of working that eliminates or reduces the risk of injury.
Safety culture:
A general term for the degree to which the culture of an organization promotes and cooperates with safe
and healthy work practices
Workplace
A place, whether or not in a building or structure, where employees or self-employed persons are at work
Safety policy:
A legal requirement on an employer to prepare, and keep up to date a written statement of their policy
regarding the health and safety of their employees. The requirement for a written statement is for 5 or more
employees.
Working at a height
At or over two meters (measured from the soles of your feet to the ground). This also applies in situations
that involve a hole, trench, or pit where person could fall
Slips
Occur when a person's foot loses traction with the ground surface due to inappropriate footwear or walking
on slippery floor surfaces that are highly polished, wet or greasy
Trips
Occur when a person's foot catches on an object or surface. In most cases people trip on low obstacles that
are hard to spot such as uneven edges in flooring, loose mats, open drawers, untidy tools or electrical cables.
Falls
(under two meters) can result from a slip or trip but many occur during falls from low heights such as steps,
stairs and curbs, falling into a hole or a ditch or into wit
Safe Work Procedure
A step-by-step documented procedure on how to safely conduct a task or operation on an item or piece of
equipment
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE Items and clothing intended to provide individual employees with some
protection from hazards. Examples of PPE may include protective clothing and footwear, dust masks, gloves
and respirators or breathing apparatus
Fatigue
Physical or mental exhaustion caused by stress, medication, overwork, mental and/or physical illness or
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disease
OHS
Occupational Health and Safety.
Drugs
Any substance that, when absorbed into the body, alters normal bodily function
Manual Handling
Any activity requiring the use or force exerted by a person to lift, lower, push, pull, carry or otherwise move,
hold or restrain an object, person or animal.
REFERENCE:
Introduction to Health and safety, Phil huge,page-2
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LECTURE-04
SUBJECT: Types of Personal Protective Equipment
To understand Types of personal protective equipment (PPEs)

1. State PPE legislation 4. Describe types of PPE
2. Know Requirements of PPE 5. Explain the types of PPE
3. Understand assessing and Suitability of PPE 6. Know maintenance and storage PPE
TOPICS COVERED:
1. PPE legislation 4. Duties of employees regarding PPE
2. Requirement of PPE 5. Types of PPE
3. Assessing and Suitability of PPE 6. Maintenance and storage PPE
1. PPE legislation
The Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 seeks to ensure that where risks cannot be
controlled by other means PPE should be correctly identified and put into use. Under the requirements
of The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 (external site), employees will not be charged with or on tribute
to the provision and maintenance of PPE. If there is a need for PPE items, they must be provided free of
charge by the employer. The regulations do not apply where requirements are detailed in other regulations
such as respirators in The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (COSHH). Many other
regulations have specific requirements for the provision, maintenance and the use of PPE. Such as the
regulations dealing with asbestos, noise or ionizing radiation. This ensures that specific hazards and their
controls are dealt with by specific regulations
2. Requirement of PPE
PPE should always be your last resort to manage workplace risks. This is a legal requirement. While risk
assessing work activities you need to think of different control measures before moving to ask employees to
wear PPE. When deciding what precaution that you are going to introduce in the workplace you can work
through the ‘hierarchy of controls. It aims to minimize or prevent workplace hazards. These are some of the
reasons why PPE must be considered as a last resort. PPE only protects the person wearing it, whereas
measures controlling the risk at source protects everyone in the workplace. It is hard to assess the level of
protection provided by PPE because it depends on how it fits the individual and if it is maintained and used
correctly. PPE may restrict the user to some extent by limiting mobility or visibility, or by requiring additional
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weight to be carried. Thus creating additional hazards.
3. Assessing and Suitability of PPE

