Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Overall Material Balance
Overall Material Balance
OVERALL
MATERIAL
BALANCE
Technological Institute of the Philippines
LIST OF NOMENCLATURE
Material Balance
779
Technological Institute of the Philippines
780
Technological Institute of the Philippines
781
Technological Institute of the Philippines
782
Technological Institute of the Philippines
Data:
1. Composition of Stream 1 (Dalian Jintuo Mining Co., Ltd)
Material Balance:
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑘𝑔
F = mass in = 139,344.0413 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝑷 = 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝟏𝟑𝟗, 𝟑𝟒𝟒. 𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟑
𝒅𝒂𝒚
783
Technological Institute of the Philippines
784
Technological Institute of the Philippines
Assumptions:
1. Composition of Stream 1 and Stream 2 is similar is no reaction has
occurred in the unit.
Mass Balance:
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 1 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 2
𝑘𝑔
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 1 = 139,344.0413
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐 = 𝟏𝟑𝟗, 𝟑𝟒𝟒. 𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟑
𝒅𝒂𝒚
785
Technological Institute of the Philippines
786
Technological Institute of the Philippines
Data:
1. Calcination temperature occurs at 1,080 ˚C in order to convert α-
spodumene form to a more reactive β-spodumene form (Hanrahan,
2020).
2. Decrepitation of spodumene reaction:
𝛼 − 𝐿𝑖𝐴𝑙𝑆𝑖2 𝑂6 + ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 → 𝛽 − 𝐿𝑖𝐴𝑙𝑆𝑖2 𝑂6
3. During firing, a change in the crystal lattice of the mineral occurs, and it
becomes possible to attain 99-100% conversion (Plyushchev & Stepin,
2003).
Assumption:
1. Composition from Stream 2 and Stream 3 is similar since what occurred
is only phase transformation and crystal realignment. No reaction is
involved.
Material Balance:
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 2 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 3
𝑘𝑔
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 2 = 139,344.0413
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑 = 𝟏𝟑𝟗, 𝟑𝟒𝟒. 𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟑
𝒅𝒂𝒚
787
Technological Institute of the Philippines
788
Technological Institute of the Philippines
Data:
1. The calcined spodumene from the rotary kiln will be cooled to 80 ˚C
using air as a cooling medium (Granata et.al, 2020).
Assumptions:
1. The composition of the material entering and leaving the equipment is
similar since no reaction is involved.
Material Balance:
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 3 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 4
𝑘𝑔
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 3 = 139,344.0413
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟒 = 𝟏𝟑𝟗, 𝟑𝟒𝟒. 𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟑
𝒅𝒂𝒚
789
Technological Institute of the Philippines
790
Technological Institute of the Philippines
Data:
1. The size of the rock from the previous process, which is around 50-80
mm is reduced to between 5 and 12 mm (MEKA, 2022).
2. Oversized particles from the screener (V-101) will be recycled back to
the jaw crusher.
3. Recycled stream is 20% of the product from V-101.
Assumptions:
4. The composition of the material entering and leaving the equipment is
similar since no reaction is involved.
Material Balance:
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 4 + 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 7 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 5
𝑘𝑔
139,344.0413 + 27,868.8083 = 167,212.8496
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟔𝟕, 𝟐𝟏𝟐. 𝟖𝟒𝟗𝟔 = 𝟏𝟔𝟕, 𝟐𝟏𝟐. 𝟖𝟒𝟗𝟔
𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝒅𝒂𝒚
Amount of Stream 5
- Since 20% of the product is being recycled to this equipment, then,
791
Technological Institute of the Philippines
792
Technological Institute of the Philippines
𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(0.0022)(𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 4 + 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 7) = 𝑁𝑎2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 5
𝑘𝑔
(0.0022)(139,344.0413 + 27,868.8083) = 𝑁𝑎2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 5
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟔𝟕. 𝟖𝟔𝟖𝟑 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
793
Technological Institute of the Philippines
794
Technological Institute of the Philippines
Data:
1. The spodumene is fed to a ball mill in order to reduce the size from 10
mm to 0.075 mm (Garrett, 2004).
Assumption:
1. The composition of the material entering and leaving the equipment is
similar since no reaction is involved.
Material Balance:
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 5 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 6
𝑘𝑔
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 5 = 167,212.8496
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟔 = 𝟏𝟔𝟕, 𝟐𝟏𝟐. 𝟖𝟒𝟗𝟔
𝒅𝒂𝒚
795
Technological Institute of the Philippines
796
Technological Institute of the Philippines
Data:
1. Particle size of the fine particles should be 0.075 mm (Garrett, 2004).
2. Standard sieve sizes and mesh number for 0.075 mm particle size is
Mesh number 200 (Industrial Specialties, 2022)
3. Oversized particles will be recycled back to the ball mill.
4. 80% passing a particular sieve is accepted as a standard (Mineral
Processing Design and Operations, 2016).
5. 20% of the product in the equipment is recycled.
Assumptions:
1. The composition of the material entering and leaving the equipment is
similar since no reaction is involved.
Material Balance:
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 6 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 7 + 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 8
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
167,212.8496 = 27,868.80826 + 139,344.0413
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟔𝟕, 𝟐𝟏𝟐. 𝟖𝟒𝟗𝟔 = 𝟏𝟔𝟕, 𝟐𝟏𝟐. 𝟖𝟒𝟗𝟔
𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝒅𝒂𝒚
797
Technological Institute of the Philippines
𝑺𝒊𝑶𝟐 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(0.6360)(𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 6 − 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 7) = 𝑆𝑖𝑂2 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 8
𝑘𝑔
(0.6360)(167,212.8496 − 27,868.80826) = 𝑆𝑖𝑂2 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 8
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟖𝟖, 𝟔𝟐𝟐. 𝟖𝟏𝟎𝟑 = 𝑺𝒊𝑶𝟐 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑨𝒍𝟐 𝑶𝟑 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(0.2748)(𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 6 − 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 7) = 𝐴𝑙2 𝑂3 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 8
𝑘𝑔
(0.2748)(167,212.8496 − 27,868.80826) = 𝐴𝑙2 𝑂3 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 8
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟖, 𝟐𝟗𝟏. 𝟕𝟓𝟐𝟔 = 𝑨𝒍𝟐 𝑶𝟑 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑴𝒏𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(0.0014)(𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 6 − 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 7) = 𝑀𝑛𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 8
𝑘𝑔
(0.0014)(167,212.8496 − 27,868.80826) = 𝑀𝑛𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 8
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟗𝟓. 𝟎𝟖𝟏𝟕 = 𝑴𝒏𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑴𝒈𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(0.0002)(𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 6 − 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 7) = 𝑀𝑔𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 8
𝑘𝑔
(0.0002)(167,212.8496 − 27,868.80826) = 𝑀𝑔𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 8
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟐𝟕. 𝟖𝟔𝟖𝟖 = 𝑴𝒈𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑪𝒂𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(0.0002)(𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 6 − 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 7) = 𝐶𝑎𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 8
𝑘𝑔
(0.0002)(167,212.8496 − 27,868.80826) = 𝐶𝑎𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 8
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟐𝟕. 𝟖𝟔𝟖𝟖 = 𝑪𝒂𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
798
Technological Institute of the Philippines
𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(0.0022)(𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 6 − 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 7) = 𝑁𝑎2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 8
𝑘𝑔
(0.0022)(167,212.8496 − 27,868.80826) = 𝑁𝑎2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 8
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟎𝟔. 𝟓𝟓𝟔𝟗 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
799
Technological Institute of the Philippines
800
Technological Institute of the Philippines
Data:
1. The amount of sulfuric added to the stream is 250 kilogram per ton of
feed (Florian & Peters, 2020).
2. 96% sulfuric acid will be utilized, with 30% excess (mole basis)
(Florian & Peters, 2020).
Assumption:
1. The composition of the material entering and leaving the equipment is
similar since no reaction is involved. Mixing of the commodity
happened.
