Optical fibre communication with Overview

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 Contents
❑ Transmission Media

❑ Optical fibre

❑ Advantage of OFC over Conventional Copper System

❑ Basic physics of OFC

❑ Types of OFC

❑ Loss in OFC(Attenuation, Dispersion)

❑ Application of OFC

❑ FDMS

❑ FDF

❑ Jointing & termination of OFC

❑ Measurement and Testing Equipments of OFC

❑ Laying of OFC

❑ Demerits of OFC
Transmission Media
 In data communication terminology, a transmission
medium is a physical path between the transmitter and
the receiver i.e it is the channel through which data is sent
from one place to another. Transmission Media is broadly
classified into the following types:
 Unguided Media:
 It is also referred to as Wireless or Unbounded
transmission media. No physical medium is required for
the transmission of electromagnetic signals.
(i) Radiowaves –
These are easy to generate and can penetrate through buildings. The
sending and receiving antennas need not be aligned. Frequency
Range:3KHz – 1GHz. AM and FM radios and cordless phones use
Radiowaves for transmission.
Further Categorized as (i) Terrestrial and (ii) Satellite.
(ii) Microwaves –
It is a line of sight transmission i.e. the sending and receiving antennas
need to be properly aligned with each other. The distance covered by the
signal is directly proportional to the height of the antenna. Frequency
Range:1GHz – 300GHz. These are majorly used for mobile phone
communication and television distribution.
(iii) Infrared –
Infrared waves are used for very short distance communication. They
cannot penetrate through obstacles. This prevents interference between
systems. Frequency Range:300GHz – 400THz. It is used in TV remotes,
wireless mouse, keyboard, printer, etc.
Guided Media:
 It is also referred to as Wired or Bounded transmission media.
Signals being transmitted are directed and confined in a narrow
pathway by using physical links.
 (i) Twisted Pair Cable –
It consists of 2 separately insulated conductor wires wound about each other.
Generally, several such pairs are bundled together in a protective sheath.

 (ii) Coaxial Cable –

It has an outer plastic covering containing 2 parallel conductors each having a
separate insulated protection cover. Coaxial cable transmits information in two
modes: Baseband mode(dedicated cable bandwidth) and Broadband mode(cable
bandwidth is split into separate ranges). Cable TVs and analog television networks
widely use Coaxial cables.
What is Optical Fiber?
 An Optical fiber is a flexible, transparent
fiber made of high quality glass (silica) or
plastic, slightly thicker than a human hair.

 Optical fibers are widely used in fiber-optic

communications, which permits transmission
over longer distances and at
higher bandwidths (data rates) than other
forms of communication
What is Optical Fiber?
Optical Fibre is new medium, in which
information (voice, Data or Video) is transmitted
through a glass or plastic fibre, in the form of
light, following the transmission sequence give
below:
 (1) Information is encoded into electrical signals.
 (2) Electrical signals are converted into light
signals.
 (3) Light travels down the fibre.
 (4) A detector changes the light signals into
electrical signals.
 (5)Electrical signals are decoded into information.
Transmission Path of OFC
Advantages of Optical Fiber over
Conventional Copper System
 Broad Bandwidth
◦ Broadband communication is very much possible over fiber
optics which means that audio signal, video signal,
microwave signal, text and data from computers It is
possible to transmit around 3,000,000 full-duplex voice or
90,000 TV channels over one optical fiber.
 Electrical Insulator
◦ Optical fibers are made and drawn from silica glass which
is nonconductor of electricity and so there are no ground
loops and leakage of any type of current. Optical fibers are
thus laid down along with high voltage cables on the
electricity poles due to its electrical insulator behavior.
 Immunity to Electromagnetic Interference
◦ The optical fiber is electrically non-conductive, so it does
not act as an antenna to pick up electromagnetic signals
which may be present nearby
Continued…
 Low attenuation loss over long distances
◦ There are various optical windows in the optical
fiber cable at which the attenuation loss is found to
be comparatively low and so transmitter and
receiver devices are developed and used in these
low attenuation region. Due to low attenuation of
0.2dB/km in optical fiber cables, it is possible to
achieve long distance communication efficiently
over information capacity rate of 1 Tbit/s.
 Lack of costly metal conductor
◦ The use of optical fibers do not require the huge
amounts of copper conductor used in conventional
cable systems. In recent times, this copper has
become a target for widespread metal theft due its
value on the scrap market.
Continued…
 Small, Lightweight cables.
Easy installation and Handling.
Efficient use of space.

 Available in Long lengths (> 12 kms)

Less splice points.

