Aklilu S

MERSA TOWN WATER SUPPLY 2016 GC
DESIGN OF MERSA TOWN WATER SUPPLY

PROJECT
Final Year Project
Aklilu Stotaw
ID No: 184/11
Section-B
ARBA MINCH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

WATER SUPPLY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
ARBA MINCH UNIVERSITY
June 2016
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project entitled design of Mersa town water supply project. Project
is a genuine work done and submitted by the group mentioned below. In partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Science (BSc) in Water Supply and
Environmental Engineering at Arba Minch University.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all we would like to thanks our almighty GOD for his everlasting love and protection.
Next for our general concern we would like to thanks AMU for facilitating & preparing this
academic program for our successive upgrading and institute of technology for their
continuous follow up with appreciable comments.
The major succession of this project paper we would like to give our heartfelt thanks from
the bottom of the heart to our advisor Ato Yohannis A.(MSc) and W/rt Samrawit D. (Bsc),
who gave us valuable suggestion & consistent comments while advising & guiding us in all
respect.
Finally, we are very much happy and let our heartfelt thanks be for our families who
supported us financially as well as morally throughout our study in AMU.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMERY
This project report represents the design of water supply system for Mersa town which found
in Amhara national regional state on the main road between Dessie and Woldia.
It starts from the description of the project area, location, topography, climatic condition,
socio economic condition, existing water supply sources and systems of the town.
In second chapter it deals with methods of population forecasting and water demand
assessment, factors that affect population growth and design period. The design period for
the project is considered as 25 years. At the end of the design target years phase-I (2028) and
phase-II (2041) the population is expected to be 32,039 and 51,161 respectively. The average
water demand is 1650.7m3/day for phase-I and 4024.4m3/day for phase-II.
In third and fourth chapters also deals with analysis of water supply sources, design of wells
and pumps is described. The existing water supply system analysis shows that shortage of
potable water and the surface water in the area is not suitable for water supply source. Due
to this reason a ground water source is selected as the source of water supply. In this project
4 tube wells of each 10ℓ/s are supposed to be drilled (1 for phase-I and 3 for phase-II) in
addition to existed boreholes.
In fifth chapter besides structural design of service reservoir it included using analytical
method the capacity of the service reservoir supposed to be 300m 3 for each phase-I and
500m3 for phase-II in addition to the existing one reservoir 75 m3.
In chapter six deals water treatment and distribution system. A new distribution system
considering the expansion of the town to the south and replacement rehabilitation is also
suggested based on the peak hour simulation of Epanet 2.0 software. The distribution system
also checked for extended period analysis of 168 hours.
The environmental impact assessment (EIA) was made so that the project is environmentally
sound and sustainable.
The total investment cost of the proposed scheme is estimated to be Birr 13,095,825.55 for
phase I and Birr 6,177,392.9 for phase II.
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ABREIVATIONS
ADD Average day demand
AMU Arba Minch University
CSA Central Statistical Agency
DD Domestic demand
DN Nominal diameter
EEPCo Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
ESA Ethiopian Statistical Authority
GC Gregorian Calendar
HC House Connection
HDPE High Density Poly Ethyl pipe
m.a.s.l mean above sea level
MDD Maximum day demand
MDF Maximum day factor
MoWR Ministry of Water resources
MTW Mersa Tube Well
NDD Non domestic demand
PHD Peak hour demand
PHF peak hour factor
PT Public tape
PVC Poly Vinyl Chloride
TDD Total day demand
TDH Total Head Losses
uPVC Unplasticized Poly-Vinyl Chloride
UWD Unaccounted water Demand
VAT Value added for tax
WHO World Health Organization
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YC Yard Connection
YS Yard Shared
TABLE OF CONTENT
1 INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................1
1.1 General........................................................................................................................1
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1.2 Background of Project Area........................................................................................1
1.2.1 Location...............................................................................................................2
1.2.2 Climate and hydrology........................................................................................4
1.3 Basic Social Service....................................................................................................4
1.4 Existing Water Supply................................................................................................5
1.4.1 Existing water supply source...............................................................................5
1.4.2 Distribution system..............................................................................................5
1.5 Sanitation Services......................................................................................................5
1.6 Major Problems of Existing Water Supply.................................................................6
1.7 Objective.....................................................................................................................6
1.7.1 General objective.................................................................................................6
1.7.2 Specific objective.................................................................................................6
2 POPULATION PROJECTION AND WATER DEMAND..............................................7
2.1 Population Forecasting................................................................................................7
2.1.1 Design period.......................................................................................................7
2.1.2 Factors affecting population growth....................................................................7
2.1.3 Methods of population forecasting......................................................................8
2.2 Water Demand Assessment.........................................................................................9
2.2.1 Factors affecting the rate of water demand..........................................................9
2.2.2 Types of water demand......................................................................................10
2.2.3 Water demand factors........................................................................................14
2.2.4 Summary of Projected Water Demand..............................................................14
3 WATER SOURCE...........................................................................................................16
3.1 Water source selection..............................................................................................16
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3.2 Types of tube wells...................................................................................................17
3.3 Water Well Design....................................................................................................17
3.3.1 Location of well.................................................................................................17
3.3.2 Number of bore hole..........................................................................................18
3.3.3 Design of gravel pack........................................................................................18
3.3.4 Design of well screen.........................................................................................19
3.3.5 Diameter of the well pipe (d).............................................................................21
3.3.6 Diameter of bore hole........................................................................................21
3.3.7 Depth of Bore Hole............................................................................................22
4 PUMPS.............................................................................................................................23
4.1 Submersible pump.....................................................................................................23
4.2 Design of Pump.........................................................................................................23
4.3 Size of Transmission Main.......................................................................................26
5 SERVICE RESERVOIR..................................................................................................27
5.1 Position of Service Reservoir....................................................................................27
5.2 Design capacity of service reservoirs........................................................................28
5.3 Structural design of a service reservoir.....................................................................28
6 WATER TREATMENT AND WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM............................30
6.1 Water Treatment........................................................................................................30
6.1.1 Disinfection by chlorination..............................................................................30
6.2 Distribution System...................................................................................................31
6.2.1 Requirements of distribution system.................................................................32
6.2.2 Method of distribution.......................................................................................32
6.2.3 Layout of distribution system............................................................................32
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6.2.4 Selection of distribution pipe material...............................................................33
6.3 Design considerations...............................................................................................34
6.4 Head losses in pipes..................................................................................................35
6.5 Nodal demand...........................................................................................................35
6.6 Computer Analysis of the distribution system..........................................................36
7 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENTS..........................................................36
7.1 Positive Impacts of the Project..................................................................................37
7.2 Negative Impacts of the Project................................................................................38
7.3 Mitigation Measures.................................................................................................39
8 COST ESTIMATION AND ANALYSIS........................................................................39
9 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION...............................................................40
9.1 Conclusion................................................................................................................40
9.2 Recommendation......................................................................................................41
LIST OF TABLE
Table 2-1 Population projection for Mersa town by ECSA method.........................................9

Table 2-2 Population Percentage Distributions by Mode of Service......................................10
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Table 2-3 Percapita water demand by mode of service (l/c/d)................................................11

Table 2-4 Projected domestic water demand...........................................................................12
Table 2-5 Total non-domestic demand....................................................................................13
Table 2-6 Unaccounted water demand....................................................................................14
Table 2-7 Summary of projected water demand......................................................................15
Table 3-1 Recommended values of screen diameter...............................................................20
Table 4-1 Submersible pump for each borehole......................................................................26
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 1 Location of Mersa Town.............................................................................................3

Figure 2 Base Slab Plan...........................................................................................................65
Figure 3 Roof Slab Plan...........................................................................................................67
Figure 4 Wall Section View and Reinforcement detail...........................................................70
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Figure 5 Section of reservoir...................................................................................................72

Figure 6 Distribution System Network....................................................................................89
APPENDIX
APPENDIX A..........................................................................................................................43
APPENDIX B..........................................................................................................................45
APPENDIX C..........................................................................................................................50
APPENDIX D..........................................................................................................................53
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APPENDIX E..........................................................................................................................72
APPENDIX F..........................................................................................................................77
APPENDIX G..........................................................................................................................81
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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
To ensure the availability of sufficient quantity of good quality water, it becomes imperative
in a modern society to plan and build suitable water supply schemes, which will provide
potable water to the various sections of the community in accordance with their demands and
requirements.
The earth is covered with 75% of water. However, 3% of this large percentage approximately
4.5*107km3 quantity is found in the habitable and masses of the earth in the form of lake
water, river water and ground water. In the world clean water that can be used for domestic
purpose is not more than 2% of the natural resources of the earth. (WHO, 2009)
Ethiopia is very well known for its enormous potential all of which is generated in its own
territory and it is still known the water towers in Africa. However, most towns of Ethiopia
have a problem of a sufficient and potable supply of water. The coverage is less than 20% for
the whole country and 10% for Amhara region. The combined effects of the poor water
supply situation and virtually none existence sanitation facilities account for over 75% the
diseases in the country. For a major socio-economic development of the community, an
adequate supply of safe water is pre-requisite.
1.2 Background of Project Area
Mersa is the town in Amhara regional national state which situated on the main road between
Dessie and Woldia. It contains in addition to the regular government and public institutions,
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a municipality, the woreda office, water service, telecommunication, EEPCo, Postal Service,
international Red Cross and also tourist and traffic services such as hotel places, restaurants
and commercial outlets.
1.2.1 Location
Mersa is located in North Wollo Zone of Amhara National Regional State. The town is
situated about 490km from Addis Ababa and 387km from BahirDar along the road to
Woldiya. Mersa is located along Ethiopian Highway one, which is 907km length that
connects the capital Addis Ababa with Mekelle, as well as with Adigrat and Asmare in
Eritrea. So large number of people passes through Mersa town. Geographically it is located at
latitude 10˚40’north and longitude 39˚39’east. The Town has an average elevation of 1625
m.a.s.l. Mersa is currently the capital of Habru Woreda in North Wollo Zone.
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Habru woreda,
Mersa Town
Figure 1 Location of Mersa Town
1.2.2 Climate and hydrology
Mersa town is located in warm temperate rainy climate condition. It has typical rainless
months in winter from November to January, but in summer Mostly from June to September
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is the rainy period. The mean annual rainfall is 1071mm. The mean maximum and minimum
daily temperature of the area is 28 ˚C and 13˚C respectively, even during summer times.
Socio-economic activities
Mersa is the capital of Habru Woreda in North Wollo Zone and is therefore an important
administrative and communication centre. The town also serves as a major marketing centre
with hundreds of rural people flocking into the town.
As the information from the town’s administration office indicates the economy of the town
is expected to improve significantly. The majority of the household are engaged in private
business. It is expected that small scale industries will grow substantially.
Demographic condition
The 1994 Census undertaken by the Central Statistical Agency (CSA) gave the population of
Mersa town as 7,472. Almost all of the residents are ethnic Amharas constituting 98.7% of
the total population. The largest proportions of the town’s population are Orthodox
Christians and Muslims accounting for 41.5 % and 58.49% of the total population
respectively.
1.3 Basic Social Service
Education
Educational services in Mersa comprise two kindergartens, one first cycle schools, two
second cycle schools, one high school and one college. Totally over 6915 students learn in
those schools.
Health
Two health centre, nine government and ten private clinics are found in Mersa town.
According to officials of the health institutes in Mersa intestinal parasites and skin infections
are the most common water related diseases linked to poor water quality. High prevalence of
these is an indication of the status of water supply and personal hygiene.
Infrastructure service
Mersa has road connections along Addis Ababa-Woldia by asphalt road and is accessible all
year. The town enjoys the benefits of a digital automatic telephone system and a postal
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service is also available. Mersa receives a 24 hour electricity supply from the country’s
hydroelectric grid system.
1.4 Existing Water Supply
According to data from the Water Supply Service Office, the majority of households in
Mersa are partially supplied with water from the town’s water supply system. It is reported
that 90 % of households collect part of their total water needs from the town’s water supply
system fed directly through private connections or public taps.
1.4.1 Existing water supply source
The existing water supply source is from 2 boreholes, one is located near the town with a
specific name "Amistu Hectar" and the other one is located at Megenagna (Melkachefe).
1.4.2 Distribution system
The distribution network consists of uPVC and HDPE pipes with diameter between 50mm to
250mm. The existing distribution network covers only a part of the town. It relies on a major
conduit laid in its larger part along the main cross road.
1.5 Sanitation Services
The overall sanitation of the town is poor and sanitation associated diseases are prevalent.
There is no system for collecting, transporting, and dumping waste in the town.
Liquid waste disposal
There is no liquid waste disposal system in the town. Waste resulting from bathing and other
domestic washing activities is almost entirely thrown out into the streets.
Toilet facilities
Most of the excreta disposal facilities in Mersa town comprise pit latrines which are
frequently poorly constructed, offensive and over filled. Even though 75% of the population
uses latrine, the quality of the toilets is questionable. Few households expressed satisfaction
with their toilet facilities.
1.6 Major Problems of Existing Water Supply
The major short falls of the existing water supply system summarised as follows:-
 The existing source is not sufficient to provide water supply in the town.
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 Frequent electric interruption in the township due to the falling of electric poles has
an impact on the efficiency of the water supply service.
 The old age of the pipe lines may contribute to the contamination of the water supply
system and the distribution layout cannot cover all the boundary of the town.
 The operational problems in the water supply system, including reservoir capacity,
limited number of water points and limited capacity of the existing pump at
borehole.
1.7 Objective
1.7.1 General objective
The main objective of the project is to study and redesign cost effective water supply project.
1.7.2 Specific objective
 To identify the suitable source to fulfill the demand of the rapidly increase population
both in quality and quantity at a reasonable cost without affecting the environmental
condition of the project area.
 To design and increase the capacity of reservoir.
 To expand and replace the existing lines by new ones.
 To design suitable and efficient submersible pump.
2 POPULATION PROJECTION AND WATER DEMAND
The general concept of this chapter would present the design period and the method of
forecasting of population of Mersa town. A water supply system capable of supplying
adequate quantity of potable water is necessary for a city or a town.
2.1 Population Forecasting
2.1.1 Design period
Factors should be considered while fixing the design period:-

Funds available for the completion of the project.
Use full life of pipe and other structural material.
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Rates of interest on the loans taken.