The need for PPE must be identified through Risk Assessment, it should not be a one size fits all approach.
The protective equipment should be personal to the individual user and be suitable and fit for purpose. All
personal protective equipment must be 'C E' Marked (external site). The C E mark signifies that the PPE
satisfies certain basic/minimum safety requirements. To establish if your employees need to wear PPE you
can carry out a risk assessment. During the assessment you will identify workplace hazards, evaluate and
estimate risks to decide if you are doing enough to manage risks in the workplace. You will also decide what
PPE needs to be used. The following factors should be considered when assessing the suitability of PPE.
a. Is the PPE appropriate for the risk involved and conditions at the place where exposure may occur?
For example, goggles are not suitable when full face protection is required.
b. Does the PPE prevent or adequately control the risks involved without increasing the overall risk. For
example, gloves should not be worn when using a pillar drill due to the increased risk of
entanglement.
c. Can the PPE be adjusted to fit the user correctly? For example, if an employee wears glasses then ear
defenders may not provide a proper seal to protect against noise hazards.
d. What are the needs of the job and the demands it places on the user?
e. How long will the PPE be worn?
f. What are the requirements for visibility and communication? For example, PPE might not allow the
user to hear a fire alarm.
g. If more than one item of PPE is being worn are, they compatible? For example, some respirators
make it difficult for eye protection to fit properly.
h. Has the state of health been taken into account of those using the PPE? For example, a health
surveillance survey could be carried out to make sure the PPE is suitable for those users and doing
the job it is supposed to do.
4. Duties of employees regarding PPE

The Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 place duties on employees to take reasonable
steps to ensure that the PPE provided is properly used. The Regulations also place the following duties on
employees. PPE must be worn and used in accordance with the instructions provided to them
Employees must make sure that PPE is returned to the provided accommodation after use (unless the
employee takes the PPE away from the workplace e.g. Footwear or clothing). PPE should be returned to the
appropriate storage unit (if applicable) after use, unless the employee takes their PPE home, for
example footwear or clothing. PPE must be visually examined before use. Any loss or obvious defect must
be immediately reported to their line manager. Employees must take reasonable care of any PPE provided
to them and not carry out any maintenance unless trained and authorized.
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5. Types of PPE
Head protection
Industrial safety helmets (hard hats) which are designed to protect against
materials falling from a height or swinging objects. Industrial scalp
protectors (bump caps) which are designed to protect from knocking
against stationary objects. Caps/hair nets which protect against
entanglement. Industrial safety helmets (hard hats) and scalp protectors
(bump caps) is used in construction, building repair, work in excavations or
tunnels, work with bolt driving tools, Driving motorcycles etc.
Eye protection
The eye protections are use in handling hazardous substances where there is a risk of splashes, working with
power driven tools where materials are likely to be propelled, welding operations ,working with lasers using
gas or vapour under pressure. Following are the eye protections:
a. Safety spectacles: these are similar to regular glasses but have a tougher lens, they can include side
shields for additional protection.
b. Eye shield: a frame-less one piece molded lens often worn over prescription glasses.
c. Safety goggles: these are made of flexible plastic frames and an elastic headband.
d. Face shields: heavier and bulkier than other types of eye protection, face shields protect the face,
but do not fully enclose the eye so do not protect against dust, gases, fumes and mists.
Hearing protection
Hearing protection must be worn by anyone who is likely to be exposed to noise at or above the Exposure
Action Level set by The Control of Noise at Work Regulations 2005. Following are the hearing protections;
a. Earmuffs/defenders that completely cover the ear.
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b. Ear plugs that are inserted into the ear canal.
c. Semi inserts (also called canal caps) which cover the entrance of the ear canal.
Respiratory Protective Equipment (RPE)