 Security
Extremely difficult to tap a fibre as it does not radiate
energy that can be received by a nearby antenna.
Highly secure transmission medium.
Continued…
 Security - Being a dielectric
It cannot cause fire.
Does not carry electricity.
Can be run through hazardous areas.

 Universal medium
Serve all communication needs.
Non-obsolescence.
 Refractive Index??????
 In optics, the refractive index or index of refraction of a
material is a dimensionless number that describes how fast light
travels through the material. It is defined as
 n= c/v;
 where c is the speed of light in vacuum and v is the phase velocity
of light in the medium. For example, the refractive index of water
is 1.333, meaning that light travels 1.333 times as fast in vacuum
as in water. Increasing refractive index corresponds to decreasing
speed of light in the material.
 The refractive index determines how much the path of light is
bent, or refracted, when entering a material. This is described by
Snell's law of refraction, n1 sinθ1 = n2 sinθ2, where θ1 and θ2 are
the angles of incidence and refraction, respectively, of a ray
crossing the interface between two media with refractive indices
n1 and n2.
Total Internal Reflection
 Optical fibers work on the principle of total
internal reflection
Total internal reflection
 At some angle, known as the critical angle θc, light traveling
from a higher refractive index medium to a lower refractive index
medium will be refracted at 90° i.e. refracted along the interface.

 If the light hits the interface at any angle larger than this critical
angle, it will not pass through to the second medium at all.
Instead, all of it will be reflected back into the first medium, a
process known as total internal reflection
OFC in Transmission path
Fiber Composition
 Core – thin glass center of the fiber where light
travels.
 Cladding – outer optical material surrounding the
core
 Buffer Coating – plastic coating that protects the

fiber.
 OPTICAL FIBRE PARAMETERS
Optical fibre systems have the following parameters.

Wavelength.

Frequency.

Window.

Attenuation.

Dispersion.

Bandwidth.

Refractive index
TRANSMISSION WINDOW

Window Operational Wavelength

800nm-900nm 850nm

1250nm-1350nm 1310nm

1500nm-1600nm 1550nm
CABLE CONSTRUCTION
 Cabling is an outer protective structure surrounding one
or more fibres. Cabling protects fibres environmentally
and mechanically from being damaged or degraded in
performance. Important considerations in any cable are
tensile strength, ruggedness, durability, flexibility,
environmental resistance, temperature extremes and even
appearance. Evaluation of these considerations depends on
the application.

 Fibre Optic Cables have the following parts in common;

 (I) Optical Fibre
 (II) Buffer
 (III) Strength member
 (IV) Jacket
Types of Tight Buffer:

PIG TAIL
PATCH CORD
CABLE DRUM LENGTH

 Cables come reeled in various

length, typically 1 to 2 km, although
lengths of 5 or 6 kms are available
for single mode fibres. Long lengths
are desirables for long distance
applications, since cable must be
spliced end to end over the run.
Each splice introduce additional loss
into the system. Long cable lengths
mean fewer splices and less loss.
METALLIC OR NON-METALLIC CABLES

 Fibre optic cables sometimes also contain copper

conductors, such as twisted pair. One use of these
conductors is to allow installers to communicate with each
other during installation of the fibre especially with long
distance telephone installation. The other use is to power
remote equipment such as repeaters. Sub-marine cables,
cables for overhead mounting, highly, armored cables of
railways etc are also coming in category of metallic cables. In
such cables strength member will typically be of steel wire
and the cable will also contain one or two copper service
pairs. It is also common to include an aluminum water
barrier.
 It is possible to construct completely metal free cables, used
in areas suffering from high frequency of lightening. Strength
member is made of fiber glass rod. Induction effect due to
lightening or power line parallelism is not at all on such non-
metallic cables.
COLOR COATING
OPTICAL TRANSMITTERS

 In optical line systems we need light sources in the

infra–red spectrum part. The wavelengths used are
in one of the following windows of optical fibres, i.e.
850 nm, 1300 nm or 1550 nm.

 The features of an ideal source for fibre optic

communication systems are as follows
High brightness
Small emission area (< Fibre Core).
Small emission cone angle (< Fibre Numerical
Aperture (NA)).
Fast response to electrical modulation.
Long life
 Only 2 semiconductor devices
approach these ideals:

 Light emitting diode (LED)

 Semiconductor LASER (Light amplification by

stimulated emission of radiation).
LASER TYPES:
 Fabry-Perot (FP) :- used in PDH.

 Distributed Feed Back (DFB):- used in SDH.

 Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR) :- Mostly

used as Tunable Laser for WDM working.
OPTICAL DETECTORS

 A Photo-detector converts light into an electric

current. In a fibre optic communication system,
detectors received the transmitted pulses and convert
them, with as little loss as possible into electronic
pulses that can be used by a telephone, computer,
other terminal at the receiving end or at an
intermediate repeater.

 In this role the detector must have -

 High efficiency.
 Fast response.
 Low noise.
 Small size and light weight.
 Long life and reliability.
 Low cost.
 Two types of Photodiodes most
nearly meet the above requirements:

◦ Pin photodiode.

◦ Avalanche photodiode
Optical Fibre Classification
According to Material

Optical
Fibre

Glass- Glass- Plastic-

Glass Plastic Plastic
Optical Fibre Classification
According to Mode

Optical
Fibre

Single Multi
Mode Mode
Optical Fibre Classification
According to R.I.

Optical
Fibre

Step Graded
Index Index
 Types of optical fibers

OPTICAL
FIBERS

SINGLE
MULTIMODE
MODE
FIBERS
FIBERS

GRADED
STEP INDEX STEP INDEX
INDEX
 Optical fiber mode
 Fibres that carry
more than one mode
at a specific light
wavelength are called
multimode fibres.
 Some fibres have
very small diameter
core that they can
carry only one mode
which travels as a
straight line at the
centre of the core.
These fibres are
single mode fibres.

BSNL mainly uses Single mode fibre for transmission path.

Diameter of core and Cladding
Single-Mode Step-Index Fiber
 Used to transmit one signal per fiber.
 Used in telephone and cable TV.
 They have small cores(9 microns in diameter) .
 Transmit infra-red light from laser.
Multi-mode Step-Index Fiber
 Used to transmit many signals per fiber.
 Used in computer networks.
 They have larger cores(62.5/50 microns in diameter)
 Transmit infra-red light from LED.
Multi-mode Graded-Index Fiber
 Core diameter : 50/62.5 microns.
 Cladding size: 125-140 microns.
 Refractive index changes continuously.
 Low dispersion.
 Core refractive index is made to vary as a function of
the radial distance from the center of the fiber.
 Optical fiber's Numerical
Aperture(NA)
 Multimode optical
fiber will only
propagate light that
enters the fiber
within a certain cone,
known as the
acceptance cone of
the fiber. The half-
angle of this cone is
called the acceptance
angle θmax. For
step-index
multimode fiber, the
acceptance angle is
Where
determined only by
n is the refractive index of the medium light is traveling
the indices of
refraction: before entering the fiber
nf is the refractive index of the fiber core
nc is the refractive index of the cladding
 ACCEPTANCE ANGLE AND NUMERICAL APERTURE

▪ Acceptance Angle:-
The maximum angle of incidence at the entrance aperture of the fiber for
which the light ray is totally reflected at the core-cladding interface and
propagates through the fiber is called the acceptance angle.
Acceptance angle is-

[for air medium r.i n0=1]

▪ Numerical Aperture:-
The numerical aperture of a fiber is a measure of the light-collecting
ability of the fiber.

It is defined as the sine of acceptance angle of the optical fiber.

The NA of a fiber is important because it gives an indication of how the fiber
accepts and propagates light. A fiber with a large NA accepts light well, a fiber with
a low NA requires highly directional light.
 Loss in OFC

Intrinsic Extrinsic

Attenuation dispersion Stress Temperature Bending

Absorption Scattering Micro Macro

Rayleigh Freshnel
LOSS MECHANISM
Absorption & Attenuation

❑ Scattering of light due to molecular level irregularities

in the glass

❑ Light absorption due to presence of residual materials,

such as metals or water ions, within the fibre core and

inner cladding.

❑ These water ions that cause the “water peak” region on

the attenuation curve, typically around 1380 nm.

Rayleigh scattering

 It occurs when a pulse travels down the

fiber and small variations in the material,
such as variations and discontinuities in
the index of refraction, cause light to be
scattered in all directions. However, the
phenomenon of small amounts of light
being reflected directly back toward the
transmitter is called backscattering.
Fresnel reflections

 It occur when the light traveling

down the fiber encounters abrupt
changes in material density that may
occur at connections or breaks where
an air gap exists. A very large
quantity of light is reflected, as
compared with the Rayleigh
scattering. The strength of the
reflection depends on the degree of
change in the index of refraction.
Dispersion
 MODAL DISPERSION