Anticipated expansion of the town.
Taking into account above mentioned factors and the standard design periods of the water
supply system of the town is to be 25 years including 2 years construction period. The
Project is designed into two phases. The first phase is for 10year (2018-2028) and phase-II is
for 13 years (2028-2041).
2.1.2 Factors affecting population growth
There are several factors that affect population growth. Among these the fallowing points are
the major ones:-
 Economic factor
 Development programs
 Social facilities
 Communication links
 Tourist facilities, religious places, historical buildings.
 Community Life
 Birth rates, death rates and migration rates.
 Family planning practice.
2.1.3 Methods of population forecasting
The following are common methods by which the forecasting of population can be done.
 Arithmetical increase method
 Geometrical increase method
 Incremental increase method
 Decrease rate method
 Simple graphical method
 Logistic curve method
 Master plan method
 Ratio and correlation method
 Method used by Ethiopian Statistical Authority(ESA)
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Among the above methods the CSA method is selected to estimate the future population
projection of the Mersa town. Reason for the method of CSA selected is:-
 Availability of data.
 It has least percentage error as shown in appendix A.
 Used for urban population projection of all region in the country.
 CSA uses practical survey data.
 Mersa has medium growth rate.
Based on the National Population and Housing Census Statistical Abstract report of July
2008, the population figure from the 1994 CSA of Mersa town is 7,274.
Table 2-1 Population projection for Mersa town by ECSA method

Growth Number of
Year Population Description
Rate(k),% Years, n
2016 4.26 - 19,707
2018 4.18 2 21,434
2021 4.08 5 24,244
2026 3.96 10 29,635
2028 3.88 12 32,039 Phase-I
2031 3.76 15 35,908
2036 3.56 20 43,076
2041 3.36 25 51,161 Phase-II
2.2 Water Demand Assessment
While designing the water supply scheme for a town or city, it is necessary to determine the
total quantity of water required for various purposes of the city. As a matter of fact, the first
duty of an Engineer is to determine the water demand of the town and to find out the suitable
water sources from where the demand can be met.
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2.2.1 Factors affecting the rate of water demand
The variation in the rate of demand of water is due to several factors, which must be carefully
studied and analyzed before fixing the rate of demand of water for a particular town or city.
The various factors affecting the rate of demand of water are as listed below:
 Climatic conditions
 Cost of water
 Pressure in the distribution system
 Economic status of the consumer
 Number of commercial establishment and industries
 Quality of water
 Sewerage system
 System of water supply
2.2.2 Types of water demand
In order to arrive at a reasonable value of rates of demand any particular town the demand of
water for various purposes is divided under the following categories.
 Domestic water demand
 Non-domestic water demand
 Unaccounted water demand
Domestic water demand
Domestic demand categories
The mode of service of Mersa town is classified into four major categories as follows:-
 House connection
 Yard connection
 Yard shared connection
 Public tap
Population distribution by mode of service
The percentage of population to be served by each mode of service will vary with time. The
variation is caused by changes in living standards, improvement of the service level, changes
in building standards and capacity of the water supply service to expand.
Table 2-2 Population Percentage Distributions by Mode of Service
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Mode of Year
Service 2008 2010 2015 2016 2021 2026 2031 2036 2041
HC, % 1 2 3.4 3.68 5.08 7.16 11.96 16.76 21.56
YCO, % 42 45.40 46.60 47.48 51.64 51.76 39.56 27.36 15.16
YCS, % 12 14.40 12.80 13.20 14.44 12.80 11.80 10.80 9.80
PT, % 35 38.2 37.2 35.64 28.84 28.28 36.68 45.08 53.48
Per capita water demand
The per capita water demand for adequate supply level has to be determined based on the
basic human water requirements for various activities of demand category.
Table 2-3 Percapita water demand by mode of service (l/c/d)
Mode Year
of
Service 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2031 2036 2041
HC 50 50 50 60 70 72 80 100
YCO 30 30 30 35 40 42 50 60
YCS 25 25 25 27.5 30 30 32.5 35
PT 20 20 20 22.5 25 25 27.5 30
Source: - Design Criteria Prepared In January, 2006 by Ministry of Water Resources.
Adjustment for climate
Mersa with a mean annual precipitation of 1,586mm belongs to Group C as per the design
criteria. Thus, an adjustment factor of 0.9 is taken.
Adjustment due to socio-economic conditions
Mersa feasibility study and design report considered, Mersa town as having a very high
potential for development but lower living standard at present, and classified it into group B.
The appropriate socio-economic adjustment factor of 1.05 has therefore been adopted.
Projected domestic water demand
After considering changes in population and changes in the mode of service, per-capita
demand and applying the adjustment factors, the domestic demands were calculated and
presented as follow.
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Table 2-4 Projected domestic water demand

Year 2016 2018 2021 2026 2028 2031 2036 2041
Growth rate (%) 4.26 4.18 4.08 3.96 3.88 3.76 3.56 3.36
Projected 19,70 21,43 24,24 29,63 32,03 35,90 43,07 51,16
population 7 4 4 5 9 8 6 1
1103.
HC m3/d 36.3 45.4 61.6 131.6 189.1 309.2 577.6 0
YC m3/d 280.7 316.6 375.6 552.2 570.8 596.6 589.3 465.4
YS m3/d 65.0 75.0 87.5 104.3 113.2 127.1 151.2 175.5
TP m3/d 140.5 139.4 139.8 188.6 238.2 329.3 534.0 820.8
1111. 1362. 1852. 2564.
TDD m3/d 522.5 576.5 664.5 976.7 3 2 1 7
Climate factor 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9
Socio-economic
1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05
factor
Adj. TDD m3/d 494 545 628 923 1,050 1,287 1,750 2,424
Non-domestic water demand

Institutional water demand
The public demand for the other similar towns in the Amhara Region varies between 20 -
26%. Therefore it is the recommended that 25% of domestic demand be utilised for
estimating the commercial and institutional demand for Mersa.
Commercial water demand
As discussed in the previous section, commercial demand has been grouped with institutional
demand and estimated as a percentage of domestic demand.
Animal water demand
Regarding the livestock water demand, the residents of the Town assumed to water their
livestock from existing systems, streams, ponds etc. However, some provisions are made as a
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percentage of the average domestic water demand for use during severe drought when
existing systems, streams, ponds etc run out of water. Hence, it is considered adequate to
assume the animal water demand to be 10 percent of the domestic water consumption for
towns.
Fire fighting demand
The annual volume required for firefighting purpose is small. However, during periods of
need the demand will be large and in many cases govern the design of distribution, storage
and pumping requirements. As Mersa Town settlement density is medium, the volume 5% of
sizing the service reservoirs is sufficient.
Table 2-5 Total non-domestic demand
Year 2016 2018 2021 2026 2028 2031 2036 2041
Adjusted DD m3/d 493.7 544.8 628.0 922.9 1,050.2 1,287.3 1,750.2 2,423.6
Insti. & % 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
Commercial
Demand m3/d 123.4 136.2 157.0 230.7 262.5 321.8 437.5 605.9
Animal % 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Demand m3/d 49.4 54.5 62.8 92.3 105.0 128.7 175.0 242.4
NDD m3/d 172.8 190.7 219.8 323.0 367.6 450.6 612.6 848.3
Unaccounted for water

The loss will be reduced with the replacement of old component of the system by new ones
during the implementation of the new project. Loss will be minimal at the beginning of the
design period and will increase gradually with time in the expected service life of the new
system unless intermediate leakage detection & subsequent remedial work is carried out. As
leakage detection requires skilled manpower, equipment and strong organization which are
unlikely to be established in our country in general. Hence, percentage of losses which are
commonly used in most town water supply studies in the country has been adopted as
follows.
Table 2-6 Unaccounted water demand
Year 2016 2018 2021 2026 2028 2031 2036 2041
water % 24.50 10.00 13.00 15.50 16.50 18.00 20.50 23.00
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loss
m3/
TDD 493.7 544.8 628.0 922.9 1,050.2 1,287.3 1,750.2 2,423.6
d
m3/
NDD 172.8 190.7 219.8 323.0 367.6 450.6 612.6 848.3
d
m3/
UWD 163.30 73.55 110.21 193.13 233.93 312.82 484.37 752.53
d
Source:- Feasibility Study
2.2.3 Water demand factors
Maximum day factor

As per the design criteria of the MoWR, the maximum day factor usually varies between 1.0
& 2.0. The maximum day water demand factor is selected based on number of population for
the town. Hence, a maximum day factor of 1.3 for Stage I and 1.2 for stage II design period
is adopted for towns.
Peak hour factor
The MoWR guidelines have been used to calculate the peak hour factors. Since the
population size of Mersa town is less than 20,000 until 2017, a peak factor of 2 has been
used. Between 2017 and 2040 the population is between 20,000 and 50,000 and a factor of
1.9 has been used.
2.2.4 Summary of Projected Water Demand
The total water demand used for designing the water supply system components of Mersa
town is summarized as follows.
For Phase-I =1,651.7m3/d = 19.12 ℓ/s
For Phase-II=4,024.4 m3/d = 46.58ℓ/s
Table 2-7 Summary of projected water demand
Descripti Years
Unit
on 2016 2018 2021 2026 2028 2031 2036 2041
Populati
№ 19,707 21,434 24,244 29,635 32,039 35,908 43,076 51,161
on
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Total m3/d 829.84 809.00 957.98 1,439.1 1,651.7 2,050.7 2,847.1 4,024.4
ADD ℓ/s 9.60 9.36 11.09 16.66 19.12 23.73 32.95 46.58
MDF - 1.30 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.2
m3/d 1,078.7 1,011.2 1,197.4 1,798.8 2,064.5 2,563.3 3,558.9 4,829.3

MDD l/s 12.49 11.70 13.86 20.82 23.90 29.67 41.19 55.89
PHF - 2.00 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.80
m3/d 1,659.7 1,537.1 1,820.2 2,734.3 3,138.2 3,896.3 5,409.5 7,244.0