RPE is designed to protect the individual wearer from various hazardous substances in their workplace. RPE
may be required for working with large amounts of gases, vapours dusts, powders welding grinders, cutter
and saw use There are two types of respiratory equipment. Filters contaminated air or cleans it before it is
breathed in. Supplies clean air from an independent source. Face masks rely on a good seal against the face,
if there are gaps in the face mask then contaminated air, dust, gases and vapors may be breathed into the
lungs. For this reason it is very important your mask fits properly and is used correctly every time you use it.
Facial hair, stubble and beards make it impossible to get a good seal on the face. For this reason you need
to be clean shaven to allow a good seal around the face and prevent any leaks of contaminated air into the
lungs. There are reasons that employees may have a beard for example, religious reasons. If that is the case
there are alternative options that could be introduced, such as a full hood covering the head and the face.
The RPE should have a tight-fitting face piece, you need to ensure the user has the correct device. For this
reason the initial selection of RPE should include fit-testing. A competent face fit tester should carry out
these assessments. You will need to repeat the face fit testing if there are changes. For example if the model
or size of the face piece changes or if there are significant changes to the user’s facial characteristics. There
are two forms of face fit testing. Qualitative fit testing is suitable for disposable filter face pieces and half
masks. This can be done as a simple pass/fail based on the user’s subjective assessment of the fit and leakage
and this method is not suitable for full face masks. Quantitative fit testing provides a numerical measure of
the fit known as a fit factor. This test requires special equipment and it is more complicated to carry out.
This method is recommended for full face masks. Quantitative risk assessment is a more in-depth assessment
of the risk.
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Hand and arm protection
Tasks where hand and arm protection may be required include manual handling of abrasive, sharp or pointed
objects working with vibrating equipment such as pneumatic drills and chainsaws construction and outdoor
work , working with chemicals and hazardous substances such as body fluids Working in hot or cold materials
or temperatures. Hand and arm protection comes in a variety of forms.ie Gloves or gauntlets (leather, latex,
nitrile, plastic coated, chain mail, etc.). Wrist cuff armlets (e.g. Used in glass cutting and handling).
Body protection
Tasks where body protection may be required include working with hazardous
substances working next to the highway or areas with moving transport and
vehicles (e.g. Construction sites) outdoor, forestry and ground maintenance work.
.Types of body protection include overalls, aprons and coveralls (protection
against hazardous substances) ,clothing for hot, cold or bad weather ,clothing to
protect against machinery high visibility (jackets, trousers and vests) harnesses
life jackets etc.
Foot protection
Tasks where foot protection may be required include, construction demolition building repair, manual
handling where the risk of heavy objects falling on the feet, working in extremely hot or cold environments,
working with chemicals and forestry, where there is a risk of slipping that cannot be avoided or controlled
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by other measures, attention must be given to slip resistant soles and
replaced before the tread pattern is worn. There are a number of types
of safety footwear. Safety boots or shoes, normally have steel toe caps
but can have other safety features (e.g. Steel mid soles, slip resistant
soles, insulation against the heat and cold. Wellington boot can also have
steel toe caps. Anti-static and conductive footwear, these protect against
static electricity.
Fall Protection at height (Safety harness/belt)
It is never advisable for someone to be without some

form of fall restraint when working in potentially
dangerous locations .Falling from a height is one of the
most common causes of personal injury in the
workplace, so it is very important to make sure you are
properly equipped when working up high. A safety
harness is a system of restraints that prevent the
wearer from falling from a height. By wearing the belt
or harness the risk of injury from a fall is greatly
reduced. The harness allows the user to attach
themselves to a stationary object, therefore ensuring
they will not hit the ground in the event of a fall. A
safety harness not only improves the wearer’s protection but also allows them to use their hands freely
whilst working. This practical piece of equipment is vital for anyone working in construction as it can be a
life-saving form of protection
Information, Instruction and Training (IIT) on PPE usage
When PPE is provided it’s required that all employees receive the correct information, instructions and
training on its use and show how the equipment should be maintained, cleaned and disposed of. The extent
of the information, instruction and training will vary with the complexity and the performance of the kit, for
example a full breathing apparatus will require more training to use properly than a disposable face mask. In
addition to initial training, refresher training may be required from time to time. Supervisor checks on the
use of the PPE may help determine when refresher training is needed. You can use this form to create a
record of the induction and training programmed for staff who are new to their job
a. What should PPE information and instruction cover?

b. The risks present and why PPE is needed.
c. The operation (including a demonstration), performance and limitations of the equipment.
d. Use and storage (including how to put it on, how to adjust it and remove it).
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e. Any testing requirements before use.
f. Any user maintenance that can be carried out (e.g. Hygiene, cleaning, procedures).
g. Factors that can affect the performance of the equipment (e.g. working conditions personal factors,
defects and damage).
h. How to recognize defects in PPE and arrangements for reporting them.
i. Where to get replacement PPE.
6. Maintenance and storage PPE

An effective system of maintenance of PPE is essential to make sure the equipment continues to provide the
degree of protection for which it is designed for. Therefore the manufacturer’s maintenance schedule
(including recommended replacement periods and shelve life) must always be followed. Maintenance may
include, cleaning, examination, replacement, repair and testing. The user may be able to carry out simple
maintenance but more intricate repairs must be carried out by a competent person. You need to ensure that
adequate storage facilities are provided when PPE is not in use unless the employee can take the PPE away
from the workplace (e.g. Footwear or clothing). The storage should be adequate to protect the PPE from
contamination, loss, damage, or sunlight. Where PPE may become contaminated during use you will need
to provide storage that is separated from any other storage provided for ordinary clothing.
REFERENCE:
Https://www.healthyworkinglive
Page 31 of 442
LECTURE-05
SUBJECT: Types of Safety Signs
To know the types of Safety Signs