Material Balance:
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 8 + 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 9 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
139,344.0413 + 45,286.81342 = 184,630.8547
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟖𝟒, 𝟔𝟑𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟒𝟕 = 𝟏𝟖𝟒, 𝟔𝟑𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟒𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝒅𝒂𝒚
Amount of Sulfuric added
- 250 kg/ton of feed with 30% excess is added, therefore,
𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑘𝑔 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 1 𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 = (250 ) (139,344.0413 )( ) (1.3)
𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑎𝑦 1000 𝑘𝑔
𝒌𝒈
𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝒂𝒅𝒅𝒆𝒅 = 𝟒𝟓, 𝟐𝟖𝟔. 𝟖𝟏𝟑𝟒𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(0.0852)(𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 8) = 𝐿𝑖2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10
𝑘𝑔
(0.0852)(139,344.0413) = 𝐿𝑖2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟏, 𝟖𝟕𝟐. 𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟑 = 𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟎
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑺𝒊𝑶𝟐 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(0.6360)(𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 8) = 𝑆𝑖𝑂2 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10
801
Technological Institute of the Philippines
𝑘𝑔
(0.6360)(139,344.0413) = 𝑆𝑖𝑂2 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟖𝟖, 𝟔𝟐𝟐. 𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟑 = 𝑺𝒊𝑶𝟐 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟎
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑨𝒍𝟐 𝑶𝟑 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(0.2748)(𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 8) = 𝐴𝑙2 𝑂3 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10
𝑘𝑔
(0.2748)(139,344.0413) = 𝐴𝑙2 𝑂3 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟖, 𝟐𝟗𝟏. 𝟕𝟒𝟐𝟔 = 𝑨𝒍𝟐 𝑶𝟑 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟎
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑴𝒏𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(0.0014)(𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 8) = 𝑀𝑛𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10
𝑘𝑔
(0.0014)(139,344.0413) = 𝑀𝑛𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟗𝟓. 𝟎𝟖𝟏𝟕 = 𝑴𝒏𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟎
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑴𝒈𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(0.0002)(𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 8) = 𝑀𝑔𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10
𝑘𝑔
(0.0002)(139,344.0413) = 𝑀𝑔𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟐𝟕. 𝟖𝟔𝟖𝟖 = 𝑴𝒈𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟎
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑪𝒂𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(0.0002)(𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 8) = 𝐶𝑎𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10
𝑘𝑔
(0.0002)(139,344.0413) = 𝐶𝑎𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟐𝟕. 𝟖𝟔𝟖𝟖 = 𝑪𝒂𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟎
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(0.0022)(𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 8) = 𝑁𝑎2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10
802
Technological Institute of the Philippines
𝑘𝑔
(0.0022)(139,344.0413) = 𝑁𝑎2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟎𝟔. 𝟓𝟓𝟔𝟗 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑶 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(0.96)(𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 9) = 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10
𝑘𝑔
(0.96)(45,286.81342) = 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟒𝟑, 𝟒𝟕𝟓. 𝟑𝟒𝟎𝟗 = 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟎
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆:
(0.04)(𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 9) = 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10
𝑘𝑔
(0.04)(45,286.81342) = 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟏, 𝟖𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟕𝟐𝟓 = 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟎
𝒅𝒂𝒚
803
Technological Institute of the Philippines
804
Technological Institute of the Philippines
Data:
1. The roasting was performed at a rotary kiln at 250 ˚C for 30 min (Fosu
et. al., 2020).
2. In sulfation process, β – spodumene, alumina, and other solid contents
of the mixture are converted into their respective sulfates (Luo et.al,
2015).
3. 97% conversion from β-spodumene to Lithium sulfate, the rest
accumulated for a 96% conversion (Fosu et.al., 2020).
4. Reaction involved:
𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑶 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 → 𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶
𝑴𝒏𝑶 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 → 𝑴𝒏𝑺𝑶𝟒 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶
𝑴𝒈𝑶 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 → 𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶
𝑪𝒂𝑶 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 → 𝑪𝒂𝑺𝑶𝟒 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶
𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑶 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 → 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶
Material Balance:
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 11 + 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 12
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
184,630.8547 = 8908.4593 + 175,722.3954
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟖𝟒, 𝟔𝟑𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟒𝟕 = 𝟏𝟖𝟒, 𝟔𝟑𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟒𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(1 − 0.97)(𝐿𝑖2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10) = 𝐿𝑖2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 12
𝑘𝑔
(0.03) (11,872.1123 ) = 𝐿𝑖2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 12
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟓𝟔. 𝟏𝟔𝟑𝟒 = 𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑺𝒊𝑶𝟐 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝑆𝑖𝑂2 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10) = 𝑆𝑖𝑂2 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 12
805
Technological Institute of the Philippines
𝒌𝒈
𝟖𝟖, 𝟔𝟐𝟐. 𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟑 = 𝑺𝒊𝑶𝟐 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑨𝒍𝟐 𝑶𝟑 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆:
(𝐴𝑙2 𝑂3 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10) = 𝐴𝑙2 𝑂3 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 12
𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟖, 𝟐𝟗𝟏. 𝟕𝟒𝟐𝟔 = 𝑨𝒍𝟐 𝑶𝟑 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑴𝒏𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(1 − 0.96)(𝑀𝑛𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10) = 𝑀𝑛𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 12
𝑘𝑔
(0.04)(195.0817) = 𝑀𝑛𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 12
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟕. 𝟖𝟎𝟑𝟑 = 𝑴𝒏𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑴𝒈𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(1 − 0.96)(𝑀𝑔𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10) = 𝑀𝑔𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 12
𝑘𝑔
(0.04)(27.8688) = 𝑀𝑔𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 12
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟖 = 𝑴𝒈𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑪𝒂𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(1 − 0.96)(𝐶𝑎𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10) = 𝐶𝑎𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 12
𝑘𝑔
(0.04)(27.8688) = 𝐶𝑎𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 12
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟖 = 𝑪𝒂𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(1 − 0.96)(𝑁𝑎2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10) = 𝑁𝑎2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 12
𝑘𝑔
(0.04)(306.5569) = 𝑁𝑎2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 12
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟔𝟐𝟑 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
806
Technological Institute of the Philippines
𝒌𝒈
𝟒𝟐, 𝟑𝟕𝟏. 𝟒𝟕𝟕𝟎 = 𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑴𝒏𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(0.96)(𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10) = 𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 12
𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑛𝑂 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 150.9940 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4
(0.96) (195.0817 )( )( )( ) = 𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 12
𝑑𝑎𝑦 70.9370 𝑘𝑔 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟗𝟖. 𝟔𝟑𝟒𝟑 = 𝑴𝒏𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(0.96)(𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10) = 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 12
𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑂 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 120.3610 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
(0.96) (27.8688 )( )( )( ) = 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 12
𝑑𝑎𝑦 40.3040 𝑘𝑔 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝒌𝒈
𝟕𝟗. 𝟖𝟗𝟔𝟒 = 𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑪𝒂𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(0.96)(𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10) = 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 12
𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑂 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 136.1340 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4
(0.96) (27.8688 )( )( )( ) = 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 12
𝑑𝑎𝑦 56.0770 𝑘𝑔 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝒌𝒈
𝟔𝟒. 𝟗𝟒𝟖𝟖 = 𝑪𝒂𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(0.96)(𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10) = 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 12
𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝑂 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 142.0360 𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
(0.96) (306.5569 )( )( )( ) = 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 12
𝑑𝑎𝑦 61.9790 𝑘𝑔 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝒌𝒈
𝟔𝟕𝟒. 𝟒𝟐𝟖𝟗 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒅
807
Technological Institute of the Philippines
𝒌𝒈 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒅 = 𝟑𝟖, 𝟔𝟑𝟓. 𝟑𝟒𝟐𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑬𝒙𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒
𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 𝐸𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 43,475.3409 − 38,635.3422
𝒌𝒈 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒
𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑬𝒙𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒔 = 𝟒, 𝟖𝟑𝟗. 𝟗𝟗𝟖𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑯𝟐 𝑶 Evaporated
42,371.4770𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 18.0150 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑎𝑦 109.9360 𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝒌𝒈 𝑯𝟐 𝑶
= 𝟔, 𝟗𝟒𝟑. 𝟑𝟑𝟐𝟏
𝒅𝒂𝒚
808
Technological Institute of the Philippines
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐻2 𝑂 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
= 6,943.3321 + 47.5608 + 11.9585 + 8.5949 + 85.5405
+ 1,811.4725
𝒌𝒈 𝑯𝟐 𝑶
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 = 𝟖, 𝟗𝟎𝟖. 𝟒𝟓𝟗𝟑
𝒅𝒂𝒚
809
Technological Institute of the Philippines
810
Technological Institute of the Philippines
Data:
1. The sulfated spodumene from the rotary kiln will be cooled to 95 ˚C
using air as a cooling medium (Galaxy Lithium Industry International,
2013).
Assumptions:
1. The composition of the material entering and leaving the equipment is
similar since no reaction is involved.