PHD
ℓ/s 19.21 17.79 21.07 31.65 36.32 45.10 62.61 83.84
3 WATER SOURCE
The water source will be selected to met the expected total demand for the relevant design
period. The quality of the raw water will be tested for turbidity, chemical content and
bacteriological contamination to ensure its suitability and to determine if any treatment is
required. For surface water most of time conventional water treatment will be required.
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3.1 Water source selection
The source which will give good quality and quantity at least cost will be selected. In Mersa
area available water sources are:-
 Surface water:- Yeba & Mersa river
 Ground water:- Bore hole water (Amistu hectar & Melka chefe)
 Spring:- Anto spring water
The two surface water sources Yeba & Mersa River are non-perennial. Their capacities were
vary from season to season. In addition they are used for traditional irrigation purpose. Due
to these reason, the two rivers will not be adequate for water supply source.
Anto springs are susceptible to natural water table fluctuation and their flow may decline or
cease during drought years when the water table decreases. In addition they are used for
traditional irrigation. The development for water supply may entail social and economic
problems for the local irrigators. For these reasons, spring development is not considered as a
sustainable water source for Mersa town.
As shown from feasibility study ground water has high potential with good quality of water.
So ground water is selected as sustainable water supply source for Mersa town.
3.2 Types of tube wells
Depending up on the entry of the water through a cavity or a screen, the tube wells can be
broadly classified into the following categories:-
 Screened wells
 Screened with gravel pack (gravel packed wells)
 Cavity wells
The aim of both screened wells and gravel packed wells are to draw clear water from the
aquifer without excessive head loss and at the same time to keep the aquifer material out.
Due to absence of grain size distribution data for Mersa, the selection criteria of wells using
grain size and uniformity coefficient are neglected. Gravel packed wells can be adopted for
ground water for Mersa.
3.3 Water Well Design
Water well has to be designed to get the optimum quantity of water economically from a
given geologic formation. A well design involves selection of proper dimensions like the
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diameter of the well and that of the casing, length and location of the screen including slot
size, shape and percentage open area whether the well naturally developed or gravel pack is
necessary; design of gravel pack, selection of screen materials etc.
3.3.1 Location of well
The Bihoro valley is selected which is situated upstream of the town and Mersa-Woldiya
asphalt road. Almost all springs emanate from sites in this valley, along slope cuts and stream
banks. They are the result of sideway intersection of groundwater table (where groundwater
table intersects the surface). The catchment area of this stream is about 36 km 2. If we
consider average annual recharge of 74.97mm, or 7% of rainfall (without considering indirect
recharge) then assumed potential recharge to groundwater might be about 85.6ℓ/s. This
indicates that there may be sufficient groundwater potential to met stage I and II town
demands.
3.3.2 Number of bore hole
If the boreholes can sustain pumping rates of 10ℓ/s then the number of borehole for each
stage is calculated below.
For stage-I (2018-2028)
Water deficit = Average Daily demand @2028 - Total yield (existing)
=19.12 - (3+4+7)
=5.12 ℓ/s
water deficit @ Design yr
Required number of borehole¿
unit bore h ole yield
=5.12/10
= 0.512 ≈ 1borehole
For stage-II (2028-2041)
Water deficit = Average Daily demand @2041 - Stage-I - Existing
= 46.58 -10 -14
=24.58 ℓ/s
water deficit @2041
Required number of borehole =
unit bore h ole yield
= 22.58 /10
=2.26 ≈ 3boreholes
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3.3.3 Design of gravel pack
In designing a gravel pack, the grading of a gravel pack has to be correctly chosen in reaction
to the particle size distribution of the water bearing formations. It is the relationship between
the grain size of the gravel pack (d60) and the grain size of the formations (d10 ) that
determines the proper selection. The uniformity coefficient of the gravel pack material must
have the value less than 2.5.
The design parameter of gravel packed wells
Thickness of gravel pack
The gravel envelope should be as thin as possible. It is suggested that 10 to 20cm of gravel
pack and should not exceed about 20cm. Therefore, 15cm thickness is best for Mersa.
Length of gravel packing.
The gravel packing is specifically required around the screen pipes, but since the material is
poured from the ground level in to the bore hole, the pack shall be installed in the entire
depth of the well.
3.3.4 Design of well screen
Well screens of many different designs and materials are available. Well screen has openings
or slots through which water from the aquifer flows into the well. The proper design of the
well screen and the way it is set in the bore hole govern a large part of the hydraulic
efficiency and the useful life of the well.
The design of the well screen consists of:-
 The length of the screen
 Its location
 Percentage of open area
 Size & shape of slots
 The selection of the screen materials
Design of length and size of screen
The total length of the screen to be provided for a tube well shall be primarily controlled by
the available thickness of the aquifers. Well screen serves as the intake component of a well
and support and stabilizes the aquifer. In case of confined homogeneous aquifers about 80 to
90% of central portion of the aquifer is selected for screening. The main aquifer depth of
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Bihoro is from 85m – 110m, which is 25m and considered as confined aquifer. Hence 90% of
the depth of the main aquifer should be screened which is 22.5m.
The diameter of the screen is selected to satisfy the essential basic requirement that sufficient
open area be provided in the screen.
Table 3-8 Recommended values of screen diameter

Discharge, ℓ/min Recommended screen Diameter in cm
0-475 10
475-1125 15
1125-3000 25
3000-5250 30
5250-9500 35
9500-13300 40
Source: feasibility study
The discharge of each well is 10 ℓ/s (600ℓ/min), 15cm diameter of screen provided.
Screen material
Provisions of a suitable well screen are the most important part of well design. Well screens
may be of iron, fiber glass, stainless steel, or pvc. The selection of the material type is
depending on strength to withstand stresses, resistance to corrosion, ease of cutting slot sizes
and percentage of open area. For gravel pack in the well, stainless steel with a slot size of
2.0mm shall be used.
Entrance velocity
The average entrance velocity of water moving into the screen should not exceed 3cm /sec. If
the velocity is greater than 3cm/sec, the screen length and diameter should be increased to
provide enough open area so that the entrance velocity is 3cm /sec or less.
Hence, for discharge of 600ℓ/min, the recommended screen diameter is 15cm and also (15-
20) % of opening area should be taken.
Q = Ao*Ve ,
Where Ao = area of openings
Ve= entrance velocity
Q = well yield = 10ℓ/s
Ao =k*𝜋 *Ds*Ls
Where k - % age of opening
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Ds – Diameter of screen
Ls- Length of screen = 22.5m
Ao = 0.15* 𝜋* 0.15 *22.5 Assume k = 15%
Ao = 1.5904m2 then
Ve =Q/Ao
= 10-2 m3/s / 1.5904m2
=0.63cm/s
Therefore, the length of screen is 22.5m with 15 % opening area and diameter of 15cm at
entrance velocity of 0.63cm/sec.
3.3.5 Diameter of the well pipe (d)
The diameter of the well pipe depends up on the discharge and permissible velocity of flow
through the pipe. The permissible velocity is usually limited b/n 1.5 to 3m/sec, based on the
cross sectional area of the pipe. The cross-sectional area of the pipe can be determined from
the relation:-
A= Q/v where Q-yield of the well
V-permissible velocity=2m/sec
A= (10-2m3/sec)/ (2m/sec) =50cm2
A=𝜋 d2/4
d= (4A/𝜋)^1/2 =(4*50/𝜋)^1/2
=7.98cm ≈ 80mm
3.3.6 Diameter of bore hole
The diameter of the bore hole is kept at least 5cm greater than the diameter of the well pipe,
so that the pipe can be easily lowered into the bore hole and gravel packing can be done.
Diameter of the bore hole = Diameter of the well pipe + Allowance+ thickness of gravel
packing.
Diameter of borehole =7.98+5+15
=28cm ≈ 30cm
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3.3.7 Depth of Bore Hole
The diameter of the well and the number of aquifers that has to be penetrated is usually
drilled up to the bottom of the aquifer so that the full aquifer thickness is available,
permitting greater well yield. Therefore, depending on the existing depth of bore hole 100m
will be provided.
4 PUMPS
Pumps are a device used to increase the head of water. There are different types of pumps
which used in different applications. So we have to select the appropriate pumps for the
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water supply project of Mersa town and design it. The following points may be kept in mind
while selecting any pumping machinery for water works.
 Cost
 Power
 Maintenance
 Efficiency
4.1 Submersible pump
It is the modification on the deep well pump as the name indicates; electric motor and pump
both are submersed in the water. By submersing electric motor large economy can be made
by avoiding long shaft, large number of bearing and large size rising main etc.
Submersible pump is selected to our water supply project well site to withdrawn water from
the well and to pump it to the new service 500m3 reservoir.
4.2 Design of Pump
 Determination of Pipe size

Size of the pipe is determined by considering the discharge through the pipe and permissible
velocity of the flow in the pipe. Generally, velocity of flow in the pipe may vary from 1.5 to
3m/s. For our case we have assumed V = 2m/s.
Qdesign= 0.01 m3/sec for single tube well
Q = AV
π D2
A=
4
D=
√ 4Q
ᴨ∗V
=
√
4∗0.01
ᴨ∗2
= 0.0798m= 79.8mm
Take D = 80mm standard which is available in market.
Check velocity.
2
π ¿ D ∗V
Q= AV =
4
4∗Q 4∗0.01
V= = =1.99 m/ s
ᴨ∗D2 ᴨ∗0.0 8 2
This lies between the ranges of permissible velocity so it is……. Ok.
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 Determination of total dynamic head

The total head against which the pump must operate including the total static head and total
head losses. TDH is represented by the following equation.
TDH= Hst +Hls + Hld
Where: H st =¿ is total static head (i.e. elev. difference between borehole & transmission line.
H ls =¿Head loss in suction pipe.
H ld =¿Head loss in raising main (i.e. friction, bend, and valve& velocity head).
 Calculation for MTW-1
2 2
f ∗L∗V V
HL= +
2∗g∗D 2∗g
Where: HL= head loss in m. and
L= length of pipe in m.
D= diameter of pipe
g= acceleration due to gravity
F= friction factor.
Cast iron pipe is selected; length of pipe from boreholes to transmission line is
L = 156.36m
f = 0.02
f ∗l∗V 2 V 2
Head loss from bore hole to transmission line¿ +
2∗g∗d 2∗g
2 2
0.02∗156.36∗2 2
= + =8.17 m
2∗9.81∗0.08 2∗9.81
Elevation difference between source and transmission line (HS) = 1682-1666 =16m
Head loss in suction pipe = the depth of pump submerged from water level + the depth from
water level to the borehole top = 5m +60m =65m
Total head from source to transmission line = 8.17m + 16m +65m = 89.17m
 Power required pumping water from borehole to transmission line
P=⍴∗Q∗H∗g
Where: Q = rate of flow =10 ℓ/s
H = total head= 89.17m
ρ = unit weight of water
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P=1000∗0.01∗9.81∗89.17
¿ 8747.58 W
= 8.75 kw
ρ∗g∗Q∗H
Pp= , Where η=75%
η
1000∗9.81∗0.01∗89.17
¿
0.75
= 11.67 kw
Generally for each borehole submersible pump with 10ℓ/s discharge and different head and
Power will be provided.
Table 4-9 Submersible pump for each borehole

Bore Hole MTW-1 MTW-2 MTW-3 MTW-4
L(m) 156.36 166.56 68.35 175.45
d(m) 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08
HL(m) 8.17 8.69 3.69 9.15
Elev.(m) 1666 1670 1678 1683
HS(m) 16 15 5 0
HLS(m) 65 65 65 65
Total Head(m) 89.17 88.69 73.69 74.15
Pump Power(kw) 11.7 11.6 9.6 9.7
L= length of bore hole from transmission
d= suction pipe diameter
HL= head loss
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HS= static head loss

Elev. = elevation of bore hole
HLS= head loss of suction pipe
4.3 Size of Transmission Main
The size of transmission main from MTW-III to MTW-IV

Qdesign= 0.02 m3/sec
D=
√ 4∗Q
π∗V
=
√
4∗0.02
π∗2
=112.84 mm
Provide 100mm pipe which is available in the market.

The size of transmission main from MTW-IV to MTW-II
D=
√ 4∗Q
π∗V
=
√
4∗0.03
π∗2
=138.2 mm

The size of transmission main from MTW-II to MTW-I
D=
√ 4∗Q
π∗V
=
√
4∗0.04
π∗2
=159.6 mm

The size of transmission main is calculated based on phase-II water requirement i.e from
MTW-I to service reservoir.
Qdesign = 0.0722 m3/sec
D=
√ 4∗Q
π∗V
=
√
4∗0.0722
π∗2
=214.4 mm
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5 SERVICE RESERVOIR
Distribution reservoir is also called service reservoir. Service reservoirs are used for storing
the treated water with in or near to the demand area and distributing the treated water to the
customers.
5.1 Position of Service Reservoir
The new reservoir is located at a commanding position over the town. The site is selected for
the construction of ground reservoir to supply water to the distribution network by gravity.
The new selected reservoir area is located north-west of the town at elevation of 1670 m.a.s.l.
For the Stage-I of the system it is recommended to construct one 500 m 3 ground reservoir.
Another 500m3 ground reservoir will be constructed in the second phase of implementation at
the same place.
5.2 Design capacity of service reservoirs
The storage capacity of the proposed reservoir is determined by making 24 hour supply &
demand analysis using analytical method. As per the hydraulic calculation carried out to met
the demand variation over 24 hours, the required storage capacity for both stages will be
500m3 with 12.5m diameter and 4.6m height. It is also provided with 0.5m free board.
5.3 Structural design of a service reservoir
The reservoir has been analyzed structurally and the results found in appendix D. Bearing
capacity of 460KPa has had to be assumed.
Water retaining structures will be carried out using limit state design. The principal steps for
the limit state design of a reinforced concrete structure are:-
 Ultimate limit state design calculation
 Serviceability limit state design calculation
 Crack width calculation (resistance to crack)
 Strength
Reinforcement details
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Wall
 thickness of wall = 200mm
 Provide ∅ 16mm ring bars @ 150mm c/c for hoop reinforcement in two layer.
 Provide  12mm vertical steel bars @ 130mm c/c placed on inner face.
 Provide ∅ 12 mm vertical bars @130mm c/c at the outer face of the wall.
Roof Slab
 Assume thickness of slab, t = 250mm.
 Effective depth of slab = 200mm.
  16 bars @ 125mm c/c in the form of mesh.