1. Introduce safety sign 3. Know maintenance of safety sign
2. Describe the types of safety sign
TOPICS COVERED:
1. Introduction of safety sign 3. Maintenance of safety sign
2. Types of safety sign
1. Introduction of safety signs

The rules and regulations of the working environment are communicated to
employees by written instructions, signs and symbols. All signs in the working
environment are intended to inform. They should give warning of possible
dangers and must be obeyed. At first there were many different safety signs, but
British Standard BS 5499 Part 1 and the Health and Safety (Signs and Signals)
Regulations 1996 have introduced a standard system which gives health and
safety information with the minimum use of words. The purpose of the
regulations is to establish an internationally understood system of safety signs
and colors which draw attention to equipment and situations that do, or could,
affect health and safety. Text-only safety signs became illegal from 24 December
1998. From that date, all safety signs have had to contain a pictogram or symbol
fall into following categories: prohibited activities; warnings; mandatory
instructions, safe conditions and firefighting equipment.
2. Types of Safety sign

Prohibition Signs
These signs should he used to convey “Do Not” type commands For example, to indicate that smoking is not
allowed or where a particular material reacts dangerously with water, “Water should not be used” sign. In
the workplace they should be used to reinforce instructions prohibiting dangerous activities and are required
by the Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996. Such instructions, however, should also
form part of the employees training. Signs prohibiting an activity consist of a circular red band and single
diagonal cross bar descending from left to right at an angle of 45 degrees. The background should be white
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with the pictogram indicating the nature of the command in black.
Warning Signs
These signs should be used to make people aware of a nearby danger. For example, a flammable liquid store
or a laboratory where radioactive substances are in use should have an appropriate warning sign near the
entrance. These signs are required by the Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996 and
in specific cases by the Dangerous Substances (Notification and Marking of Sites) Regulations 1990. Signs
warning of a particular hazard consist of a black band in the shape of an equilateral triangle. The background
within the band should be yellow with the pictogram indicating the type of hazard in black positioned
centrally on the sign.
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Mandatory Signs
These signs should he used to indicate actions
that must be carried out in order to comply
with statutory requirements. For example an
area of a construction site where hard hats
should be worn should have appropriate
signs at the entry points and self-closing fire
doors that must be kept closed, to comply
with a fire risk assessment, should be labeled
with “FIRE DOOR KEEP SHUT” signs.
It should he noted that the Health and Safety

(Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996
do not apply to mandatory fire instructions
but do apply to health and safety mandatory
signs where pictograms are required. The
minimum requirement is for the sign to include an appropriate pictogram and there are no pictograms for
fire safety instruction signs. Although mandatory in the UK through inclusion in the requirements of most
fire risk assessments, such signs are not considered as health and safety signs within these Regulations. Thus
the familiar white on blue fire safety mandatory signs using text only will remain in place and will not have
to be changed. Fire action notices, that is notices which list actions that occupants must carry out in the
event of a fire are, by convention, written as white text on a blue background but not in the circular format.
The colours are used to convey the mandatory nature of the instructions but because of the amount of text
normally needed a rectangular format is used. The general mandatory sign of a white exclamation mark on
a blue circle may be used in conjunction with a fire instructions notice. Signs indicating mandatory
requirements consist of a blue circle with the pictogram or text in white positioned centrally
Safe Condition or Advisory Signs

