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JICA WACS Manual Content FINAL
JICA WACS Manual Content FINAL
JICA WACS Manual Content FINAL
Characterization Study
(WACS)
Waste Quality
To understand the Analysis
¨ physical and chemical
characteristics of our waste
Wet analysis:
• Bulk density
• Moisture content
... can we improve how we transport the
waste? Dry Analysis:
... what other treatment technologies (e.g., • Dry waste composition
methane extraction, RDF, WTE, etc.) can • Ash & combustible content
we consider? • Calorific value
WACS as a required
To manage our waste now component of a
¨ and in the future
as mandated by RA 9003
10-year Solid Waste
Management Plan
... to improve the logistics of how we
transport our waste.
... to anticipate how much budget we have
to allocate for waste management. w
... to foresee for how long we can use our
disposal sites.
Table of Contents
Sampling at End-of-Pipe 33
References 59
What is Waste Analysis
and Characterization Study
(WACS)?
National
Projected 2020 waste generation:
21,425,676 metric tons
Weighted average per capita generation:
0.40 kg/day
Metro Manila
Projected 2020 waste generation:
3,466,469 metric tons
Weighted average per capita generation:
0.69 kg/day
Source: NSWMC 2020 Database
updating the Philippine Solid Waste Management Status Report 2008-2019
WHY DO WACS? • 2
Waste Composition Analysis helps us
understand what different kinds of materials are in
our waste and in what proportions.
Identifying significant
sources of waste samples
Determining volume,
generation rate and
composition of waste
Waste Sorting and
collection weighing Sampling at
at generator per waste end-of-pipe
level component
Households Institutions
Commercial Industries
Establishments
The sampling for WACS aims to get a portion that can represent
the composition and characteristics of the total amount of waste
generated by your city, municipality or waste source.
?
In finding out which waste generators should the
LGU prioritize for the WACS at-source, consider the
following:
Which sources are under the LGU’s jurisdiction
of solid waste management?
Among these, which would likely generate
more waste?
Category 1: Households
URBAN Barangay
• Population size of 5,000 or more
• Has at least one establishment with a
minimum of 100 employees
• Has 5 or more establishments with 10 to
99 employees, and 5 or more facilities
within the two-kilometre radius from the
barangay hall
Some notes:
1. Waste from sources under the LGU’s jurisdiction should be included in the
WACS. This includes houses within a subdivision or from apartment units in
a condominium, regardless if these are collected by the barangay or LGU for
disposal.
2. Transient houses or dormitories shall fall under the category of commercial
establishments.
3. Urban and rural barangays are based on the definition by the Philippine
Statistics Authority.
PLACES OF
OFFICES PARKS
WORSHIP
Examples: Examples: Examples:
• Government • Parks • Churches
offices • Recreational • Mosques
• Private offices centers • Temples
• Banks • Cemeteries
• NGOs
• Others
Information needed: Information needed: Information needed:
¨ Number of ¨ Area ¨ Area
employees
Examples: Examples:
• Restaurants • Hotels
• Carinderias • Hostels/ Inns
• Food stalls • Dorms/ guest lodges
MANUFACTURING
Examples:
• Food manufacturers
• Beverage industries
• Furniture & fixtures
• Rubber & plastic products
• Petroleum & other fuel
products
• Textile manufacturers
• Footwear, leather & leather
products
• Printing and publishing
• Chemical & chemical
products
Information needed: • Others
¨ Number of employees
¨ Area of the facility
AGRIBUSINESS SERVICES
Examples: Examples:
• Agriculture • Transport storage &
(crop, livestock, communication
poultry) • Trade & repair of motor
• Fishery vehicles
• Hunting and • Repair of household goods
forestry • Financial intermediation
• Real estate renting &
Information needed: business activity
¨ Hectarage • Other services
¨ Number of heads
Let’s say your WACS team plans to visit 10 households and study
the waste they generate. Would the data from 10 households be
a correct representative of the situation?
Where:
n = representative number of households or non-household units
N = total number of households or total units of non-household generators
per subcategory
z = z score for 95% confidence level = 1.96
P = standard deviation = 0.20
e = 10% margin of error for HUCs, 1st to 6th class LGUs (however, HUCs
and 1st to 2nd class LGUs may use a more stringent 5% margin of error as
allowance for experimental mortality)
Provide the household with 4 plastic bags. Bags with different colors
are recommended to facilitate segregation and are based on the color-
coding scheme recommended by the NSWMC Resolution #60.