base slab
 Thickness of base slab t= 300mm.
 Effective depth of base slab =202mm.
 Φ 12 bars at 100mm c/c in the form of mesh placed at the bottom of slab.
Center Column
 Column with (30*30)cm.
 4Φ16mm Longitudinal bar.
 Use ∅6mm tie bars @144mm c/c.
The detail design presented on appendix C.
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6 WATER TREATMENT AND WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
6.1 Water Treatment
The raw water which is found in various sources cannot be directly used by the public for the
various purposes, before removing the impurities. For palatability the water should be free
from unpleasant tastes, odors and must have sparkling appearance. The water must be free
from pathogenic organisms and toxic substances such as heavily metals causing health
hazards.
The amount and type of treatment process will depend on the quality of raw water and the
standards of quality to be required after treatment. Accordingly, for the Mersa town water
supply project the result of water analysis made on the sample reveals that, the water contains
pathogenic bacteria which are more than the limit forwarded by WHO. Therefore, the
treatment required to remove or minimize the number of these bacteria is disinfection.
6.1.1 Disinfection by chlorination
When chlorine is added to water, it produces nascent oxygen which kills the bacteria. The
method is cheap and most reliable. Therefore, in the case of Mersa water supply system
disinfection by chlorine will be selected. The following are the types of chlorination
depending up on the amount of chlorine added or the stage of treatment or the result of
chlorination.
 Plain Chlorination
 Pre chlorination
 Post chlorination
The chlorine demand for a sample of water depends on:-
 Nature and concentration of chlorine
 Time of contact
 Temperature of water
 Variable conditions in process of chlorination
The plain chlorination is the process of chlorination in plain or raw water in the tanks or
reservoirs. By this method bacteria is avoid from water and the growth of algae is prevented.
This method also used to remove color and organic matter from water. So it is preferable for
Mersa town water supply project.
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It is proposed to chlorinate the water at the old and new reservoir sites and further treatment
is not required. Calcium hypochlorite solution will be used to disinfect the water with
efficiency of 75%.
 Chlorine demand for phase-I
Chlorine Demand = Quantity of water* Dosing rate
m3 l mg kg
¿ 3,303.33 ∗10 3 3 ∗1.5 ∗10−6
day m l mg
kg
¿ 4.95
day
C h lorine Demand
Chlorine Dosage =
Efficiency
4.95 kg
¿ =6.60
0.75 day
The chlorine disinfection system at the reservoirs shall consist of preparation tanks, mixers,
gravity dozers and associated service water and solution piping systems.
The chlorine solution pipe system shall be made of DN 25 uPVC pressure pipes and fittings.
The system will consist of connections from the preparation tanks to the metering tanks and
to the injection point at the top of the reservoirs.
6.2 Distribution System
After the water is treated, it becomes necessary to distribute to a consumer by means of a

network of distribution system. The distribution system consists of pipes of various sizes,
valves, meters, pumps, distribution reservoirs, hydrants; stand posts etc. The pipelines carry
the water to every street and road. Valves control the flow of water through the pipes. Pumps
are provided to pump the water to the elevated service reservoirs or directly in the water
mains to obtain the required pressure in the pipelines. Meters are provided to measure the
quantity of water consumed by individual as well as by the town.
6.2.1 Requirements of distribution system
 It should convey the treated water to the consumer with the same degree of purity.
 The water should reach to the consumer with the required pressure head.
 The system should be economical and easy to maintain.
28 | P a g e
 The size of pipes should be able to transport sufficient quantity of water during
emergency.
 During repair of one section (line) water should reach to the other localities.
 Pipelines should not be laid under sewer.
 Good quality of pipe should be laid (that cannot burst with pressure fluctuation).
 Losses of water (unaccounted for water) should be less.
6.2.2 Method of distribution
The water to be supplied is stored in a distribution reservoir from which it is supplied to the
consumer under gravity. The surplus water is stored in the storage reservoir and may be
supplied during maximum demand and emergency period. The service reservoir site is on
local peak area. The water after service reservoir is distributed by gravity system to the
service area. Therefore the Mersa town water supply distribution method presented as
follows.
Transmission Gravity Service Service

Bore Hole Pumping Gravity
main y Reservoir Area
6.2.3 Layout of distribution system
The layout of the distribution system depends up on the local conditions and orientation of
roads. Pipes are usually laid below the road pavements. Depending on their layout and
directions of supply, distribution systems of Mersa town are classified into two types.
 Branched System
 Looped network system
Branched system
These are generally used for small capacity community supplies delivering the water mostly
through public stand-pipes and having few house connections. For larger distribution system
looped network grids are more common. Branched system has the advantages that their
initial cost is cheap and their design is straight forward. The direction of the water flow in all
pipes and the flow rate can be readily determined.
Looped network systems
29 | P a g e
In this system, main, sub-mains and branches are interconnected with each other. Looped
network system has advantages in most cases because the water supply will be available even
during the repair works as water is supplied from both sides to every point.
6.2.4 Selection of distribution pipe material
Pipes are made from different materials like cast iron, wrought iron, asbestos, steel, plastic
etc. So that the material should be selected keeping in mind the following points.
 strength, durability & life of pipe
 carrying capacity of the pipe
 Type of water to be converged & it's possible corrosive effect on the pipe
 Ease of transportation, handling & installation
 Tightness of joints & ease to tap for making connections
 Maintenance cost, repair etc.
To summarize, for pipes of small diameter (less than 150mm) PVC may generally be best.
Cast iron and Steel pipes are generally only used for larger-diameter mains, and also in cases
where very high pressures necessitate there in smaller diameter pipes.
Based on the comparison related to the above factors, galvanized steel pipes and uPVC suits
to Mersa town and this material is selected throughout the distribution network as a pipe
material.
6.3 Design considerations
Design flow:- the water demand in a distribution area will fluctuate considerably during a
day. A water distribution system is typically designed to cater the maximum hourly demand.
Design pressure:- The pipe material must be selected to with stand the highest pressure that
can occur in the pipe line. The maximum pressure frequently does not occur under operating
conditions but it is the static pressure when the pipe line is shut. Critical pressure may also
develop as a result of pressure surge or water hammer in the pipe line in order to limit the
maximum pressure in the pipe line and thus the cost of the pipes; it can be dividing into
sections by a pressure tank.
Pipe diameter:- The diameter of pipe for distribution line is determined according to the
analysis of by Epanet 2.0. For the known design discharge the pipe diameter are assumed in
30 | P a g e
such a way that the velocity of flow varies from 0.6 to 3m/s. Smaller velocity is assumed for
pipes of smaller diameter and larger velocity is assumed for pipes of larger diameter.
Flow in pipes:- Since flow will be turbulent in pipes used for water supply, the friction
factors depends up on the roughness of the pipe and also up on the Reynolds number ,which
in turn depends in part up on the velocity in the pipe and its diameter.
Various pipe flow formulas are available to predict head losses as a function of velocity in
pipes and of there the Hazen William’s formula is most appropriate in the design of water
distribution systems.
V =0.849 Cr 0.63 S 0.54
Where, V =Velocity in the pipe in m/s
r = hydraulic radius of the pipe in m
C = Hazen – William’s constant which depends on the relative roughness of the
pipe materials.
S = Hydraulic gradient
6.4 Head losses in pipes
When the water enters in the distribution main, the water head continuously is lost due to
friction in pipes at entrances of reducers, due to valves, bends, meters etc. until it reaches
consumer’s tap. In water supply the loss of head due to friction of pipe is calculated using
Hazen-William’s formula with constant coefficient C=100.
Hazen – William’s formula
1.852
Q
KL 
hf  C 
D 4.87
Where, hf = friction loss expressed as head in m
K = Conversion constant = 1.22 x 10 10
L = Length of pipe in m
Q = flow rate in pipe in ℓ/s
C = Hazen – William’s friction coefficient
D = Pipe diameter in mm
31 | P a g e
6.5 Nodal demand
The nodal demand of each pressure junction have been performed in the following manner
and it's detail calculation presented in appendix F.
 Divide the town area into appropriate sub-area by following the master plan of town.
 Assign pressure junction for each sub-area at suitable point.
 Sum each sub-area to get total area.
 Then use the following formula for calculation.
¿ Area
Junction Demand= × Peak Hourly Demand
Total Area
6.6 Computer Analysis of the distribution system
The simulation of the distribution system was done using Epanet version 2.0. It was carried
out for extended period analysis by taking into consideration the hourly demand fluctuation
pattern on average and maximum day.
The analysis began by feeding assumed diameters of the pipe, pipe material and pipe length
then pressure, velocity and head loss are checked for peak hourly flow. The system also
checked for 168 hours running i.e for one week. The results of this analysis are shown in the
appendix G.
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7 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENTS
Concurrent site selection and planning is the necessity to consider the effects of all the
proposed land uses, actions, and required services and facilities on the environment of the
area. It is extremely difficult to identify and evaluate in depth all possible factors that may
affect and be affected by a particular project. Comprehensive planning takes into account the
physical, social, economic , ecologic & related factors of an area and attempts to blend them
into a single compatible whole that will support a healthful and efficient society .
The Mersa water supply project results in a variety of impacts, both beneficial and adverse on
environment. The negative effects on the environment could be improved if an effective
environment impact assessment or EIA is implemented at an early stage of project planning
and design. However, if a development is not assessed for its negative impact, it may cause
serious social and health problems.
Therefore, it is important to realize the close interactions between development and their
environmental consequences and incorporate an environmental impact assessment in to
decision making as an integral component in the design project, rather than something
utilized after the design phase is completed.
7.1 Positive Impacts of the Project
Public-health benefits
Numerous epidemiological studies have identified contaminated water as the principal agent
in the transmission of Typhoid, Cholera, and Shigellosis (bacillary dysentery). Lack of safe
water for drinking and washing is also an important single disease group throughout the
developing world, up to half the number of death in the developing world occur in children
under five, with diarrheas diseases being the most common cause. Numerous other diseases
are also linked to poor water supply or sanitary conditions. Therefore, it might be expected
that an improvement in water supply would result in a measurable increases in public health.
Productivity benefits
Improving water supply system in a town can increase the productivity spent for fetching
water and increasing output.
Fire Protection:- If water is readily available, fire can be controlled before causing damage.
Assuring an adequate supply of water quality as well as in quantity for the population.
33 | P a g e
7.2 Negative Impacts of the Project
The impacts can be categorized in to two, one during the construction period and the other is
a long-term impact. The following are some negative impacts of the project on environment.
 The probability of land slide
 If there are dug well around the boreholes, interference on the yield of the dug well of
the rural people.
 It may occupy some valuable lands
 During damage, they leak water and may be a cause for the formation of swamp area
on which insects may bread.
 Soil erosion due to digging trenches
 Noise ( diesel type ) pollution.
 Air pollution ( diesel type ).
 Spillage of lubricants fuel etc.
 The pipeline may interfere with other main like telecommunication transmission line
etc.
 Obstacle for traffic during construction
 Noise of dust during construction
 Spillage of chemicals from chlorination
7.3 Mitigation Measures
 Compensation is to be provided for those individuals who permanently loss their

land.
 Financial compensation for loss of crops, grazing land etc should be given.
 A continuous amount of water should be spilled through the natural water way and
in addition rainwater collection will be a mitigation measure.
 Water flashing by tracks along the road to reduce the raising of dust particles.
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8 COST ESTIMATION AND ANALYSIS
The expected cost to be incurred to undertake the construction of the system is estimated
based on the existing market value of the materials and labor in the locality.
The water supply project is a public projects, it needs economic analysis in addition to
financial analysis. Economic effects of public works may involve beneficial and adverse
effect in addition to construction and operating cost and user benefits. The basis for
estimation the benefits in the economic analysis of community water supply is the willing to
pay for it, so the evaluation of the project involve analysis of capital out lays in terms initial
investment cost and operation and maintenance cost and running cost.
The initial investment cost can be the initial out lay for implementing the component parts,
such as drilling of borehole, construction of reservoir, pipeline laying and procurement and
installation of electromechanically equipment, like pumps and generators.
The capital cost required to implement the project in two stages has been computed. The
investment required for Stage I & II is of the order of Birr 19,273,218.40. This excludes the
cost for supervision and VAT, but does include 15% contingencies. The rough cost
estimation presented in appendix E.
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9 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
9.1 Conclusion
Mersa is the town which it’s population increasing from time to time. Because of this reason
the existing water supply of the town cannot afford the demand of the community. So it
needed to develop the existing water supply of the town. To develop the existing water
supply we select the sources as a ground water at Bihoro meda and the bore holes are drilled
in two phases. In first phase 3 bore holes are drilled and 10ℓ/s yields are gained from each
and the same for the second phase.
The demand of the population is calculated based on two phases i.e. the first phase is 2018 up
to 2028 and the next one is 2029 to 2041. Hence Mersa ground water source are good in
quantity and quality, no need of treatment except disinfection. So the raw water from the
boreholes will be disinfected at reservoir using calcium hypochlorite compound and gravity
system for dosing.
Capacity and structural analysis of service reservoirs are conducted. The capacity of the
service reservoirs is determined for each phase. The location of the service reservoirs is
determined on the basis of the topography and population to be served by each service
reservoir.
Distribution system consists of two service reservoirs in addition to existing 75m 3 service
reservoir. For both phase reservoirs are ground service with it's capacity 500 m 3. Appropriate
pipe material for the distribution net work is selected considering cost of pipe, durability,
availability, design pressure in the distribution system, corrosive characteristics of the pipe
material and traffic load. The distribution net work is generally analyzed using Epanet 2.0
computer program.
Generally, it is believed that the newly designed water supply system is satisfactory and
reliable for the population of the town until the end of the design period.
36 | P a g e
9.2 Recommendation
At the end we recommended that the implementation of stage-I be carried out as soon as
possible in order to address current shortages in the Mersa water supply system.
It is also recommended that prior to the end of the stage-I design horizon and prior to
implementation of stage-II the population number, town growth and the associated water
demands are reassessed against the estimates contained in this report and that detailed design
and implementation of stage-II is adjusted accordingly.
The current town master plan must be implemented prior to water supply project work
started.
REFERENCE
B.c.Punimia, Ashock,JaineandArunaJain. Environmental Engineering and Water Supply
Enginnering.
Bharat, DL Gupta and. Water Supply and Sanitation Engineering. 4th edition. 1895.
G.Dirscoll, Fletcher. Ground Water and Wells. 2nd edition.
37 | P a g e
M.Leet. Reinforced Concrete Design. 1995.