Material Balance:
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 12 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 13
𝑘𝑔
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 12 = 175,722.3954
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟑 = 𝟏𝟕𝟓, 𝟕𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟗𝟓𝟒
𝒅𝒂𝒚
811
Technological Institute of the Philippines
812
Technological Institute of the Philippines
Data:
1. The water leach was conducted at near room temperature with a liquid
to solid ratio of 1:1 (Guo et.al., 2017).
2. The conditions in the leaching section are set in order to reduce the
reverse reaction from occurring as shown by the reaction:
𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝒔 → 𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝒂𝒒
3. Lithium sulfate is soluble in water, though it does not follow the usual
trend of solubility vs. temperature – thus, its solubility decreases at
increasing temperature, as its dissolution is an endothermic process.
4. Solubility at 30˚C:
Table 7.3 Solubility Table
Inorganic Solubility (in 100 parts water) at Temperature (˚C)
Compound
T1 T2 30
Li2O Soluble
SiO2 Insoluble
Al2O3 Insoluble
MnO Insoluble
MgO Insoluble
CaO Slightly Soluble
Na2O Soluble
0˚
Li2SO4 35.34 29.9100˚ 33.708
0˚
MnSO4 53 7350˚ 65
0˚ 100˚
MgSO4 26.9 68.3 39.32
20˚ 100˚
CaSO4 0.298 0.1619 0.2810
Na2SO4 48.840˚ 42.5100˚ 49.85
(Source: Table 2-1 Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic
Compounds, Perry’s 9th Ed.)
Assumptions:
1. The leach make-up is just the mixture of lithium sulfate and water, no
reaction is involved.
813
Technological Institute of the Philippines
Material Balance:
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 13 + 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 14 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 15
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
175,722.3954 + 175,722.3954 = 351,444.79077
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟓𝟏, 𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟕𝟗𝟎𝟕𝟕 = 𝟑𝟓𝟏, 𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟕𝟗𝟎𝟕𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝐿𝑖2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 13) = 𝐿𝑖2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 15
𝟑𝟓𝟔. 𝟏𝟔𝟑𝟒 = 𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟓
𝑺𝒊𝑶𝟐 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝑆𝑖𝑂2 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 13) = 𝑆𝑖𝑂2 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 15
814
Technological Institute of the Philippines
𝒌𝒈
𝟖𝟖, 𝟔𝟐𝟐. 𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟑 = 𝑺𝒊𝑶𝟐 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑨𝒍𝟐 𝑶𝟑 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆:
(𝐴𝑙2 𝑂3 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 13) = 𝐴𝑙2 𝑂3 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 15
𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟖, 𝟐𝟗𝟏. 𝟕𝟒𝟐𝟔 = 𝑨𝒍𝟐 𝑶𝟑 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑴𝒏𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝑀𝑛𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 13) = 𝑀𝑛𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 15
𝒌𝒈
𝟕. 𝟖𝟎𝟑𝟑 = 𝑴𝒏𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑴𝒈𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝑀𝑔𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 13) = 𝑀𝑔𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 15
𝒌𝒈
𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟖 = 𝑴𝒈𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑪𝒂𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝐶𝑎𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 13) = 𝐶𝑎𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 15
𝒌𝒈
𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟖 = 𝑪𝒂𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝑁𝑎2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 13) = 𝑁𝑎2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 15
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟔𝟐𝟑 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 13) = 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 15
𝒌𝒈
𝟒𝟐, 𝟑𝟕𝟏. 𝟒𝟕𝟕𝟎 = 𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑴𝒏𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑜4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 13) = 𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 15
815
Technological Institute of the Philippines
𝒌𝒈
𝟐𝟗𝟖. 𝟔𝟑𝟒𝟑 = 𝑴𝒏𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑜4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 13) = 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 15
𝒌𝒈
𝟕𝟗. 𝟖𝟗𝟔𝟒 = 𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑪𝒂𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 13) = 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 15
𝒌𝒈
𝟔𝟒. 𝟗𝟒𝟖𝟖 = 𝑪𝒂𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 13) = 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 15
𝒌𝒈
𝟔𝟕𝟒. 𝟒𝟐𝟖𝟒 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝐻2 𝑆𝑜4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 13) = 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 15
𝒌𝒈
𝟒, 𝟖𝟒𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓𝟒 = 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 14) = 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 15
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟕𝟓, 𝟕𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟗𝟓𝟒 = 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
816
Technological Institute of the Philippines
817
Technological Institute of the Philippines
Data:
1. The sulfuric acid mixture will be neutralized with calcium hydroxide
according to the reaction provided below (Florian & Peters, 2020).
𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 + 𝑪𝒂(𝑶𝑯)𝟐 → 𝑪𝒂𝑺𝑶𝟒 + 𝟐𝑯𝟐 𝑶
2. 79 kilograms of 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 is required for every 100 kilograms of 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
waste acid (Kogel et.al., 2006)
3. When hydrated lime 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 is employed to neutralized 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
wastes, formation of insoluble calcium sulfate may happen (Kogel et.al.,
2006)
4. Strong acids and strong bases always dissociate completely (100%
reaction) at aqueous solutions (Key, 2014).
Material Balance:
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 15 + 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 16 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 17
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
35,144.7908 + 4,014.7789 = 355,459.5697
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟓𝟓, 𝟒𝟓𝟗. 𝟓𝟔𝟗𝟕 = 𝟑𝟓𝟓, 𝟒𝟓𝟗. 𝟓𝟔𝟗𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝒅𝒂𝒚
Amount of Calcium Hydroxide added
- 79 kg of Calcium Hydroxide is required for every 100 kg of Sulfuric
Acid
- 5% excess is incorporated
79 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 = ( ) (4,840.0254 ) (1.05)
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝑪𝒂(𝑶𝑯)𝟐 = 𝟒, 𝟎𝟏𝟒. 𝟕𝟕𝟖𝟗
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝐿𝑖2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 15) = 𝐿𝑖2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 17
𝟑𝟓𝟔. 𝟏𝟔𝟑𝟒 = 𝐿𝑖2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 17
818
Technological Institute of the Philippines
𝑺𝒊𝑶𝟐 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝑆𝑖𝑂2 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 15) = 𝑆𝑖𝑂2 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 17
𝒌𝒈
𝟖𝟖, 𝟔𝟐𝟐. 𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟑 = 𝑺𝒊𝑶𝟐 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑨𝒍𝟐 𝑶𝟑 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆:
(𝐴𝑙2 𝑂3 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 15) = 𝐴𝑙2 𝑂3 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 17
𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟖, 𝟐𝟗𝟏. 𝟕𝟒𝟐𝟓 = 𝑨𝒍𝟐 𝑶𝟑 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑴𝒏𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝑀𝑛𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 15) = 𝑀𝑛𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 17
𝒌𝒈
𝟕. 𝟖𝟎𝟑𝟑 = 𝑴𝒏𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑴𝒈𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝑀𝑔𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 15) = 𝑀𝑔𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 17
𝒌𝒈
𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟖 = 𝑴𝒈𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑪𝒂𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝐶𝑎𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 15) = 𝐶𝑎𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 17
𝒌𝒈
𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟖 = 𝑪𝒂𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝑁𝑎2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 15) = 𝑁𝑎2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 17
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟔𝟐𝟑 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 15) = 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 17
𝒌𝒈
𝟒𝟐, 𝟑𝟕𝟏. 𝟒𝟕𝟕𝟏 = 𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚
819
Technological Institute of the Philippines
𝑴𝒏𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑜4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 15) = 𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 17
𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟗𝟖. 𝟔𝟑𝟒𝟐 = 𝑴𝒏𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑜4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 15) = 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 17
𝒌𝒈
𝟕𝟗. 𝟖𝟗𝟔𝟒 = 𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑪𝒂𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 15) + (𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑) = 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 17
𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑
𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 136.1340 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4
= 4,840.0254 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑎𝑦 98.0720 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑘𝑔
= 6,718.4519
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 17 = 64.9488 + 6,718.4519
𝒌𝒈
𝑪𝒂𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟕 = 𝟔, 𝟕𝟖𝟑. 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 15) = 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 17
𝒌𝒈
𝟔𝟕𝟒. 𝟒𝟐𝟖𝟗 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑪𝒂(𝑶𝑯)𝟐 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑) − (𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 = 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 17
𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑
𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 74.0920 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
= 6,718.4149 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑎𝑦 136.1340 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑘𝑔
= 3656.5501
𝑑𝑎𝑦
820
Technological Institute of the Philippines
821
Technological Institute of the Philippines
822
Technological Institute of the Philippines
Data:
1. The centrifuge will be used to remove the suspended and precipitated
solids such – unreacted spodumene, aluminum silicate, and the
generated 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 (Florian & Peters, 2020).