These signs should be used to indicate
escape routes, emergency exits, first
aid equipment, emergency showers
and the like. In the same way as for
mandatory signs some UK fire safety
signs in this category are not required
by the Health and Safety (Safety Signs
and Signals) Regulations 1996. For example “PUSH BAR TO OPEN” is not required to comply and there is no
pictogram with that meaning. Such signs are still needed for compliance with fire risk assessment and in
some cases the Health and Safety At Work Act 1974. Safe condition signs consist of a green rectangle or
Page 34 of 442
square with the pictogram or text in white positioned centrally.
In order to comply with the requirements of the Building Regulations 1991, every doorway or other exit
providing access to a means of escape, other than exits in ordinary use, should be provided with an exit sign.
Installation of signs conforming to British Standard 5499 will satisfy both the Building Regulations 1991 and
the Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals Regulations) 1996. In general these Regulations will not
require any changes where existing fire safety signs containing symbols that comply with BS 5499. This is
because the signs in BS 5499, although different in detail to those specified in the Regulations, follow the
same basic pattern and are therefore considered to comply with the Regulations.
As the result of this flexibility there are at least two exit signs available in the UK and there could be more
throughout the EC. Because of this the EC directive 92/58 has failed in its principle aim to have common
standard throughout the member states. However a new European standard has been proposed and ISO
7010 is very likely to be fast tracked to become Pr EN 7010. This means that it will be a “European Normative”
and will be best practice guidance. As a result EU law will required it to be adopted by all member states
without change. Consequently the Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996 will be
amended and the above Euro-Signs will be illegal. Pr EN 7010 will become the required standard and
incidentally the exit sign will be identical to BS 5499: Part 4: Code of Practice for Escape Route Signing.
Fire Fighting Equipment Signs

These signs are used to mark the location of
firefighting equipment and fire alarm
activation points. However, where possible,
fire equipment should be positioned where it
is clearly visible. The Health and Safety (Safety
Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996, require
red to be used as the identifying color for
firefighting equipment. If the equipment itself
is red this will satisfy the requirement. Where it is not red then highlighting the position of firefighting
equipment by coloring background behind the equipment red may be enough to comply.
3. Maintenance of safety sign

All safety signs must be properly maintained so that they are capable of performing the function for which
they are intended. It is also important that signs are fixed securely and are sufficiently large to be clearly
seen. This can range from the routine cleaning of signboards to regular checks of illuminated signs and
testing of acoustic signals to see that they work properly. All safety signs should maintain their intrinsic
features under power failure – either from emergency lighting or phosphorescent material – unless the
hazard is itself eliminated by the power failure.
Page 35 of 442
REFERENCE:
Www.firesafe.org.uk
Page 36 of 442

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Table of Contents

To know about health and Safety culture

At the end of this lesson student will be able to:

Costs of poor health and safety at work

3. Definition of a health and safety culture

4. Safety culture and safety performance

5. Important indicators of a health and safety culture

Total number of accidents /Number of persons employed ×1000.

6. Factors affecting a health and safety culture

Introduction to Health and safety, Phil huge, page 2

To understand occupational Health and Safety regulations

At the end of this lesson student will be able to:

1. The Factories Act, 1934

Section 2: General duties of employers to their employees

2. Safety regulations and laws

4. The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974

5. The Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 (EWR)

6. The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (COSHH)

7. Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998

8. The Construction (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1996

9. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) at Work Regulations 1998

10. Non-statutory regulations

Electrical installation work, Trevor linsley,page-9

To know responsibilities and glossaries

At the end of this lesson student will be able to:

2. To know Employees’ responsibilities 5. To state glossaries

3. To understand Management and Supervisor’s

a. Making the workplace safe and without risk to health

a. Plant equipment and systems of work that is safe.

4. Management and supervisors’ responsibilities

7. Glossary of health and safety

Occupational or work-related ill health

Injury to or death of persons, or damage.

Safe system of work

Safe Work Procedure

Occupational Health and Safety.

Electrical installation work, Trevor linsley,page-12

Introduction to Health and safety, Phil huge,page-2

To understand Types of personal protective equipment (PPEs)

At the end of this lesson student will be able to:

2. Know Requirements of PPE 5. Explain the types of PPE

3. Assessing and Suitability of PPE

4. Duties of employees regarding PPE

a. Earmuffs/defenders that completely cover the ear.

Respiratory Protective Equipment (RPE)

Fall Protection at height (Safety harness/belt)

It is never advisable for someone to be without some

Information, Instruction and Training (IIT) on PPE usage

a. What should PPE information and instruction cover?

6. Maintenance and storage PPE

Electrical installation work, Trevor linsley,page-10

To know the types of Safety Signs

At the end of this lesson student will be able to:

2. Describe the types of safety sign

1. Introduction of safety signs

2. Types of Safety sign

It should he noted that the Health and Safety

Safe Condition or Advisory Signs

Fire Fighting Equipment Signs

3. Maintenance of safety sign

Electrical installation work, Trevor linsley,page-16

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