MoWR. "Urban Water Supply Design Criteria by Ministry of Water Resources." January
2006.
Raju. Water Supply and Waste Water Enginnering. BSN.
APPENDIX A
Detail Calculation of Population Forecasting
Constant For Percentage error Calculation
Year Population Increase in number Percentage Incremental
Increase increase
2010 15232
2015 18885 3653 19.34
2020 23181 4296 18.53 643
2025 28314 5133 18.13 837
Total 13082 56.00 1480
Average 4360.67 18.67 740
Base Population, P2025 =28314
Check for P2030=?
38 | P a g e
Projection of populations 2030 by different methods to check the percentage error

n, Arithmetic Incremental Geometrical
Year ECSA
decades increase increase Increase
2030 0.5 30494 30864 30844 34239
% Error 10.9 9.9 9.9 0.0
Population Projection by CSA Method

P n = Pn-1*e kn
Growth Increase in
Year n Population
Rate(k) Population
2015 - - 18,885
2016 4.26 1 19,707 822
2017 4.22 1 20,556 849
2018 4.18 1 21,434 877
2019 4.14 1 22,340 906
2020 4.1 1 23,275 935
2021 4.08 1 24,244 969
2022 4.06 1 25,249 1,005
2023 4.04 1 26,289 1,041
2024 4.02 1 27,368 1,078
2025 4 1 28,485 1,117
2026 3.96 1 29,635 1,151
2027 3.92 1 30,820 1,185
2028 3.88 1 32,039 1,219
2029 3.84 1 33,294 1,254
2030 3.8 1 34,583 1,290
39 | P a g e
2031 3.76 1 35,908 1,325

2032 3.72 1 37,269 1,361
2033 3.68 1 38,666 1,397
2034 3.64 1 40,100 1,433
2035 3.6 1 41,570 1,470
2036 3.56 1 43,076 1,507
2037 3.52 1 44,619 1,543
2038 3.48 1 46,199 1,580
2039 3.44 1 47,816 1,617
2040 3.4 1 49,470 1,654
2041 3.36 1 51,161 1,690
APPENDIX B
Water Demand Calculation
Per Capita Water Demand by mode of service (l/c/d)
Mode of Year
Service 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2031 2036 2041
HC 50 50 50 60 70 72 80 100
YCO 30 30 30 35 40 42 50 60
YCS 25 25 25 27.5 30 30 32.5 35
PT 20 20 20 22.5 25 25 27.5 30
Domestic Demand
40 | P a g e
Projected year 2016 2018 2021 2026 2028 2031 2036 2041
Growth rate (%) 4.26 4.18 4.08 3.96 3.88 3.76 3.56 3.36
Projected 19,70 21,43 24,24 29,63 32,03 35,90 43,07
51,161
population 7 4 4 5 9 8 6
%
populatio 4.24
n 3.68 5.08 7.16 9.08 11.96 16.76 21.56
Populatio
725 909 1,232 2,122 2,909 4,295 7,220 11,030
House n
Conn PC l/
50 50 50 62 65 72 80 100
ected D c/d
36,26 45,44 61,57 131,5 189,0 309,2 577,5 1,103,
l/d
TP 0.7 0.1 9.7 57.3 94.2 13.4 64.1 020.6
CD m3/
36.3 45.4 61.6 131.6 189.1 309.2 577.6 1103.0
d
%
47.48 49.24 51.64 51.76 46.88 39.56 27.36 15.16
populatio
% % % % % % % %
n
Populatio 10,55 12,52 15,33 15,02 14,20 11,78
9,357 7,756
Yard n 4 0 9 0 5 6
Conn PC l/
30 30 30 36 38
ected D c/d 42 50 60
280,7 316,6 375,5 552,2 570,7 596,6 589,2 465,35
l/d
TP 04.84 23.05 87.59 13.29 55.56 23.28 80.83 6.00
CD m3/
280.7 316.6 375.6 552.2 570.8 596.6 589.3 465.4
d
Yard % 13.20 14.00 14.44 12.80 12.40 11.80 10.80 9.80%
Share populatio % % % % % % %
d n
41 | P a g e
Populatio
2,601 3,001 3,501 3,793 3,973 4,237 4,652 5,014
n
PC l/
25.00 25.00 25.00 27.50 28.50
Conn D c/d 30.00 32.50 35.00
ected 65,03 75,01 87,52 104,3 113,2 127,1 151,1 175,48
l/d
TP 2.71 9.00 0.73 16.44 25.83 15.32 97.06 0.55
CD m3/
65.0 75.0 87.5 104.3 113.2 127.1 151.2 175.5
d
%
35.64 32.52 28.84 28.28 31.64 36.68 45.08 53.48
populatio
% % % % % % % %
n
Populatio 10,13 13,17 19,41
Public 7,024 6,970 6,992 8,381 27,361
n 7 1 9
Tap
PC l/
Conn 20 20 20 22.5 23.5
D c/d 25 27.5 30
ected
140,4 139,4 139,8 188,5 238,2 329,2 534,0 820,81
l/d
TP 70.66 06.74 39.22 69.74 22.78 78.94 14.22 9.23
CD m3/
140.5 139.4 139.8 188.6 238.2 329.3 534.0 820.8
d
m3/ 1111. 1362. 1852.
TDD 522.5 576.5 664.5 976.7 2564.7
day 3 2 1
Climate
- 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9
factor
Socio-
economic - 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05
factor
Adjusted m3/ 493.7 544.7 627.9 922.9 1,050. 1,287. 1,750. 2,423.
TDD day 3 8 8 4 18 31 19 62
Institutional and Commercial Water Demand
42 | P a g e
Year 2016 2018 2021 2026 2028 2031 2036 2041

Percentage 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
TDD m3/d 493.7 544.8 628.0 922.9 1,050.2 1,287.3 1,750.2 2,423.6
ICDD m3/d 123.4 136.2 157.0 230.7 262.5 321.8 437.5 605.9
Animal water demand =10%
Year 2016 2018 2021 2026 2028 2031 2036 2041
Animal Demand, 105.0 128.7 175.0 242.3
m3/d 49.37 54.48 62.80 92.29 2 3 2 6
172.8 190.6 219.7 323.0 367.5 450.5 612.5 848.2
NDD, m3/d
1 7 9 3 6 6 7 7
Unaccounted water demand
Year 2016 2018 2021 2026 2028 2031 2036 2041
water 24.50 10.00 13.00 15.50 16.50 18.00 20.50 23.00
%
loss % % % % % % % %
UWD 1,050. 1,287. 1,750. 2,423.
493.7 544.8 628.0 922.9
TDD , m3/d 2 3 2 6
UWD
172.8 190.7 219.8 323.0 367.6 450.6 612.6 848.3
NDD , m3/d
UW UWD
D , m3/d 163.30 73.55 110.21 193.13 233.93 312.82 484.37 752.53
Average daily water demand

Year 2016 2018 2021 2026 2028 2031 2036 2041
ADD, 829.8 809.0 957.9 1,439.1 1,651.6 2,050.6 2,847.1 4,024.4
m3/d 4 0 8 0 7 8 3 2
43 | P a g e
APPENDIX C
Determination of Storage Capacity of the Reservoir by Analytic Method
For Phase-I
Max.DD 2,064.58m3/d
Hourly D. 86.02 m3
Hourly S. 114.70 m3
Cumulativ Cumulative
Hourly Hourly
Time(Hr Hourly e Hourly Hourly Surplus Deficit
Demand Pumpin
) Factor Demand Supply (m3) (m3)
(m )
3
g (m ) 3
(m3) (m3)
1 0.25 21.51 21.51 0.00 0.00 -21.51
2 0.25 21.51 43.02 0.00 0.00 -43.02
3 0.25 21.51 64.52 0.00 0.00 -64.52
4 0.25 21.51 86.03 114.70 114.70 28.67
5 0.5 43.01 129.04 114.70 229.40 100.36
6 0.75 64.52 193.56 114.70 344.10 150.54
7 1 86.02 279.58 114.70 458.80 179.22
44 | P a g e
8 1.3 111.83 391.41 114.70 573.50 182.09

9 1.55 133.34 524.75 114.70 688.20 163.45
10 1.7 146.24 670.99 114.70 802.90 131.91
11 1.6 137.64 808.63 114.70 917.60 108.97
12 1.5 129.04 937.67 0.00 917.60 -20.07
13 1.4 120.43 1,058.10 0.00 917.60 -140.50
14 1.33 114.41 1,172.52 114.70 1,032.30 -140.22
15 1.32 113.55 1,286.07 114.70 1,147.00 -139.07
16 1.35 116.13 1,402.20 114.70 1,261.70 -140.50
17 1.35 116.13 1,518.33 114.70 1,376.40 -141.93
18 1.35 116.13 1,634.47 114.70 1,491.10 -143.37
19 1.3 111.83 1,746.30 114.70 1,605.80 -140.50
20 1.2 103.23 1,849.53 114.70 1,720.50 -129.03
21 1 86.02 1,935.55 114.70 1,835.20 -100.35
22 0.75 64.52 2,000.07 114.70 1,949.90 -50.17
23 0.5 43.01 2,043.08 114.70 2,064.60 21.52
24 0.25 21.51 2,064.59 0.00 2,064.60 0.01 0.01
The reservoir capacity for phase-I from the table will be
Maximum value of excess supply = 182.09m3
Maximum value of deficit =143.37m3
Capacity of reservoir =325.45m3
For fire requirement (5%) of Reservoir Capacity =16.27m3
Total capacity of reservoir = 341.72 m3
Existing capacity of reservoir is =75m3
So, required capacity of reservoir =266.72m3 =300m3
For Phase-II
Max.DD =4,829.30m3/d
Hourly D. =201.22m3
Hourly S. =268.295m3
Hourly Hourly Cumulative Hourly Cumulative Surplus Deficit
Time(Hr)
Factor Demand Hourly Pumping Hourly (m3) (m3)
45 | P a g e
Demand Supply
(m3) (m3)
(m3) (m3)
1 0.25 50.31 50.31 0.00 0.00 -50.31
2 0.25 50.31 100.61 0.00 0.00 -100.61
3 0.25 50.31 150.92 0.00 0.00 -150.92
4 0.25 50.31 201.22 268.296 268.30 67.08
5 0.5 100.61 301.83 268.296 536.59 234.76
6 0.75 150.92 452.75 268.296 804.89 352.14
7 1 201.22 653.97 268.296 1,073.18 419.22
8 1.3 261.59 915.56 268.296 1,341.48 425.92
9 1.55 311.89 1,227.45 268.296 1,609.78 382.33
10 1.7 342.08 1,569.52 268.296 1,878.07 308.55
11 1.6 321.95 1,891.48 268.296 2,146.37 254.89
12 1.5 301.83 2,193.31 0.00 2,146.37 -46.94
13 1.4 281.71 2,475.02 0.00 2,146.37 -328.65
14 1.33 267.62 2,742.64 268.296 2,414.66 -327.98
15 1.32 265.61 3,008.25 268.296 2,682.96 -325.29
16 1.35 271.65 3,279.90 268.296 2,951.26 -328.65
17 1.35 271.65 3,551.55 268.296 3,219.55 -332.00
18 1.35 271.65 3,823.20 268.296 3,487.85 -335.35
19 1.3 261.59 4,084.79 268.296 3,756.14 -328.64
20 1.2 241.47 4,326.25 268.296 4,024.44 -301.81
21 1 201.22 4,527.47 268.296 4,292.74 -234.74
22 0.75 150.92 4,678.39 268.296 4,561.03 -117.36
23 0.5 100.61 4,779.00 268.296 4,829.33 50.33
24 0.25 50.31 4,829.30 0.00 4,829.33 0.02 0.02
The reservoir capacity for phase-II from the table will be
Maximum value of excess supply =425.92m3
Maximum value of deficit =335.35m3
Capacity of reservoir =761.28m3
46 | P a g e
For fire requirement (5%) of Reservoir Capacity =38.06m3