Note the number of members for each target household. Divide the
daily weight for each component by the number of members in the
household. Compute for per capita, barangay, and LGU daily waste
generation using the formulae below:
• Biodegradable Waste
• Recyclable Waste
• Special Waste
• Residual Waste
Biodegradable Waste
Kitchen/ Biodegradable waste often comprises nearly half
Food Waste of municipal solid waste. It is crucial for households to
make sure that their wet kitchen waste does not mix
Garden with other dry waste that can be recycled or would
Waste need special treatment. Refer to the composting
guidelines from the National Solid Waste Management
Commission.
Agricultural
Waste
Agricultural wastes are “generated from
planting or harvesting of crops, trimming or
Livestock Waste pruning of plants and wastes or run-off materials
Manure, Feathers, etc. from farms or fields,” (RA 9003, Sec. 3a).
Paper
White Paper, Bond Paper, Book Paper,
Selected White Copy Paper (printed or inked)
*Not yellowish or sunburned, not heavily
Ledger (SWL)
printed or colored; baled or tied and
wrapped in clean sack or plastic
Newspaper, Broadsheet, Tabloids,
Textbook and Newsprint Books
Old Newspaper *Less than 6 mos. old, not heavily printed or
(ONP) colored, not yellowish or burned; baled or
tied and wrapped in clean sack or plastic
Old Carton Boxes, Paper Bags, Brown Envelopes
or Folders, Packaging made of Kraft Paper
Old Corrugated
*White or Colored Cartons/Boxes are
Cartons (OCC) classified as mixed waste. Baled or tied and
wrapped in clean sack or plastic
Coated Paper, Magazines, Leaflets, Flyers
Gray Chipboard, Carbonless Papers, Colored
and Heavily Printed Paper, Colored OCC,
Mixed Paper Envelopes, Folders, Newspapers older than 6 mos.,
Mimeo Test Papers, Comics & Other Repulpable
Papers Outside the 3 Categories Above
*Baled or tied and wrapped in clean sack or plastic
Asceptic Carton “Tetra Pak”
Used Beverage
*Empty, rinse, flip, flap, flatten; baled or tied
Cartons (UBC) and wrapped in clean sack or plastic
Paper Recyclables not salable in local junk shops or recycling markets should be
classified under “residuals with potential for recycling” See page 27 for details
The following waste papers are not accepted for recycling and categorized as
Residual Waste: Thermal paper (e.g. receipts), carbon paper, wax coated or PE
laminated paper, photo paper, scented paper, wet or soiled paper with grease, food-
contaminated paper, and used tissue paper.
Plastics
Plastics (cont’d)
PP Rigids or “Sibakin”:
Bottle Caps, Microwavable Containers,
Ice Cream/Biscuit Containers,
PP Yogurt Containers and Margarine Tubs,
W Medicine Bottles,
Chairs, Pails, Crates,
Polypropylene
Disposable Cups and Cutleries, etc.
Plastic Recyclables not salable in local junk shops or recycling markets should be
classified under “residuals with potential for recycling” with clean and dry flexibles.
See page 27 for details.
Glass
GLASS BOTTLES
Flint/Clear
Mayonnaise Jars, Sauce Jars, Food Jars,
Beverage Bottles for Soda, Gin, etc.
Amber/Brown Green
Medicine Bottles, Wine Bottles,
Some Beer Bottles Some Beer and Soda Bottles
Colored
Bottles that are of colors not under the
3 major categories mentioned above
FLAT GLASS
Clear Tinted
Low E
Mirror Coated Glass
CULLETS (“BUBOG”)
Sorted Example of
by Type and Color mixed Flat
as specified above Glass Cullets
Bottles and other glass that are not salable in local junk shops or recycling markets
should be classified under “residuals with potential for recycling.” See page 27 for
details.
Metals
Aluminum Cans,
Aluminum Softdrink Cans,
Aluminum Foil Trays
Copper Wires,
Copper Copper Tubes and Blocks
Leather, textiles, and rubber items are not often bought by scrap
dealers. Old clothes that are still wearable can be donated to charitable
institutions. Scrap textiles are often repurposed or upcycled through
community livelihood programs. Bits and pieces of these materials can be
considered residuals with potential.
Others
Cigarette Butts
The volume of residual waste that ends up in our landfills can greatly
be reduced by existing technologies that harness energy stored in these
materials. Many residual wastes can also be processed into refuse-derived
fuel (RDF) for cement kilns, or as feed for waste-to-energy (WTE) facilities.
These treatment strategies reduce the volume that would be sent to final
disposal sites can extend the life of our sanitary landfills.
