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2-Eha PRCS1
2-Eha PRCS1
PROCESS
SELECTION
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I. INTRODUCTION
volatile liquid that is mildly soluble in water but completely soluble in alcohol,
ethers, and the majority of organic solvents (Komo et al., 2013). It has very
good film formation property for which it is used in paints, adhesives, and
high yield and minimal side reactions. Other techniques for ester production use
carboxylic acid derivatives including acid anhydride, acid chlorides, nitrile, and
aldehydes.
the presence of a catalyst. In the esterification process, the role of the catalyst is
to speed the chemical reaction by decreasing the activation energy needed for
products are offered for sale by over 100 manufacturers. Plasticizers, tastes and
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scents, insecticides, solvents, monomer for resins, and high molecular weight
The conversion of acrolein into acrylic acid by the use of oxygen in the
Acrylic Acid along with 2-ethylhexanol and catalyzed by sulfuric acid will
Fi
Two streams of water and glycerol are fed into a Mixing Tank to form a
glycerol solution and it will be heated by a Heat Exchanger before entering the
Dehydration Reactor along with another stream of air. The reactor has a
acrolein, water, nitrogen, oxygen, acetaldehyde, Co, and CO2 at 320 °C.
The latter stream is cooled to 151°C using a heat exchanger and it will be
then to a flash pot to separate the gas phase from the liquid phase wherein this
90℃ and 1.7 bar. The bottom outlet of the stripping column recovered water,
acetic acid, and formic acid at 55℃. The recovered compounds on the upper
part of the stripping column will be mixed to the gas product of the flash pot
and sent to a heat exchanger to increase the temperature to 160℃ and injected
to the oxidation reactor for the conversion of acrolein to acrylic acid. The outlet
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The acrylic acid, water, nitrogen, oxygen, CO, CO2 and acetic acid are the
product of oxidation and will be sent to an absorption column, wherein the top
stream will be cooled from 102 ̊C to 53 ̊C. After condensing, the phases will be
separated by a separator pot, wherein liquid phase will be recycled back to the
absorption column while the gas phase will undergo exhaust gas scrubber to
further separate CO and CO2 from other by-products before the latter are
The outlet at the bottom of the absorption column recovered acrylic acid
and water. The acrylic acid will be further purified. In the first purification,
acrylic acid will enter the first distillation column that operates at an absolute
pressure of 1.13 bars. The temperature at the liquid stream should not exceed
95°C to limit the formation of acryloxy propionic acid and acrylic acid
polymers. This stream will go directly to wastewater. On the other hand, the gas
higher purity of acrylic acid and will be subjected to second purification. The
gas stream from the first distillation will enter the second distillation, the gas
phase will be condensed and recycled back to the column while the liquid
stream will pass through a reboiler to obtain a more concentrated Acrylic Acid.
Acrylic acid and 2-ethylhexanol are fed into the mixer and the mixture is
heated using a heat exchanger before it enters the esterification reactor. The
The other stream of the settling process will undergo three (3) stage
purification to obtain high purity of the product. The bottom outlet of the
distillation column will go directly to the aerator to break down the nutrients
and other organic compounds that can result in the growth of any harmful
The top stream of the distillation column will be condensed and mixed
V. Equipment Utilized
Mixer M 3
Heat Exchanger HX 5
Absorption AC 2
Scrubber SB 1
Oxidation Reactor OR 1
Flash Drum FD 1
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Separator SC 1
Extraction Column EC 1
Storage Tank ST 4
Distillation Column DC 5
Hydrolysis HTR 1
Neutralizer NTR 1
Dryer DR 1
Filter F 1
Clarifier CL 1
Aerator A 1
Centrifugal Separator CS 1
Separator S 1
Condenser C 5
(Source: Wikipedia.com)
sealants, pigments, foods, batteries, ferrites, fire retardants, and first-aid tapes.
Although it occurs naturally as the mineral zincite, most zinc oxide is produced
synthetically, zinc oxide is a largely inert, white compound which is used very
rubber, glass and ceramic products, and finds use in the chemical industry as a
catalyst. It is also used in paints as a corrosion inhibitor and for mildew control.