Total capacity of reservoir =799.34m3
Existing capacity of reservoir is = (75+500) m3 =375m3
So, required capacity of reservoir = 424.34m3 =500m3
APPENDIX D
Detail Design of Reservoir Reinforcement
Phase-I reservoir
Capacity of reservoir=300m3/day
Assuming total height of the reservoir, H= 4m
Free board=0.7m
Height of water in the reservoir= 3.3m
Volume=Area*Height
D=
√ 4∗500
π∗3.3
=10.76m ≈ 11m
Use BS code practice

Assume exposure of alternate wetting and drying, 100N/mm2
For hoop tension and vertical moments for various height coefficients obtained from table.
Design of circular tank with fixed base and free at the top
Take t=250mm
Hoop Tension
2 2
h 3.30
= =8.25, Maximum value of Coefficient,α t @ 0.6h from top=0.579125
D∗t 11∗0.2
Hoop Tension= α t * γ w *h*r
HT=0.579125 *9.81*3.30*5.5 = 103.11KN/meter length of reservoir
Where: - h=height of water level (water depth)
γ w =unit weight of water
r =radius of reservoir
Area of hoop reinforcement:-
fs, allowabl =100 N /mm2 for alternate wetting and drying
47 | P a g e
T max 103.11∗10
3
2
A s= = =1031.1mm
f s ,allow 100
2
f ct ,allow =1.14 N /mm for direct tension of C-30Mpa, for no crack.
T h (max)
f ct = ≤ f ct ,allow
A C + ( n−1 )∗A st
103110
f ct = =0.389 ≤ 1.14 Ok !
1000∗250+ ( 15−1 )∗1031.1
Therefore the thickness is adequate.
Spacing of ring bars, using ∅ 16mm bars in two layers.
b∗a s 201.06∗1000
S= = 1031.1∗1 =165 mm< smax =300 mm
As
2
b 1000
Number of bar = = = 9bars per unit length
S 150
Provide18 ∅ 16mm ring bars @ 150mm c/c for hoop reinforcement in two layer.
Vertical reinforcement
Maximum positive and negative bending moment is calculated as follow
3
M ma x =max . coeff ∗γ w∗h
Mmax ( + ve ) coeff =0.00369 @ 0.7 H
max (−ve ) coeff =−0.0143@ 1.0 H
Therefore,
Mmax(+ve) = 0.00369*9.81*3.303 = 1.30 KNm
Mmax(-ve) = -0.0143*9.81*3.303 = -5.04-KNm
Therefore the maximum absolute moment,|−5.04| KN -m =5.04KNm
Check thickness of wall for flexure
f c ,allowable = 11 N ¿ mm 2 ,n=15(for C – 30 Mpa)
f s , allowable = 130N/mm2
Design constants of balanced section are:-

n 15
Kb= = =0.559
n+ r 130
15+
11
48 | P a g e
(
j b = 1−
Kb
3 )
=0.814
f c ,allow 11
Rb = K b * j b = ∗0.559∗0.814 =2.488 KN ¿ mm2
2 * 2
The design effective depth of section d req is given by:-
d req =
√ M max
R b∗b
=
√
5.04 ¿ 103
2.488∗1000
=45.0 mm
Assuming 40mm cover and -12mm bars

12
t req =70.48+40+ =116.48 mm<t assum
2
Thickness is adequate for flexure.
Assume cover =40mm including bars
But d req = t assume - 40 = 250mm - 40mm = 210mm
vertical steel on the inner face
To be placed on water face is obtained for maximum negative moment
Then area of reinforcement
M 5.04∗106
A s= = =387 mm 2
f s jd 100∗0.814∗160
0.3∗(1000∗250)
But A smin = =8333.33 mm2
100
∴As = 8333.33mm2
Check thickness for no crack
y=
∑ A∗ y
∑A
( 1000∗200 )∗200
+15∗8333.33∗160
y= 2 =106mm
1000∗250+ 15∗8333.33
C=250-106 =144 mm
1000∗1063 1000∗144 3 2 6 4
I ce= + +8333.3∗15∗(250−106) =801.06∗10 mm
3 3
f M ∗c 12.36∗10 6∗96 2
ct = = =1.481<2.02 N / mm =−−−−−−−−−−−−−ok
I ce 801.06∗10
6
49 | P a g e
∴Thickness is adequate for crack, Use∅ -12mm bars in both layer

as
S= ∗b ≤ s max
A st
113.09∗1000
S= =135.7 mm ≤ S max=300 mm
8333.33
8333.33
No of bar = = 73.7 = 74 bar
113.09
Provide74  12mm vertical steel bars @ 130mm c/c placed on inner face.
Vertical steel on the outer face
6
M 1.30∗10 2
A s= = =76.05 mm
f s jd 100∗0.814∗210
Asmin= 0 .30∗(1000∗250)
2
¿ =75 0 mm2
But 245.7mm 100
Where d=250-40-12/2=204mm
∴Take, As = 750mm2
as 201.6∗1000
S= ∗b= =268.8 mm ≤ s max =300 mm
As 750
750
No of bar = =4 bars
201.6
Provide 4 ∅ 16 mm vertical bars @130mm c/c at the outer face of the wall.
Design of roof slab
The design of circular roof slab which is supported by the circular wall one central column
for an effective diameter of D = 11m.
Assume thickness of slab, t = 150mm, H =4.75m
Load on the slab per m2 = D.L + L.L
3.6 KN
Dead load=ϒ c∗t= 2
m
Live load = 1kN/m2 (Based on EBCS; 1995)
Thus, the design load of the slab,q d=1.3*D.L+1.6*L.L=1.3*3.6+1.6*1=6.28KN/ m2
Design of Bending Moments
At the edge
50 | P a g e
Wd * a 2 6.28 * 6 2
M r=0 M❑   14.13KNm
= 16 16
At the center
3Wd a 2 3 * 6.28 * 6 2
M r M❑   42.39 KNm
= = 16 16
The maximum radial and circumferential moments occur at the center of the slab i.e.
M r= M ❑ =M max=42.39 KNm
Then, check thickness for single reinforcement
Design constants
For roof cover
C -25 ( f cd = 11.17 N/mm2)
S – 300Mpa ( f yd = 260.87 N/mm2)
Table E1:- Maximum design constant of single reinforced section (ACI-CODE)
Steel grade Ω max µmax
S-300 0.437 0.341
S-400 0.401 0.320
S-460 0.382 0.309
µmax = 0.34, max 0.437
M max 5.04 * 10 6
d req    406.9mm
 max * f cd * b 0.34 * 11 .17 * 1000
Using Ø-16mm bars and cover of 15mm

16
t req=d req +15+ =105.5+15+8=128.5<t assumed=150 mm
2
The trial thickness is adequate.
Use t = 250mm
d = 250 - 15 - 8 = 127mm
M 42.39 * 10 6
( ve) As    1572.62mm 2
f yd * J * d 260.87 * 0.8136 * 127
Spacing of bars
51 | P a g e
a s * b 201.6 * 1000
S   128.2mm
As 1572.62
Reinforcement
At the center of the slab
M r = M θ=42.39kN/m
M 42.39 * 10 6
   0.196
f cd * b * d 2 13.4 * 1000 * 127 2
Then calculate
  1  (1  2 * 0.196)  1  (1  2 * 0.196)  0.78
 * f cd * b * d 0.78 * 11 .1 * 1000 * 127

AS    4214.99mm 2
f yd 260.87
Therefore,
0.5 * b * d 0.5 *1000 *129
AS min    215.67 mm 2
f yk 300
AS = 4214.9mm2 > ok!
Spacing using  16 bars

a s * b 350mm
S 
AS 2t  300mm
 * 16 2 * 1000 350mm
S  47.7 mm  
4 * 4214.99 300mm
As 4214.9
  88.36 ~ 89
Number of bars = spacing 47.7
Provide89  16 bars @ 100mm c/c in the form of mesh at the center of slab.
B. At the edge of the slab.
M r = M θ=14.13KNm
52 | P a g e
M 14.13 * 10 6
   0.079
f cd * b * d 2 11 .1 * 1000 * 127 2
Then calculate   1  (1  2  )  1  (1  2 * 0.079)  0.092

 * f cd * b * d 0.079 * 11 .1 * 1000 * 127
AS    426.9mm 2
f yd 260.87
Therefore
0.5 * b * d 0.5 * 1000 * 127
A sθ AS min    215mm 2 ...........ok
f yk 300
= 433.63mm2 >
Spacing using  16 bars

 * 16 2 * 1000
S  46.37mm  300mm
4 * 433.63
As 426.9
  4.26  5bars
Number of bars = spacing 100
Therefore, provide5  16 bars @ 100mm c/c in the form above mesh reinforcement.
Check thickness for shear

V max =0.5∗q d∗x
= 0.5*6.28*6 = 18.84kN
Shear capacity of the slab, V c
Table E2:- Grade of Concrete and characteristic Cylinder Compressive strength fck
Grade of concrete C-15 C-20 C-25 C-30 C-40 C-50 C-60
f ck 12 14 20 24 32 40 48
f ck for C-25 is 20
Vc  0.4 * f ctd * (1  50  ) * b * d ...............EBCS-2
f ctk =0.21∗f ck 2/¿3 ¿ =0.21*202 /3 =1.547
0.35 f ctk 0.35 * 1.547

f ctd    0.29 N / mm 2
1 .5 1 .5
53 | P a g e
AS 433.63
   0.0034
b * d 1000 * 129

 0.0017
2  - Steel ratio or percentage of steel
Vc  0.4 * 0.29 * (1  50 * 0.0017) * 1000 * 129

Vc  16.23kN  Vmax  18.84kN
Hence,
Therefore, thickness is adequate for shear!
Design of base slab
The minimum thickness of the slab is assumed 300mm
Assuming, simply supported around edge
allowable stresses used for strength calculation
Unit weight of concrete= γ s =24N/m3
unit weight of water= γ w =9.81N/m3
weight of slab(Ws ¿ = γ s∗h
Assume circular column with 30cm thick diameter
Weight of slab (Ws ¿ = γ s∗h =24*0.30=7.2KN/m2
weight of water(Ww ¿ = γ w∗h=Ww =9.81*4.47= 43.65KN/m2
24∗4.75∗π∗0.3 2 8.06 KN
Total load of columns= γ c∗h= = 3
4 m
Assume part of the top slab load will be transferred through the circular column to the base
1 1.81 KN
slab. i.e. ∗( 3.6+0.025 ) =
2 m
2
Total load (q¿¿ d )=W s+¿ Ww+Part of t h etop slab¿ ¿

Total factored load=1.3*7.2+1.81+46.11=57.28KN/m2
f c ,allow = 11N/mm2 (for C – 30 Mpa ¿
f s , allow= 130N/mm2 (for C – 30 Mpa ¿
t assumed=360mm
Design constants
n 15
Kb= = =0.5593
n+ r 130
15+
11
54 | P a g e
Kb
j b =1− =0.8136
3
K b , j ∗fc , allw∗Ac 0.8136∗0.5593∗11
Rb = b
= =2.503
2 2
Shear at the base of wall =direct tension developed in the base slab
2
H
Thus, the coefficient of =8.25 from table is 0.172
D∗t
Therefore direct tension developed in the base of slab is calculated as follow
2
T H =Coeff ∗9.81∗h ❑=20.37 KN /m
Consider thickness of base slab t= 300mm
Effective depth of slab considering φ16 bar and 40mm cover
d=t- cover-  / 2=250-40-8=202mm

Assume circular column with 30cm thick diameter (Weight of slab)
Ws = γ s∗h =24*0.30=7.2KN/m2
Assume part of the top slab load will be transferred through the circular column to the base
1 1.81 KN
slab( i. e ∗( 3.6+0.025 ) = )
2 m2
Total load (q¿¿ d )=W s+¿ W ¿ ¿
Total factored load=1.3*7.2+1.81=11.17KN/m2
For simply supported circular slab (with radius = 6m) the maximum radial and
circumferential moment is calculated as follow.
3qdr 2
Mr   = 16
at the center of the slab
3 2 3 2
M max =M r= ∗q d∗r = ∗11.17∗6 =75.40 KN /m
16 16
MSupport (−Ve) M base , Wall 12.36KN/m restrains moment at the base of wall.
Reinforcement of base slab
Minimum area of reinforcement for base of slab of unit width (BS: 5337)
0.3 * b * t 0.3 * 1000 * 250
AS min    750mm 2
f yk 300
At the center of the slab design for combined action of TR= 18.68KN and M =75.40KN/m
55 | P a g e
+T R 75.40∗10
6
18.68∗10
3
As(+Ve)= = + =3672.81 mm2
fs 130∗202∗0.8136 130
Spacing of Φ16 bar
as * b 3.14 * 256 * 1000
  54.74mm
S = As 4 * 3672.81
3672.74
No of bar = =19
201.1
Provided:19 Φ 16 bars at 55mm c/c in the form of mesh placed at the bottom of slab at the
support.
Design for combined action of TH =18.68 KN and M = -12.36KN/m
Therefore required reinforcement is determined by