Hazardous Waste
Healthcare Waste
Expired Medicines, Surgical Gloves,
Bronchodilator Inhalers, Syringes, Needles, and Sharps
Mercury Containing Devices
Old Thermometers, Sphygmomanometers
Bulky Waste
Note that what can be sold to junk shops in one area are not necessarily
traded in others. Some materials, such as glass bottles, may readily be
recycled in Luzon, but have limited collection in Visayas and Mindanao.
The table and pie chart in the next page are examples of
how to summarize and analyze the WACS composition data of
waste collected at-source. At the very least, there should be four
categories of waste (biodegradable, recyclables, special waste,
and residuals) but it is encouraged that these are further sorted
into subcategories.
Direct the vehicle operator to discharge the load onto the clean surface
in one contiguous pile, that is, to avoid gaps in the discharged load in
order to facilitate collection of the samples.
(
Sampling can be done from the waste pit as long as the waste has
not been processed. Mix the waste in the pit very well. Waste inside trash
bags should be taken out and mixed. Collect approximately 500 kg of
waste.
Step 4: Coning
Spread the representative sample across a cleaned surface or plastic
sheeting and make a mound or a “cone” out of the waste.
Wet Analysis
Bulk Moisture
Density Content
Dry Analysis
(% w/w) WNW
Well-segregated waste typically would have lower moisture content of around 30-
40%. If the end-of-pipe waste sample has about 50% moisture, it is possible that
there is a high amount of kitchen waste, or that the waste is exposed to the elements.
WG(A,B,...H) = Gross weight of the tray with sorted waste (in grams):
WG(A,B,...H) = ________________________ g
% Composition = _________
WN(A,B,...H) x 100%
of Category A...H Wtotal
The formula below is used to determine the potential daily biogas generation:
Step 4: Combustion
Place the crucibles containing the samples in an electric furnace. Ignite
the furnace at 800°C for two hours. Let it cool down and dry at 105°C
for two to three hours using a dryer. After which, let these cool down in a
desiccator.
see
page 42,
step 6
Equation 2 also estimates the lower calorific value, but this was
formulated by Kyoto University. It is not often used but the results are
closer to the calorific value measured by the calorimeter (less error).
W
WACS results can help you determine:
INTEGRATING WACS • 58
References
Republic Act 9003. Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000.
https://emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/RA-9003.pdf
DENR Administrative Order 2001-34. Implementing Rules and Regulations of Republic
Act 9003.
https://emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/DAO-2001-34.pdf
National Solid Waste Management Commission. 2020. Guidelines for the conduct of
waste analysis and characterization study on municipal solid waste. Revised 2020.
DENR EMB Solid Waste Management Division and NSWMC. 2020. Segregation at Source
List of Recyclables. Updated 2020.
NSWMC 2020 Database updating the Philippine Solid Waste Management Status Report
2008-2019
DENR EMB and NSWMC. 2018. National Solid Waste Management Report (2008-2018).
https://emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/National-Solid-Waste-Management-
Status-Report-2008-2018.pdf
DENR Administrative Order 2013-22. Revised Procedures and Standards for the
Management of Hazardous Wastes.
https://server2.denr.gov.ph/uploads/rmdd/dao-2013-22.pdf
DOH. 2011. Healthcare Waste Management Manual. 3rd edition .
https://sites.google.com/site/hospitalwastemgtsystem/doh-healthcare-waste-
management-manual-3rd-ed
DepEd Memorandum 36, s. 2019.
https://www.deped.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/DM_s2019_036-1.pdf
DOST ITDI. 2019. Guide for Waste Analysis and Characterization Study (WACS) Plan.
DOST ITDI. 2019. Sample size tool kit.
http://www.itdi.dost.gov.ph/images/EBD/Sample_Size_Computation.xls
ASTM D5231-92 (Reapproved 2016). Standard Method for Determination of the
Composition of Unprocessed Municipal Solid Waste.
ASTM E1109 - 18 (2018). Standard Test Method for Determining the Bulk Density of Solid
Waste Fractions.
Kitakyushu Environmental Preservation Association (KEPA). 2018. Procedures for waste
quality analysis. Davao City JICA Grassroots Project, JFY 2018.
Japan Waste Management Association. Outline of Planning and Designing for Waste
Treatment Facilities.
Ministry of the Environment Japan. 2017. Manual for an introduction of utilization of
waste biomass.
https://www.env.go.jp/recycle/misc/guideline/baiomass_donyumanual.pdf