2. All of the lithium sulfate will remain in the solution because of its high
solubility in water (Florian & Peters, 2020).
3. Calcium Sulfate is insoluble for water has a weak dipole strength to
separate the anions and cations of 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 (Richards, 2020).
4. The lithium sulfate did have an excellent water solubility (Europeans
Chemical Industry).
5. Solubility 30˚C:
Table 7.4 Solubility Table
Inorganic Solubility (in 100 parts water) at Temperature (˚C)
Compound
T1 T2 30
Li2O Soluble
SiO2 Insoluble
Al2O3 Insoluble
MnO Insoluble
MgO Insoluble
CaO Slightly Soluble
Na2O Soluble
0˚
Li2SO4 35.34 29.9100˚ 33.708
0˚
MnSO4 53 7350˚ 65
0˚ 100˚
MgSO4 26.9 68.3 39.32
CaSO4 0.29820˚ 0.1619100˚ 0.2810
Na2SO4 48.840˚ 42.5100˚ 49.85
0˚ 100˚
Ca(OH)2 0.185 0.077 0.1526
(Source: Table 2-1 Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic
Compounds, Perry’s 9th Ed.)
Material Balance:
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 17 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 18 + 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 19
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
355,459.5697 = 151,045.4740 + 204,414.0957
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟓𝟓, 𝟒𝟓𝟗. 𝟓𝟔𝟗𝟕 = 𝟑𝟓𝟓, 𝟒𝟓𝟗. 𝟓𝟔𝟗𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝒅𝒂𝒚
823
Technological Institute of the Philippines
824
Technological Institute of the Philippines
825
Technological Institute of the Philippines
826
Technological Institute of the Philippines
Basis:
1. For proper washing with the use of rotary washer, it could take about 5
liters of water per kg of dry solids for each washing cycle, which could
possibly take about 10 minutes (Queiroz, 2016).
2. Washing could be considered completed after 3 cycles (Queiroz, 2016).
3.
Table 7.5 Solubility Table
Inorganic Solubility (in 100 parts water) at Temperature (˚C)
Compound
T1 T2 30
20˚ 100˚
CaSO4 0.298 0.1619 0.2810
Ca(OH)2 0.1850˚ 0.077100˚ 0.1526
(Source: Table 2-1 Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic
Compounds, Perry’s 9th Ed.)
Material Balance:
mass in = mass out
Stream 18 + Stream 19= Stream 21 + Stream 22
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
151,045.483 + 2,218,757.8616
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
= 2,220,514.7856 + 149,288.5500
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟐, 𝟑𝟔𝟗, 𝟖𝟎𝟑. 𝟑𝟑𝟓𝟔 = 𝟐, 𝟑𝟔𝟗, 𝟖𝟎𝟑. 𝟑𝟑𝟓𝟔
𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝒅𝒂𝒚
827
Technological Institute of the Philippines
828
Technological Institute of the Philippines
829
Technological Institute of the Philippines
Data:
1. Ettringite precipitation method can effectively obtain sulfates with an
efficiency of more than 98% (Fang et.al., 2017)
2. Magnesium and manganese are precipitated as hydroxides (Florian &
Peters, 2020).
3. When salts are dissolved in water, their respective molecules are pulled
apart by water, breaking the ionic bond that held them together (USGS)
4. About 1.25 grams of Calcium Hydroxide is needed to raise the pH of a
reduced slurry containing 1 g of Manganese (Weller & Kelley, 1964)
5. It was possible to remove magnesium in a stream with 1:1 calcium
hydroxide to magnesium ratio (Elsevier Ltd, 2017).
6. Excess Calcium Hydroxide suspension will improve sulfate conversion
(Elsevier Ltd, 2017).
7. Involved reaction:
𝑴𝒏𝑺𝑶𝟒 + 𝑪𝒂(𝑶𝑯)𝟐 → 𝑴𝒏(𝑶𝑯)𝟐 + 𝑪𝒂𝑺𝑶𝟒
𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 + 𝑪𝒂(𝑶𝑯)𝟐 → 𝑴𝒈(𝑶𝑯)𝟐 + 𝑪𝒂𝑺𝑶𝟒
Material Balance:
mass in = mass out
Stream 22 + Stream 23 = Stream 24
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
204,414.0957 + 252.3416 = 204,666.4373
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟐𝟎𝟒, 𝟒𝟏𝟒. 𝟎𝟗𝟓𝟕 = 𝟐𝟎𝟒, 𝟒𝟏𝟒. 𝟎𝟗𝟓𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝒅𝒂𝒚
830
Technological Institute of the Philippines
𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝐿𝑖2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 22) = 𝐿𝑖2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 24
𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟓𝟔. 𝟏𝟔𝟑𝟒 = 𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟒
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 22) = 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 24
𝒌𝒈
𝟒𝟐, 𝟑𝟕𝟏. 𝟒𝟕𝟕𝟎 = 𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟒
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 22) = 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 24
𝒌𝒈
𝟔𝟕𝟒. 𝟒𝟐𝟖𝟒 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟒
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑴𝒏𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 22) = 𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 24
𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟗𝟖. 𝟔𝟑𝟒𝟑 = 𝑴𝒏𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟒
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 22) = 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 24
𝒌𝒈
𝟕𝟗. 𝟖𝟗𝟔𝟒 = 𝑴𝒈𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟒
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑪𝒂𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝐶𝑎𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 22) = 𝐶𝑎𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 24
𝒌𝒈
𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟖 = 𝑪𝒂𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟒
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝑁𝑎2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 22) = 𝑁𝑎2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 24
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟔𝟐𝟑 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟒
𝒅𝒂𝒚
831
Technological Institute of the Philippines
𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 22) = 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 24
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟓𝟗, 𝟕𝟓𝟎. 𝟒𝟕𝟔𝟒 = 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟒
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑴𝒏(𝑶𝑯)𝟐 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
𝑀𝑛(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑 = 𝑀𝑛(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 24
𝑀𝑛(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑
𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑛(𝑂𝐻)2
= (398.6342 )( )( ) (88.952 ) (0.98)
𝑑𝑎𝑦 150.9940 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑘𝑔
= 230.1424
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝑴𝒏(𝑶𝑯)𝟐 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟒 = 𝟐𝟑𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟒
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑴𝒈(𝑶𝑯)𝟐 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
𝑀𝑔(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑 = 𝑀𝑔(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 24
𝑀𝑔(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑
𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔(𝑂𝐻)2
= (79.8964 )( )( ) (58.319 ) (0.98)
𝑑𝑎𝑦 120.3610 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑘𝑔
= 37.9383
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝑴𝒈(𝑶𝑯)𝟐 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟒 = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟗𝟑𝟖𝟑
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑪𝒂𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑 + 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 22 = 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 24
𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑
𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4
= (398.6342 )( )( ) (136.1340 ) (0.98)
𝑑𝑎𝑦 150.9940 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4
+ (79.8964 )( )( ) (136.1340 ) (0.98)
𝑑𝑎𝑦 120.3610 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑘𝑔
= 440.7740
𝑑𝑎𝑦
832
Technological Institute of the Philippines
𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑
𝑀𝑛(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
= (230.1424 )( )( ) (74.0920 )
𝑑𝑎𝑦 88.952 𝑀𝑛(𝑂𝐻)2 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
+ (37.9383 )( )( ) (74.0920 )
𝑑𝑎𝑦 58.319 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔(𝑂𝐻)2 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
= 239.8948
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
523.2074 − 239.8948 = 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 24
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈 𝑪𝒂(𝑶𝑯)𝟐
𝟐𝟖𝟑. 𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟓 = = 𝑪𝒂(𝑶𝑯)𝟐 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟒
𝒅𝒂𝒚
833
Technological Institute of the Philippines
834
Technological Institute of the Philippines
Data:
Table 7.6 Solubility Table
Inorganic Solubility (in 100 parts water) at Temperature (˚C)
Compound
T1 T2 30
Li2O Soluble
CaO Slightly Soluble
Na2O Soluble
0˚
Li2SO4 35.34 29.9100˚ 33.708
0˚ 50˚
MnSO4 53 73 65
MgSO4 26.90˚ 68.3100˚ 39.32
CaSO4 0.29820˚ 0.1619100˚ 0.2810
40˚
Na2SO4 48.8 42.5100˚ 49.85
0˚ 100˚
Ca(OH)2 0.185 0.077 0.1526
Mg(OH)2 0.00122
Mn(OH)2 0.00034
(Source: Table 2-1 Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic
Compounds, Perry’s 9th Ed.)