+T H 12.36∗10
6
18.68∗10
3
As(−Ve)= = + =722.20 KN /m
fs 130∗202∗0.8136 130
Spacing of Φ16 bar
as * b 3.14 * 256 * 1000
  278.4mm
S = As 4 * 722.20
722.20
No of bar = =4
201.1
Provided:4Φ16 bars at 280 mm c/c in the form of mesh placed at the bottom of slab at the
center.
Design of column
C-25 ( f cd =11.17N/mm2) , S-460( f yd =400N/mm2) ,D=500mm ,d’’(assum effective cover)
=50
d 50
= =0.1
D 500
M d =42.39 KNm
q d =6.28 KN /m
qd∗a 6.28∗12
Nd= = =37.68 KN
2 2
Relative moment and relative normal force
56 | P a g e
Md 4∗42.39∗10
6
μ= = 2
=0.0386
f cd∗Ac∗d 11.17∗3.14∗500 ∗500
Nd 4∗40.82∗10
3
ʋ= = 2 =0.02
f cd∗ Ac 11.17∗3.14∗500
ω=1− √1−2 μ=1−√ 1−2∗0.0386=0.0394
Then, the required area of longitudinal steel
2
ω∗fcd∗Ac 394∗11.17∗3.14∗500 2
Ast= =0.0 =216.03 mm
f yd 400∗4
Check gross steel ratio
ASt 4 * 216.03
g    0.0011
Ac 3.14 * 500 * 500
For ∅16
Ast 4∗216.03
No of bar = = =1.07< 6 mm
Abar 3.14∗16 2
Then provide 6 ∅16mm
Lateral reinforcement based on codes rule:-
Lateral tie bars Size of tie bars= ∅/4 =16/4 =4 ≤ 6∅mm so use 6mm bars for ties
C/c spacing between tie bars = min (6∅bar 6*24= 144 ,300mm and least dimension of
Column= 500mm)
Use ∅6mm tie bars @144mm c/c.
57 | P a g e
Figure 2: Base Slab Plan
58 | P a g e
Figure 2 Roof Slab Plan
59 | P a g e
Figure 3 wall section

view reinforcement
detail
60 | P a g e
Figure 4 Wall Section View and Reinforcement detail
61 | P a g e
Figure 5 Section of reservoir
APPENDIX E
Cost Estimation Details for Phase-I
General items cost estimation
Item Description unit Quantity Rate Amount
General items
1 Reinforcement bars
1.1 10Ø-12mm deformed reinforcement Kg 142.62 80 11409.38
bars for top slab of the reservoir
including bending cutting &tying of
bars
1.2 8Ø-16mm deformed reinforcement Kg 60.05 80 4803.96
bars for the wall of the reservoir
bars
1.3 8Ø-16mm deformed reinforcement Kg 30.03 80 2402
bars for the base slab of the reservoir
bars
1.4 In circumferential direction (ring Kg 25.33 80 2026.7
bars)612
1.5 Design columns(616 Kg 45.04 80 3603

1.6 8 ∅ 16mm for hoop reinforcement in Kg 60.05 80 4803.96
two layer
1.7 Internal & external ladder m 2 3400 6800
Sub total Kg 29048.97
Cost estimation for man power and other materials

1.8 Month No Salary Amount
Man power
1.8.1 Site engineer 24 1 8000 192000
1.8.2 Ass. Engineer 24 1 5400 129600
1.8.3 Survey man 5 1 3000 15000
62 | P a g e
1.8.4 Forman 24 2 2400 115200
1.8.5 Carpenters 12 3 1300 46800

Sub total 498600
1.9 Machinery rate
1.9.1 Dump truck rate 3 1 4500/ 1350001

day
1.9.2 Sino truck 12 3 5000/ 180000
day
1.9.3 Mixer 24 1 1200 28800
Sub total 212300

Total summary 739,948.97
Drilling cost estimation

Item No General items quantity unit Total price
Price(birr)
2. Drilling 3 350000 1,050,000
Total 1,050,000
Total summary 1,789,948.97
Pipe work cost estimation
Item Supply and installation Unit Length(m) Price per Amount
of pipes and fittings for m
the distribution network
3 Pipe
3.1 GS pipe DN200mm m 900 1350 1215000
3.2 GS pipe DN300mm m 1400 2050 2870000
3.3 UPVC pipe DN250mm m 530 400 212000
3.4 UPVC pipe DN200mm m 790 350 276500
3.5 UPVC pipe DN150mm m 2136 290 619440
3.5 UPVC pipe DN 100mm m 1950 200 39000
3.6 UPVC pipe DN 80mm m 4600 150 69000
3.7 UPVC pipe DN 50mm m 11250 130 1462500
Sub total 6,763,440
Cost estimation for pipe fittings
63 | P a g e
4. Pipe Size(mm) Number Unit Cost

connector price
4.1 T-tube 300,200,150,100,80,50,40 50 205.69 10284.5
4.2 Elbow 300,200,150,100,80,50,40 39 165.23 6443.97
4.3 Reducer 29 152 4408
4.4 Flange 13 280 3640
4.5 Plugs 2 348.9 697.8
4.6 Union 120 247.5 29700
Total cost 61,707
Total 8,615,095.97
summary
Civil works cost estimation

Item Description unit Quantity Rate Amount
Civil works
5 Earth Work
5.1 site clearness for reservoir m2 400 100 40,000
5.2 Excavation for foundation 1m depth m3 123.7 150 18,555
5.3 20cm depth for hard core filling for “ 24.54 480 11,779.2
pavement around the reservoir
4.4 Back fill with selected material and “ 6.135 480 2944.8
compaction
5.5 Masonry work for reservoir m3 4 6000 24,000
5.6 Lean concrete m3 12.7 36 441.72
Sub total 97,720.72
6 Concrete Work
6.1 10 cm lean concrete with C-15 m3 12.8 1481 18,956.8
6.2 35cm thick floor slab with C-30 m3 45 888 39,960
including formwork and scaffolding
64 | P a g e
6.3 30 cm thick concrete Wall with C-30 m3 18 8000 144,000

including formwork and scaffolding
6.4 10cm thick concrete Footing pad with m3 17.6 1300 22,880
C-30 & column (30*30)at the center
6.5 Plastering the internal & external part of m2 235.81 120 28297.02
the reservoir
Sub total 225,796.8
Total Summary 8,938,613.49
Electromechanical work
7 Powers Quantity
7.1 Pump from borehole to 15.2Kw and 3 and 3 45600 63,840 and
service reservoir 20.2kw and 84840
60600
7.2 Standby generator from 15kw 3 45000 63000
bore hole to transmission
line
7.3 Power from EELCP 18KW 2 transf 250000 500000
7.4 Operating and guard house 1 350000 350000
Sub total 2,449,060.9
Phase-I Capital Cost Estimate

Cost ETB
Total cost 11,387,674.39
Contingency (15%) 1,708,151.159
Grand cost 13,095,825.55
Phase-II Capital Cost Estimate
Item Description Amount in Birr
1 General items 260,000

2 Drilling 1,638,504
3 Pipe work 50,000
4 Civil works 1,097,938
5 Electromechanical work 2,325,204
Total 5,371,646
Contingencies 15 % 805,746.9
Grand Total Project Cost 6,177,392.9
65 | P a g e
APPENDIX F
Nodal Demand Calculation
Total Area =3,678,186 m2
Phase-I Peak hourly Demand = 36.32 m3
Phase-II Peak hourly Demand = 83.84 m3
Demand
Label X Y Z Area (sq.m)
Phase-I Phase-II
J-01 571501 1290588 1630 21465 0.21196 0.48928
J-02 571506 1290358 1627 7733.33 0.07637 0.17628
J-03 571502 1290170 1626 5426.01 0.05358 0.12368
J-04 571497 1290066 1626 44907.8 0.44346 1.02365
J-05 571495 1290003 1627 20463 0.20207 0.46644
66 | P a g e
J-06 571507 1289922 1626 0 0 0

J-07 571435 1290357 1630 29222.3 0.28856 0.66611
J-08 571193 1290305 1654 23281.6 0.2299 0.53069
J-09 571534 1289672 1625 70954.8 0.70067 1.61737
J-10 571459 1289629 1637 21212.9 0.20947 0.48354
J-11 571696 1290373 1615 16055.7 0.15855 0.36598
J-12 571662 1289679 1616 15814.5 0.15617 0.36048
J-13 571669 128981 1618 6015.69 0.0594 0.13712
J-14 571550 128993 1618 18695.8 0.18462 0.42616
J-15 571742 1289925 1612 14620 0.14437 0.33325
J-16 571746 1290089 1612 85291.6 0.84224 1.94417
J-17 571669 1290372 1617 0 0 0
J-18 571608 1290588 1622 0 0 0
J-19 571570 1290626 1625 0 0 0
J-20 571746 1289811 1613 7760.37 0.07663 0.17689
J-21 571696 1289528 1617 0 0 0
J-22 571632 1289523 1625 16005.8 0.15805 0.36484
J-23 571711 1289400 1623 11916.9 0.11768 0.27164
J-24 571675 1289392 1632 15209.1 0.15019 0.34668
J-25 571765 1289408 1615 13626 0.13455 0.3106
J-26 571786 1289246 1615 10592.7 0.1046 0.24145
J-27 571769 1289131 1616 15078.9 0.1489 0.34371
J-28 571671 1289115 1626 26162.5 0.25835 0.59636
J-29 571766 1289078 1616 95803 0.94604 2.18377
J-30 571785 1289023 1614 7982.77 0.07883 0.18196
J-31 571821 1288885 1611 71581.3 0.70685 1.63165
J-32 571883 1288742 1606 0 0 0
J-34 571688 1288959 1618 26899.2 0.26562 0.61315
J-35 571658 1288785 1614 14920.6 0.14734 0.34011
J-36 571544 1288827 1620 0 0 0
67 | P a g e
J-37 571520 1288772 1617 43366.7 0.42824 0.98852

J-38 571461 1288485 1612 111630 1.10233 2.54454
J-39 571591 1288997 1627 29314.6 0.28948 0.66821
J-40 571522 1289022 1635 34649.3 0.34215 0.78981
J-41 571778 1290379 1611 48720.5 0.48111 1.11056
J-42 571832 129033 1608 12217.6 0.12065 0.27849
J-43 571842 1289930 1607 0 0 0
J-44 572082 1290120 1600 27528.4 0.27184 0.62749
J-45 572086 1289911 1597 30408 0.30027 0.69313
J-46 572525 1289886 1587 73563.9 0.72643 1.67684
J-47 572724 1289923 1584 89805 0.88681 2.04705
J-48 571864 1289800 1605 13074.5 0.12911 0.29803
J-49 571978 1289793 1600 11407.7 0.11265 0.26003
J-50 572084 1289792 1597 47044 0.46455 1.07234
J-51 571769 1289805 1612 9715.73 0.09594 0.22146
J-52 571770 1289598 1610 20732.3 0.20473 0.47258
J-53 571903 1289602 1601 39045.4 0.38557 0.89002
J-54 572127 1289614 1595 60789.6 0.60029 1.38566
J-55 572556 1289610 1682 118172 1.16693 2.69367
J-56 572143 1289332 1594 54879.7 0.54193 1.25095
J-57 571798 1289301 1613 96085.7 0.94883 2.19022
J-58 571793 1289158 1614 25975.8 0.25651 0.5921
J-59 571801 1289026 1613 29316.3 0.28949 0.66825
J-60 571910 1289013 1607 0 0 0
J-61 572023 1288979 1604 56952.6 0.5624 1.2982
J-62 572221 1288979 1597 138661 1.36925 3.1607
J-63 572610 1289016 1587 115142 1.137 2.62459
J-64 572592 1289193 1585 63569.5 0.62774 1.44903
J-65 572239 1288727 1597 67067.3 0.66228 1.52876
J-66 572269 1288541 1583 0 0 0
68 | P a g e
J-67 572404 1288435 1579 0 0 0

J-68 572746 1288456 1582 61755.7 0.60983 1.40768
J-69 572850 1288548 1575 0 0 0
J-70 572950 1288450 1580 27594 0.27249 0.62899
J-71 573088 1288295 1581 29978.1 0.29603 0.68333
J-72 572378 1288423 1580 250305 2.47171 5.70555
J-73 572742 1288439 1584 167110 1.65018 3.80918
J-74 573156 1288141 1580 62241.4 0.61462 1.41876
J-75 572948 1287909 1592 28814.4 0.28454 0.65681
J-76 571409 1290787 1627 192653 1.90241 4.39141
J-77 571396 1290926 1624 32591.1 0.32183 0.74289
J-78 571380 1291182 1637 271324 2.67927 6.18467
J-79 571336 1291311 1640 0 0 0
J-80 571446 1291315 1637 124003 1.22451 2.82658
J-81 571375 1291481 1643 226282 2.23449 5.15797
69 | P a g e
APPENDIX G
Computer Analysis Report
Network Table - Nodes at 8:00 Hrs
Node ID Elevation, m Base Demand LPS Demand LPS Head, m Pressure, m
J-01 1630 0.21 0.33 1,652.70 22.70
J-02 1627 0.08 0.12 1,658.97 31.97
J-03 1626 0.05 0.08 1,657.60 31.60
J-04 1626 0.44 0.69 1,656.85 30.85
J-05 1627 0.20 0.31 1,656.41 29.41
J-06 1626 0.00 0.00 1,655.86 29.86
J-07 1630 0.29 0.45 1,660.76 30.76
J-08 1654 0.23 0.36 1,665.68 11.68
J-09 1600 0.70 1.09 1,631.50 31.50
J-10 1607 0.21 0.32 1,619.65 12.65
J-11 1615 0.16 0.25 1,646.64 31.64
J-12 1616 0.16 0.24 1,640.66 24.66
J-13 1618 0.06 0.09 1,644.81 26.81
J-14 1618 0.19 0.29 1,649.11 31.11
J-15 1612 0.14 0.22 1,648.57 36.57
J-16 1612 0.84 1.31 1,648.47 36.47
J-17 1617 0.00 0.00 1,646.75 29.75
J-18 1622 0.00 0.00 1,648.67 26.67
J-19 1625 0.00 0.00 1,650.60 25.60
J-20 1613 0.08 0.12 1,648.23 35.23
J-21 1617 0.00 0.00 1,645.27 28.27
J-22 1625 0.16 0.24 1,645.21 20.21
J-23 1623 0.12 0.18 1,644.90 21.90
J-24 1632 0.15 0.23 1,644.87 12.87
J-25 1615 0.14 0.21 1,644.75 29.75
70 | P a g e
J-26 1615 0.11 0.16 1,644.31 29.31