 Modal dispersion is a distortion mechanism

occurring in multimode fibers and
other waveguides, in which the signal is spread
in time because the propagation velocity of the
optical signal is not the same for all modes.
 Chromatic dispersion
 Dispersion is the phenomenon in which the phase
velocity of a wave depends on its frequency.
 Dispersion is sometimes called chromatic
dispersion to emphasize its wavelength-dependent
nature.
Total Dispersion for Single Mode Fiber

 It can be seen that the waveguide dispersion is negative in the

single mode region. Since the material dispersion is positive for λ
greater than the zero material dispersion wavelength, there is a
wavelength at which the negative waveguide dispersion will
compensate the positive material dispersion. At this wavelength,
the net dispersion of the single mode fiber is zero. This is shown
below
Dispersion Shifted Single Mode Fibers

 Zero Dispersion-Shifted Fiber (ZDSF):

we know the conventional single mode fiber has zero total dispersion
around 1300nm. However, the minimum fiber loss is at 1550nm. If the
zero dispersion wavelength could be shifted to the 1550nm region, we
could have both minimum loss and very low dispersion. This would lead
to very high bandwidth systems with very long (~100km) repeaterless
transmission.
Non-Zero Dispersion-Shifted Fiber
(NZDSF)
 In order to avoid four-wave mixing problem in WDM systems,
non-zero dispersion-shifted fibers were invented. The idea is to
move the zero-dispersion wavelength outside the band used for
erbium-fiber doped amplifiers.
 The name Non-Zero Dispersion-Shifted comes from the fact that
the dispersion is shifted to a value that is low – but not zero – in
the 1550nm band of erbium-fiber amplifiers. But you can shift
the dispersion to a positive or negative value. This small
dispersion is enough to keep signals at closely spaced
wavelengths from staying in phase over long distances and thus
preventing four-wave mixing.
Applications
 Telecommunications
 Local Area Networks
 Cable TV
 CCTV
 Optical Fiber Sensors
 Video Surveillance Links
Optical Fiber in Sea
OFC in Transmission System
OFC in Medical science
Fiber Optic Connectors
 Terminates the fibers
 Connects to other fibers or transmission equipment
 Fiber Connector Type

 SC

E 2000 SC FC ST

LC MT- RJ MPO FDDI

 ADAPTERS

ST MT- RJ E 2000
SC

LC FC
MPO FDDI
FIBER OPTIC COUPLER/SPLITTERS

An optical coupler is a passive optical component that able to

combine or split transmission data (optical power) from optical
fibers. Light entering an input fiber can appear at one or more
outputs
FDMS (Fiber Distribution Management
System)
The Fiber Distribution Management System
(FDMS) is designed to provide management of a
large volume of optical fibers and cables in a
Central Office environment. The FDMS provides
flexibility, reliability, consistency and structure
in the management of the fiber and has facilities
for configuration expansion and testing. The
design is compact and the construction is robust
for easy access, operation, adjustment, storage
and transport.
FIBER DISTRIBUTION FRAMES (FDF)
/OPTICAL DISTRIBUTION FRAME (ODF)
Fiber distribution frame (FDF) or Optical Distribution Frame (ODF)
provides efficient cable connections between outside plant cable and
equipment in the buildings and communication facilities. FDF
integrates fiber splicing, storage, and cable connections together in
single unit.
Some space has provided to store the extra length of pigtails and
patch cords. Fibre distribution frame provides following facilities:

i. To terminate the optical fibre pigtails originating from

termination box.

ii. To connect the fibre optic equipment.

iii. To store the excess lengths of pigtails and patch cords

Fibre Distribution Frame
SPLICING
OPTICAL
FIBER
CABLE
 Splices
 Splices are a permanent join of two fibers

◦ Lower attenuation and reflectance than connectors

◦ Stronger and cheaper than connectors
◦ Easier to perform than connectorization
◦ Mass splicing does 12 fibers at a time, for ribbon cables
 Splicing

 There are several reasons for splicing a fiber cable,

these include:

To join two fibers due to a breakage.

To connect some of the cores straight through a
patch cabinet.
To extend a cable run.
To reduce losses, a fusion splice has much lower
losses than two connectorized cables joined
through a coupler.
Or to attach a pre-terminated pigtail.
 Fusion Splicing
 Melts the fibers together to form a continuous fiber
 Expensive machine
 Strongest and best join for single mode fiber
◦ May lower bandwidth of multimode fiber
Some Tools used in Fusion
Splicing
 Basic Steps for doing Fusion Splicing
There are four basic steps to fusion splicing
1 - Strip back all coatings down to the bare fibers
and clean using isopropyl alcohol.