1. For rotary drum filters with a capacity of 14-18 tons/hour, the amount of
moisture retained in the filter cake is between 8-11% (911 Metallurgist
Process Equipment).
Assumptions:
1. 10% of moisture content of the feed adhered to the filter cake.
2. 90% of water is removed in the system.
Material Balance:
mass in = mass out
Stream 24 = Stream 25 + Stream 26
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
204,666.43733 = 875.3510 + 203,791.0862
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟐𝟎𝟒, 𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟒𝟑𝟕𝟑𝟑 = 𝟐𝟎𝟒, 𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟒𝟑𝟕𝟑𝟑
𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝒅𝒂𝒚
835
Technological Institute of the Philippines
836
Technological Institute of the Philippines
837
Technological Institute of the Philippines
838
Technological Institute of the Philippines
Data:
1. 98% conversion (Florian & Peters, 2020).
2. Calcium sulfate is converted as Calcium carbonate (Florian & Peters,
2020).
3. The pH of calcium carbonate utilized fall between 8.3 and 9 (Pujiastuti
et.al., 2018)
4. At pH level of 8.3, the volume rate of Sodium Carbonate and Salts is 3:1
(Pujiastuti et.al., 2018).
5. Involved reaction:
𝑪𝒂𝑺𝑶𝟒 + 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑪𝑶𝟑 → 𝑪𝒂𝑪𝑶𝟑 + 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒
Material Balance:
mass in = mass out
Stream 26 + Stream 27 = Stream 28
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
203,791.0862 + 1,414.0313 = 205,205.1176
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟐𝟎𝟓𝟐𝟎𝟓. 𝟏𝟏𝟕 = 𝟐𝟎𝟓𝟐𝟎𝟓. 𝟏𝟏𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝒅𝒂𝒚
Amount of Soda Ash added
- the volume rate of Sodium Carbonate and Salts is 3:1
- 5% excess is incorporated
𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4
𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 = (3 ) (448.8988 ) (1.05)
𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑪𝑶𝟑 = 𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟒. 𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟑
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝐿𝑖2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 26) = 𝐿𝑖2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 28
𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟓𝟔. 𝟏𝟔𝟑𝟒 = 𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 26) = 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 28
839
Technological Institute of the Philippines
𝒌𝒈
𝟒𝟐, 𝟑𝟕𝟏. 𝟒𝟕𝟕𝟎 = 𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑴𝒏𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 26) = 𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 28
𝒌𝒈
𝟕. 𝟗𝟕𝟐𝟕 = 𝑴𝒏𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 26) = 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 28
𝒌𝒈
𝟏. 𝟓𝟗𝟕𝟗 = 𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑪𝒂𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝐶𝑎𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 26) = 𝐶𝑎𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 28
𝒌𝒈
𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟖 = 𝑪𝒂𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝑁𝑎2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 26) = 𝑁𝑎2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 28
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟔𝟐𝟑 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 26) = 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 28
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟓𝟗, 𝟔𝟕𝟎. 𝟖𝟗𝟗𝟎 = 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 26 + 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑 = 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 28
𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
= 458.9933
𝑑𝑎𝑦
840
Technological Institute of the Philippines
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
674.4289 + 458.9933 = 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 28
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟏, 𝟏𝟑𝟑. 𝟒𝟐𝟐𝟑 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑪𝒂𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑 = 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 28
𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑
𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
= (448.8988 )( )( ) (100.0860 ) (0.98)
𝑑𝑎𝑦 136.1340 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝐶𝑂3
= 323.4307
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟐𝟑. 𝟒𝟑𝟎𝟕 = 𝑪𝒂𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 27 − 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 = 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑜3 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 29
841
Technological Institute of the Philippines
𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4
= 8.9780
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟖. 𝟗𝟕𝟖𝟎 = 𝑪𝒂𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
842
Technological Institute of the Philippines
843
Technological Institute of the Philippines
Data:
Table 7.7 Solubility Table
Inorganic Solubility (in 100 parts water) at Temperature (˚C)
Compound
T1 T2 60
Li2O Reacts violently in Water
CaO Reacts violently in Water
Na2O Reacts violently in Water
0˚
Li2SO4 35.34 29.9100˚ 32.076
0˚
MnSO4 53 7350˚ 77
0˚ 100˚
MgSO4 26.9 68.3 51.74
CaSO4 0.29820˚ 0.1619100˚ 0.2300
Na2SO4 48.840˚ 42.5100˚ 46.7
0˚ 100˚
Ca(OH)2 0.185 0.077 0.1202
CaCO3 0.00120˚ 0.0002100˚ 6x10-4
Na2CO3 7.10˚ 48.5104˚ 30.98
Mg(OH)2 Insoluble
Mn(OH)2 Insoluble
(Source: Table 2-1 Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic
Compounds, Perry’s 9th Ed.)
1. For rotary drum filters with a capacity of 14-18 tons/hour, the amount of
moisture retained in the filter cake is between 8-11% (911 Metallurgist
Process Equipment).
Assumptions:
1. 10% of moisture content of the feed adhered to the filter cake.
2. 90% of water is removed in the system.
Material Balance:
mass in = mass out
Stream 28 = Stream 29 + Stream 30
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
205,205.1176 = 414.5016 + 204,790.6160
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟐𝟎𝟓, 𝟐𝟎𝟓. 𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟔 = 𝟐𝟎𝟓, 𝟐𝟎𝟓. 𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟔
𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝒅𝒂𝒚
844
Technological Institute of the Philippines
845
Technological Institute of the Philippines
846
Technological Institute of the Philippines
847
Technological Institute of the Philippines
Data:
1. Sodium Hydroxide to Feed Ratio is 1:5 (Bishimbayeva et. al, 2018).
2. 50% caustic soda is added to the reactor in 5% stoichiometric excess
(Florian & Peters, 2020).
3. The conversion rate is close to 100%, specifically, 98.32%
(Bishimbayeva et. al, 2018).
4. Reaction Involved:
𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 + 𝟐 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 → 𝟐𝑳𝒊𝑶𝑯 + 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒
Material Balance:
mass in = mass out
Stream 30 + Stream 31 = Stream 32
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
204,790.6160 + 43,006.0294 = 247,796.6453
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟐𝟒𝟕, 𝟕𝟗𝟔. 𝟔𝟒𝟓𝟑 = 𝟐𝟒𝟕, 𝟕𝟗𝟔. 𝟔𝟒𝟓𝟑
𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝒅𝒂𝒚
Amount of NaOH required
- Sodium Hydroxide to Feed Ratio is 1:5, with 5% mole excess therefore,
𝑘𝑔
(204,790.6160 )
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = (1.05)
5
𝒌𝒈
𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 = 𝟒𝟑, 𝟎𝟎𝟔. 𝟎𝟐𝟗𝟒
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝐿𝑖2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 30) = 𝐿𝑖2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 32
𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟓𝟔. 𝟏𝟔𝟑𝟒 = 𝑴𝒏𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟑
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑴𝒏𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 30) = 𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 32
𝒌𝒈
𝟕. 𝟗𝟕𝟐𝟕 = 𝑴𝒏𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
848
Technological Institute of the Philippines
𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 30) = 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 32
𝒌𝒈
𝟏. 𝟓𝟗𝟕𝟗 = 𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑪𝒂𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝐶𝑎𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 30) = 𝐶𝑎𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 32
𝒌𝒈
𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟖 = 𝑪𝒂𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑪𝒂𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 30) = 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 32
𝒌𝒈
𝟖. 𝟗𝟕𝟖𝟎 = 𝑪𝒂𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑪𝒂𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 30) = 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 32
𝒌𝒈
𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝟖𝟎 = 𝑪𝒂𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 30) = 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 32
𝒌𝒈
𝟏, 𝟎𝟕𝟏. 𝟓𝟐𝟖𝟏 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝑁𝑎2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 30) = 𝑁𝑎2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 32
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟔𝟐𝟑 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑪𝒂(𝑶𝑯)𝟐 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 30) = 𝐶𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 32
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟗𝟏. 𝟗𝟐𝟒𝟒 = 𝑪𝒂𝑶𝑯 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
849
Technological Institute of the Philippines
𝑼𝒏𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯
(1 − 0.9834)(𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 31) = 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 32
𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟔𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟔 = 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑳𝒊𝑶𝑯 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑 = 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 32
𝐿𝐼𝑂𝐻 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑
𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻
= (43,066.0294(0.50) 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 23.9470 ) (0.9832)
𝑑𝑎𝑦 39.9970 𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻
= 12,657.9949
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝟏𝟐, 𝟔𝟓𝟕. 𝟗𝟗𝟒𝟗 = 𝑳𝒊𝑶𝑯 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟐
𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 30 + 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑 = 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 32
𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
= 37,538.9604
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
1,133.4223 + 37,538.9604 = 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 32
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟖, 𝟔𝟕𝟐. 𝟑𝟖𝟐𝟔 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 30 − 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 = 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 32
850
Technological Institute of the Philippines
𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4
= 29,055.1912
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4
42,371.4771 − 29,055.1912 = 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 32
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟑, 𝟑𝟏𝟔. 𝟐𝟖𝟓𝟖 = 𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 30 + 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 31 = 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 32
𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
159,633.2171 + 21,503.0147 = 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 32
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟖𝟏, 𝟏𝟑𝟔. 𝟐𝟑𝟏𝟖 = 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
851
Technological Institute of the Philippines
852
Technological Institute of the Philippines
Stream 36 to C-
139114.9063
102
Component Mass Fraction Mass Flowrate
Na2SO4-10H2O 0.2592 36064.4318
Li2O 0.0026 356.1634
Li2SO4 0.0957 13316.2858
LiOH 0.0910 12657.9949
Mn(SO4) 0.0001 7.9727
Mg(SO4) 0.0000 1.5979
Na2SO4 0.0187 2607.9509
CaSO4 0.0001 8.9780
CaO 0.0000 1.1148
CaCO3 0.0000 0.9580
Na2CO3 0.0077 1071.5281
Na2O 0.0001 12.2623
Ca(OH)2 0.0014 191.9244
Na(OH) 0.0026 361.2506
H2O 0.5208 72454.4927
Total 1 139114.9063
853
Technological Institute of the Philippines
Data:
1. The Lithium Hydroxide solution is fed to an evaporative crystallizer
where water is evaporated and the solution is cooled to 0˚C in order to
facilitate the crystallization of Glauber’s Salt (Florian & Peters, 2020).