J-27 1616 0.15 0.23 1,644.00 28.00
J-28 1616 0.26 0.40 1,643.70 27.70
J-29 1616 0.00 0.00 1,643.87 27.87
J-30 1614 0.08 0.12 1,643.73 29.73
J-31 1611 0.71 1.10 1,643.66 32.66
J-32 1605 0.00 0.00 1,643.60 38.60
J-33 1614 0.15 0.23 1,643.26 29.26
J-34 1618 0.27 0.41 1,642.97 24.97
J-35 1627 0.29 0.45 1,642.85 15.85
J-36 1620 0.00 0.00 1,642.81 22.81
J-37 1617 0.43 0.66 1,642.68 25.68
J-38 1612 1.10 1.71 1,641.66 29.66
J-39 1635 0.34 0.53 1,642.80 7.80
J-40 1629 0.95 1.47 1,642.77 13.77
J-41 1611 0.48 0.75 1,646.33 35.33
J-42 1608 0.12 0.19 1,642.88 34.88
J-43 1607 0.00 0.00 1,642.47 35.47
J-44 1600 0.27 0.42 1,642.81 42.81
J-45 1597 0.30 0.46 1,642.58 45.58
J-46 1587 0.73 1.13 1,629.29 42.29
J-47 1584 0.89 1.37 1,624.64 40.64
J-48 1605 0.13 0.20 1,642.11 37.11
J-49 1600 0.11 0.18 1,641.86 41.86
J-50 1597 0.47 0.72 1,641.64 44.64
J-51 1612 0.10 0.15 1,642.07 30.07
J-52 1610 0.21 0.32 1,641.83 31.83
J-53 1601 0.39 0.60 1,641.51 40.51
J-54 1595 0.60 0.93 1,639.69 44.69
J-55 1582 1.17 1.81 1,636.58 54.58
71 | P a g e
J-56 1594 0.54 0.84 1,638.65 44.65

J-57 1613 0.95 1.47 1,642.67 29.67
J-58 1614 0.26 0.40 1,642.76 28.76
J-59 1613 0.29 0.45 1,642.85 29.85
J-60 1607 0.00 0.00 1,642.81 35.81
J-61 1604 0.56 0.87 1,642.77 38.77
J-62 1597 1.37 2.12 1,616.53 19.53
J-63 1587 1.14 1.76 1,616.19 29.19
J-64 1585 0.63 0.97 1,616.47 31.47
J-65 1597 0.66 1.03 1,615.36 18.36
J-66 1584 0.00 0.00 1,615.36 31.36
J-67 1579 0.00 0.00 1,610.41 31.41
J-68 1582 0.62 0.96 1,596.88 14.88
J-69 1575 0.00 0.00 1,596.74 21.74
J-70 1580 0.27 0.42 1,596.60 16.60
J-71 1581 0.30 0.46 1,595.97 14.97
J-72 1580 2.47 3.83 1,609.85 29.85
J-73 1584 1.65 2.56 1,607.60 23.60
J-74 1580 0.62 0.95 1,606.46 26.46
J-75 1592 0.29 0.44 1,605.59 13.59
J-76 1627 1.90 2.95 1,649.02 22.02
J-77 1624 0.32 0.50 1,644.68 20.68
J-78 1630 2.68 4.15 1,637.44 7.44
J-79 1628 0.00 0.00 1,636.11 8.11
J-80 1625 1.23 1.90 1,635.03 10.03
J-81 1615 2.23 3.46 1,632.70 17.70
Source 1680 0.00 71.07 1,680.00 0.00
Tank 1670 0.00 14.75 1,674.45 4.45
Network Table - Links at 8:00 Hrs
72 | P a g e
Link ID Length, m Diameter, mm Roughness Flow, LPS Velocity, m/s Status
P-1A 1000 300 100 71.07 1.01 Open

P-1B 1000 250 100 56.32 1.15 Open
P-01 78.77 150 100 26.78 1.52 Open
P-02 230.1 150 100 27.11 1.53 Open
P-03 188 200 100 28.29 0.90 Open
P-04 104.1 200 100 28.20 0.90 Open
P-05 63.03 200 100 27.52 0.88 Open
P-06 81.88 200 100 27.20 0.87 Open
P-07 71.01 200 100 55.51 1.77 Open
P-08 191.5 200 100 55.96 1.78 Open
P-09 128.2 40 100 1.41 1.12 Open
P-10 86.45 20 100 0.32 1.03 Open
P-11 29.08 200 100 19.93 0.63 Open
P-12 128.2 50 100 1.65 0.84 Open
P-13 120.5 50 100 1.74 0.89 Open
P-14 1000 200 100 27.20 0.87 Open
P-15 92.01 200 100 25.17 0.80 Open
P-16 156 200 100 7.42 0.24 Open
P-17 1000 150 100 6.11 0.35 Open
P-18 1000 200 100 13.82 0.44 Open
P-19 1000 200 100 -13.82 0.44 Open
P-20 114.1 200 100 17.53 0.56 Open
P-21 1000 200 100 17.41 0.55 Open
P-22 64.2 50 100 0.24 0.12 Open
P-23 128.9 200 100 17.17 0.55 Open
P-24 36.88 50 100 0.23 0.12 Open
P-25 54.59 200 100 16.75 0.53 Open
73 | P a g e
P-26 163.4 200 100 16.54 0.53 Open

P-27 116.2 200 100 16.38 0.52 Open
P-28 130.1 50 100 0.40 0.20 Open
P-29 52.71 200 100 15.75 0.50 Open
P-30 58.31 200 100 15.75 0.50 Open
P-31 142.6 200 100 6.55 0.21 Open
P-32 165.8 200 100 5.46 0.17 Open
P-33 1000 200 100 5.46 0.17 Open
P-34 176.6 100 100 2.07 0.26 Open
P-35 104.2 100 100 1.65 0.21 Open
P-36 121.5 100 100 3.16 0.40 Open
P-37 60.01 100 100 2.37 0.30 Open
P-38 293 80 100 1.71 0.34 Open
P-39 73.39 100 100 1.20 0.15 Open
P-40 182 100 100 0.67 0.09 Open
P-41 165.5 100 100 0.79 0.10 Open
P-42 82.22 200 100 19.68 0.63 Open
P-43 1000 200 100 18.94 0.60 Open
P-44 250.3 200 100 4.79 0.15 Open
P-45 205.2 200 100 13.96 0.44 Open
P-46 1000 200 100 2.89 0.09 Open
P-47 1000 200 100 4.37 0.14 Open
P-48 1000 50 100 1.02 0.52 Open
P-49 202.4 50 100 1.37 0.70 Open
P-50 129.5 200 100 16.84 0.54 Open
P-51 114.2 200 100 14.79 0.47 Open
P-52 106 200 100 14.62 0.47 Open
P-53 1000 200 100 1.85 0.06 Open
P-54 207 100 100 1.70 0.22 Open
P-55 133.1 80 100 1.38 0.28 Open
74 | P a g e
P-56 224.3 50 100 0.78 0.40 Open

P-57 1000 200 100 13.90 0.44 Open
P-58 429 100 100 4.57 0.58 Open
P-59 282.5 150 100 9.18 0.52 Open
P-60 346.4 100 100 5.89 0.75 Open
P-61 143.1 200 100 7.36 0.23 Open
P-62 132.2 200 100 7.75 0.25 Open
P-63 1000 200 100 9.07 0.29 Open
P-64 97.2 100 100 0.87 0.11 Open
P-65 131.3 100 100 0.87 0.11 Open
P-66 371.5 100 100 14.23 1.81 Open
P-67 392 100 100 1.46 0.19 Open
P-68 193.9 50 100 0.31 0.16 Open
P-69 1000 50 100 1.28 0.65 Open
P-70 277.7 50 100 1.48 0.75 Open
P-71 242.6 150 100 10.65 0.60 Open
P-73 171.6 100 100 9.63 1.23 Open
P-74 342.6 50 100 1.84 0.94 Open
P-75 138.9 80 100 0.88 0.18 Open
P-76 140 80 100 0.88 0.18 Open
P-77 207.5 50 100 0.46 0.23 Open
P-78 28.64 100 100 7.78 0.99 Open
P-79 406.4 100 100 3.95 0.50 Open
P-80 475.8 80 100 1.39 0.28 Open
P-81 310.2 50 100 0.44 0.22 Open
P-82 227.7 150 100 12.96 0.73 Open
P-83 139.6 100 100 10.01 1.27 Open
P-84 256.5 100 100 9.51 1.21 Open
P-85 136.3 100 100 5.36 0.68 Open
P-86 110.1 100 100 5.36 0.68 Open
75 | P a g e
P-87 180.5 80 100 3.46 0.69 Open

PRV-1 1000 50 100 9.63 4.90 Open
Figure 6 Distribution System Network
76 | P a g e
77 | P a g e
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MERSA TOWN WATER SUPPLY 2016 GC

DESIGN OF MERSA TOWN WATER SUPPLY

ARBA MINCH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

1.2 Background of Project Area........................................................................................1

1.2.2 Climate and hydrology........................................................................................4

1.3 Basic Social Service....................................................................................................4

1.4 Existing Water Supply................................................................................................5

1.4.1 Existing water supply source...............................................................................5

1.4.2 Distribution system..............................................................................................5

1.5 Sanitation Services......................................................................................................5

1.6 Major Problems of Existing Water Supply.................................................................6

1.7.1 General objective.................................................................................................6

1.7.2 Specific objective.................................................................................................6

2 POPULATION PROJECTION AND WATER DEMAND..............................................7

2.1 Population Forecasting................................................................................................7

2.1.1 Design period.......................................................................................................7

2.1.2 Factors affecting population growth....................................................................7

2.1.3 Methods of population forecasting......................................................................8

2.2 Water Demand Assessment.........................................................................................9

2.2.1 Factors affecting the rate of water demand..........................................................9

2.2.2 Types of water demand......................................................................................10

2.2.3 Water demand factors........................................................................................14

2.2.4 Summary of Projected Water Demand..............................................................14

3.1 Water source selection..............................................................................................16

3.2 Types of tube wells...................................................................................................17

3.3 Water Well Design....................................................................................................17

3.3.1 Location of well.................................................................................................17

3.3.2 Number of bore hole..........................................................................................18

3.3.3 Design of gravel pack........................................................................................18

3.3.4 Design of well screen.........................................................................................19

3.3.5 Diameter of the well pipe (d).............................................................................21

3.3.6 Diameter of bore hole........................................................................................21

3.3.7 Depth of Bore Hole............................................................................................22

4.1 Submersible pump.....................................................................................................23

4.2 Design of Pump.........................................................................................................23

4.3 Size of Transmission Main.......................................................................................26

5.1 Position of Service Reservoir....................................................................................27

5.2 Design capacity of service reservoirs........................................................................28

5.3 Structural design of a service reservoir.....................................................................28

6 WATER TREATMENT AND WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM............................30

6.1 Water Treatment........................................................................................................30

6.1.1 Disinfection by chlorination..............................................................................30

6.2 Distribution System...................................................................................................31

6.2.1 Requirements of distribution system.................................................................32

6.2.2 Method of distribution.......................................................................................32

6.2.3 Layout of distribution system............................................................................32

6.2.4 Selection of distribution pipe material...............................................................33

6.3 Design considerations...............................................................................................34

6.4 Head losses in pipes..................................................................................................35

6.5 Nodal demand...........................................................................................................35

6.6 Computer Analysis of the distribution system..........................................................36

7 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENTS..........................................................36

7.1 Positive Impacts of the Project..................................................................................37

7.2 Negative Impacts of the Project................................................................................38

7.3 Mitigation Measures.................................................................................................39

8 COST ESTIMATION AND ANALYSIS........................................................................39

9 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION...............................................................40