2 - Cleave the fibers using a precision cleaving

tool and put the heat shrink tube on to one of Stripping
the ends.

3 - Fuse the fibers together in the fusion splicer.

4 - Put the heat shrink protector on the fiber

joint.
Cleaving

Fusion
Splicing
 Protection
The protective tube
(thermo shrink sleeve)
gives physical protection
to the splice and further
protection is provided by
placing the splice into a
splice tray.
External Joint Closure
 Once all of the fibers
have been joined the
whole tray is then fixed
into a splice box which
protects the cable joint
as a whole and the
cable clamps are then
tightened to prevent
any external forces
from pulling on the
splices.
Measuring Instruments used in
OFC
 Optical fibers require special care during
installation to ensure reliable operation.
Installation guidelines regarding minimum bend
radius, tensile loads, twisting, squeezing, or
pinching of cable must be followed. Cable
connectors should be protected from
contamination and scratching at all times.
Violation of any of these parameters causes
increased attenuation or permanent damage to
the cable.
Optical Test and Measurement
Equipments
 Power meter

 Optical Talk set

 OTDR

 Variable Attenuator

 Etc.
Power meter
 Fiber optic power meters (Figure) measure
the average optical power emanating from
an optical fiber and are used for measuring
power levels and, when used with a
compatible source, for loss testing. They
typically consist of a solid state detector
(silicon [Si] for short wavelength systems,
germanium [Ge] or indium-gallium arsenide
[InGaAs] for long wavelength systems), signal
conditioning circuitry and a digital display of
power.
A Typical Power Meter
Optical Talk Set
 Although technically not a measuring
instrument, fiber optic talksets are
sometimes used for fiber optic installation
and testing. They transmit voice over fiber
optic cables already installed, allowing
technicians splicing or testing the fiber to
communicate effectively. Talk sets are
especially useful when walkie-talkies and
Cellular telephones are not available, such
as in remote locations where splicing is being
done, or in buildings where radio waves will
not penetrate.
Optical Talk Set
OTDR(OPTICAL TIME DOMAIN
REFLECTO METER)
 Laying of cable
 Soil categorization: (for depth of trench)
 Rocky: Cable trench, where cannot be dug
without blasting and/or chiseling.
 Non-Rocky: Other than ‘A’ above including
murram and soil mixed with stone and soft
rock.
 Pipes for cable laying and protection
HDPE pipe 75 mm (diameter) length 5m.
(approx 18 to 20’ ) phase I
HDPE pipe 50 mm (diameter) length 5m.
(approx 18 to 20’ ) phaseII
PLB pipe (40 mm. outer diameter) length
1km/200m (town limits with rope) phase III
GI pipe for PLP 50 mm dia length 6 meter
 Measurement of cable depth
 Cross country rout (normal soil)
◦ Above HDPE pipe 1.5 meter
◦ Trench depth 1.65 meter
◦ in rocky area minimum depth 0.9 m ( where dug is not possible more then 1
meter above pipe due to any obstruction should be consider) and all cables
having depth less then 1.2 meter should be protected by RCC/GI pipes
 In built up area (city/town/urban area)
 OF cable should be laid through exiting duct.
 GI pipe or RCC pipe at the entry of duct.
 In non duct area it should be laid through HDPE pipe/PLP pipe at dept 1.5
meter using RCC/GI pipe for protection.
 Depth in rocky soil may be consider as 0.9 to 1.0 meter
 On culvert/bridge over river and nallah.
◦ At the depth of 1.5 meter below the bed throw HDPE/ RCC Pipe. Pipe length
should be 2 meter extended at both ends.
◦ This should be fixed along the parapet wall/bridge wall when the river or nalla
full of water through out year, through fixed GI pipe on wall at suitable height
above the water level.
 Along rail bridge or crossing
◦ Through HDPE pipe/PLP pipe protected by RCC or iron pipe as per the
prescribed by railway authority.
 On road crossing
◦ At a depth of 1.5 meter through HDP pipe enclosed in RCC pipe extended by 3.0
meter to the side end of the road.
Indicators along route
 Route indicator
 At every 200 m route length of showing name
of route & no of indicators.
 Joint indicator
 At every joint (Splice) generally it is placed at
every 2/4 Km(Drum length)
 Branch (Root diversion) indicator
 Provided at route diversion or branching
from the main root.
Disadvantages Of OFC
 High investment cost
 Need for more expensive transmitters and
receivers
 Fragility
 Requires special skills
ANY Doubts???????
Stay SAFE