4.7 𝑔 𝑁𝑎 𝑆𝑂
2. Solubility of Sodium Sulfate at 0˚C is 100 𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 4 (Sanna & Valer,
2
2014).
142.0360 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
3. Solubility of Glauber’s Salt is 322.1860 𝑔 𝑁𝑎 .
2 𝑆𝑂4 −10 𝐻2 𝑂
Material Balance:
mass in = mass out
Stream 32 = Stream 33 + Stream 36
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
247,796.6453 = 108,681.7391 + 139,114.9063
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟐𝟒𝟕, 𝟕𝟗𝟔. 𝟔𝟒𝟓𝟑 = 𝟐𝟒𝟕, 𝟕𝟗𝟔. 𝟔𝟒𝟓𝟑
𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝒅𝒂𝒚
Amount of water evaporated
- 60% of water entering the unit is evaporated
𝐻2 𝑂 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = (0.60)(181,136.2318)
𝒌𝒈
𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 = 𝟏𝟎𝟖, 𝟔𝟖𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟗𝟏
𝒅𝒂𝒚
Calculations to determine the amount of crystals and mother liquor
formed
Overall Material Balance
Stream 32 = Stream 33 + Stream 34 + Stream 35
247,796.6453 − 108,681.7391 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 34 + 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 35
139,114.9062 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 34 + 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 35
854
Technological Institute of the Philippines
855
Technological Institute of the Philippines
𝒌𝒈
𝟏. 𝟓𝟗𝟕𝟗 = 𝑴𝒈𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑪𝒂𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝐶𝑎𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 32) = 𝐶𝑎𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 35
𝒌𝒈
𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟖 = 𝑪𝒂𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑪𝒂𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 32) = 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 35
𝒌𝒈
𝟖. 𝟗𝟕𝟖𝟎 = 𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝑁𝑎2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 32) = 𝑁𝑎2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 35
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟔𝟐𝟑 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑪𝒂𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 32) = 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 35
𝒌𝒈
𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝟖𝟎 = 𝑪𝒂𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 32) = 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 35
𝒌𝒈
𝟏, 𝟎𝟕𝟏. 𝟓𝟐𝟖𝟏 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 32) = 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 35
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟑, 𝟑𝟏𝟔. 𝟐𝟖𝟓𝟖 = 𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 32 − 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 34 = 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 35
856
Technological Institute of the Philippines
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
38,672.3826 − 36,064.4318 = 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 35
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟐, 𝟔𝟎𝟕. 𝟗𝟓𝟎𝟗 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 32 − 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 33 − 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 34 = 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 35
181,136.2318 − 108,681.7391 − 45,732.8732 = 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 35
𝒌𝒈
𝟐𝟔, 𝟕𝟐𝟏. 𝟔𝟏𝟗𝟓 = 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
857
Technological Institute of the Philippines
𝑪𝒂𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝐶𝑎𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 35) = 𝐶𝑎𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 36
𝒌𝒈
𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟖 = 𝑪𝒂𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟔
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑪𝒂𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 35) = 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 36
𝒌𝒈
𝟖. 𝟗𝟕𝟖𝟎 = 𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟔
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝑁𝑎2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 35) = 𝑁𝑎2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 36
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟔𝟐𝟑 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟔
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑪𝒂𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 35) = 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 36
𝒌𝒈
𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝟖𝟎 = 𝑪𝒂𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟔
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 35) = 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 36
𝒌𝒈
𝟏, 𝟎𝟕𝟏. 𝟓𝟐𝟖𝟏 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟔
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 35) = 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 36
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟑, 𝟑𝟏𝟔. 𝟐𝟖𝟓𝟖 = 𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟔
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 35 = 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 36
𝒌𝒈
𝟐, 𝟔𝟎𝟕. 𝟗𝟓𝟎𝟗 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟔
𝒅𝒂𝒚
858
Technological Institute of the Philippines
859
Technological Institute of the Philippines
860
Technological Institute of the Philippines
Data:
1. The salt is transferred to the centrifugation stage, wherein the crystals is
directed to the Melter reactor, while the filtrate is sent to the crude
lithium hydroxide evaporator area (Kidman Resources Limited, 2018).
2.
Table 7.8 Solubility Table
Inorganic Solubility (in 100 parts water) at Temperature (˚C)
Compound
T1 T2 90
Li2O Soluble
CaO Slightly Soluble
Na2O Soluble
0˚
Li2SO4 35.34 29.9100˚ 30.444
0˚ 50˚
MnSO4 53 73 89
MgSO4 26.90˚ 68.3100˚ 64.16
CaSO4 0.29820˚ 0.1619100˚ 0.2300
40˚
Na2SO4 48.8 42.5100˚ 43.55
0˚ 100˚
Ca(OH)2 0.185 0.077 0.0878
CaCO3 0.00120˚ 0.0002100˚ 3x10-4
Na2CO3 7.10˚ 48.5104˚ 42.93
(Source: Table 2-1 Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic
Compounds, Perry’s 9th Ed.)
Material Balance:
mass in = mass out
Stream 36 = Stream 38 + Stream 37
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
139,114.9063 = 100,313.4736 + 38,801.4327
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟑𝟗, 𝟏𝟏𝟒. 𝟗𝟎𝟔𝟑 = 𝟏𝟑𝟗, 𝟏𝟏𝟒. 𝟗𝟎𝟔𝟑
𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝒅𝒂𝒚
861
Technological Institute of the Philippines
𝒌𝒈 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒅𝒔
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒅𝒔 = 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟕 = 𝟑𝟖, 𝟖𝟎𝟏. 𝟒𝟑𝟐𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚
862
Technological Institute of the Philippines
Waste Steam
863
Technological Institute of the Philippines
Data:
1. The Glauber’s Salt exiting the centrifuge are transferred to the Glauber’s
Salt remelt feed, wherein the crystals are remelted using waste steam
before entering the sodium sulfate evaporator (Kidman Resources
Limited, 2018).
