LEGENDS:
__ Important words
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__ Element
__ own def. ko
ENGLISH 10
The Short story & Its elements.
-A short story is a fully developed
story which is shorter than a novel
and longer than a fable. It typically
takes just a single sitting for
reading.
The short story is usually concerned
with a single effect conveyed in only
one or a few significant episodes or
scenes.The form encourages economy of
setting, concise narrative, and the
omission of a complex plot;character
is disclosed in action and dramatic
encounter but is seldom fully
developed.
ELEMENTS OF THE SHORT STORY
Characters- A character is a person,
or sometimes even an animal, who takes
part in the action of a short story or
other literary work.
TYPES OF CHARACTERS
Protagonist- This is the main
character, around which the whole
story revolves.The decisions made by
this character will be affected by a
conflict from within.
Antagonist- This causes conflict for
the protagonist.
ROUND VS FLAT
Round- Good in the story and ended up
to be the bad one. (nags surprise)
Nagbabago yung characteristic niya.
Flat- The character remains from the
top to end.
Bida siya nung una bida rin ng dulo.
STATIC VS DYNAMIC
Static- do not change throughout the
story. Same lang sila ng flat.
Dynamic- change throughout the story.
They may become bad or change in
complex ways.
POV- this is where the narrator’s
position in relation to a story being
told. Refers to who is telling or
narrating a story.
First- You are the narrator (I,WE)
The narrator is the character in the
story, either the protagonist,
observer, or survivor.
Second- Structured around the “you”
pronoun. This can allow you to draw
your reader into the story and make
them feel like their part of the
action.
Third- The author is narrating a story
about the characters and refers to
them with the third person pronouns
“he/she”.
-> Omniscient- alam niya ang buong
pangyayari sa story.
->Limited- limited lang ang alam
niyang characters like 2-3 lang.
SETTING- The setting of the story is
the time and place in which it
happens.
Authors often use descriptions of
landscape,scenery,building,seasons or
weather to provide a strong sense of
setting.
time= when place=where
PLOT- refers to the sequence of events
that make up a story, whether it’s
told, written,filmed, or sung.
Linear- well presented
Non-Linear- may iba’t ibang point na
pupuntahan yung story.
STRUCTURE OF THE PLOT
-> Freytag's pyramid
Exposition- the beginning of the
story, characters, setting, and the
main conflict are typically
introduced.
Inciting incident-
Rising action- The main character is
in crisis and events leading up to
facing the conflict begin to unfold,
The story becomes complicated.
Climax- Peak of the story, a major
event occurs in which the main
character faces a major enemy,fear,
challenge or other source of conflict.
Falling action- The story begins to
slow down and work towards its end,
tying up loose ends.
Resolution and denouement- concluding
paragraph that resolves any remaining
issues and ends the story.
Conflict- is a struggle or problem
between opposing forces.Characters
must act to confront those forces and
there is where conflict is born.
TYPES OF LITERARY CONFLICT
INTERNAL CONFLICT
1. Character vs. Self- Internal-
conflict meaning that the opposition
the character faces is coming from
within. May entail a struggle to
discern what the moral or “right”
choice is or maybe he/ she will be
struggling with his/her mental health.
EXTERNAL CONFLICT
2. Character vs. Character- A common
type of conflict in which one
character’s needs or wants are odds
with another’s. (fist
fight,sampalan,suntukan etc.)
3.Character vs. Nature- A character is
set in nature. This can mean the
weather, the wilderness or a natural
disaster.
found in language (what we say vs.
what we mean) or circumstances (what
we expect to happen vs. what actually
happens).
TYPES OF IRONY
● Dramatic irony is when we have
more information about the
circumstances than a character.
(mas alam pa natin yung
nangyayari sa story kesa sa
characters)
● Verbal irony is when someone
says something, but means the
opposite.
● Situational irony is when we
expect one thing, but get the
opposite.

4. Character vs. Supernatural- Pitting

characters against phenomena like
ghosts,gods, or monsters raises in the
stakes of a conflict by creating an
unequal playing field.

5.Character vs. Society- an external

conflict that occurs in literature
when the protagonist is placed in
opposition with society, the
government, or a cultural tradition or
societal norm of some kind.
Characters may be motivated to take
action against their society by a need
to survive, moral sense of right and
wrong.

THEME- Is a message, an abstract idea,

central or controlling idea, or
universal truth in any art. This can
be referred to as the subject matter
or topic.
E.g. love, friendship, good vs. evil,
the importance of family, crime is
bad, etc.

GENERALIZATION - A short story

presents one aspect of the life of a
character.A short story can also
impact a reader and even inspire them.

IRONY-Irony is when the reality is

opposite of what we expect. The key
here is "opposite," not just
different. This incongruity can be