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(Source pubchem.ncbi.gov)
liquid that is slightly soluble in water, but miscible with organic solvents. It is
DIPE.
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Sulfuric acid, sulfuric also spelled sulphuric (H2SO4), also called oil of vitriol,
or hydrogen sulfate, dense, colorless, oily, corrosive liquid; one of the most
by the reaction of water with sulfur trioxide (see sulfur oxide), which in turn is
detergents, and inorganic salts and acids, as well as in petroleum refining and
Figure. Glycerol
(Source: study.com)
development.
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(Source: earthmagzine.org)
alkali, and alkaline earth-metal cations Zeolites are among the most important
inorganic cation exchangers and are used in industrial applications for water
This section shows the estimated total capital investment and annual
The formula for the computation of the Fixed Capital Cost below was
and Richardson.
C f =f L C e
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Where:
f L= Lang factor
The estimated prices of the minor and major equipment are based on the
Table 6: Factors for the estimation of fixed capital cost (Source: Chemical
Engineering Design Vol 6 by Coulson and Richardson)
𝑃𝑃𝐶 = 𝑃𝐶𝐸 (1 + 𝑓 1 + 𝑓 2 + 𝑓 3 + 𝑓 4 + 𝑓 5+ 𝑓 6 + 𝑓 7 + 𝑓 8 + 𝑓 9 )
𝑃𝑃𝐶 =₱ 120,883,807.1
𝐹𝐶𝐶 = 𝑃𝑃𝐶 ( 1 + ƒ 10 + ƒ 11 + ƒ 12 )
FCC= ₱ 175,281,520.3
𝑊𝐶𝐶 = ₱ 87,640,760.15
TCI = ₱ 262,922,280.45
E. FIXED COST
4.20 metric tons of product per day and have an average condition is 35
annual operation and ten processing steps, the current daily minimum
INDICAT SECTOR
OR
RETAIL &
NON- AGRICULTURE SERVICE
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AGRICULT ESTABLISHME
URE NTS
PLANTATI NON-
ON PLANTATI
ON
= (35 employee hours day processing steps )x(300 working days year)x(PHP
Design, Vol. 6, 2005) For the computation of the laboratory cost, the average
involved in the plant's operation.. The size of the facility and the nature of the
operation dictate the number of people needed. Four to five shift forepersons, a
unit management team. The cost of supervision is around 20% of the cost of
Therefore:
electrical staff, and safety. The total labor cost: operating, maintenance, and
supervision is usually used to estimate the plant overhead cost. A typical range
A rough of the capital charge cost can be taken as ten percent of the
fixed capital cost. (R.K. Sinnott, Chemical Engineering Design, Vol. 6, 2005).
Therefore:
Local taxes are calculated on the value of the site. A typical figure
Engineering Design, Vol. 6, 2005). For the computation of the local taxes, the
LT = ₱175,281,520.3 (0.015)
LT = ₱ 2,629,222.80
Insurance(I)
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capital cost. (R.K. Sinnott, Chemical Engineering Design, Vol. 6, 2005). The
I =₱175,281,520.3 (0.015)
I = ₱ 10, 947,502.53
two percent of the fixed capital cost. License Fee/ Royalty Fee (LF/RF) (R.K.
F. VARIABLE COSTS
MOM = ₱ 1,752,815.203
RAW MATERIALS PRICE PER TON (USD) PRICE PER TON (PHP)
𝐷𝑃𝐶 = ₱ 63,760,104.409
Sale Expense
General Overheads
𝐼𝑃𝐶 = ₱ 31,880,052.20
𝐴𝑃𝐶 = ₱ 95,640,156.61
Production Cost
days/year)/
The annual production cost required for the plant to produce 4.20
G. MANUFACTURABILITY
The table presented below shows the summary for the manufacturability
Process.