Material Balance:
mass in = mass out
Stream 37 = Stream 39
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟖, 𝟖𝟎𝟏. 𝟒𝟑𝟐𝟕 = 𝟑𝟖, 𝟖𝟎𝟏. 𝟒𝟑𝟐𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
𝐻2 𝑂 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑 = 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 39
𝐻2 𝑂 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑
𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 − 10𝐻2 𝑂 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 10 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 18.0150 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
= 36,064.4318 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑎𝑦 322.1860 𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 − 10 𝐻2 𝑂 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
= 20,165.3932
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟐𝟎, 𝟏𝟔𝟓. 𝟑𝟗𝟑𝟐 = 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟗
𝒅𝒂𝒚
864
Technological Institute of the Philippines
To F-103 30735.2754
Component Mass Fraction Mass Flowrate
Na2SO4 0.6021 18506.989400
H2O 0.3937 12099.235940
Ca(OH)2 0.0042 128.309376
CaCO3 0.0000 0.740662
Total 1 30735.2754
865
Technological Institute of the Philippines
Data:
1. Water from the mother liquor is evaporated in order to super saturate the
product (Kidman Resources Limited, 2018).
2. The steam condition of the evaporator is maintained at above 100 ˚C in
order to produce anhydrous sodium sulfate (Kidman Resources Limited,
2018).
Material Balance:
mass in = mass out
Stream 39 = Stream 40 + Stream 41
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
38,801.4327 = 8066.1573 + 30,735.2754
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟖, 𝟖𝟎𝟏. 𝟒𝟑𝟐𝟕 = 𝟑𝟖, 𝟖𝟎𝟏. 𝟒𝟑𝟐𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝒅𝒂𝒚
Amount of water evaporated
- 40% of water entering the unit is evaporated
𝐻2 𝑂 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = (0.40)(20,165.3932)
𝒌𝒈
𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 = 𝟖, 𝟎𝟔𝟔. 𝟏𝟓𝟕𝟑
𝒅𝒂𝒚
Total Mass of Solids and Water remained in the Solution
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠 = 18,506.9894 + 128.3094 + 0.7407
𝒌𝒈 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒅𝒔
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒅𝒔 = 𝟏𝟖, 𝟔𝟑𝟔. 𝟎𝟑𝟗𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝐻2 𝑂 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 = (0.60)(20,165.3932)
𝒌𝒈 𝑯𝟐 𝑶
𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 = 𝟏𝟐, 𝟎𝟗𝟗. 𝟐𝟑𝟓𝟗
𝒅𝒂𝒚
866
Technological Institute of the Philippines
867
Technological Institute of the Philippines
Data:
1. For rotary drum filters with a capacity of 1-9 tons/hour, the amount of
moisture retained in the filter cake is between 8-11% (911 Metallurgist
Process Equipment).
Material Balance:
mass in = mass out
Stream 41 = Stream 42 + Stream 43
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
30,735.2754 = 14,181.0040 + 16,554.2714
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟎, 𝟕𝟑𝟓. 𝟐𝟕𝟓𝟒 = 𝟑𝟎, 𝟕𝟑𝟓. 𝟐𝟕𝟓𝟒
𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝒅𝒂𝒚
868
Technological Institute of the Philippines
0.1202 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
𝑥 12,099.235940 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 = 14.5433 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
Maximum Amount of 𝑪𝒂𝑪𝑶𝟑 Dissolved in the Given Amount of Water:
6𝑥10−4 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
𝑥 12,099.235940 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 = 0.0726 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒅
(0.90)(𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 41) = 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 42
(0.90)(12,099.235940) = 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 42
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟎, 𝟖𝟖𝟗. 𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟒 = 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟒𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒅𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒅
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 41 + (0.10)(𝐻2 𝑂 𝐴𝑑ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒) = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 43
12,856.6462 + 113.7661 + 0.6681 + (0.10)(12,099.2359) = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 43
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟒, 𝟏𝟖𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟎 = 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟒𝟑
𝒅𝒂𝒚
869
Technological Institute of the Philippines
870
Technological Institute of the Philippines
Assumptions:
1. 100% solid removal.
2. Assume 5% water adherence.
Material Balance:
871
Technological Institute of the Philippines
872
Technological Institute of the Philippines
Data:
1. The lithium-rich liquor solution has low concentration of lithium
hydroxide, and can be increase by using an evaporator (Kidman
Resources Limited, 2018).
2. 70% of the water content of the mother liquor is evaporated (Kidman
Resources Limited, 2018).
Material Balance:
mass in = mass out
Stream 38 = Stream 46 + Stream 47
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
100,313.4736 = 50,718.1449 + 49,595.3287
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟎𝟎, 𝟑𝟏𝟑. 𝟒𝟕𝟑𝟔 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎, 𝟑𝟏𝟑. 𝟒𝟕𝟑𝟔
𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝒅𝒂𝒚
Amount of water evaporated
- 70% of water entering the unit is evaporated
𝐻2 𝑂 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = (0.70)(72,454.4927)
𝒌𝒈
𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 = 𝟓𝟎, 𝟕𝟏𝟖. 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟗
𝒅𝒂𝒚
Total Mass of Solute and Water remained in the Solution
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖2 𝑂 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4
+ 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝑂
+ 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎2 𝑂
+ 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 = 356.1634 + 13,316.2858 + 12,657.9949 + 7.9727 + 1.5979 + 8.9780
+ 1.1148 + 0.2174 + 1,071.5281 + 12.2623 + 63.6150
+ 361.2506
𝒌𝒈 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒅𝒔
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒅𝒔 = 𝟐𝟕, 𝟖𝟓𝟖. 𝟗𝟖𝟎𝟗
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝐻2 𝑂 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 = (0.30)(72,454.4927)
𝒌𝒈 𝑯𝟐 𝑶
𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 = 𝟐𝟏, 𝟕𝟑𝟔. 𝟑𝟒𝟕𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
873
Technological Institute of the Philippines
To F-104 39784.2157
Component Mass Fraction Mass Flowrate
Li2O 0.0090 356.1634
Li2SO4 0.3347 13316.2858
Mn(SO4) 0.0002 7.9727
Mg(SO4) 0.0000 1.5979
CaSO4 0.0002 8.9780
CaO 0.0000 1.1148
CaCO3 0.0000 0.2174
Na2CO3 0.0269 1071.5281
Na2O 0.0003 12.2623
Na(OH) 0.0091 361.2506
H2O 0.5464 21736.3478
LiOH 0.0732 2910.4970
Total 1 39784.2157
874
Technological Institute of the Philippines
Data:
1. The solution is transferred to the centrifugation stage to separate the cake
and the filtrate (Kidman Resources Limited, 2018).
Table 7.10 Solubility Table
Inorganic Solubility (in 100 parts water) at Temperature (˚C)
Compound
T1 T2 30
Li2O Soluble
CaO Slightly Soluble
Na2O Soluble
Li2SO4 35.340˚ 29.9100˚ 33.708
0˚ 50˚
MnSO4 53 73 60
0˚ 100˚
MgSO4 26.9 68.3 39.32
CaSO4 0.29820˚ 0.1619100˚ 0.281
40˚ 100˚
Na2SO4 48.8 42.5 43.44
Ca(OH)2 0.1850˚ 0.077100˚ 0.1526
CaCO3 0.00120˚ 0.0002100˚ 9x10-4
0˚ 104˚
Na2CO3 7.1 48.5 19.04
(Source: Table 2-1 Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic
Compounds, Perry’s 9th Ed.)
Material Balance:
mass in = mass out
Stream 47 = Stream 48 + Stream 49
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
49,595.3287 = 39,784.2157 + 9,811.1130
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟒𝟗, 𝟓𝟗𝟓. 𝟑𝟐𝟖𝟕 = 𝟒𝟗, 𝟓𝟗𝟓. 𝟑𝟐𝟖𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝒅𝒂𝒚
Maximum Amount of 𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 Dissolved in the Given Amount of Water:
33.078 𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4
𝑥 21,736.3478 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 = 7,326.89 𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
Maximum Amount of 𝑳𝒊𝑶𝑯 Dissolved in the Given Amount of Water:
13.39 𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻
𝑥 21,736.3478 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 = 2910.5 𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
875
Technological Institute of the Philippines
876
Technological Institute of the Philippines
877
Technological Institute of the Philippines
WasteWater 27623.8689
Component Mass Fraction Mass Flowrate
Li2O 0.0129 356.1634
Li2SO4 0.2652 7326.8881
Mn(SO4) 0.0003 7.9727
Mg(SO4) 0.0001 1.5979
CaSO4 0.0003 8.9780
CaO 0.0000 1.1148
CaCO3 0.0000 0.2174
Na2CO3 0.0388 1071.5281
Na2O 0.0004 12.2623
Na(OH) 0.0131 361.2506
H2O 0.6688 18475.8956
Total 1 27623.8689
878
Technological Institute of the Philippines
Data:
1. For rotary drum filters with a capacity of 1-9 tons/hour, the amount of
moisture retained in the filter cake is between 8-11% (911 Metallurgist
Process Equipment).
Assumptions:
1. 10% of moisture content of the feed adhered to the filter cake.
2. 90% of water is removed in the system.
Material Balance:
mass in = mass out
Stream 48 = Stream 52 + Stream 53
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
39,784.2157 = 27,623.8689 + 12,160.3468
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟗, 𝟕𝟖𝟒. 𝟐𝟏𝟓𝟕 = 𝟑𝟗, 𝟕𝟖𝟒. 𝟐𝟏𝟓𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝒂𝒅𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒅
(0.15)(𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 48) = 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 53
(0.15)(21,736.3478) = 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 53
𝒌𝒈
𝟑, 𝟐𝟔𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝟐𝟐 = 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟓𝟑
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑾𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒅
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 48 + (0.75)(𝐻2 𝑂 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑) = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 52
= 356.1634 + 7,326.881 + 7.9727 + 1.5979 + 8.9780 + 1.1148 + 0.2174
+ 1,071.5281 + 12.2623 + 361.2506
+ (0.75)(21,736.3478) = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 52
𝒌𝒈
𝟐𝟕, 𝟔𝟐𝟑. 𝟖𝟔𝟖𝟗 = 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟓𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
879
Technological Institute of the Philippines
880
Technological Institute of the Philippines
Data:
1. Sodium Hydroxide to Feed Ratio is 1:5 (Bishimbayeva et. al, 2018).
2. 50% caustic soda is added to the reactor in 5% stoichiometric excess
(Wave International Pty Ltd, 2020).
3. The conversion rate is close to 100%, specifically, 98.32%
(Bishimbayeva et. al, 2018).
4. Reaction Involved:
𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 + 𝟐 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 → 𝟐𝑳𝒊𝑶𝑯 + 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒
Material Balance:
mass in = mass out
Stream 53 + Stream 50 = Stream 51
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
12,160.3468 + 2,553.6728 = 14,714.0197
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟒, 𝟕𝟏𝟒. 𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟕 = 𝟏𝟒, 𝟕𝟏𝟒. 𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝒅𝒂𝒚
Amount of NaOH required
- Sodium Hydroxide to Feed Ratio is 1:5, with 5% mole excess therefore,
𝑘𝑔
(12,160.3468 )
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = (1.05)
5
𝒌𝒈
𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 = 𝟐, 𝟓𝟓𝟑. 𝟔𝟕𝟐𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑳𝒊𝑶𝑯 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑 + 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 51
𝐿𝐼𝑂𝐻 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑
𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻
= (2,553.6728(0.50) 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 23.9470 ) (0.9832)
𝑑𝑎𝑦 39.9970 𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻
= 751.6243
𝑑𝑎𝑦
751.6243 + 2910.4970 = 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 51
𝒌𝒈
𝟑, 𝟔𝟔𝟐. 𝟏𝟐𝟏𝟑 = 𝑳𝒊𝑶𝑯 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟓𝟏
𝒅𝒂𝒚
881
Technological Institute of the Philippines
𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
= 2,229.0415
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟗. 𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟓 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟓𝟏
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 53 − 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 = 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 51
882
Technological Institute of the Philippines
To CR-102 24525.1327
Component Mass Fraction Mass Flowrate
Li2SO4 0.1739 4264.1174
LiOH 0.5468 13409.6193
Na2SO4 0.0909 2229.0415
Na(OH) 0.0009 21.4509
Ca(OH)2 0.0026 63.6150
H2O 0.1850 4537.2886
Total 1 24525.1327
883
Technological Institute of the Philippines
Assumption:
1. The composition of the material entering and leaving the equipment is
similar since no reaction is involved. Mixing of the commodity
happened.
Material Balance:
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 49 + 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 51 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 54
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
9,811.1130 + 14,714.0197 = 24,525.1327
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟐𝟒, 𝟓𝟐𝟓. 𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟕 = 𝟐𝟒, 𝟓𝟐𝟓. 𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑳𝒊𝑶𝑯 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 49 + 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 51 = 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 54
9,747.4980 + 3,662.1213 = 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 54
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟑, 𝟒𝟎𝟗. 𝟔𝟏𝟗𝟑 = 𝑳𝒊𝑶𝑯 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟓𝟒
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑪𝒂(𝑶𝑯)𝟐 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 49) = 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 54
𝒌𝒈
𝟔𝟑. 𝟔𝟏𝟓𝟎 = 𝑪𝒂(𝑶𝑯)𝟐 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟓𝟒
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 49) = 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 54
𝒌𝒈
𝟐𝟏. 𝟒𝟓𝟎𝟗 = 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟓𝟒
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 51) = 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 54
𝒌𝒈
𝟒, 𝟐𝟔𝟒. 𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟒 = 𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟓𝟒
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
884
Technological Institute of the Philippines
885
Technological Institute of the Philippines
886
Technological Institute of the Philippines
Stream 57 to
24525.1327
F-105
Component Mass Fraction Mass Flowrate
LIOH-H2O 0.5400 13243.6747
Li2SO4 0.1739 4264.1174
LiOH 0.0068 165.9446
Na2SO4 0.0909 2229.0415
Na(OH) 0.0009 21.4509
Ca(OH)2 0.0026 63.6150
H2O 0.1850 4537.2886
Total 1 24525.1327
887
Technological Institute of the Philippines
Data:
1. The Lithium Hydroxide solution is fed to a crystallizer to facilitate the
crystallization of Lithium Hydroxide Monohydrate (Wave International
Pty Ltd, 2020).
14.39 𝑔 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻
2. Solubility of Lithium Hydroxide at 47˚C is (Stephen & Miller,
100 𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
nd).
23.947𝑔 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻
3. Solubility of Lithium Hydroxide Monohydrate is 41.9620 .
𝑔 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻−𝐻2 𝑂
Material Balance:
mass in = mass out
Stream 55 = Stream 57
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟐𝟒, 𝟓𝟐𝟓. 𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟕 = 𝟐𝟒, 𝟓𝟐𝟓. 𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝒅𝒂𝒚
Calculations to determine the amount of crystals and mother liquor
formed
Overall Material Balance
Stream 54 = Stream 55 + Stream 56
24,525.1327 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 55 + 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 56
𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 𝐵𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
(𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 54) = (0.5707) (Stream 55) +(0.1258) (Stream 56)
13,409.6193 = (0.5707) (𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 55) + (0.1258) (𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 56)
Stream 55 =23,206.0184 kg crystals/day
Stream 56 =1,319.1143 kg mother liquor/day
888
Technological Institute of the Philippines
889
Technological Institute of the Philippines
890
Technological Institute of the Philippines
𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 55 + 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 56 = 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 57
𝒌𝒈
𝟒, 𝟓𝟑𝟕. 𝟐𝟖𝟖𝟔 = 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟓𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚
891
Technological Institute of the Philippines
892
Technological Institute of the Philippines
Data:
2. For rotary drum filters with a capacity of 1-9 tons/hour, the amount of
moisture retained in the filter cake is between 8-11% (911 Metallurgist
Process Equipment).
Assumptions:
3. 10% of moisture content of the feed adhered to the filter cake.
4. 90% of water is removed in the system.
Material Balance:
mass in = mass out
Stream 57 = Stream 58 + Stream 59
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
24,525.1327 = 8,250.1724 + 16,274.9603
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟐𝟒, 𝟓𝟐𝟓. 𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟕 = 𝟐𝟒, 𝟓𝟐𝟓. 𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝒂𝒅𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒅
(0.30)(𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 57) = 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 59
(0.30)(4,537.2886) = 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 59
𝒌𝒈
𝟏, 𝟑𝟔𝟏. 𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟔 = 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟓𝟗
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑾𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒅
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 57 + (0.70)(𝐻2 𝑂 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑) = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 58
= 1,064.5892 + 1,529.4292 + 165.9446 + 2,229.0415 + 21.4509
+ 63.6150 + (0.70)(4,537.2886) = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 58
𝒌𝒈
𝟖, 𝟐𝟓𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟒 = 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟓𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
893
Technological Institute of the Philippines
Water
544.4746
Removed
Component Mass Fraction Mass Flowrate
H2O 1.0000 544.4746
Total 1 544.4746
894
Technological Institute of the Philippines
Assumptions:
1. 100% solid removal.
2. Assume 5% water adherence.
Material Balance:
895