CRITERIA DISCUSSION
H. SUSTAINABILITY
the process selection. Throughout the production, the supply of the raw material
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in the Philippines is considered. The raw materials are readily available in the
as well as various suppliers. Listed below are the possible companies where the
Table 12. Suppliers of Raw Material for the production of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate
RAW SUPPLIER
MATERIALS
The global zinc oxide market size was valued at USD 4.43 billion in 2021 and
2022 to 2030. This growth can be attributed to the properties of zinc oxide
expected to provide ample growth opportunities to the market over the forecast
period. The value chain of the market includes raw material suppliers,
manufacturers, distributors, and end users. The raw materials required for the
production of zinc oxide by the direct process are zinc chloride and sulfuric
America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and the Middle East and Africa.
North America region dominates the global Diisopropyl Ether market in terms
further sub-segmented and analyzed at granular level across key countries. The
report will include market size and forecast for Diisopropyl Ether market for
North America (U.S. and Canada), Europe (Germany, France, Italy, UK, Spain,
and Rest of Europe), Asia Pacific (China, India, Japan, Australia, and Rest of
Asia Pacific region); Latin America (Brazil, Mexico, and rest of the Latin
America); Middle East and Africa (GCC, South Africa, and Rest of the Middle
This report provides an updated review of the sulfuric acid market, focusing on
its raw material type and application segments. Global market size and
(thousand tons) and value ($ million) from 2022 to 2027. COVID-19's impact
on the global market size will be considered while estimating the market size.
The report will also provide a detailed analysis of the regions, countries and
pace from 2022 to 2027. Based on raw material type, the market is segmented
into elemental sulfur, base metal smelters, pyrite ore and others. North
America, Europe, Asia-Pacific CIS, Latin America, and Middle East and Africa
dominate the global market. Sulfuric acid finds major applicability in phosphate
fertilizers. Based on raw material type, the global sulfuric acid market is
segmented into elemental sulfur, base metal smelters, pyrite ore and others.
augmented demand for oleochemicals are projected to drive the global glycerol
market. Glycerol products are extensively used in personal care products owing
to its property of interim as humectants and solvents. The report includes the
followers, and disrupters. On the other hand, the growing price trends in
vegetable oil and fatty alcohols are expected to limit the growth of the market.
On the other hand, the growing price trends in vegetable oil and fatty alcohols
are expected to limit the growth in the global glycerol market. The Asia Pacific
retentive water in the skin, which reduces water loss owing to evaporation. The
The global natural zeolites market size was estimated at USD 6.47 billion in 2017.
industry is the major application market for natural zeolites. However, the product
is expected to witness rapid growth, in terms of demand, from soil amendment and
water purification applications. The Asia Pacific dominated the global natural
zeolites market, accounting for 64.1% market volume share in 2017. The market in
agricultural industry, natural zeolite manufacturers are extending their reach in the
country.
progress at a CAGR of 2.6% over the forecast period. The demand for the product
is prevalent in Central and South America owing to the increasing soil and water
contamination and animal feed production. The region had over 4,287 mills for
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feed production, as of 2016, and due to the increasing urbanization, the region is in
VIII. SAFETY
A. Toxicological Rating
frequently important and considered. The toxic effects of raw samples was
determined related to its potential health to humans and the basis in achieving
the toxicity level is acquired from the Material Safety Data Sheet of every raw
data, the e
classificati
on criteria
are not met
inflame the
airways.
Table 14. Basis of Environmental Hazard Level for the Raw Materials
days (readily
biodegradabl
e)
RATING DESCRIPTION
(Source: MSDS)
Sensitization 0.10 0 0 0 1 0
Level
Carcinogenicity 0.20 1 0 0 0 0
Reproduce 0.30 1 0 0 0 0
Toxicity Level
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Total 1.45
(Source: MSDS)
Aquatic 0.35 3 0 0 1 1
Toxicity
Toxicity on 0.15 0 0 3 1 1
Plants and
Animals
Toxicity of 0.20 0 0 1 1 0
Immediate
Degradation
Long-term 0.30 0 0 1 2 0
Degradation
Total 3.8
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Carcinogenicity 0.15 0 0
Total 1.3
Table 21. Basis of Environmental Hazard Level for Scores for the By-products
Total 0.8
A. Advantages/ Opportunities
sustainable manner.
The cost of the equipment that will be used in this process is lower than
the cost of the equipment that will be used in the other two processes.
B. Disadvantages/ Issues
is technically expensive.
The handling of products and raw materials throughout the process may